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BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-exile_Jewish_eschatology_(8th–6th_cent._BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_period_(516_BCE–70_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_period_(516_BCE–70_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second Temple period (516 BCE–70 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_period_(516_BCE–70_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apocalypticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocalypticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Apocalypticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocalypticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Messiah_in_apocalypticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messiah_in_apocalypticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Messiah in apocalypticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messiah_in_apocalypticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Daniel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Daniel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.2</span> <span>Book of Daniel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Daniel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1_Enoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1_Enoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.3</span> <span>1 Enoch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1_Enoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianic_titles_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianic_titles_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.4</span> <span>Messianic titles of the Dead Sea Scrolls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianic_titles_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianic_allusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianic_allusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.5</span> <span>Messianic allusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianic_allusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Jewish Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_Jesus_as_the_Messiah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_Jesus_as_the_Messiah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>Rejection of Jesus as the Messiah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_Jesus_as_the_Messiah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Temple_and_medieval_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Temple_and_medieval_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-Temple and medieval views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Temple_and_medieval_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Maimonides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maimonides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Spanish Inquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Jewish_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Jewish_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary Jewish views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_Jewish_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary Jewish views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Jewish_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Orthodox Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hasidic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasidic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Hasidic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasidic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chabad_messianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chabad_messianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Chabad messianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chabad_messianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conservative Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_and_Reconstructionist_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_and_Reconstructionist_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_and_Reconstructionist_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karaite_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karaite_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Karaite Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karaite_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculation_of_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculation_of_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Calculation of appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculation_of_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Messiah in Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المسيح في اليهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيح في اليهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9" title="ইহুদি ধর্মে মশীহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি ধর্মে মশীহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messies_jueu" title="Messies jueu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Messies jueu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mes%C3%ADas_en_el_juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Mesías en el judaísmo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesías en el judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesias_Judaismoan" title="Mesias Judaismoan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesias Judaismoan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیح در یهودیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیح در یهودیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messie_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme" title="Messie dans le judaïsme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Messie dans le judaïsme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesias_dalam_agama_Yahudi" title="Mesias dalam agama Yahudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesias dalam agama Yahudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messia_nell%27ebraismo" title="Messia nell'ebraismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Messia nell'ebraismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97" title="משיח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משיח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesia_araka_ny_jodaisma" title="Mesia araka ny jodaisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mesia araka ny jodaisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المسيح فى اليهوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المسيح فى اليهوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messias_(Juda%C3%ADsmo)" title="Messias (Judaísmo) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Messias (Judaísmo)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messias_no_juda%C3%ADsmo" title="Messias no judaísmo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Messias no judaísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Мессия в иудаизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мессия в иудаизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesija_(judovstvo)" title="Mesija (judovstvo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mesija (judovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97" title="משיח – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="משיח" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jewish Messiah" and "Mashiach" redirect here. See also <a href="/wiki/Mashiach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mashiach (disambiguation)">Mashiach (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">List of Jewish messiah claimants</a>. For the Christian religious movement, see <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Savior and liberator of the Jewish people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guide for the Perplexed"><img alt="Guide for the Perplexed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/175px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/263px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg/350px-Guide_for_the_Perplexed_by_Maimonides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmonean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethusian</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Alexandria" title="Aristobulus of Alexandria">Aristobulus of Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Influenced by:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bajjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Bajjah">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismaili philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Kalam" title="Jewish Kalam">Jewish Kalam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Spanish and European:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Ibn Gabirol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_bar_Hiyya" title="Abraham bar Hiyya">Abraham bar Hiyya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ibn_Tzaddik" title="Joseph ibn Tzaddik">Joseph ibn Tzaddik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Judah_of_Ceuta" title="Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta">Joseph ben Judah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shem-Tov_ibn_Falaquera" title="Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera">Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Joshua" title="Moses ben Joshua">Moses of Narbonne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_ben_Sheshet" title="Isaac ben Sheshet">Isaac ben Sheshet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elia_del_Medigo" title="Elia del Medigo">Elia del Medigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_Abravanel" title="Judah Leon Abravanel">Judah Leon Abravanel</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Yemenite:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natan%27el_al-Fayyumi" title="Natan'el al-Fayyumi">Natan'el al-Fayyumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hoter_ben_Shlomo" title="Hoter ben Shlomo">Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Other:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Merwan_al-Mukkamas" title="David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas">al-Mukkamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hibat_Allah_Abu%27l-Barakat_al-Baghdaadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi">Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Influence" title="Maimonides">Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalists">Kabbalist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Talmudists" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudists">Talmudic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafist</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Modern</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>Positions:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_philosophy" title="Orthodox Jewish philosophy">Orthodox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Judaism">Sephardic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_philosophy" title="Chabad