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Lönnrot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elias_Lönnrot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lönnrot's_field_trips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lönnrot's_field_trips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Lönnrot's field trips </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lönnrot's_field_trips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Methodology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Form and structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Metre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 Schemes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.7 Poetry example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lönnrot's_contribution_to_the_Kalevala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lönnrot's_contribution_to_the_Kalevala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Lönnrot's contribution to the Kalevala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lönnrot's_contribution_to_the_Kalevala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Publishing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publishing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finnish_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Finnish language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The story </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_story-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle The story subsection </button> <ul id="toc-The_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Introduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cantos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Väinämöinen_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Väinämöinen_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 First Väinämöinen Cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Väinämöinen_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Lemminkäinen_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Lemminkäinen_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 First Lemminkäinen Cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Lemminkäinen_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Väinämöinen_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Väinämöinen_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Second Väinämöinen Cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Väinämöinen_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmarinen's_Wedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmarinen's_Wedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Ilmarinen's Wedding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilmarinen's_Wedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Lemminkäinen_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Lemminkäinen_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Second Lemminkäinen Cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Lemminkäinen_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kullervo_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kullervo_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Kullervo Cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kullervo_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Ilmarinen_Cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Ilmarinen_Cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 Second Ilmarinen Cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Ilmarinen_Cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theft_of_the_Sampo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theft_of_the_Sampo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.8 Theft of the Sampo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theft_of_the_Sampo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louhi's_Revenge_on_Kalevala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louhi's_Revenge_on_Kalevala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.9 Louhi's Revenge on Kalevala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louhi's_Revenge_on_Kalevala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marjatta_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marjatta_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.10 Marjatta cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marjatta_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Väinämöinen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Väinämöinen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Väinämöinen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Väinämöinen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmarinen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmarinen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Ilmarinen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilmarinen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lemminkäinen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lemminkäinen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Lemminkäinen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lemminkäinen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Ukko </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joukahainen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joukahainen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Joukahainen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joukahainen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Louhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kullervo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kullervo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.7 Kullervo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kullervo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marjatta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marjatta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.8 Marjatta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marjatta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finnish_daily_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_daily_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Finnish daily life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_daily_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finnish_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Finnish calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Re-tellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-tellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Re-tellings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-tellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_inspired_by" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_inspired_by"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Works inspired by </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_inspired_by-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Classical music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Folk metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_musical_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_musical_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Other musical genres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_musical_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Retellings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Encyclopedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kalevala</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كاليفالا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاليفالا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Καλεβάλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλεβάλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کالوالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالوالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="칼레발라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼레발라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1_(%D5%A7%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%BD)" title="Կալեվալա (էպոս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալեվալա (էպոս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कालेवाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कालेवाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Калевалæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калевалæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קאלוואלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאלוואלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕಾಲೇವಾಲಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಲೇವಾಲಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კალევალა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალევალა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81)" title="Калевала (эпос) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Калевала (эпос)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2" title="കലേവല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലേവല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala_(epos)" title="Kalevala (epos) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kalevala (epos)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AF%E3%83%A9" title="カレワラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カレワラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Калевала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калевала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalevala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">1835 Finnish epic poem compiled by Elias Lönnrot</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kalevala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kalevala (disambiguation)">Kalevala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Kalevala <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalevala&rft.author=%5B%5BElias+L%C3%B6nnrot%5D%5D&rft.date=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist%22%3E%3Cul%3E%3Cli%3E1835%3A+%27%27Old+Kalevala%27%27%3C%2Fli%3E%3Cli%3E1849%3A+%27%27New+Kalevala%27%27%3C%2Fli%3E%3C%2Ful%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E&rft.pub=J.+C.+Frenckell+ja+Poika%2C+among+others&rft.place=%5B%5BGrand+Duchy+of+Finland%5D%5D&rft.pages=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist%22%3E%3Cul%3E%3Cli%3E%27%27Old+Kalevala%27%27%3A+vol+1%2C+208pp%3B+vol+2%2C+334pp%3C%2Fli%3E%3Cli%3E%27%27New+Kalevala%27%27%3A+%7E500pp%3C%2Fli%3E%3C%2Ful%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalevala1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalevala1.jpg/220px-Kalevala1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalevala1.jpg/330px-Kalevala1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kalevala1.jpg/440px-Kalevala1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1912" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">First edition, 1835</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data">Kalevala <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style>(or Kalewala<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">, first edition, 1835)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Addison_Porter" title="John Addison Porter">John Addison Porter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Crawford_(scholar)" title="John Martin Crawford (scholar)">John Martin Crawford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby" title="William Forsell Kirby">William Forsell Kirby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peabody_Magoun" title="Francis Peabody Magoun">Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eino_Friberg" title="Eino Friberg">Eino Friberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Bosley" title="Keith Bosley">Keith Bosley</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">J. C. Frenckell ja Poika, among others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1835: Old Kalevala</li><li>1849: New Kalevala</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1888</li><li>1907</li><li>1963</li><li>1989</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Old Kalevala: vol 1, 208pp; vol 2, 334pp</li><li>New Kalevala: ~500pp</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">894.5411</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PH324 .E5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fi:Kalevala" class="extiw" title="s:fi:Kalevala">Kalevala <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">(or Kalewala<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405">, first edition, 1835)</a> at Finnish <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Kalevala" class="extiw" title="s:The Kalevala">Kalevala</a> at Wikisource</td></tr></tbody></table> The Kalevala (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">[ˈkɑleʋɑlɑ]</a>) is a 19th-century compilation of <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, compiled by <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> from <a href="/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> oral <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">mythology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Overview-1">[1]</a> telling an epic story about the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation of the Earth</a>, describing the controversies and retaliatory voyages between the peoples of the land of Kalevala called Väinölä and the land of <a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a> and their various <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonists</a>, as well as the construction and robbery of the epic mythical wealth-making machine <a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Kalevala is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[Note 1]</a> and is one of the most significant works of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_literature" title="Finnish literature">Finnish literature</a> along with <a href="/wiki/J._L._Runeberg" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Runeberg">J. L. Runeberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Ensign_St%C3%A5l" title="The Tales of Ensign Stål">The Tales of Ensign Stål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seven Brothers">The Seven Brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The Kalevala was instrumental in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Fennoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoman">national identity</a> and the intensification of <a href="/wiki/Finland%27s_language_strife" title="Finland's language strife">Finland's language strife</a> that ultimately led to <a href="/wiki/Finland%27s_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland's Declaration of Independence">Finland's independence from Russia</a> in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-The_Role_of_The_Kalevala-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The work is known internationally and has partly influenced, for example, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">legendarium</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> mythology).<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanders-bbc-11">[10]</a> The first version of the Kalevala, called the Old Kalevala, was published in 1835, consisting of 12,078 verses. The version most commonly known today was first published in 1849 and consists of 22,795 verses, divided into fifty folk stories (Finnish: runot).<a href="#cite_note-Society-description-12">[11]</a> An abridged version, containing all fifty poems but just 9,732 verses, was published in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In connection with the Kalevala, there is another much more lyrical collection of poems, also compiled by Lönnrot, called <a href="/wiki/Kanteletar" title="Kanteletar">Kanteletar</a> from 1840, which is mostly seen as a "sister collection" of the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection_and_compilation">Collection and compilation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Collection and compilation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elias_Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elias Lönnrot">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg/150px-Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg/225px-Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg/300px-Elias_L%C3%B6nrot_Cabinet_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Elias Lönnrot</figcaption></figure> Elias Lönnrot (9 April 1802 – 19 March 1884) was a physician, <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>, and poet. At the time he was compiling the Kalevala he was the district health officer based in <a href="/wiki/Kajaani" title="Kajaani">Kajaani</a> responsible for the whole <a href="/wiki/Kainuu" title="Kainuu">Kainuu</a> region in the eastern part of what was then the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a>. He was the son of Fredrik Johan Lönnrot, a tailor, and Ulrika Lönnrot; he was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/Sammatti" title="Sammatti">Sammatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Uusimaa</a>. At the age of 21, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku" title="Royal Academy of Turku">Imperial Academy of Turku</a> and obtained a master's degree in 1826. His thesis was entitled De Vainamoine priscorum fennorum numine (Väinämöinen, a Divinity of the Ancient Finns). The <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a>'s second volume was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Turku" title="Great Fire of Turku">Great Fire of Turku</a> the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr.-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> In the spring of 1828, he set out with the aim of collecting folk songs and poetry. Rather than continue this work, though, he decided to complete his studies and entered <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Alexander_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Alexander University">Imperial Alexander University</a> in Helsinki to study medicine. He earned a master's degree in 1832. In January 1833, he started as the district health officer of Kainuu and began his work on collecting poetry and compiling the Kalevala. Throughout his career Lönnrot made a total of eleven <a href="/wiki/Field_trip" title="Field trip">field trips</a> within a period of fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-Elias_Lönnrot's_field_trips_to_Kainuu-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elias_Lönnrot_(1802_-_1884)-18">[17]</a> Prior to the publication of the Kalevala, Elias Lönnrot compiled several related works, including the three-part Kantele (1829–1831), the Old Kalevala (1835) and the <a href="/wiki/Kanteletar" title="Kanteletar">Kanteletar</a> (1840). Lönnrot's field trips and endeavours helped him to compile the Kalevala, and brought considerable enjoyment to the people he visited; he would spend much time retelling what he had collected as well as learning new poems.<a href="#cite_note-Travel_account_1-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Travel_account_2-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG/230px-Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG/345px-Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG/460px-Helsinki-Folk-singer-statue-1750.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The statue of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a> by Robert Stigell (1888) decorates the <a href="/wiki/Old_Student_House,_Helsinki" title="Old Student House, Helsinki">Old Student House</a> in Helsinki</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Before the 18th century, Kalevala poetry, also known as <a href="/wiki/Runic_song" title="Runic song">runic song</a>, was common throughout Finland and Karelia, but in the 18th century it began to disappear in Finland, first in western Finland, because European rhymed poetry became more common in Finland. Finnish folk poetry was first written down in the 17th century<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and collected by hobbyists and scholars through the following centuries. Despite this, the majority of Finnish poetry remained only in the oral tradition. Finnish-born nationalist and linguist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Gottlund" title="Carl Axel Gottlund">Carl Axel Gottlund</a> (1796–1875) expressed his desire for a Finnish epic in a similar vein to the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a> compiled from the various poems and songs spread over most of Finland. He hoped that such an endeavour would incite a sense of nationality and independence in the native Finnish people.<a href="#cite_note-Swedish_Literary_News-23">[22]</a> In 1820, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_von_Becker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold von Becker (page does not exist)">Reinhold von Becker</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_von_Becker" class="extiw" title="fi:Reinhold von Becker">fi</a>] founded the journal Turun Wiikko-Sanomat (Turku Weekly News) and published three articles entitled Väinämöisestä (Concerning <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a>). These works were an inspiration for Elias Lönnrot in creating his masters thesis at Turku University.<a href="#cite_note-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr.-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turun_Wiikko-Sanomat_1820-24">[23]</a> In the 19th century, collecting became more extensive, systematic and organised. Altogether, almost half a million pages of verse have been collected and archived by the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Literature_Society" title="Finnish Literature Society">Finnish Literature Society</a> and other collectors in what are now <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and Russia's <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Folklore_Fellows_#15-25">[24]</a> The publication <a href="/wiki/Suomen_Kansan_Vanhat_Runot" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot">Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot</a> (Ancient Poems of the Finns) published 33 volumes containing 85,000 items of poetry over a period of 40 years. They have archived 65,000 items of poetry that remain unpublished.<a href="#cite_note-Suomen_Kansan_Vanhat_Runot-26">[25]</a> By the end of the 19th century this pastime of collecting material relating to Karelia and the developing orientation towards eastern lands had become a fashion called <a href="/wiki/Karelianism" title="Karelianism">Karelianism</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/National_romanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="National romanticism">national romanticism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> of this <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> is uncertain. The oldest themes, the origin of Earth, have been interpreted to have their roots in distant, unrecorded history and could be as old as 3,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford_Kalevala-27">[26]</a> The newest events, e.g. the arrival of Christianity, seem to be from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland#Iron_Age" title="History of Finland">Iron Age</a>, which in Finland lasted until c. 1300 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. Finnish folklorist <a href="/wiki/Kaarle_Krohn" title="Kaarle Krohn">Kaarle Krohn</a> proposes that 20 of the 45 poems of the Kalevala are of possible <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonian</a> origin or at least deal with a motif of Estonian origin (of the remainder, two are <a href="/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a> and 23 are Western Finnish).<a href="#cite_note-Laugaste1990-28">[27]</a> It is understood that during the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Finland">Finnish reformation</a> in the 16th century the clergy forbade all telling and singing of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> rites and stories. In conjunction with the arrival of European poetry and music this caused a significant reduction in the number of traditional folk songs and their singers. Thus the tradition faded somewhat but was never totally eradicated.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lönnrot's_field_trips">Lönnrot's field trips</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lönnrot's field trips">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonnrot4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lonnrot4.jpg/200px-Lonnrot4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lonnrot4.jpg/300px-Lonnrot4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lonnrot4.jpg/400px-Lonnrot4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of Elias Lönnrot by A. W. Linsen: "Unus homo nobis currendo restituit rem" – "One man saved everything for us by running".</figcaption></figure> In total, Lönnrot made eleven field trips in search of poetry. His first trip was made in 1828 after his graduation from Turku University, but it was not until 1831 and his second field trip that the real work began. By that time he had already published three articles entitled Kantele and had significant notes to build upon. This second trip was not very successful and he was called back to Helsinki to attend to victims of the <a href="/wiki/Second_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cholera pandemic">Second cholera pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_2-30">[29]</a> The third field trip was much more successful and led Elias Lönnrot to Viena in <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">east Karelia</a> where he visited the town of Akonlahti, which proved most successful. This trip yielded over 3,000 verses and copious notes.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_3-31">[30]</a> In 1833, Lönnrot moved to Kajaani where he was to spend the next 20 years as the district health officer for the region, living in the Hövelö croft located near the <a href="/wiki/Ouluj%C3%A4rvi" title="Oulujärvi">Lake Oulujärvi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paltaniemi" title="Paltaniemi">Paltaniemi</a> village, spending his spare time searching for poems.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> His fourth field trip was undertaken in conjunction with his work as a doctor; a 10-day jaunt into Viena. This trip resulted in 49 poems and almost 3,000 new lines of verse. It was during this trip that Lönnrot formulated the idea that the poems might represent a wider continuity, when poem entities were performed to him along with comments in normal speech connecting them.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_12-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Helsingfors_Morgenblad_1-35">[34]</a> On the fifth field trip, Lönnrot met <a href="/wiki/Arhippa_Perttunen" title="Arhippa Perttunen">Arhippa Perttunen</a> who, over two days of continuous recitation, provided him with some 4,000 verses for the Kalevala. He also met a singer called Matiska in the hamlet of Lonkka on the Russian side of the border. Although this singer had a somewhat poor memory, he did help to fill in many gaps in the work Lönnrot had already catalogued. This trip resulted in the discovery of almost 300 poems at just over 13,000 verses.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_4-36">[35]</a> In autumn of 1834, Lönnrot had written the vast majority of the work needed for what was to become the Old Kalevala; all that was required was to tie up some narrative loose ends and complete the work. His sixth field trip took him into Kuhmo, a municipality in Kainuu to the south of Viena. There he collected over 4,000 verses and completed the first draft of his work. He wrote the foreword and published in February of the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_5-37">[36]</a> With the Old Kalevala well into its first publication run, Lönnrot decided to continue collecting poems to supplement his existing work and to understand the culture more completely. The seventh field trip took him on a long winding path through the southern and eastern parts of the Viena poem singing region. He was delayed significantly in Kuhmo because of bad skiing conditions. By the end of that trip, Lönnrot had collected another 100 poems consisting of over 4,000 verses.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_6-38">[37]</a> Lönnrot made his eighth field trip to the Russian border town of Lapukka where the great singer Arhippa Perttunen had learned his trade. In correspondence he notes that he has written down many new poems but is unclear on the quantity.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_7-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png/250px-Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png/375px-Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png/500px-Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot_field_trips-notable_karelia_locations-1.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Notable towns visited by Elias Lönnrot during his 15 years of field trips – both sides then belonged to Russia</figcaption></figure> Elias Lönnrot departed on the first part of his ninth field trip on 16 September 1836. He was granted a 14-month leave of absence and a sum of travelling expenses from the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Literary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Literary Society">Finnish Literary Society</a>. His funds came with some stipulations: he must travel around the Kainuu border regions and then on to the north and finally from Kainuu to the south-east along the border. For the expedition into the north he was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Cajan" title="Johan Cajan">Juhana Fredrik Cajan</a>. The first part of the trip took Lönnrot all the way to <a href="/wiki/Inari,_Finland" title="Inari, Finland">Inari</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_8-40">[39]</a> The second, southern part of the journey was more successful than the northern part, taking Lönnrot to the town of <a href="/wiki/Sortavala" title="Sortavala">Sortavala</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a> then back up through <a href="/wiki/Savonia_(historical_province)" title="Savonia (historical province)">Savo</a> and eventually back to Kajaani. Although these trips were long and arduous, they resulted in very little Kalevala material; only 1,000 verses were recovered from the southern half and an unknown quantity from the northern half.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_9-41">[40]</a> The tenth field trip is a relative unknown. What is known however, is that Lönnrot intended to gather poems and songs to compile into the upcoming work Kanteletar. He was accompanied by his friend C. H. Ståhlberg for the majority of the trip. During that journey the pair met <a href="/wiki/Mateli_Magdalena_Kuivalatar" title="Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar">Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar</a> in the small border town of <a href="/wiki/Ilomantsi" title="Ilomantsi">Ilomantsi</a>. Kuivalatar was very important to the development of the Kanteletar.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_10-42">[41]</a> The eleventh documented field trip was another undertaken in conjunction with his medical work. During the first part of the trip, Lönnrot returned to Akonlahti in Russian Karelia, where he gathered 80 poems and a total of 800 verses. The rest of the trip suffers from poor documentation.<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_11-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodology">Methodology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg/220px-Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg/330px-Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg/440px-Inha_runonlaulajat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelian</a> poem singing brothers Poavila and Triihvo Jamanen reciting <a href="/wiki/Runic_song" title="Runic song">runic song</a>, Uhtua, 1894.</figcaption></figure> Lönnrot and his contemporaries, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Castr%C3%A9n" title="Matthias Castrén">Matthias Castrén</a>, Anders Johan Sjögren,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Europaeus" title="Daniel Europaeus">David Emmanuel Daniel Europaeus</a><a href="#cite_note-suomi.fi-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_Kalevala-46">[45]</a> collected most of the poem variants; one poem could easily have countless variants, scattered across rural areas of Karelia and <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>. Lönnrot was not really interested in, and rarely wrote down the name of the singer except for some of the more prolific cases. His primary purpose in the region was that of a physician and of an editor, not of a biographer or counsellor. He rarely knew anything in-depth about the singer himself and primarily only catalogued verse that could be relevant or of some use in his work.<a href="#cite_note-Honko1990-47">[46]</a> The student David Emmanuel Daniel Europaeus is credited with discovering and cataloguing the majority of the Kullervo story.<a href="#cite_note-New_Kalevala-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alhoniemi1990-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Of the dozens of poem singers who contributed to the Kalevala, significant ones are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arhippa_Perttunen" title="Arhippa Perttunen">Arhippa Perttunen</a> (1769–1840)</li> <li>Juhana Kainulainen</li> <li>Matiska</li> <li>Ontrei Malinen (1780–1855)</li> <li>Vaassila Kieleväinen</li> <li>Soava Trohkimainen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Form_and_structure">Form and structure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Form and structure">edit</a>]</div> The poetry was often sung to music built on a <a href="/wiki/Pentachord" title="Pentachord">pentachord</a>, sometimes assisted by a <a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a> player. The rhythm could vary but the music was arranged in either two or four lines in <a href="/wiki/Quintuple_meter" title="Quintuple meter">5 4</a> metre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The poems were often performed by a duo, each person singing alternative verses or groups of verses. This method of performance is called an <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphonic</a> performance, it is a kind of "singing match". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metre">Metre</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Metre">edit</a>]</div> Despite the vast geographical distance and customary spheres separating individual singers, the folk poetry the Kalevala is based on was always sung in the same <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a>. The Kalevala's metre is a form of <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_tetrameter" title="Trochaic tetrameter">trochaic tetrameter</a> that is now known as the Kalevala metre. The metre is thought to have originated during the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Proto-Finnic</a> period. Its <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> fall into three types: strong, weak, and neutral. Its main rules are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalevalan_runomitta-51">[50]</a> <ul><li>A long syllable (one that contains a long <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>, or ends in a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>) with a main stress is metrically strong.</li></ul> <dl><dd>In the second, third, and fourth <a href="/wiki/Foot_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (poetry)">foot</a> of a line, a strong syllable can occur in only the rising part: <dl><dd>Veli / kulta, / veikko/seni (1:11)</dd> <dd>("Dearest friend, and much-loved brother"<a href="#cite_note-Kirby_Kalevala-52">[51]</a>)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The first foot has a freer structure, allowing strong syllables in a falling position as well as a rising one: <dl><dd>Niit' en/nen i/soni / lauloi (1:37)</dd> <dd>("These my father sang aforetime")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>A short syllable with a main stress is metrically weak.</li></ul> <dl><dd>In the second, third, and fourth feet, a weak syllable can occur only in the falling part: <dl><dd>Miele/ni mi/nun te/kevi (1:1)</dd> <dd>("I am driven by my longing")</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Again, the first foot's structure is more free, allowing weak syllables in a rising position as well as a falling one: <dl><dd>vesois/ta ve/tele/miä (1:56)</dd> <dd>("Others taken from the saplings")</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>All syllables without a main stress are metrically neutral. Neutral syllables can occur at any position.</li></ul> There are two main types of line:<a href="#cite_note-Kalevalan_runomitta-51">[50]</a> <ul><li>A normal tetrameter, word-stresses and foot-stresses match, and there is a <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesura</a> between the second and third feet:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Veli / kulta, // veikko/seni</dd></dl> <ul><li>A broken tetrameter (Finnish: murrelmasäe) has at least one stressed syllable in a falling position. There is usually no caesura:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Miele/ni mi/nun te/kevi</dd></dl> Traditional poetry in the Kalevala metre uses both types with approximately the same frequency. The alternating normal and broken tetrameters is a characteristic difference between the Kalevala metre and other forms of trochaic tetrameter. There are four additional rules:<a href="#cite_note-Kalevalan_runomitta-51">[50]</a> <ul><li>In the first foot, the length of syllables is free. It is also possible for the first foot to contain three or even four syllables.</li> <li>A one-syllable word can not occur at the end of a line.</li> <li>A word with four syllables should not stand in the middle of a line. This also applies to non-compound words.</li> <li>The last syllable of a line may not include a long vowel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schemes">Schemes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Schemes">edit</a>]</div> There are two main schemes featured in the Kalevala:<a href="#cite_note-Kalevalan_runomitta-51">[50]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">Alliteration</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Alliteration can be broken into two forms. Weak: where only the opening consonant is the same, and strong: where both the first vowel or vowel and consonant are the same in the different words. (e.g. [vaka vanha Väinämöinen] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)).</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(grammar)" title="Parallelism (grammar)">Parallelism</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Parallelism in The Kalevala refers to the stylistic feature of repeating the idea presented in the previous line, often by using synonyms, rather than moving the plot forward. (e.g. [Näillä raukoilla rajoilla / Poloisilla pohjan mailla] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)). Lönnrot has been criticised for overusing parallelism in The Kalevala: in the original poems, a line was usually followed by only one such parallel line.<a href="#cite_note-Kalevalainen_kerto_eli_parallellismi-53">[52]</a></dd></dl> The verses are sometimes inverted into <a href="/wiki/Chiasmus" title="Chiasmus">chiasmus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry_example">Poetry example</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poetry example">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaka_vanha_Vainamoinen.ogg" title="File:Vaka vanha Vainamoinen.ogg">Vaka vanha Väinämöinen</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="188" data-mwtitle="Vaka_vanha_Vainamoinen.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Vaka_vanha_Vainamoinen.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Vaka_vanha_Vainamoinen.ogg/Vaka_vanha_Vainamoinen.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Excerpt of song 40 from the Kalevala. <a href="/wiki/File:Vaka_vanha_Vainamoinen.ogg#Lyrics" title="File:Vaka vanha Vainamoinen.ogg">The excerpt</a> begins at verse 221 and ends at verse 264. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>' California Gold: Northern California Folk Music from the Thirties Collection; performed by John Soininen on 5 November 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>. The song describes the creation of the first <a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a> and of the attempts by old and young to play it (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3e\/DIY_kantele_sample_raw.ogg\/DIY_kantele_sample_raw.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"same melody on a kantele"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"DIY kantele sample raw.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3e/DIY_kantele_sample_raw.ogg/DIY_kantele_sample_raw.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">same melody on a kantele</a><a href="/wiki/File:DIY_kantele_sample_raw.ogg" title="File:DIY kantele sample raw.ogg">ⓘ</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Verses 221 to 232 of song forty.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby_Kalevala-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Vaka vanha Väinämöinen itse tuon sanoiksi virkki: "Näistäpä toki tulisi kalanluinen kanteloinen, kun oisi osoajata, soiton luisen laatijata." Kun ei toista tullutkana, ei ollut osoajata, soiton luisen laatijata, vaka vanha Väinämöinen itse loihe laatijaksi, tekijäksi teentelihe. </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> Väinämöinen, old and steadfast, Answered in the words which follow: "Yet a harp might be constructed Even of the bones of fishes, If there were a skilful workman, Who could from the bones construct it." As no craftsman there was present, And there was no skilful workman Who could make a harp of fishbones, Väinämöinen, old and steadfast, Then began the harp to fashion, And himself the work accomplished. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lönnrot's_contribution_to_the_Kalevala">Lönnrot's contribution to the Kalevala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lönnrot's contribution to the Kalevala">edit</a>]</div> Very little is actually known about Elias Lönnrot's personal contributions to the Kalevala. Scholars to this day still argue about how much of the Kalevala is genuine folk poetry and how much is Lönnrot's own work – and the degree to which the text is 'authentic' to the oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> During the compilation process it is known that he merged poem variants and characters together, left out verses that did not fit and composed lines of his own to connect certain passages into a logical plot. Similarly, as was normal in the preliterate conventions of <a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">oral poetry</a>—according to the testimony of Arhippa Perttunen—traditional bards in his father's days would always vary the language of songs from performance to performance when reciting from their repertoire.<a href="#cite_note-New_Kalevala-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Honko1990-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_DuBois-57">[56]</a> The Finnish historian Väinö Kaukonen suggests that 3% of the Kalevala's lines are Lönnrot's own composition, 14% are Lönnrot compositions from variants, 50% are verses which Lönnrot kept mostly unchanged except for some minor alterations, and 33% are original unedited oral poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Väinö_Kaukonen-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing">Publishing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_language">Finnish language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Finnish language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalevala_1887_(Finnish_Literature_Society,_3rd_ed.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kalevala_1887_%28Finnish_Literature_Society%2C_3rd_ed.%29.jpg/220px-Kalevala_1887_%28Finnish_Literature_Society%2C_3rd_ed.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kalevala_1887_%28Finnish_Literature_Society%2C_3rd_ed.%29.jpg/330px-Kalevala_1887_%28Finnish_Literature_Society%2C_3rd_ed.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kalevala_1887_%28Finnish_Literature_Society%2C_3rd_ed.%29.jpg/440px-Kalevala_1887_%28Finnish_Literature_Society%2C_3rd_ed.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Finland's national epic "The Kalevala", 3rd edition (1887, published by the Finnish Literature Society)</figcaption></figure> The first version of Lönnrot's compilation was entitled Kalewala, taikka Wanhoja Karjalan Runoja Suomen Kansan muinoisista ajoista ("The Kalevala, or old Karelian poems about ancient times of the Finnish people"), also known as the Old Kalevala. It was published in two volumes in 1835–1836. The Old Kalevala consisted of 12,078 verses making up a total of thirty-two poems.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Even after the publication of the Old Kalevala Lönnrot continued to collect new material for several years. He later integrated this additional material, with significantly edited existing material, into a second version, the Kalevala. This New Kalevala, published in 1849, contains fifty poems, with a number of plot differences compared with the first version, and is the standard text of the Kalevala read and translated to this day. (Published as: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia. 14 Osa. KALEVALA.) The word Kalevala rarely appears in the original folk songs. The first appearance of the word in folk songs was recorded in April 1836.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Lönnrot chose it as the title for his project sometime at the end of 1834,<a href="#cite_note-Juminkeko_6-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalevala_Lipas-62">[61]</a> but his choice was not random. The name "Kalev" appears in Finnic and Baltic folklore in many locations, and the <a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Sons of Kalev</a> are known throughout Finnish and Estonian folklore.<a href="#cite_note-Laugaste1990-28">[27]</a> Lönnrot produced Lyhennetty laitos, an abridged version of the Kalevala, in 1862. It was intended for use in schools. It retains all 50 poems from the 1849 version, but omits more than half of the verses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kalevala_translations" title="List of Kalevala translations">List of Kalevala translations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_(Vol_1)_-_(IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw).pdf&page=8" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_%28Vol_1%29_-_%28IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw%29.pdf/page8-180px-John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_%28Vol_1%29_-_%28IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_%28Vol_1%29_-_%28IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw%29.pdf/page8-270px-John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_%28Vol_1%29_-_%28IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_%28Vol_1%29_-_%28IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw%29.pdf/page8-360px-John_Martin_Crawford_-_The_Kalevala_%28Vol_1%29_-_%28IA_kalevalaepicpoem01craw%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>Volume 1 of Crawford's English translation (PDF)</figcaption></figure> Of the few complete translations into English, it is only the older translations by <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Crawford_(scholar)" title="John Martin Crawford (scholar)">John Martin Crawford</a> (1888) and <a href="/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby" title="William Forsell Kirby">William Forsell Kirby</a> (1907) which attempt to strictly follow the original (<a href="/wiki/Kalevala_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalevala metre">Kalevala metre</a>) of the poems.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford_Kalevala-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_Kalevala-52">[51]</a> A notable partial translation of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Schiefner" title="Franz Anton Schiefner">Franz Anton Schiefner</a>'s German translation was made by Prof. <a href="/wiki/John_Addison_Porter" title="John Addison Porter">John Addison Porter</a> in 1868 and published by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Leypoldt & Holt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Englander_and_Yale_Review_Volume_0027_Issue_103_(April_1868)-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Taylor_Fletcher" title="Edward Taylor Fletcher">Edward Taylor Fletcher</a>, a British-born Canadian literature enthusiast, translated selections of the Kalevala in 1869. He read them before the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Historical_Society_of_Quebec" title="Literary and Historical Society of Quebec">Literary and Historical Society of Quebec</a> on 17 March 1869.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Early_Publications_of_the_Literary_&_Historical_Society_of_Quebec-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peabody_Magoun" title="Francis Peabody Magoun">Francis Peabody Magoun</a> published a scholarly translation of the Kalevala in 1963 written entirely in prose. The appendices of this version contain notes on the history of the poem, comparisons between the original Old Kalevala and the current version, and a detailed glossary of terms and names used in the poem.<a href="#cite_note-Finland's_folk_epic-66">[65]</a> Magoun translated the Old Kalevala, which was published six years later entitled The Old Kalevala and Certain Antecedents. <a href="/wiki/Eino_Friberg" title="Eino Friberg">Eino Friberg</a>'s 1988 translation uses the original metre selectively but in general is more attuned to pleasing the ear than being an exact metrical translation; it also often reduces the length of songs for aesthetic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Friberg_Kalevala-67">[66]</a> In the introduction to his 1989 translation,<a href="#cite_note-OUP_Reviews_KB-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Bosley" title="Keith Bosley">Keith Bosley</a> stated: "The only way I could devise of reflecting the vitality of Kalevala metre was to invent my own, based on syllables rather than feet. While translating over 17,000 lines of Finnish folk poetry before I started on the epic, I found that a line settled usually into seven syllables of English, often less, occasionally more. I eventually arrived at seven, five and nine syllables respectively, using the impair (odd number) as a formal device and letting the stresses fall where they would."<a href="#cite_note-KB_Kalevala1989-69">[68]</a>: l  Most recently, Finnish/Canadian author and translator Kaarina Brooks translated into English the complete runic versions of Old Kalevala 1835 (Wisteria Publications 2020) and Kalevala (Wisteria Publications 2021). These works, unlike some previous versions, faithfully follow the Kalevala meter (Trochaic tetrameter) throughout and can be sung or chanted as Elias Lönnrot had intended. Brooks says, "It is essential that the translation of Kalevala into any language follows the Kalevala metre, for that was how these runes were sung in times immemorial. So that readers get the full impact of these ancient runes, it is imperative that they be presented in the same chanting style." Kaarina Brooks is also the translator of, An Illustrated Kalevala Myths and Legends from Finland, published by Floris Books UK.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Modern translations were published in the Karelian and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> languages between 2009 and 2015. Thus, the Kalevala was published in its originating Karelian language only after 168 years since its first translation into Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> As of 2010, the Kalevala had been translated into sixty-one languages and is Finland's most translated work of literature.<a href="#cite_note-translations-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_story">The story</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The story">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> The Kalevala begins with the traditional Finnish <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>, leading into stories of the creation of the earth, plants, creatures, and the sky. Creation, healing, combat and internal story telling are often accomplished by the character(s) involved singing of their exploits or desires. Many parts of the stories involve a character hunting or requesting lyrics (prayers) to acquire some skill, such as boatbuilding or the mastery of iron making. As well as prayer casting and singing, there are many stories of lust, romance, kidnapping and seduction. The protagonists of the stories often have to accomplish feats that are unreasonable or impossible which they often fail to achieve, leading to tragedy and humiliation. The <a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a> is a pivotal element of the whole work. Many actions and their consequences are caused by the Sampo itself or a character's interaction with the Sampo. It is described as a device that brings its possessor great fortune and prosperity, but its precise nature has been the subject of debate to the present day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantos">Cantos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cantos">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantos_of_the_Kalevala" title="Cantos of the Kalevala">Cantos of the Kalevala</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Väinämöinen_Cycle">First Väinämöinen Cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First Väinämöinen Cycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/250px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/375px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg/500px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_Ilmatar_-_A_II_1256_-_Finnish_National_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>Ilmatar by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman" title="Robert Wilhelm Ekman">Robert Wilhelm Ekman</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> Cantos 1 to 2: The poem begins with an introduction by the singers. The Earth is created from the shards of the egg of a sotka bird, from which the first man, Väinämöinen, is born to <a href="/wiki/Ilmatar" title="Ilmatar">Ilmatar</a>, the Holy Spirit of the Heaven. Ilmatar forms the seas and the archipelagos and the lands, while Väinämöinen brings trees and life to the barren world. Cantos 3–5: Väinämöinen encounters the jealous <a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a> and they engage in a battle of song. Joukahainen loses and pledges his sister's hand in return for his life; the sister Aino soon drowns herself in the sea. Cantos 6–10: Väinämöinen heads to <a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a> to propose to a maiden of the north, a daughter of the mistress of the north <a href="/wiki/Louhi" title="Louhi">Louhi</a>. Joukahainen attacks Väinämöinen again, and Väinämöinen floats for days on the sea until he is carried by an eagle to Pohjola. He makes a deal with Louhi to get <a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a> the smith to create the Sampo. Ilmarinen refuses to go to Pohjola so Väinämöinen forces him against his will. The Sampo is forged. Ilmarinen returns without a bride. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Lemminkäinen_Cycle">First Lemminkäinen Cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: First Lemminkäinen Cycle">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 11–15: <a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a> sets out in search of a bride. He and the maid Kyllikki make vows but the happiness doesn't last long and Lemminkäinen sets off to woo a maiden of the north. His mother tries to stop him, but he disregards her warnings and instead gives her his hairbrush, telling her that if it starts to bleed he has met his doom. At Pohjola Louhi assigns dangerous tasks to him in exchange for her daughter's hand. While hunting for the swan of <a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a>, Lemminkäinen is killed and falls into the river of death. The brush he gave to his mother begins to bleed. Remembering her son's words, she goes in search of him. With a rake given to her by Ilmarinen, she collects the pieces of Lemminkäinen scattered in the river and pieces him back together. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg/200px-Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg/300px-Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg/400px-Gallen_Kallela_Lemminkainens_Mother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen%27s_Mother" title="Lemminkäinen's Mother">Lemminkäinen's Mother</a> by <a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Akseli Gallen-Kallela</a>, 1897</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Väinämöinen_Cycle">Second Väinämöinen Cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second Väinämöinen Cycle">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 16–18: Väinämöinen builds a boat to travel to Pohjola once again in search of a bride. He visits Tuonela and is held prisoner, but he manages to escape and sets out to gain knowledge of the necessary spells from the giant Antero Vipunen. Väinämöinen is swallowed and has to torture Antero Vipunen for the spells and his escape. With his boat completed, Väinämöinen sets sail for Pohjola. Ilmarinen learns of this and resolves to go to Pohjola himself to woo the maiden. The maiden of the north chooses Ilmarinen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ilmarinen's_Wedding">Ilmarinen's Wedding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ilmarinen's Wedding">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 19–25: Ilmarinen is assigned dangerous unreasonable tasks to win the hand of the maiden. He accomplishes these tasks with some help from the maiden herself. In preparation for the wedding, beer is brewed, a giant steer is slaughtered, and invitations are sent out. Lemminkäinen is uninvited. The wedding party begins and all are happy. Väinämöinen sings and lauds the people of Pohjola. The bride and bridegroom are prepared for their roles in matrimony. The couple arrive home and are greeted with drink and viands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Lemminkäinen_Cycle">Second Lemminkäinen Cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Second Lemminkäinen Cycle">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 26–30: Lemminkäinen is resentful for not having been invited to the wedding and sets out immediately for Pohjola. On his arrival he is challenged to and wins a duel with Sariola, the Master of the North. Louhi is enraged and an army is conjured to enact revenge upon Lemminkäinen. He flees to his mother, who advises him to head to Saari, the Island of Refuge. On his return he finds his house burned to the ground. He goes to Pohjola with his companion Tiera to exact his revenge, but Louhi freezes the seas and Lemminkäinen has to return home. When he arrives home he is reunited with his mother and vows to build larger better houses to replace the ones burned down. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kullervo_Cycle">Kullervo Cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kullervo Cycle">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg/170px-Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg/255px-Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg/340px-Kullervo_puhuu_miekalleen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Kullervo Speaks to His Sword by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Eneas_Sj%C3%B6strand" title="Carl Eneas Sjöstrand">Carl Eneas Sjöstrand</a>, 1868 (cast into bronze in 1932)</figcaption></figure> Cantos 31–36: Untamo kills his brother Kalervo's people, but spares his wife who later conceives <a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a>. Untamo sees the boy as a threat, and after trying to have him killed several times without success, sells Kullervo as a slave to Ilmarinen. Ilmarinen's wife torments and bullies Kullervo, so he tricks her into being torn apart by a pack of wolves and bears. Kullervo escapes from Ilmarinen's homestead and learns from an old lady in the forest that his family is still alive, and is soon reunited with them. While returning home from paying taxes, he meets and seduces a young maiden, only to find out that she is his sister. Upon realizing this, she kills herself and Kullervo returns home distressed. He decides to wreak revenge upon Untamo and sets out to find him. Kullervo wages war on Untamo and his people, laying all to waste, and then returns home, where he finds his farm deserted. Filled with remorse and regret, he kills himself in the place where he seduced his sister. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Ilmarinen_Cycle">Second Ilmarinen Cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Second Ilmarinen Cycle">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 37–38: Grieving for his lost love, Ilmarinen forges himself a wife out of gold and silver, but finds her to be cold and discards her. He heads for Pohjola and kidnaps the youngest daughter of Louhi. The daughter insults him so badly that he instead sings a spell to turn her into a bird and returns to Kalevala without her. He tells Väinämöinen about the prosperity and wealth that has met Pohjola's people thanks to the Sampo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theft_of_the_Sampo">Theft of the Sampo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Theft of the Sampo">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 39–44: Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen sail to Pohjola to recover the Sampo. While on their journey they kill a monstrous pike and from its jaw bone the first kantele is made, with which Väinämöinen sings so beautifully even deities gather to listen. The heroes arrive in Pohjola and demand a share of the Sampo's wealth or they will take the whole Sampo by force. Louhi musters her army; however, Väinämöinen lulls everyone in Pohjola to sleep with his music. The Sampo is taken from its vault of stone and the heroes set out for home. Louhi conjures a great army, turns herself into a massive eagle and fights for the Sampo. In the battle the Sampo is lost to the sea and destroyed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louhi's_Revenge_on_Kalevala">Louhi's Revenge on Kalevala</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Louhi's Revenge on Kalevala">edit</a>]</div> Cantos 45–49: Enraged at the loss of the Sampo, Louhi sends the people of Kalevala diseases and a great bear to kill their cattle. She hides the sun and the moon and steals fire from Kalevala. Väinämöinen heals all of the ailments and, with Ilmarinen, restores the fire. Väinämöinen forces Louhi to return the Sun and the Moon to the skies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marjatta_cycle">Marjatta cycle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Marjatta cycle">edit</a>]</div> Canto 50: The shy young virgin Marjatta becomes impregnated from a <a href="/wiki/Lingonberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberry">lingonberry</a> she ate while tending to her flock. She conceives a son. Väinämöinen orders the killing of the boy, but the boy begins to speak and reproaches Väinämöinen for ill judgement. The child is then baptised King of Karelia. Väinämöinen sails away leaving only his songs and kantele as legacy but vowing to return when there's no moon or sun and happiness isn't free anymore. The poem ends and the singers sing a farewell and thank their audience. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters">Characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Characters">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Väinämöinen">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg/170px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg/255px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg/340px-Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%E2%80%99s_Play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Väinämöinen is deeply identified with his <a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a>. (Väinämöinen's Play, Robert Wilhelm Ekman, 1866)</figcaption></figure> Väinämöinen, the central character of The Kalevala, is a <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamanistic</a> hero with a magical power of song and music similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>. He is born of Ilmatar and contributes to the creation of Earth as it is today. Many of his travels resemble shamanistic journeys, most notably one where he visits the belly of a ground-giant, <a href="/wiki/Antero_Vipunen" title="Antero Vipunen">Antero Vipunen</a>, to find the songs of boat building. Väinämöinen's search for a wife is a central element in many stories, but he never finds one. Väinämöinen is associated with playing a kantele, a Finnish stringed instrument that resembles and is played like a <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matkoja_musiikkiin_1800-luvun_Suomessa_(Journeys_into_music_in_19th_century_Finland)-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-kantele-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ilmarinen">edit</a>]</div> Seppo Ilmarinen is a heroic artificer (comparable to the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Weyland</a> and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>). He crafted the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology#The_origins_and_the_structure_of_the_world" title="Finnish mythology">dome of the sky</a>, the Sampo and various other magical devices featured in The Kalevala. Ilmarinen, like Väinämöinen, also has many stories told of his search for a wife, reaching the point where he forges one of gold. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lemminkäinen">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekman,_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_(sketch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ekman%2C_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_%28sketch%29.jpg/250px-Ekman%2C_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_%28sketch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ekman%2C_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_%28sketch%29.jpg/375px-Ekman%2C_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_%28sketch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ekman%2C_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_%28sketch%29.jpg/500px-Ekman%2C_Lemmink%C3%A4inen_tulisella_j%C3%A4rvell%C3%A4_%28sketch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption>Lemminkäinen and overlord Ukko</figcaption></figure> Lemminkäinen, a handsome, arrogant and reckless seducer, is the son of Lempi (Finnish for 'lust' / 'favourite'). He has a close relationship with his mother, who revives him after he has been drowned in the river of Tuonela while pursuing the object of his romantic desires. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukko">Ukko</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ukko">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a> (Finnish for 'Old man') is the god of sky and thunder, and the leading deity mentioned within The Kalevala. He corresponds to <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Joukahainen">edit</a>]</div> Joukahainen is a base young man who arrogantly challenges Väinämöinen to a singing contest, which he loses. In exchange for his life Joukahainen promises his young sister <a href="/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a> to Väinämöinen. Joukahainen attempts to gain his revenge on Väinämöinen by killing him with a crossbow, but only succeeds in killing Väinämöinen's horse. Joukahainen's actions lead to Väinämöinen promising to build a Sampo in return for Louhi rescuing him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louhi">Louhi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Louhi">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sammon_puolustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sammon_puolustus.jpg/220px-Sammon_puolustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sammon_puolustus.jpg/330px-Sammon_puolustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sammon_puolustus.jpg/440px-Sammon_puolustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Mistress of the North, Louhi attacking Väinämöinen in the form of a giant eagle with her troops on her back. (<a href="/wiki/The_Defense_of_the_Sampo" title="The Defense of the Sampo">The Defense of the Sampo</a>, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, 1896)</figcaption></figure> Louhi, the Mistress of the North, is the shamanistic matriarch of the people of Pohjola, a people rivalling those of Kalevala. She is the cause of much trouble for Kalevala and its people. Louhi at one point saves Väinämöinen's life. She has many daughters whom the heroes of Kalevala make many attempts, some successful, to seduce. Louhi plays a major part in the battle to prevent the heroes of Kalevala from stealing back the Sampo, which as a result is ultimately destroyed. She is a powerful witch with a skill almost on a par with that of Väinämöinen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kullervo">Kullervo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Kullervo">edit</a>]</div> Kullervo is the vengeful, mentally ill, tragic son of Kalervo. He was abused as a child and sold into slavery to Ilmarinen. He is put to work and treated badly by Ilmarinen's wife, whom he later kills. Kullervo is a misguided and troubled youth, at odds with himself and his situation. He often goes into <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">berserk</a> rage, and in the end commits suicide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marjatta">Marjatta</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Marjatta">edit</a>]</div> Marjatta is a young virgin of Kalevala. She becomes pregnant from eating a <a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">lingonberry</a>. When her labour begins she is expelled from her parents' home and leaves to find a place where she can sauna and give birth. She is turned away from numerous places but finally finds a place in the forest and gives birth to a son. Marjatta's nature, impregnation and searching for a place to give birth are in allegory to the Virgin Mary and the <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of Finland.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Marjatta's son is later condemned to death by Väinämöinen for being born out of wedlock. The boy in turn chastises Väinämöinen and is later crowned King of Karelia. This angers Väinämöinen, who leaves Kalevala after bequeathing his songs and kantele to the people as his legacy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The Kalevala is a major part of Finnish culture and history. It has influenced the arts in Finland and in other cultures around the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> granted the epic with a <a href="/wiki/European_Heritage_Label" title="European Heritage Label">European Heritage Label</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_daily_life">Finnish daily life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Finnish daily life">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_(Helsinki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_%28Helsinki%29.jpg/150px-Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_%28Helsinki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_%28Helsinki%29.jpg/225px-Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_%28Helsinki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_%28Helsinki%29.jpg/300px-Le_hall_du_mus%C3%A9e_national_de_Finlande_%28Helsinki%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Entrance hall of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Finland" title="National Museum of Finland">National Museum of Finland</a> with Kalevala frescoes by Gallen-Kallela</figcaption></figure> The influence of the Kalevala in daily life and business in Finland is tangible. Names and places associated with the Kalevala have been adopted as company and brand names and as place names. There are several places within Finland with Kalevala-related names, for example: the district of <a href="/wiki/Tapiola" title="Tapiola">Tapiola</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Espoo" title="Espoo">Espoo</a>; the district of <a href="/wiki/Pohjola,_Turku" title="Pohjola, Turku">Pohjola</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, the district of <a href="/wiki/Metsola" title="Metsola">Metsola</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Vantaa" title="Vantaa">Vantaa</a>, and the districts of <a href="/wiki/Kaleva_(Tampere)" title="Kaleva (Tampere)">Kaleva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampo_(district)" title="Sampo (district)">Sampo</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>; the historic provinces of Savo and <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karjala</a> and the Russian town of <a href="/wiki/Khiytola" title="Khiytola">Hiitola</a> are all mentioned within the songs of the Kalevala. In addition, the Russian town of Ukhta was in 1963 renamed <a href="/wiki/Kalevala,_Russia" title="Kalevala, Russia">Kalevala</a>. In the United States a small community founded in 1900 by Finnish immigrants is named <a href="/wiki/Kaleva,_Michigan" title="Kaleva, Michigan">Kaleva, Michigan</a>; many of the street names are taken from the Kalevala. The banking sector of Finland has had at least three Kalevala-related brands: <a href="/wiki/Sampo_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo Bank">Sampo Bank</a> (name changed to Danske Bank in late 2012), <a href="/wiki/OP-Pohjola_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="OP-Pohjola Group">OP-Pohjola Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapiola_Bank" title="Tapiola Bank">Tapiola Bank</a>. The jewellery company <a href="/wiki/Kalevala_(brand)" title="Kalevala (brand)">Kalevala Koru</a> was founded in 1935 on the 100th anniversary of the publication of the Old Kalevala. It specialises in the production of unique and culturally important items of jewellery. It is co-owned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala_Women%27s_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalevala Women's League (page does not exist)">Kalevala Women's League</a> and offers artistic scholarships to a certain number of organisations and individuals every year.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The Finnish dairy company <a href="/wiki/Valio" title="Valio">Valio</a> has a brand of <a href="/wiki/Ice-cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-cream">ice-cream</a> named Aino, specialising in more exotic flavours than their normal brand.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The construction group <a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen_Group" title="Lemminkäinen Group">Lemminkäinen</a> was formed in 1910 as a <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">roofing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> company. The name was chosen specifically to emphasise that they were a wholly Finnish company. They now operate internationally.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnish_calendar">Finnish calendar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Finnish calendar">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kalevala_Day" title="Kalevala Day">Kalevala Day</a> is celebrated in Finland on 28 February, to celebrate the publication date of Elias Lönnrot's first version of the Kalevala in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-Society-83">[82]</a> By its other official name, the day is known as the Finnish Culture Day.<a href="#cite_note-FinnishCulture-84">[83]</a> Several of the names in the Kalevala are celebrated as Finnish <a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">name days</a>. The name days themselves and the dates they fall upon have no direct relationship with the Kalevala itself; however, the adoption of the names became commonplace after the release of the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-University_Almanac_Office-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/225px-Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Akseli_Gallen-Kallela_-_Kullervo_Cursing_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>The tragedy of <a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a> has been a source of inspiration for several artists. (Kullervo's Curse, Gallen-Kallela, 1899)</figcaption></figure> Several artists have been influenced by the Kalevala, most notably <a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Akseli Gallen-Kallela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iittala" title="Iittala">Iittala</a> group's <a href="/wiki/Arabia_(brand)" title="Arabia (brand)">Arabia</a> brand kilned a series of Kalevala commemorative plates, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raija_Uosikkinen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raija Uosikkinen (page does not exist)">Raija Uosikkinen</a> (1923–2004). The series ran from 1976 to 1999, and the plates are highly sought-after collectibles.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> One of the earliest artists to depict the Kalevala was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilhelm_Ekman" title="Robert Wilhelm Ekman">Robert Wilhelm Ekman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In 1989, the fourth full translation of the Kalevala into English was published, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Landstr%C3%B6m" title="Björn Landström">Björn Landström</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> The Kalevala has been translated over 150 times, into over 60 different languages.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> (See <a href="#Translations">§ translations</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Re-tellings">Re-tellings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Re-tellings">edit</a>]</div> Finnish cartoonist Kristian Huitula illustrated a comic book adaptation of the Kalevala. The Kalevala Graphic Novel contains the storyline of all the 50 chapters in original text form.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Finnish cartoonist and children's writer <a href="/wiki/Mauri_Kunnas" title="Mauri Kunnas">Mauri Kunnas</a> wrote and illustrated Koirien Kalevala (Finnish for 'The Canine Kalevala'). The story is that of the Kalevala, with the characters presented as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphised</a> dogs, wolves and cats. The story deviates from the full Kalevala to make the story more appropriate for children.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In the late 1950s, students from the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama performed excerpts from the Kalevala in a presentation to the poet laureate John Masefield at Oxford. Some images from this presentation can be viewed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bruford.ac.uk/kalevala">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702171227/https://catalogue.bruford.ac.uk/kalevala">Archived</a> 2 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Kalevala inspired the American <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Don_Rosa" title="Don Rosa">Don Rosa</a> to draw a <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a> (who is himself a popular character in Finland) story based on the Kalevala, called <a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Kalevala" title="The Quest for Kalevala">The Quest for Kalevala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> The comic was released on the 150th anniversary of the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Works_inspired_by">Works inspired by</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Works inspired by">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish influences on Tolkien</a></div> Franz Anton Schiefner's translation of the Kalevala was one inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s 1855 poem <a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a>, which is written in a similar <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_tetrameter" title="Trochaic tetrameter">trochaic tetrameter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irmscher108-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reinhold_Kreutzwald" title="Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald">Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald</a>'s Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg was inspired by the Kalevala. Both Väinämöinen and Ilmarinen are mentioned in the work, and the overall story of Kalevipoeg, Kalev's son, bears similarities to the Kullervo story.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> claimed the Kalevala as one of his sources for <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a>. For example, the tale of Kullervo is the basis of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Narn_i_Ch%C3%AEn_H%C3%BArin" class="mw-redirect" title="Narn i Chîn Húrin">Narn i Chîn Húrin</a>, including the sword that speaks when the <a href="/wiki/Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> uses it to commit suicide.<a href="#cite_note-sanders-bbc-11">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aul%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulë">Aulë</a>, the Lord of Matter and the Master of All Crafts, was influenced by Ilmarinen, the Eternal Hammerer.<a href="#cite_note-mankkinen-yle-99">[98]</a> Echoes of the Kalevala's characters, Väinämöinen in particular, can be found in <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mankkinen-yle-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Haavikko" title="Paavo Haavikko">Paavo Haavikko</a> took influence from the Kalevala, including in his poem Kaksikymmentä ja yksi (1974), and the TV drama Rauta-aika (1982).<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> American science fiction and fantasy authors <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt" title="Fletcher Pratt">Fletcher Pratt</a> used the Kalevala as source materials for their 1953 fantasy novella "<a href="/wiki/The_Wall_of_Serpents" title="The Wall of Serpents">The Wall of Serpents</a>". This is the fourth story in the authors' <a href="/wiki/Harold_Shea" title="Harold Shea">Harold Shea</a> series, in which the hero and his companions visit various mythic and fictional worlds. In this story, the characters visit the world of the Kalevala, where they encounter characters from the epic, drawn with a skeptical eye. <a href="/wiki/Emil_Petaja" title="Emil Petaja">Emil Petaja</a> was an American science fiction and fantasy author of Finnish descent. His best known works, known as the Otava Series, were a series of novels based on the Kalevala. The series brought Petaja readers from around the world, while his mythological approach to science fiction was discussed in scholarly papers presented at academic conferences.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> He has a further Kalevala based work which is not part of the series, entitled The Time Twister. British fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>'s sword and sorcery anti-hero, <a href="/wiki/Elric_of_Melnibon%C3%A9" title="Elric of Melniboné">Elric of Melniboné</a> was influenced by the character Kullervo.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> British fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_Rohan" title="Michael Scott Rohan">Michael Scott Rohan</a>'s Winter of the World series feature Louhi as a major antagonist and include many narrative threads from the Kalevela. The web comic "A Redtail's Dream", written and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Minna_Sundberg" title="Minna Sundberg">Minna Sundberg</a>, cites the Kalevala as an influence.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> (Physical edition 2014.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a>) The British science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watson_(author)" title="Ian Watson (author)">Ian Watson</a>'s Books of Mana duology, Lucky's Harvest and The Fallen Moon, both contain references to places and names from the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In 2008, Vietnamese author and translator Bùi Viêt Hoa<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> published a piece of epic poetry <a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Mon_and_Man" title="The Children of Mon and Man">The Children of Mon and Man</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Con cháu Mon Mân),<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> which delves into Vietnamese folk poetry and mythology, but was partially influenced by the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-yle-111">[110]</a> The work was written mainly in Finland<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Finland)" title="Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)">Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a> co-financed it.<a href="#cite_note-yle-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibelius_with_notes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sibelius_with_notes.jpg/200px-Sibelius_with_notes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sibelius_with_notes.jpg/300px-Sibelius_with_notes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Sibelius_with_notes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> in the 1950s. Sibelius is Finland's most famous composer. Many of his works were influenced by the Kalevala.</figcaption></figure> Finnish music has been greatly influenced by the Kalevala, following in the tradition of the original song-poems.<a href="#cite_note-Kalevalan_Kultuurihistoria_-_Kalevala_taiteessa_–_Musiikissa-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Classical music">edit</a>]</div> The first recorded example of a musician influenced by the Kalevala is <a href="/wiki/Filip_von_Schantz" title="Filip von Schantz">Filip von Schantz</a>. In 1860, he composed the Kullervo Overture. The piece premièred at the opening of a new theatre in Helsinki on November of the same year. Von Schantz's work was followed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajanus" title="Robert Kajanus">Robert Kajanus</a>' Kullervo's Funeral March and the symphonic poem <a href="/wiki/Aino_(Kajanus)" title="Aino (Kajanus)">Aino</a> in 1880 and 1885, respectively. Aino is credited with inspiring Jean Sibelius to investigate the richness of the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_Kalewainen_in_Pochjola" title="Die Kalewainen in Pochjola">Die Kalewainen in Pochjola</a>, the first opera freely based upon the Kalevala, was composed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCller-Berghaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Müller-Berghaus">Karl Müller-Berghaus</a> in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-city-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Jean Sibelius</a> is the best-known Kalevala-influenced classical composer. Twelve of Sibelius' best-known works are based upon or influenced by the Kalevala, including his <a href="/wiki/Kullervo_(Sibelius)" title="Kullervo (Sibelius)">Kullervo</a>, a tone poem for soprano, baritone, chorus and orchestra composed in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Sibelius also composed the music of Jääkärimarssi (Finnish for 'The Jäger March') to words written by Finnish soldier and writer <a href="/wiki/Heikki_Nurmio" title="Heikki Nurmio">Heikki Nurmio</a>. The march features the line Me nousemme kostona Kullervon (Finnish for 'We shall rise in vengeance like that of Kullervo's').<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Other classical composers influenced by the Kalevala: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Leevi Madetoja</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uuno_Klami" title="Uuno Klami">Uuno Klami</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauno_Marttinen" title="Tauno Marttinen">Tauno Marttinen</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalevalan_Kultuurihistoria_-_Kalevala_taiteessa_–_Musiikissa-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen" title="Aulis Sallinen">Aulis Sallinen</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veljo_Tormis" title="Veljo Tormis">Veljo Tormis</a><a href="#cite_note-tormis-124">[123]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Folk_metal">Folk metal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Folk metal">edit</a>]</div> A number of <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> bands have drawn on the Kalevala heavily for inspiration. In 1993, the Finnish bands <a href="/wiki/Amorphis" title="Amorphis">Amorphis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentenced" title="Sentenced">Sentenced</a> released two <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept albums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Thousand_Lakes" title="Tales from the Thousand Lakes">Tales from the Thousand Lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_from_Here" title="North from Here">North from Here</a> respectively, which were the first of many Kalevala-inspired albums that have followed since. Amorphis's 2009 album <a href="/wiki/Skyforger_(album)" title="Skyforger (album)">Skyforger</a> also draws heavily on the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> The Finnish folk metal band <a href="/wiki/Ensiferum" title="Ensiferum">Ensiferum</a> have released songs such as "Old Man" and "Little Dreamer", which are influenced by the Kalevala. The third track of their <a href="/wiki/Dragonheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonheads">Dragonheads</a> EP, entitled "Kalevala Melody", is an instrumental piece following the rhythm of the Kalevala metre.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Another Finnish folk metal band, <a href="/wiki/Turisas" title="Turisas">Turisas</a>, have adapted several verses from song nine of the Kalevala, "The Origin of Iron", for the lyrics of their song "Cursed Be Iron", which is the third track of the album <a href="/wiki/The_Varangian_Way" title="The Varangian Way">The Varangian Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Finnish metal band <a href="/wiki/Amberian_Dawn" title="Amberian Dawn">Amberian Dawn</a> use lyrics inspired by the Kalevala on their album <a href="/wiki/River_of_Tuoni" title="River of Tuoni">River of Tuoni</a>, as well as on its successor, <a href="/wiki/The_Clouds_of_Northland_Thunder" title="The Clouds of Northland Thunder">The Clouds of Northland Thunder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> On 3 August 2012, Finnish folk metal band <a href="/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a> released a new album entitled <a href="/wiki/Manala_(album)" title="Manala (album)">Manala</a>. Jonne Järvelä from the band said, "Manala is the realm of the dead – the underworld in Finnish mythology. Tuonela, Tuoni, Manala and Mana are used synonymously. This place is best known for its appearance in the Finnish national epic Kalevala, on which many of our new songs are based."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_musical_genres">Other musical genres</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Other musical genres">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> band Kalevala was active within Finland and in 1974, the now prolific singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Jukka_Kuoppam%C3%A4ki" title="Jukka Kuoppamäki">Jukka Kuoppamäki</a> released the song "Väinämöinen". These were some of the first pieces of modern popular music inspired by the Kalevala. In 1998, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruth_MacKenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruth MacKenzie (page does not exist)">Ruth MacKenzie</a> recorded the album Kalevala: Dream of the Salmon Maiden, a song cycle covering the story of <a href="/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a> and her choice to refuse the hand of the sorcerer Väinämöinen, instead transforming herself into a salmon. MacKenzie has continued to perform the piece live. The Karelian Finnish folk music group <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rttin%C3%A4" title="Värttinä">Värttinä</a> has based some of its lyrics on motifs from the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vantaa_Chamber_Choir" title="Vantaa Chamber Choir">Vantaa Chamber Choir</a> have songs influenced by the Kalevala. Their Kalevala-themed third album, Marian virsi (2005), combines contemporary folk with traditionally performed folk poetry.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In 2003, the Finnish progressive rock quarterly Colossus and French <a href="/wiki/Musea_Records" title="Musea Records">Musea Records</a> commissioned 30 progressive rock groups from around the world to compose songs based on parts of the Kalevala. The publication assigned each band with a particular song from the Kalevala, which the band was free to interpret as they saw fit. The result, titled Kalevala, is a three-disc, multilingual, four-hour epic telling. In the beginning of 2009, in celebration of the 160th anniversary of the Kalevala's first published edition, the Finnish Literature Society, the Kalevala Society, premièred ten new and original works inspired by the Kalevala. The works included poems, classical and contemporary music and artwork. A book was published by the Finnish Literature Society in conjunction with the event and a large exhibition of Kalevala-themed artwork and cultural artefacts was put on display at the <a href="/wiki/Ateneum" title="Ateneum">Ateneum</a> museum in Helsinki.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In 2017, a New York-based production Kalevala the Musical premiered in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Republic of Finland. The production featured original pop, folk and world music score written by Johanna Telander. The concert version was performed across the United States and Finland.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> In 1959, a joint Finnish-Soviet production entitled <a href="/wiki/Sampo_(film)" title="Sampo (film)">Sampo</a>, also known as The Day the Earth Froze, was released, inspired by the story of the Sampo from the Kalevala, which is also featured in a 1993 episode of <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000" title="Mystery Science Theater 3000">Mystery Science Theater 3000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In 1982, the Finnish Broadcasting Company (<a href="/wiki/YLE" class="mw-redirect" title="YLE">YLE</a>) produced a television <a href="/wiki/Mini-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-series">mini-series</a> called Rauta-aika (Finnish for 'The Age of Iron'), with music composed by <a href="/wiki/Aulis_Sallinen" title="Aulis Sallinen">Aulis Sallinen</a> and book by Paavo Haavikko. The series was set "during the Kalevala times" and based upon events which take place in the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The series' part 3/4 won <a href="/wiki/Prix_Italia" title="Prix Italia">Prix Italia</a> in 1983. The martial arts film <a href="/wiki/Jadesoturi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadesoturi">Jadesoturi</a>, also known as Jade Warrior, released in Finland on 13 October 2006, was based upon the Kalevala and set in Finland and China.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Also, the 2013 film <a href="/wiki/Kalevala:_The_New_Era" title="Kalevala: The New Era">Kalevala: The New Era</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jari_Halonen" title="Jari Halonen">Jari Halonen</a>, takes place both in the ancient land of the Kalevala and also in modern Finland. The film, made with a budget of €250,000, turned out to be a <a href="/wiki/Box-office_bomb" title="Box-office bomb">box-office bomb</a> and received a mostly negative reception from critics.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In "Chapter 17: The Apostate", the <a href="/wiki/The_Mandalorian_(season_3)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mandalorian (season 3)">first episode of the third season</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Mandalorian" title="The Mandalorian">The Mandalorian</a> series, <a href="/wiki/The_Mandalorian_(character)" title="The Mandalorian (character)">Din Djarin</a> meets with <a href="/wiki/Bo-Katan_Kryze" title="Bo-Katan Kryze">Bo-Katan</a> in an old Mandalorian castle, which is located in the Mandalore system planet called Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-slash-141">[140]</a> The same planet has also previously been mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_(2008_TV_series)" title="Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)">The Clone Wars</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-slash-141">[140]</a> In August 2024, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Antti_Jokinen" title="Antti Jokinen">Antti Jokinen</a> has been attached to direct the upcoming film Kalevala: The Story of Kullervo, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Salonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Salonen (page does not exist)">Elias Salonen</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Salonen" class="extiw" title="fi:Elias Salonen">fi</a>] has been cast as the title character in the film.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> had designated the 41th Waffen SS Division as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_volunteers_in_the_Waffen-SS#Finnish_SS-Company" title="Finnish volunteers in the Waffen-SS">Grenadier Division Kalevala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Interpretations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg/220px-Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg/330px-Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg/440px-Erik_Cainberg_-_V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen_Plays_Kantele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3602" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Väinämöinen Plays Kantele, a 1814 relief by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Cainberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Cainberg (page does not exist)">Erik Cainberg</a> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Cainberg" class="extiw" title="fi:Erik Cainberg">fi</a>] made before the publication of the Kalevala and considered to be the first depiction of Väinämöinen<a href="#cite_note-viholainen-145">[144]</a></figcaption></figure> The Kalevala has attracted many scholars and enthusiasts to interpret its contents in a historical context. Many interpretations of the themes have been tabled. Some parts of the epic have been perceived as ancient conflicts between the early <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a>. In this context, the country of "Kalevala" could be understood as Southern Finland and Pohjola as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sápmi (area)">Lapland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kalevala_mythology-146">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kalevalsky_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Kalevalsky_District" title="Kalevalsky District">Kalevalsky District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Republic of Karelia</a></figcaption></figure> However, the place names in Kalevala seem to transfer the Kalevala further south, which has been interpreted as reflecting the Finnic expansion from the South that came to push the Sami further to the north.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-148">[Note 2]</a> Some scholars locate the lands of Kalevala in East Karelia, where most of the Kalevala stories were written down. In 1961[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>], the small town of Uhtua in the then Soviet Republic of Karelia was renamed Kalevala, perhaps to promote that theory. Finnish politician and linguist <a href="/wiki/Eemil_Nestor_Set%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="Eemil Nestor Setälä">Eemil Nestor Setälä</a> rejected the idea that the heroes of Kalevala are historical in nature and suggested they are personifications of natural phenomena. He interprets Pohjola as the northern heavens and the Sampo as the pillar of the world. Setälä suggests that the journey to regain the Sampo is a purely imaginary one with the heroes riding a mythological boat or magical steed to the heavens.<a href="#cite_note-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr.-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emil_Nestor_Setälä_(1864_-_1935)-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sammon_arvoitus-150">[148]</a> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">bear worship</a> was once very common in Finland and there are strong echoes of this in the Kalevala.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford_Kalevala-27">[26]</a> The old Finnish word väinä (a strait of deep water with a slow current) appears to be the origin of the name Väinämöinen; one of Väinämöinen's other names is Suvantolainen, suvanto being the modern word for väinä. Consequently, it is possible that the Saari (Finnish for 'island') might be the island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> in Estonia and Kalevala the Estonian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-Kalevala_Lipas-62">[61]</a> Finnish folklorists Matti Kuusi and Pertti Anttonen state that terms such as the people of Kalevala or the tribe of Kalevala were fabricated by Elias Lönnrot. Moreover, they contend that the word Kalevala is very rare in traditional poetry and that by emphasizing dualism (Kalevala vs. Pohjola) Elias Lönnrot created the required tension that made the Kalevala dramatically successful and thus fit for a national epic of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Kalevala_Lipas-62">[61]</a> There are similarities with mythology and folklore from other cultures, for example, the Kullervo character and his story bearing some likeness to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>. The similarity of the virginal maiden Marjatta to the Christian <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> is striking. The arrival of Marjatta's son in the final song spelling the end of Väinämöinen's reign over Kalevala is similar to the arrival of Christianity bringing about the end of Paganism in Finland and Europe at large.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics,_Part_14_By_James_Hastings_(Pg_642)-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myths" title="Portal:Myths">Myths portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologia_Fennica" title="Mythologia Fennica">Mythologia Fennica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_national_symbols" title="Finnish national symbols">Finnish national symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_(mythology)" title="Kalevi (mythology)">Kalevi (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a>, an Estonian epic poetry inspired by the Kalevala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanteletar" title="Kanteletar">Kanteletar</a>, a sister collection of the Kalevala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a>, a mythological text similarly compiled and edited from oral transmission</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Professor Tolkien disagreed with this characterization: "One repeatedly hears the 'Land of Heroes' described as the 'national Finnish Epic': as if a nation, besides if possible a national bank theatre and government, ought also automatically to possess a national epic. Finland does not. The K[alevala] is certainly not one. It is a mass of conceivably epic material; but, and I think this is the main point, it would lose nearly all that which is its greatest delight if it were ever to be epically handled."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> It may be noted that place-names and other evidence show that in the medieval period, the Sami lived much further south than in the modern age, well south of <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>, and place-names of Sami origin are not only found all over <a href="/wiki/White_Karelia" title="White Karelia">White Karelia</a>, but as far as the <a href="/wiki/Svir_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Svir River">Svir River</a> basin and <a href="/wiki/Uusimaa" title="Uusimaa">Nyland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>, on the other hand, were in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, probably originally limited to the coasts south of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a>, in what is now Estonia, and no further north than the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In view of this, the possibility of identifying Pohjola with Finland/Karelia and Kalevala with Estonia (see further below on the location of the Saari) suggests itself. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Overview-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Overview_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAsplundSirkka-Liisa_Mettom2000" class="citation web cs1">Asplund, Anneli; Sirkka-Liisa Mettom (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160078&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">"Kalevala: the Finnish national epic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123171927/http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160078&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevala%3A+the+Finnish+national+epic&rft.date=2000-10&rft.aulast=Asplund&rft.aufirst=Anneli&rft.au=Sirkka-Liisa+Mettom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D160078%26contentlan%3D2%26culture%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finnwards.com/living-in-finland/kalevala-the-national-epic-of-finland/">"Kalevala, the national epic of Finland – Finnwards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228081438/https://www.finnwards.com/living-in-finland/kalevala-the-national-epic-of-finland/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevala%2C+the+national+epic+of+Finland+%E2%80%93+Finnwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finnwards.com%2Fliving-in-finland%2Fkalevala-the-national-epic-of-finland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JRRT" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J.R.R.</a> (2015). "On 'The Kalevala' or Land of Heroes". In <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (ed.). The Story of Kullervo (1st US ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-70626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-70626-2"><bdi>978-0-544-70626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+%27The+Kalevala%27+or+Land+of+Heroes&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Kullervo&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=1st+US&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-544-70626-2&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seitsemanveljesta150.fi/kansalliskirjailija/">Kansalliskirjailija on kansakunnan peili</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419185425/https://seitsemanveljesta150.fi/kansalliskirjailija/">Archived</a> 19 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.putkilahti.net/k090120f.php">Tosi ja taru Vänrikki Stoolin tarinoissa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125223206/https://putkilahti.net/k090120f.php">Archived</a> 25 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotimaatutuksi.fi/blogi/suomalaiset-klassikkokirjat/">Suomalaiset klassikkokirjat – Oletko lukenut näitä 10 kirjaa?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207203018/https://kotimaatutuksi.fi/blogi/suomalaiset-klassikkokirjat/">Archived</a> 7 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Role_of_The_Kalevala-8"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Role_of_The_Kalevala_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVento" class="citation web cs1">Vento, Urpo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716165757/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol1num2/vento.pdf">"The Role of The Kalevala"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol1num2/vento.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+The+Kalevala&rft.aulast=Vento&rft.aufirst=Urpo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njas.helsinki.fi%2Fpdf-files%2Fvol1num2%2Fvento.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> William A. Wilson (1975) "The Kalevala and Finnish Politics" Journal of the Folklore Institute 12(2/3): pp. 131–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (1981). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. letter 163 to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, 7 June 1955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-31555-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-31555-7"><bdi>0-395-31555-7</bdi></a>. <q>But the beginning of the legendarium, of which the Trilogy is pan (the conclusion), was in an attempt to reorganize some of the Kalevala, especially the tale of Kullervo the hapless, into a form of my own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=letter+163+to+W.+H.+Auden%2C+7+June+1955&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-395-31555-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanders-bbc-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanders-bbc_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanders-bbc_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSander2015" class="citation web cs1">Sander, Hannah (27 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34063157">"Kullervo: Tolkien's fascination with Finland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163355/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34063157">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kullervo%3A+Tolkien%27s+fascination+with+Finland&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Sander&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-34063157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Society-description-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Society-description_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalevala_Society" class="citation web cs1">Kalevala Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323074759/http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/s_kalevala_e.php">"Kalevala, the national epic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/s_kalevala_e.php">the original</a> on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevala%2C+the+national+epic&rft.au=Kalevala+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalevalaseura.fi%2Fs_kalevala_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/54753/pg54753-images.html.utf8.gzip">"The Project Gutenberg EBook of Kalevala (1862)"</a>. www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+EBook+of+Kalevala+%281862%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F54753%2Fpg54753-images.html.utf8.gzip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosley2000" class="citation web cs1">Bosley, Keith (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finland.fi/arts-culture/the-kanteletar/">"Finland's Other Epic: The Kanteletar"</a>. This is Finland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105035142/https://finland.fi/arts-culture/the-kanteletar/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+is+Finland&rft.atitle=Finland%27s+Other+Epic%3A+The+Kanteletar&rft.date=2000-03&rft.aulast=Bosley&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinland.fi%2Farts-culture%2Fthe-kanteletar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr.-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr._15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr._15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francis_Peabody_Magoun,_Jr._15-2">c</a> Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. "The Kalevala or Poems of the Kaleva district" Appendix I. (1963). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Tuula Korolainen & Riitta Tulusto. "Monena mies eläessänsä – Elias Lönnrotin rooleja ja elämänvaiheita". Helsinki: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-Elias_Lönnrot's_field_trips_to_Kainuu-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Elias_Lönnrot's_field_trips_to_Kainuu_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513194739/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/index.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/index.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elias_Lönnrot_(1802_-_1884)-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Elias_Lönnrot_(1802_-_1884)_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221051648/http://kirjasto.sci.fi/lonnrot.htm">"Elias Lönnrot"</a>. Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lonnrot.htm">the original</a> on 21 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Flonnrot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travel_account_1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Travel_account_1_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130532/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/matkat/m4k1.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/matkat/m4k1.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Fmatkat%2Fm4k1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Travel_account_2-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Travel_account_2_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130544/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/matkat/syys1.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/matkat/syys1.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Fmatkat%2Fsyys1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karuse.info/">Kalevala poetry society (Finnish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307142922/http://www.karuse.info/">Archived</a> 7 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlit.fi/kalevala/index.php?m=11&s=38&l=1">Finnish Literature Society (Finnish)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524081440/http://www.finlit.fi/kalevala/index.php?m=11&s=38&l=1">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041103164118/http://www.muhos.fi/koivujatahtipaivat/missa_kalevala_on_syntynyt.htm">"Where was The Kalevala born?" 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Retrieved 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SKVR+XI.+866.+Pohjanmaa.+Pentzin%2C+Viritt%C3%A4j%C3%A4+s.+231.+1928.+Pohjal.+taikoja+ja+loitsuja+1600-luvulta.+-%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbgw.finlit.fi%2Fskvr%2Fteksti.php%3Fid%3Dskvr11108660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swedish_Literary_News-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Swedish_Literary_News_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlund1817" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Axel_Gottlund" title="Carl Axel Gottlund">Gottlund, Carl Axel</a> (21 June 1817), "Review", Svensk literatur-tidning, vol. 25, Stockholm, p. 394</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svensk+literatur-tidning&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=394&rft.date=1817-06-21&rft.aulast=Gottlund&rft.aufirst=Carl+Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turun_Wiikko-Sanomat_1820-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Turun_Wiikko-Sanomat_1820_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722150629/http://digi.lib.helsinki.fi/sanomalehti/secure/browse.html?action=year&id=1457-4888&name=Turun%20Wiikko-Sanomat">"Turun Wiikko-Sanomat 1820 archive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.lib.helsinki.fi/sanomalehti/secure/browse.html?action=year&id=1457-4888&name=Turun%20Wiikko-Sanomat">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turun+Wiikko-Sanomat+1820+archive.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.lib.helsinki.fi%2Fsanomalehti%2Fsecure%2Fbrowse.html%3Faction%3Dyear%26id%3D1457-4888%26name%3DTurun%2520Wiikko-Sanomat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folklore_Fellows_#15-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Folklore_Fellows_#15_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044417/http://www.folklorefellows.fi/netw/ffn15/fls.html">"The folklore activities of the Finnish Literature Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklorefellows.fi/netw/ffn15/fls.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+folklore+activities+of+the+Finnish+Literature+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklorefellows.fi%2Fnetw%2Fffn15%2Ffls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suomen_Kansan_Vanhat_Runot-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Suomen_Kansan_Vanhat_Runot_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910231028/http://dbgw.finlit.fi/skvr/">"Suomen Kansan Vanhat Runot kotisivu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbgw.finlit.fi/skvr/">the original</a> on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomen+Kansan+Vanhat+Runot+kotisivu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbgw.finlit.fi%2Fskvr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford_Kalevala-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_Kalevala_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_Kalevala_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_Kalevala_27-2">c</a> John Martin Crawford. Kalevala – The national epic of Finland, "Preface to the First edition, (1888)". </li> <li id="cite_note-Laugaste1990-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laugaste1990_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laugaste1990_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEduard1990" class="citation book cs1">Eduard, Laugaste (1990). "The Kalevela and the Kalevipoeg". In Lauri Honko (ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlit.fi/kalevala/index.php?m=11&s=38&l=1">the original</a> on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laulut+Kalevalan+takana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlit.fi%2Fkalevala%2Findex.php%3Fm%3D11%26s%3D38%26l%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_2-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_2_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130554/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_1.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_1.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_3-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_3_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130735/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_2.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_2.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiippo2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piippo, Esko (28 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001143932/https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/nakokulma-elias-lonnrotin-hovelon-aika-196185427/">"Näkökulma: Elias Lönnrotin Hövelön aika"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kainuun_Sanomat" title="Kainuun Sanomat">Kainuun Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/nakokulma-elias-lonnrotin-hovelon-aika-196185427/">the original</a> on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kainuun+Sanomat&rft.atitle=N%C3%A4k%C3%B6kulma%3A+Elias+L%C3%B6nnrotin+H%C3%B6vel%C3%B6n+aika&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.aulast=Piippo&rft.aufirst=Esko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kainuunsanomat.fi%2Fartikkeli%2Fnakokulma-elias-lonnrotin-hovelon-aika-196185427%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuutari2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suutari, Tiina (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207015719/https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kotiseutuna-kajaani-maanjaristys-tuhosi-ensimmaisen-kirkon-paltaniemella-kirkkoaholla-on-toiminut-erikoinen-elaintarha-197176727/">"Kotiseutuna Kajaani: Maanjäristys tuhosi ensimmäisen kirkon Paltaniemellä – Kirkkoaholla on toiminut erikoinen eläintarha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kainuun_Sanomat" title="Kainuun Sanomat">Kainuun Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kotiseutuna-kajaani-maanjaristys-tuhosi-ensimmaisen-kirkon-paltaniemella-kirkkoaholla-on-toiminut-erikoinen-elaintarha-197176727/">the original</a> on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kainuun+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Kotiseutuna+Kajaani%3A+Maanj%C3%A4ristys+tuhosi+ensimm%C3%A4isen+kirkon+Paltaniemell%C3%A4+%E2%80%93+Kirkkoaholla+on+toiminut+erikoinen+el%C3%A4intarha&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft.aulast=Suutari&rft.aufirst=Tiina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kainuunsanomat.fi%2Fartikkeli%2Fkotiseutuna-kajaani-maanjaristys-tuhosi-ensimmaisen-kirkon-paltaniemella-kirkkoaholla-on-toiminut-erikoinen-elaintarha-197176727%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_12-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_12_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130752/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_3.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 4"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_3.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helsingfors_Morgenblad_1-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Helsingfors_Morgenblad_1_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722151040/http://digi.lib.helsinki.fi/sanomalehti/secure/showPage.html?conversationId=4&action=entryPage&id=393243&pageFrame_currPage=4">"Letter to J L Runeberg"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.lib.helsinki.fi/sanomalehti/secure/showPage.html?conversationId=4&action=entryPage&id=393243&pageFrame_currPage=4">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+J+L+Runeberg.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi.lib.helsinki.fi%2Fsanomalehti%2Fsecure%2FshowPage.html%3FconversationId%3D4%26action%3DentryPage%26id%3D393243%26pageFrame_currPage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_4-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_4_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130809/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_4.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 5"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_4.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_5-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_5_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130814/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_5.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_5.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_6-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_6_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_6_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130848/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_6.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 7"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_6.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_7-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_7_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528051206/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_7.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 8"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_7.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_8-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_8_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130926/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_8.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 9 North"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_8.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+9+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_9-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_9_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130943/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_8b.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 9 South"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_8b.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+9+South&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_8b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_10-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_10_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130959/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_9.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 11"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_9.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juminkeko_11-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Juminkeko_11_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615131135/http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_10.html">"Elias Lönnrot in Kainuu – Field trip 11"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/lonnrot/en/aihe_3_10.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot+in+Kainuu+%E2%80%93+Field+trip+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Flonnrot%2Fen%2Faihe_3_10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr. "The Kalevala or Poems of the Kaleva district" Appendix II. (1963). </li> <li id="cite_note-suomi.fi-45"><a href="#cite_ref-suomi.fi_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314051635/http://www.suomi.fi/suomifi/suomi/tietopaketit/perustietoa_suomesta/kansalliset_symbolit_ja_juhlat/index.html">"Kansalliset symbolit ja juhlat – Kalevala"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suomi.fi/suomifi/suomi/tietopaketit/perustietoa_suomesta/kansalliset_symbolit_ja_juhlat/index.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansalliset+symbolit+ja+juhlat+%E2%80%93+Kalevala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suomi.fi%2Fsuomifi%2Fsuomi%2Ftietopaketit%2Fperustietoa_suomesta%2Fkansalliset_symbolit_ja_juhlat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Kalevala-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Kalevala_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Kalevala_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Kalevala_46-2">c</a> Elias Lönnrot. "Kalevala" Preface to the First edition, (1849). </li> <li id="cite_note-Honko1990-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honko1990_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honko1990_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonko1990" class="citation book cs1">Honko, Lauri (1990). "The Kalevela: The Processual View". In Lauri Honko (ed.). Religion, Myth and Folklore in the World's Epics: The Kalevala and its Predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 181–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087455-6"><bdi>978-3-11-087455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kalevela%3A+The+Processual+View&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Myth+and+Folklore+in+the+World%27s+Epics%3A+The+Kalevala+and+its+Predecessors&rft.pages=181-230&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087455-6&rft.aulast=Honko&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alhoniemi1990-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Alhoniemi1990_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlhoniemi1990" class="citation book cs1">Alhoniemi, Pirkko (1990). "The Reception of the Kalevela and Its Impact on the Arts". In Lauri Honko (ed.). Religion, Myth and Folklore in the World's Epics: The Kalevala and its Predecessors. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 231–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-087455-6"><bdi>978-3-11-087455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reception+of+the+Kalevela+and+Its+Impact+on+the+Arts&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Myth+and+Folklore+in+the+World%27s+Epics%3A+The+Kalevala+and+its+Predecessors&rft.pages=231-246&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-087455-6&rft.aulast=Alhoniemi&rft.aufirst=Pirkko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314051635/http://www.suomi.fi/suomifi/suomi/tietopaketit/perustietoa_suomesta/kansalliset_symbolit_ja_juhlat/index.html">"Kansalliset symbolit ja juhlat"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suomi.fi/suomifi/suomi/tietopaketit/perustietoa_suomesta/kansalliset_symbolit_ja_juhlat/index.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansalliset+symbolit+ja+juhlat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suomi.fi%2Fsuomifi%2Fsuomi%2Ftietopaketit%2Fperustietoa_suomesta%2Fkansalliset_symbolit_ja_juhlat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatti_KuusiKeith_BosleyMichael_Branch1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matti_Kuusi" title="Matti Kuusi">Matti Kuusi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Keith_Bosley" title="Keith Bosley">Keith Bosley</a>; Michael Branch, eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finnishfolkpoetr00kuus/page/62">Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic: An Anthology in Finnish and English</a>. Finnish Literature Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finnishfolkpoetr00kuus/page/62">62–64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-717-087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-717-087-1"><bdi>978-951-717-087-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+Folk+Poetry%3A+Epic%3A+An+Anthology+in+Finnish+and+English&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-951-717-087-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinnishfolkpoetr00kuus%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalevalan_runomitta-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalan_runomitta_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalan_runomitta_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalan_runomitta_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalan_runomitta_51-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190419/http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a2&s=p1a2s7&h=hp1a2&f=fp1s">"Kalevalan runomitta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a2&s=p1a2s7&h=hp1a2&f=fp1s">the original</a> on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevalan+runomitta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalevalaseura.fi%2Fkaku%2Fsivu.php%3Fn%3Dp1a2%26s%3Dp1a2s7%26h%3Dhp1a2%26f%3Dfp1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby_Kalevala-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_Kalevala_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_Kalevala_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_Kalevala_52-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25953">Kalevala: The Land of Heroes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419065956/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25953">Archived</a> 19 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, trans. by W. F. Kirby, 2 vols (London: Dent, 1907). </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalevalainen_kerto_eli_parallellismi-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalainen_kerto_eli_parallellismi_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002746/http://www.karuse.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:kalevalainen-kerto-eli-parallellismi&catid=4:tyylikeinoja&Itemid=25">"Kalevalainen kerto eli parallellismi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karuse.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:kalevalainen-kerto-eli-parallellismi&catid=4:tyylikeinoja&Itemid=25">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevalainen+kerto+eli+parallellismi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karuse.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D94%3Akalevalainen-kerto-eli-parallellismi%26catid%3D4%3Atyylikeinoja%26Itemid%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias_Lönnrot1849" class="citation book cs1">Elias Lönnrot, ed. (1849). The Kalevala.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPertti2014" class="citation book cs1">Pertti, Anttonen (2014). "The Kalevala and the Authenticity Debate". In Bak, János M.; Geary, Patrick J.; Klaniczay, Gábor (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/20073">Manufacturing a Past for the Present: Forgery and Authenticity in Medievalist Texts and Objects in Nineteenth-Century Europe</a>. Brill. pp. 56–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004276802" title="Special:BookSources/9789004276802"><bdi>9789004276802</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111011601/https://brill.com/view/title/20073">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kalevala+and+the+Authenticity+Debate&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+a+Past+for+the+Present%3A+Forgery+and+Authenticity+in+Medievalist+Texts+and+Objects+in+Nineteenth-Century+Europe&rft.pages=56-80&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004276802&rft.aulast=Pertti&rft.aufirst=Anttonen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F20073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> John Miles Foley, A companion to ancient epic, 2005, p.207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_DuBois-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_DuBois_57-0">^</a> Thomas DuBois. "From Maria to Marjatta: The Transformation of an Oral Poem in Elias Lönnrot's Kalevala" Oral Tradition, 8/2 (1993) pp.247–288 </li> <li id="cite_note-Väinö_Kaukonen-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Väinö_Kaukonen_58-0">^</a> Väinö Kaukonen. "Lönnrot ja Kalevala" Finnish Literature Society, (1979). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201002031239">"Doria.fi archive of the Old Kalevala volume 1"</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doria.fi+archive+of+the+Old+Kalevala+volume+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3ANBN%3Afi-fe201002031239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201002031240">"Doria.fi archive of the Old Kalevala volume 2"</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doria.fi+archive+of+the+Old+Kalevala+volume+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3ANBN%3Afi-fe201002031240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbgw.finlit.fi/skvr/teksti.php?id=skvr01111580">"SKVR I2. 1158. Lönnrot Mehil. 1836, huhtik"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172521/http://dbgw.finlit.fi/skvr/teksti.php?id=skvr01111580">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SKVR+I2.+1158.+L%C3%B6nnrot+Mehil.+1836%2C+huhtik.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbgw.finlit.fi%2Fskvr%2Fteksti.php%3Fid%3Dskvr01111580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalevala_Lipas-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevala_Lipas_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevala_Lipas_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevala_Lipas_62-2">c</a> Matti Kuusi and Pertti Anttonen. "Kalevala Lipas" Finnish Literary Society, 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Englander_and_Yale_Review_Volume_0027_Issue_103_(April_1868)-63"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Englander_and_Yale_Review_Volume_0027_Issue_103_(April_1868)_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cache/5/6/c/56c36e40576a484fab0c5570675afd97/nwng0027-2.383.s.image.content.html">"The Kalevala or National epos of the Finns"</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+or+National+epos+of+the+Finns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcache%2F5%2F6%2Fc%2F56c36e40576a484fab0c5570675afd97%2Fnwng0027-2.383.s.image.content.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Fletcher, E. T. Esq. "The Kalevala, or National Epos of the Finns." Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec NS 6 (1869): 45–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Publications_of_the_Literary_&_Historical_Society_of_Quebec-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Early_Publications_of_the_Literary_&_Historical_Society_of_Quebec_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094104/http://www.transactions.morrin.org/docsfromclient/books/198/198.html">"The Kalevala or National epos of the Finns"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transactions.morrin.org/docsfromclient/books/198/198.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+or+National+epos+of+the+Finns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transactions.morrin.org%2Fdocsfromclient%2Fbooks%2F198%2F198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finland's_folk_epic-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Finland's_folk_epic_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027154930/http://www.geocities.com/hellahulla/kalevala.html">"Finland's folk epic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/hellahulla/kalevala.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland%27s+folk+epic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fhellahulla%2Fkalevala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friberg_Kalevala-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Friberg_Kalevala_67-0">^</a> Eino Friberg. Kalevala – Epic of the Finnish people, Introduction to the first edition, 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP_Reviews_KB-68"><a href="#cite_ref-OUP_Reviews_KB_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-kalevala-9780199538867?cc=gb&lang=en&">The Kalevala – Reviews and Awards</a>. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press. 9 October 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953886-7"><bdi>978-0-19-953886-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531111945/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-kalevala-9780199538867?cc=gb&lang=en&">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+%E2%80%93+Reviews+and+Awards&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953886-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-kalevala-9780199538867%3Fcc%3Dgb%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-KB_Kalevala1989-69"><a href="#cite_ref-KB_Kalevala1989_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLönnrot1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Lönnrot, Elias</a> (1989). "Introduction". The Kalevala. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Bosley" title="Keith Bosley">Bosley, Keith</a>. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953886-7"><bdi>978-0-19-953886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953886-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnrot&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cff.ca/upcomingevents/celebration-of-finnish-independence-featured-lives-dec-4/">Celebration of Finnish Independence – Featured Lives – postponed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105033512/http://cff.ca/upcomingevents/celebration-of-finnish-independence-featured-lives-dec-4/">Archived</a> 5 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Canadian Friend of Finland </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalevalaistennaistenliitto.fi/2021/05/31/kalevalainen-nainen-maailmalla/">Kalevalainen nainen maailmalla</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105033514/https://www.kalevalaistennaistenliitto.fi/2021/05/31/kalevalainen-nainen-maailmalla/">Archived</a> 5 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Kalevalaisten Naisten Liitto (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124040652/http://kalevalaseura.fi/kalevalasta/kalevalan-kaannokset/">"Kalevalan käännökset | Kalevalaseura"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklorefellows.fi/netw/ffn16/translation.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+in+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklorefellows.fi%2Fnetw%2Fffn16%2Ftranslation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230149/http://www.finlandia.org.mx/Public/default.aspx?contentid=187130&nodeid=31939&culture=en">"National epic "The Kalevala" reaches the respectable age of 175"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlandia.org.mx/Public/default.aspx?contentid=187130&nodeid=31939&culture=en">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+epic+%22The+Kalevala%22+reaches+the+respectable+age+of+175&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlandia.org.mx%2FPublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D187130%26nodeid%3D31939%26culture%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matkoja_musiikkiin_1800-luvun_Suomessa_(Journeys_into_music_in_19th_century_Finland)-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Matkoja_musiikkiin_1800-luvun_Suomessa_(Journeys_into_music_in_19th_century_Finland)_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194536/http://acta.uta.fi/english/teos.php?id=8519">"Matkoja musiikkiin 1800-luvun Suomessa (Journeys into music in 19th century Finland)"</a>. 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Tolkien Studies. 1: 78–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2004.0014">10.1353/tks.2004.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51680664">51680664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120011441/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/tolkien_studies/v001/1.1petty.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tolkien+Studies&rft.atitle=Identifying+England%27s+L%C3%B6nnrot&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=78-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftks.2004.0014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51680664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Petty&rft.aufirst=Anne+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Ftolkien_studies%2Fv001%2F1.1petty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimes2000" class="citation cs2">Himes, Jonathan B. (Spring 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=mythlore">"What Tolkien Really Did with the Sampo"</a>, Mythlore, 22.4 (86): 69–85, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813210242/https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1342&context=mythlore">archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018, retrieved 13 August 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=What+Tolkien+Really+Did+with+the+Sampo&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22.4&rft.issue=86&rft.pages=69-85&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Himes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1342%26context%3Dmythlore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129041605/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haavikko.htm">"Paavo Haavikko"</a>. Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/haavikko.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Paavo+Haavikko&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fhaavikko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715062247/http://artikkelihaku.kansallisbiografia.fi/artikkeli/4828/">"Haavikko, Paavo (1931–2008)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artikkelihaku.kansallisbiografia.fi/artikkeli/4828/">the original</a> on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haavikko%2C+Paavo+%281931%E2%80%932008%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartikkelihaku.kansallisbiografia.fi%2Fartikkeli%2F4828%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Kailo, Kaarina. "Spanning the Iron and Space Ages: Emil Petaja's Kalevala-based fantasy tales" Kanadan Suomalainen, Toronto, Canada: Spring, 1985.. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221023636/http://www.multiverse.org/fora/showpost.php?s=cd0e5b39fac54cb1ac8a400c60a700fd&p=15991&postcount=17">"Elric of Melniboné Archive – Moorcock's website forum archive"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiverse.org/fora/showpost.php?s=cd0e5b39fac54cb1ac8a400c60a700fd&p=15991&postcount=17">the original</a> on 21 December 2013. 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Juminkeko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925034203/http://www.juminkeko.fi/vietnam/content/etusivu_kuvat/monman.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2021. 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Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YLE&rft.atitle=Vietnam+sai+oman+Kalevalansa+Suomen+avulla&rft.date=2009-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2F3-5728354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juminkeko.fi/vietnam/index.php?site=tausta&lang=fi">"Vietnamin eepos: Tausta"</a> (in Finnish). Juminkeko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223192702/http://www.juminkeko.fi/vietnam/index.php?site=tausta&lang=fi">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020. 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Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnamin+eepos%3A+Monin+ja+Manin+lapset&rft.pub=Juminkeko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juminkeko.fi%2Fvietnam%2Findex.php%3Fsite%3Dsisalto%26lang%3Dfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalevalan_Kultuurihistoria_-_Kalevala_taiteessa_–_Musiikissa-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalan_Kultuurihistoria_-_Kalevala_taiteessa_–_Musiikissa_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kalevalan_Kultuurihistoria_-_Kalevala_taiteessa_–_Musiikissa_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100302001600/http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1&s=p1&h=hp1&f=fp1">"Kalevalan Kultuurihistoria – Kalevala taiteessa – Musiikissa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1&s=p1&h=hp1&f=fp1">the original</a> on 2 March 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalevalan+Kultuurihistoria+%E2%80%93+Kalevala+taiteessa+%E2%80%93+Musiikissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalevalaseura.fi%2Fkaku%2Fsivu.php%3Fn%3Dp1%26s%3Dp1%26h%3Dhp1%26f%3Dfp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190340/http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a1&s=p1a1s1&h=hp1a1&f=fp1s">"Ensimmäiset Kalevala-aiheiset sävellykset"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a1&s=p1a1s1&h=hp1a1&f=fp1s">the original</a> on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensimm%C3%A4iset+Kalevala-aiheiset+s%C3%A4vellykset&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalevalaseura.fi%2Fkaku%2Fsivu.php%3Fn%3Dp1a1%26s%3Dp1a1s1%26h%3Dhp1a1%26f%3Dfp1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-city-116"><a href="#cite_ref-city_116-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turku.fi/uutinen/2016-02-29_die-kalewainen-pochjola-127-vuotta-kadoksissa-ollut-ooppera-ensi-iltaan-turussa">Die Kalewainen in Pochjola: 127 vuotta kadoksissa ollut ooppera ensi-iltaan Turussa Suomi 100 -juhlavuonna.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306114702/http://www.turku.fi/uutinen/2016-02-29_die-kalewainen-pochjola-127-vuotta-kadoksissa-ollut-ooppera-ensi-iltaan-turussa">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> City of Turku, 29 February 2016. (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190352/http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a1&s=p1a1s2&h=hp1a1&f=fp1s">"Jean Sibelius ja Kalevala"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalevalaseura.fi/kaku/sivu.php?n=p1a1&s=p1a1s2&h=hp1a1&f=fp1s">the original</a> on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean+Sibelius+ja+Kalevala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalevalaseura.fi%2Fkaku%2Fsivu.php%3Fn%3Dp1a1%26s%3Dp1a1s2%26h%3Dhp1a1%26f%3Dfp1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104124150/http://www.polyteknikkojenkuoro.fi/levyt/suomelle/#jaakarimarssi">"Suomelle – isänmaallisia lauluja"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyteknikkojenkuoro.fi/levyt/suomelle/#jaakarimarssi">the original</a> on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suomelle+%E2%80%93+is%C3%A4nmaallisia+lauluja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polyteknikkojenkuoro.fi%2Flevyt%2Fsuomelle%2F%23jaakarimarssi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207110633/http://www.tampere.fi/kirjasto/musiikki/21msuom.htm">"SUOMALAISTA KALEVALA-AIHEISTA MUSIIKKIA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampere.fi/kirjasto/musiikki/21msuom.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUOMALAISTA+KALEVALA-AIHEISTA+MUSIIKKIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampere.fi%2Fkirjasto%2Fmusiikki%2F21msuom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231233112/http://www.fennicagehrman.fi/comp_madetoja.htm">"Leevi Madetoja"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fennicagehrman.fi/comp_madetoja.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2005. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leevi+Madetoja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fennicagehrman.fi%2Fcomp_madetoja.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727015255/http://www.fennicagehrman.fi/comp_klami.htm">"Uuno Klami"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fennicagehrman.fi/comp_klami.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uuno+Klami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fennicagehrman.fi%2Fcomp_klami.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/Marttinen/main.html">"Tauno Marttinen - stanford.edu"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715063243/http://opera.stanford.edu/Marttinen/main.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tauno+Marttinen+-+stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopera.stanford.edu%2FMarttinen%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524100707/http://www.finlit.fi/kalevala/index.php?m=145&s=274&l=2">"The Kalevala in modern art"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finlit.fi/kalevala/index.php?m=145&s=274&l=2">the original</a> on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+in+modern+art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finlit.fi%2Fkalevala%2Findex.php%3Fm%3D145%26s%3D274%26l%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tormis-124"><a href="#cite_ref-tormis_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329232114/http://www.tormis.ee/VTindex.html">"Veljo Tormis data bank"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tormis.ee/VTindex.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veljo+Tormis+data+bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tormis.ee%2FVTindex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203102038/http://metal-invader.com/interviews/Amorphis-2007-08-20/interview.php">"Metal Invader – Amorphis interview"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metal-invader.com/interviews/Amorphis-2007-08-20/interview.php">the original</a> on 3 February 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metal+Invader+%E2%80%93+Amorphis+interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetal-invader.com%2Finterviews%2FAmorphis-2007-08-20%2Finterview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821081621/http://amorphis.net/">"Amorphis official site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amorphis.net">the original</a> on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amorphis+official+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famorphis.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418054431/http://www.ensiferum.com/e_html/e_news.htm">"Ensiferum – News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensiferum.com/e_html/e_news.htm">the original</a> on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensiferum+%E2%80%93+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensiferum.com%2Fe_html%2Fe_news.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113121556/http://www.ensiferum.com/e_html/e_history.htm">"Ensiferum – History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensiferum.com/e_html/e_history.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensiferum+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensiferum.com%2Fe_html%2Fe_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turisas.fi/tvw.html">"Turisas official site – The Varangian Way"</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turisas+official+site+%E2%80%93+The+Varangian+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turisas.fi%2Ftvw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerofmetal.dk/interviews09/amberian_dawn_interview.htm">"Amberian Dawn interview – powerofmetal.dk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130848/http://www.powerofmetal.dk/interviews09/amberian_dawn_interview.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amberian+Dawn+interview+%E2%80%93+powerofmetal.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerofmetal.dk%2Finterviews09%2Famberian_dawn_interview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811061044/http://www.varttina.com/main.site?action=siteupdate%2Fview&id=10">"Värttinä – Members"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.varttina.com/main.site?action=siteupdate/view&id=10">the original</a> on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4rttin%C3%A4+%E2%80%93+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.varttina.com%2Fmain.site%3Faction%3Dsiteupdate%2Fview%26id%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133651/http://www.kamarikuoro.com/marian_virsi.php">"Vantaa Chamber Choir – Marian virsi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamarikuoro.com/marian_virsi.php">the original</a> on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vantaa+Chamber+Choir+%E2%80%93+Marian+virsi.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamarikuoro.com%2Fmarian_virsi.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720181140/http://kirjat.finlit.fi/index.php?showitem=2164">"Taiteilijoiden Kalevala"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kirjat.finlit.fi/index.php?showitem=2164">the original</a> on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiteilijoiden+Kalevala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkirjat.finlit.fi%2Findex.php%3Fshowitem%3D2164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBWW_News_Desk" class="citation web cs1">BWW News Desk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Maija-Anttila-With-Soulgaze-Films-Presents-KALEVALA-The-Musical-In-Concert-20180105">"Maija Anttila With Soulgaze Films Presents KALEVALA The Musical in Concert"</a>. BroadwayWorld.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123838/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Maija-Anttila-With-Soulgaze-Films-Presents-KALEVALA-The-Musical-In-Concert-20180105">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld.com&rft.atitle=Maija+Anttila+With+Soulgaze+Films+Presents+KALEVALA+The+Musical+in+Concert&rft.au=BWW+News+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Farticle%2FMaija-Anttila-With-Soulgaze-Films-Presents-KALEVALA-The-Musical-In-Concert-20180105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053240/">"IMDB page for "The day the earth froze""</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825044653/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053240/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDB+page+for+%22The+day+the+earth+froze%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0053240%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413130653/http://www.yle.fi/tv2draama/rautaaika/">"RAUTA-AIKA Neljä vuotta, neljä osaa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yle.fi/tv2draama/rautaaika/">the original</a> on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RAUTA-AIKA+Nelj%C3%A4+vuotta%2C+nelj%C3%A4+osaa.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yle.fi%2Ftv2draama%2Frautaaika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611003611/http://akas.imdb.com/title/tt0190919/">"IMDB page for "Rauta-Aika""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akas.imdb.com/title/tt0190919/">the original</a> on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMDB+page+for+%22Rauta-Aika%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fakas.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0190919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416871/">"IMDB page for "Jadesoturi""</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808113316/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416871/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=IMDB+page+for+%22Jadesoturi%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0416871%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/3-6956386">"Jari Halosen Kalevala floppasi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a> (in Finnish). 27 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926151030/https://yle.fi/a/3-6956386">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle&rft.atitle=Jari+Halosen+Kalevala+floppasi&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F3-6956386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt2023" class="citation web cs1">Britt, Ryan (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/mandalorian-season-3-what-happened-to-bo-katan">"Mandalorian Season 3's Biggest Twist Has Sidelined Its Greatest Character"</a>. Inverse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303064522/https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/mandalorian-season-3-what-happened-to-bo-katan">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=Mandalorian+Season+3%27s+Biggest+Twist+Has+Sidelined+Its+Greatest+Character&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmandalorian-season-3-what-happened-to-bo-katan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slash-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slash_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slash_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2023" class="citation web cs1">Scott, Ryan (1 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slashfilm.com/1214465/the-mandalorian-season-3-premiere-introduces-kalevala-from-star-wars-the-clone-wars/">"The Mandalorian Season 3 Premiere Brings A Star Wars Planet You've Heard About Into Live-Action"</a>. Slash Film. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302164855/https://www.slashfilm.com/1214465/the-mandalorian-season-3-premiere-introduces-kalevala-from-star-wars-the-clone-wars/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slash+Film&rft.atitle=The+Mandalorian+Season+3+Premiere+Brings+A+Star+Wars+Planet+You%27ve+Heard+About+Into+Live-Action&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slashfilm.com%2F1214465%2Fthe-mandalorian-season-3-premiere-introduces-kalevala-from-star-wars-the-clone-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNykänenHuttunen2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nykänen, Helmi; Huttunen, Karina (9 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/74-20103890">"Yli 20 vuotta odotettu kotimainen suurelokuva toteutuu – Nurmekseen nousee iso Kalevala-kylä"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a> (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle&rft.atitle=Yli+20+vuotta+odotettu+kotimainen+suurelokuva+toteutuu+%E2%80%93+Nurmekseen+nousee+iso+Kalevala-kyl%C3%A4&rft.date=2024-08-09&rft.aulast=Nyk%C3%A4nen&rft.aufirst=Helmi&rft.au=Huttunen%2C+Karina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F74-20103890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Vaarallisilla teillä : viimeiset suomalaiset SS-miehet - Lappalainen, Niilo, 1927-2001 ; Werner Söderström osakeyhtiö 1998 ISBN 9510226653 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Bruce Quarrie, Hitler's Samurai: The Waffen-SS in Action, 2ª ed., Patrick Stephens Limited, 1984, pp. 33-34, ISBN 0-85059-723-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-viholainen-145"><a href="#cite_ref-viholainen_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViholainen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Viholainen, Aila (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/elore/article/view/78806">"Vellamon kanssa ongelle – eli kuinka merenneitoa kansalliseksi kuvitellaan"</a>. Elore. 16 (2). Suomen Kansantietouden Tutkijain Seura ry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30666%2Felore.78806">10.30666/elore.78806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elore&rft.atitle=Vellamon+kanssa+ongelle+%E2%80%93+eli+kuinka+merenneitoa+kansalliseksi+kuvitellaan&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30666%2Felore.78806&rft.aulast=Viholainen&rft.aufirst=Aila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Felore%2Farticle%2Fview%2F78806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalevala_mythology-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalevala_mythology_146-0">^</a> Juha Pentikäinen, Ritva Poom, Kalevala mythology, 1888. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAikio2012" class="citation journal cs1">Aikio, Ante (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4811760">"An Essay on Saami Ethnolinguistic Prehistory"</a>. Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 266: 63–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-42-4"><bdi>978-952-5667-42-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830234420/http://www.academia.edu/4811760/An_Essay_on_Saami_Ethnolinguistic_Prehistory">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Finno-Ougrienne&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+Saami+Ethnolinguistic+Prehistory&rft.volume=266&rft.pages=63-117&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-952-5667-42-4&rft.aulast=Aikio&rft.aufirst=Ante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4811760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emil_Nestor_Setälä_(1864_-_1935)-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Emil_Nestor_Setälä_(1864_-_1935)_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224054208/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ensetala.htm">"Emil Nestor Setälä"</a>. Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/ensetala.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Emil+Nestor+Set%C3%A4l%C3%A4&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fensetala.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sammon_arvoitus-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Sammon_arvoitus_150-0">^</a> Eemil Nestor Setälä. "Sammon arvoitus: Isien runous ja usko: 1. "Suomen suku" laitoksen julkaisuja. 1." Helsinki: Otava, 1932.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics,_Part_14_By_James_Hastings_(Pg_642)-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics,_Part_14_By_James_Hastings_(Pg_642)_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2003" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x21RM5GuRLAC&pg=PA642">The Finnish Virgin Mary myth</a>. Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766136908" title="Special:BookSources/9780766136908"><bdi>9780766136908</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finnish+Virgin+Mary+myth.&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=9780766136908&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx21RM5GuRLAC%26pg%3DPA642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_2">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1888" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Crawford_(scholar)" title="John Martin Crawford (scholar)">Crawford, John Martin</a>, ed. (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5186">The Kalevala: The Epic Poem of Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-8938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-8938-6"><bdi>978-0-7661-8938-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906020206/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5186">archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 15 October 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala%3A+The+Epic+Poem+of+Finland&rft.date=1888&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-8938-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F5186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">. Text at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>: Volume 1, Volume 2, and Complete work.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFribergLandströmSchoolfield1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eino_Friberg" title="Eino Friberg">Friberg, Eino</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Landstr%C3%B6m" title="Björn Landström">Landström, Björn</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_C._Schoolfield" title="George C. Schoolfield">Schoolfield, George C.</a>, eds. (1988), The Kalevala: Epic of the Finnish People, University of Illinois Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-10137-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-1-10137-6"><bdi>978-951-1-10137-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala%3A+Epic+of+the+Finnish+People&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-951-1-10137-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Forsell_Kirby" title="William Forsell Kirby">Kirby, William Forsell</a>, ed. (1907), The Kalevala: Or the Land of Heroes, Society of Metaphysicians Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85810-198-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85810-198-9"><bdi>978-1-85810-198-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala%3A+Or+the+Land+of+Heroes&rft.pub=Society+of+Metaphysicians+Limited&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=978-1-85810-198-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">. Text at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>: Volume 1 and Volume 2.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLönnrot1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Lönnrot, Elias</a> (1989). The Kalevala. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Bosley" title="Keith Bosley">Bosley, Keith</a>. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953886-7"><bdi>978-0-19-953886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala&rft.place=Oxford+%2F+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953886-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6nnrot&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagoun1963" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peabody_Magoun" title="Francis Peabody Magoun">Magoun, Francis Peabody</a>, ed. (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kalevalaorpoemso00elia">The Kalevala: Or Poems of the Kaleva District</a>, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50010-5"><bdi>978-0-674-50010-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala%3A+Or+Poems+of+the+Kaleva+District&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%2C+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50010-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkalevalaorpoemso00elia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagoun1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Peabody_Magoun" title="Francis Peabody Magoun">Magoun, Francis Peabody</a>, ed. (1969), The Old Kalevala and Certain Antecedents, Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-63235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-63235-6"><bdi>978-0-674-63235-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Kalevala+and+Certain+Antecedents&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-674-63235-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> , translation of the 1835 Old Kalevala</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc209739/rozenfeld-h-kalevala-folks-epos-fun-di-finen">קאַלעװאַלאַ: פֿאָלקס עפּאָס פֿון די פֿינען</a>. Translated by Rosenfeld, Hersh. New York: Marstin Press. 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203185537/https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/yiddish-books/spb-nybc209739/rozenfeld-h-kalevala-folks-epos-fun-di-finen">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A7%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%B0%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%9C%D7%90%D6%B7%3A+%D7%A4%D6%BF%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1+%D7%A2%D7%A4%D6%BC%D7%90%D6%B8%D7%A1+%D7%A4%D6%BF%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%93%D7%99+%D7%A4%D6%BF%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Marstin+Press&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yiddishbookcenter.org%2Fcollections%2Fyiddish-books%2Fspb-nybc209739%2Frozenfeld-h-kalevala-folks-epos-fun-di-finen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retellings">Retellings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Retellings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavazzanoKorhonen2022" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Cavazzano" title="Giorgio Cavazzano">Cavazzano, Giorgio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kari_Korhonen" title="Kari Korhonen">Korhonen, Kari</a> (2022), The Harp Under the Hammer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harp+Under+the+Hammer&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Cavazzano&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft.au=Korhonen%2C+Kari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">, a sequel for Don Rosa's The Quest for Kalevala featuring Scrooge McDuck and some characters from the Kalevala</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEivind1893" class="citation cs2">Eivind, R. (1893), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24948/24948-h/24948-h.htm">Finnish Legends for English Children</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180526142902/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24948/24948-h/24948-h.htm">archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2018, retrieved 13 August 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+Legends+for+English+Children&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Eivind&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F24948%2F24948-h%2F24948-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988">, near complete prose translation based on Crawford</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFillmore1923" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parker_Hoysted_Fillmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parker Hoysted Fillmore (page does not exist)">Fillmore, Parker Hoysted</a> (1923), The Wizard of the North: A Tale From the Land of Heroes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wizard+of+the+North%3A+A+Tale+From+the+Land+of+Heroes&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Fillmore&rft.aufirst=Parker+Hoysted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuitula2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristian_Huitula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristian Huitula (page does not exist)">Huitula, Kristian</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/Eino_Friberg" title="Eino Friberg">Friberg, Eino</a> (ed.), The Kalevala Graphic Novel, Fantacore, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-99022-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-99022-1-7"><bdi>978-952-99022-1-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+Graphic+Novel&rft.pub=Fantacore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-952-99022-1-7&rft.aulast=Huitula&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolehmainen1973" class="citation cs2">Kolehmainen, John Ilmari (1973), Epic of the North</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+of+the+North&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Kolehmainen&rft.aufirst=John+Ilmari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._E._A._McNeil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. E. A. McNeil (page does not exist)">McNeil, M.E.A</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicstorysinger00mcne">The Magic Storysinger: A Tale from the Finnish Epic Kalevala</a>, Stemmer House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88045-128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88045-128-4"><bdi>978-0-88045-128-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Storysinger%3A+A+Tale+from+the+Finnish+Epic+Kalevala&rft.pub=Stemmer+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88045-128-4&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=M.E.A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicstorysinger00mcne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> , a retelling in a style friendly to children</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosa1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Don_Rosa" title="Don Rosa">Rosa, Don</a> (1999), "<a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Kalevala" title="The Quest for Kalevala">The Quest for Kalevala</a>", Uncle Scrooge, no. 334, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911903-55-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911903-55-3"><bdi>978-0-911903-55-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Scrooge&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+Kalevala&rft.issue=334&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-911903-55-3&rft.aulast=Rosa&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"> , a story in tribute to the Kalevala featuring Scrooge McDuck and some characters from the Kalevala</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffaKunnas1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Steffa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Steffa (page does not exist)">Steffa, Tim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mauri_Kunnas" title="Mauri Kunnas">Kunnas, Mauri</a>, eds. (1997), The Canine Kalevala, Otava, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-1-12442-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-1-12442-9"><bdi>978-951-1-12442-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canine+Kalevala&rft.pub=Otava&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-951-1-12442-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlho1997" class="citation cs2">Alho, Olli, ed. (1997), Finland: a cultural encyclopedia, Finnish Literature Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-717-885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-717-885-3"><bdi>978-951-717-885-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland%3A+a+cultural+encyclopedia&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-951-717-885-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranchHawkesworth1994" class="citation cs2">Branch, Michael; Hawkesworth, Celia, eds. (1994), The Uses of Tradition: a Comparative Enquiry into the Nature, Uses and Functions of Oral Poetry in the Balkans, the Baltic and Africa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903425-38-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903425-38-4"><bdi>978-0-903425-38-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uses+of+Tradition%3A+a+Comparative+Enquiry+into+the+Nature%2C+Uses+and+Functions+of+Oral+Poetry+in+the+Balkans%2C+the+Baltic+and+Africa&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-903425-38-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllison2005" class="citation cs2">Ellison, Cori (7 January 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/07/books/an-epic-gave-finns-a-lot-to-sing-about.html">"An Epic Gave Finns A Lot to Sing About"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116154035/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/07/books/an-epic-gave-finns-a-lot-to-sing-about.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022, retrieved 16 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Epic+Gave+Finns+A+Lot+to+Sing+About&rft.date=2005-01-07&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Cori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F01%2F07%2Fbooks%2Fan-epic-gave-finns-a-lot-to-sing-about.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErvastJenkinsTapio1916" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Ervast" title="Pekka Ervast">Ervast, Pekka</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Major_Jenkins" title="John Major Jenkins">Jenkins, John Major</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapio_Joensuu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapio Joensuu (page does not exist)">Tapio, Joensuu</a> (1916), The Key to The Kalevala, Blue Dolphin Pub., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57733-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57733-021-9"><bdi>978-1-57733-021-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+to+The+Kalevala&rft.pub=Blue+Dolphin+Pub.&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=978-1-57733-021-9&rft.aulast=Ervast&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+John+Major&rft.au=Tapio%2C+Joensuu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaavio1952" class="citation cs2">Haavio, Martti Henrikki (1952), Väinämöinen, Eternal Sage</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen%2C+Eternal+Sage&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Haavio&rft.aufirst=Martti+Henrikki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinen2013" class="citation cs2">Hämäläinen, Niina (December 2013), ""Do Not, Folk of the Future, Bring up a Child Crookedly!": Moral Intervention and Other Textual Practices by Elias Lönnrot", <a href="/wiki/RMN_Newsletter" title="RMN Newsletter">RMN Newsletter</a>, 7: 43–56</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RMN+Newsletter&rft.atitle=%22Do+Not%2C+Folk+of+the+Future%2C+Bring+up+a+Child+Crookedly%21%22%3A+Moral+Intervention+and+Other+Textual+Practices+by+Elias+L%C3%B6nnrot&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=43-56&rft.date=2013-12&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Niina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonko1990" class="citation cs2">Honko, Lauri, ed. (1990), Religion, Myth, and Folklore in the World's Epics, Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-625-2"><bdi>978-0-89925-625-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Myth%2C+and+Folklore+in+the+World%27s+Epics&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89925-625-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonko2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lauri_Honko" title="Lauri Honko">Honko, Lauri</a>, ed. (2002), The Kalevala and the World's Traditional Epics, Finnish Literature Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-746-422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-746-422-2"><bdi>978-951-746-422-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalevala+and+the+World%27s+Traditional+Epics&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-951-746-422-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallio1994" class="citation cs2">Kallio, Veikko (1994), Finland: A Cultural Outline, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-0-19421-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-0-19421-8"><bdi>978-951-0-19421-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland%3A+A+Cultural+Outline&rft.pub=Werner+S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m+Osakeyhti%C3%B6&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-951-0-19421-8&rft.aulast=Kallio&rft.aufirst=Veikko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaukonen1978" class="citation cs2">Kaukonen, Väinö (1978), Lönnrot ja Kalevala [Lönnrot and The Kalevala]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%B6nnrot+ja+Kalevala&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Kaukonen&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A4in%C3%B6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuusi1977" class="citation cs2">Kuusi, Matti, ed. (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finnishfolkpoetr00kuus">Finnish Folk Poetry</a>, Finnish literature society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-717-087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-717-087-1"><bdi>978-951-717-087-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finnish+Folk+Poetry&rft.pub=Finnish+literature+society&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-951-717-087-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinnishfolkpoetr00kuus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOinas1985" class="citation cs2">Oinas, Felix J. (1985), Studies in Finnish Folklore, Finnish Anthropological Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-717-315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-717-315-5"><bdi>978-951-717-315-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Finnish+Folklore&rft.pub=Finnish+Anthropological+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-951-717-315-5&rft.aulast=Oinas&rft.aufirst=Felix+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentikäinen1999" class="citation cs2">Pentikäinen, Juha Y. (1999), Kalevala Mythology, Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33661-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33661-3"><bdi>978-0-253-33661-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalevala+Mythology&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33661-3&rft.aulast=Pentik%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Juha+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoolfield1998" class="citation cs2">Schoolfield, George C., ed. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffinland00geor">A History of Finland's Literature</a>, U of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4189-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-4189-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Finland%27s+Literature&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4189-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffinland00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetälä1932" class="citation cs2">Setälä, E.N. (1932), Sammon Arvoitus [The Riddle of the Sampo]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sammon+Arvoitus&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Set%C3%A4l%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=E.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Siikala, Anna-Leena. "The Kalevalaic Tradition as Finnish Mythology". In: Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica, 12–13 (2002). Megjelent: Mental Spaces and Ritual Traditions pp. 107–122</li> <li>Tolley, Clive. "The Kalevala as a Model for our Understanding of the Composition of the Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda." The Retrospective Methods Network (2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1976" class="citation cs2">Wilson, William A. (1976), Folklore and Nationalism in Modern Finland, Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32327-9"><bdi>978-0-253-32327-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Finland&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-253-32327-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Encyclopedia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_William_Gosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund William Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kalewala">"Kalewala" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). p. 640.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kalewala&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=640&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Wiener" title="Leo Wiener">Wiener, Leo</a> (1920). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Kalevala">"Kalevala" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kalevala&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalevala" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalevala&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahti" title="Ahti">Ahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmatar" title="Ilmatar">Ilmatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loviatar" title="Loviatar">Loviatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Päivätär">Päivätär</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuutar" title="Kuutar">Kuutar</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_(Finnish_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surma (Finnish mythology)">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapio_(spirit)" title="Tapio (spirit)">Tapio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuippana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuippana">Kuippana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonetar" title="Tuonetar">Tuonetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoni" title="Tuoni">Tuoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumala" title="Jumala">Jumala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauni_(deity)" title="Rauni (deity)">Rauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Untamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untamo (page does not exist)">Untamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vammatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vammatar (page does not exist)">Vammatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellamo" title="Vellamo">Vellamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempo" title="Lempo">Lempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louhi" title="Louhi">Louhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antero_Vipunen" title="Antero Vipunen">Antero Vipunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku-Turso_(creature)" title="Iku-Turso (creature)">Iku-Turso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielikki" title="Mielikki">Mielikki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tellervo" title="Tellervo">Tellervo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyyrikki" title="Nyyrikki">Nyyrikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otso" title="Otso">Otso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampsa_Pellervoinen" title="Sampsa Pellervoinen">Sampsa Pellervoinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Syöjätär">Syöjätär</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahtola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Ahtola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metsola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metsola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4in%C3%B6l%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väinölä (page does not exist)">Väinölä</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">Kantele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turja_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turja (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Turja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukonvasara" title="Ukonvasara">Ukonvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Vuoksi" class="mw-redirect" title="River Vuoksi">Vuoksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works inspired by the Kalevala</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Mon_and_Man" title="The Children of Mon and Man">The Children of Mon and Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(Kernaghan_novel)" title="The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel)">The Snow Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tomten_in_%C3%85bo_Castle" title="The Tomten in Åbo Castle">The Tomten in Åbo Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_of_Serpents" title="The Wall of Serpents">The Wall of Serpents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_(film)" title="Sampo (film)">Sampo (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_of_the_North:_Kalevala_Heroes" title="Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes">Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elric_of_Melnibon%C3%A9" title="Elric of Melniboné">Elric of Melniboné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish neopaganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Influences on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Danger" title="Iron Danger">Iron Danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Warrior_(film)" title="Jade Warrior (film)">Jade Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Kalewainen_in_Pochjola" title="Die Kalewainen in Pochjola">Die Kalewainen in Pochjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala:_The_New_Era" title="Kalevala: The New Era">Kalevala: The New Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_Day" title="Kalevala Day">Kalevala Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_House" title="Kalevala House">Kalevala House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kalevala_translations" title="List of Kalevala translations">Kalevala translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanteletar" title="Kanteletar">Kanteletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noita_(video_game)" title="Noita (video game)">Noita (video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsessan_av_Cypern_(Pacius)" title="Prinsessan av Cypern (Pacius)">The Princess of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Kalevala" title="The Quest for Kalevala">The Quest for Kalevala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala,_Russia" title="Kalevala, Russia">Uhtua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_epic_poems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_epic_poems" title="Template talk:National epic poems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_epic_poems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National epic poems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_epic_poems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epic poems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fierro" title="Martín Fierro">Martín Fierro</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/La_Araucana" title="La Araucana">La Araucana/The Araucaniad</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/O_Uraguai" title="O Uraguai">O Uraguai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caramuru_(epic_poem)" title="Caramuru (epic poem)">Caramuru</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_(poem)" title="Tabaré (poem)">Tabaré (poem)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Sasna Dzrer</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dede_Korkut" title="Book of Dede Korkut">Book of Dede Korkut</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vepkhistkaosani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vepkhistkaosani">Vepkhistkaosani</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Epic of Manas</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Lak Phra Lam">Phra Lak Phra Lam</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Hang_Tuah" title="Hikayat Hang Tuah">Hikayat Hang Tuah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Sejarah Melayu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manimekalai" title="Manimekalai">Manimekalai</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalevala</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Roland" title="Song of Roland">La Chanson de Roland</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Sziget" title="The Siege of Sziget">The Siege of Sziget</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Lāčplēsis">Lāčplēsis</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">Os Lusíadas</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Sundiata" title="Epic of Sundiata">Sundiata</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finland_topics" title="Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finland_topics" title="Template talk:Finland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Finland-related_topics" title="List of Finland-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Finland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland under Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_during_the_Great_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland during the Great Northern War">The Great Wrath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Finnish_Art" title="Golden Age of Finnish Art">Golden Age of Finnish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Finland" title="Independence of Finland">Independence of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland_(1917%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Finland (1917–present)">History of independent Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland" title="Military history of Finland">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Finland" title="Geography of Finland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Finland" title="List of cities and towns in Finland">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Finland" title="List of extreme points of Finland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Finland" title="Geology of Finland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Finland" title="List of islands of Finland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Finland" title="List of lakes of Finland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Finland" title="List of national parks of Finland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Finland" title="List of rivers of Finland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Finland_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Finland by population">Urban areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Finland" title="Wildlife of Finland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Finland" title="Administrative divisions of Finland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Finland" title="Human rights in Finland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Finland" title="Judicial system of Finland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Finland" title="Law of Finland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Finland" title="Law enforcement in Finland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Finland–NATO relations">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland" title="Parliament of Finland">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Finland" title="List of political parties in Finland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Finland" title="Agriculture in Finland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_government_enterprises" title="List of Finnish government enterprises">Government-owned companies</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Finland" title="Industry in Finland">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_income_policy_agreement_(Finland)" title="National income policy agreement (Finland)">National income agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_maritime_cluster" title="Finnish maritime cluster">Ship-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_startup_scene" title="Finnish startup scene">Startups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Helsinki" title="Nasdaq Helsinki">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Finland" title="Tourism in Finland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Finland" title="Transport in Finland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Finland" title="Category:Society of Finland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Finland" title="Crime in Finland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Finland" title="Climate change in Finland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Finland" title="Healthcare in Finland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages</a> 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