philosophy">Chabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Chassidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Existentialist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dor_Daim" title="Dor Daim">Rambamist</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><b>People:</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Sanches" title="Francisco Sanches">Francisco Sanches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_da_Costa" title="Uriel da Costa">Uriel da Costa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo" title="Joseph Solomon Delmedigo">Joseph Solomon Delmedigo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Ba%27al_Shem_of_Chelm" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm">Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Elijah_Ashkenazi" title="Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi">Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Ashkenazi" title="Tzvi Ashkenazi">Tzvi Ashkenazi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hirsch" title="Samuel Hirsch">Samuel Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa" title="Simcha Bunim of Peshischa">Simcha Bunim of Peshischa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abendana" title="Jacob Abendana">Jacob Abendana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cardoso" title="Isaac Cardoso">Isaac Cardoso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Nieto" title="David Nieto">David Nieto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Orobio_de_Castro" title="Isaac Orobio de Castro">Isaac Orobio de Castro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_David_Luzzatto" title="Samuel David Luzzatto">Samuel David Luzzatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Benamozegh" title="Elijah Benamozegh">Elijah Benamozegh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Dessler</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Chouchani" title="Monsieur Chouchani">Monsieur Chouchani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph Soloveitchik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%">Topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anger_in_Judaism" title="Anger in Judaism">Anger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy_in_Jewish_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy in Jewish philosophy">Microcosm–macrocosm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Righteousness</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_philosophy" title="Template talk:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Messiah in Judaism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מָשִׁיחַ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">māšīaḥ</i></span>) is a savior and liberator figure in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> who is believed to be the future redeemer of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianism</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_messiah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> is a king or <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a> traditionally anointed with <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, messiahs were not exclusively Jewish, as the Hebrew Bible refers to <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid emperor</a>, as a messiah<sup id="cite_ref-Zvi_Levin_2010_p._284_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvi_Levin_2010_p._284-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lazarus_Sullivan_2008_p._223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazarus_Sullivan_2008_p._223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his decree to <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">rebuild the Jerusalem Temple</a>. </p><p>In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah is a future Jewish <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">king</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_messiah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_The_Messiah_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_The_Messiah-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מלך משיח</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">melekh mashiach</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic language">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>: <span lang="tmr" dir="rtl">מַלכָא (הוּא) מְשִיחָא</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="tmr-Latn">malkā (hu) mšiḥā</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_Flusser_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_Flusser-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish messianism gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which started as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> messianic <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shiffman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shiffman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Jewish eschatology, the term Messiah refers specifically to a future Jewish king from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>, who is expected to save the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood#Jewish_nationhood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish nation</a> and will be anointed with <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a> and rule the Jewish people during the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_messiah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_The_Messiah_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_The_Messiah-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Messiah is often referred to as King Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_Flusser_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_Flusser-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a generalized sense, messiah has "the connotation of a savior or redeemer who would appear at the end of days and usher in the kingdom of God, the restoration of Israel, or whatever dispensation was considered to be the ideal state of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Messianism "denotes a movement, or a system of beliefs and ideas, centered on the expectation of the advent of a messiah."<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox views</a> hold that the Messiah will be descended from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a> through his father,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">gather the Jews</a> back into the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, usher in an era of peace, build the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, father a male heir,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> re-institute the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, and so on. However, the word <i>Mashiach</i> is rarely used in Jewish literature from the 1st century BCE to the 1st-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish tradition of the late or early post-Second Temple period alludes to two redeemers, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, namely <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">ben Yosef</a> and ben David.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_messiah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messiah unqualified refers to ben David.<sup id="cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL_messiah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief in the future advent of the Messiah was first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later codified in <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> as one of the fundamental requisites of the Jewish faith, concerning which has written: "Anyone who does not believe in him, or who does not wait for his arrival, has not merely denied the other prophets, but has also denied the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and Moses, our Rabbi."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-exile_Jewish_eschatology_(8th–6th_cent._BCE)"><span id="Pre-exile_Jewish_eschatology_.288th.E2.80.936th_cent._BCE.29"></span>Pre-exile Jewish eschatology (8th–6th cent. BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-exile Jewish eschatology (8th–6th cent. BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></div> <p>The roots of Jewish eschatology are to be found in the pre-exile prophets, including <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>, and the exile prophets <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutero-Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutero-Isaiah">Deutero-Isaiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL.Echatology_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL.Echatology-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main tenets of Jewish eschatology are the following, in no particular order, elaborated in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Jewish_Eschatology_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Jewish_Eschatology-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>End of world (before everything as follows).</li> <li>God redeems the Jewish people from the captivity that began during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>, in a new <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li>God returns the Jewish people to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li>God restores the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li>God creates a regent from the House of David (i.e. the Jewish Messiah) to lead the Jewish people and the world and usher in an <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">age of justice and peace</a></li> <li>All nations recognize that the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God of Israel</a> is the only true God</li> <li>God <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">resurrects the dead</a></li> <li>God creates a <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Judaism" title="World to come">new heaven and a new earth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_period_(516_BCE–70_CE)"><span id="Second_Temple_period_.28516_BCE.E2.80.9370_CE.29"></span>Second Temple period (516 BCE–70 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Temple period (516 BCE–70 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> <p>Early in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, hopes for a better future are described in the Jewish scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the return from the Babylonian exile, the Persian king Cyrus the Great was called "messiah" in Isaiah, due to his role in the return of the Jewish exiles.<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some messianic ideas developed during the later Second Temple period, ranging from this-worldly, political expectations to apocalyptic expectations of an end time in which the dead would be resurrected, and the Kingdom of Heaven would be established on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Messiah might be a kingly "Son of David," or a more heavenly "<a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a>", but "Messianism became increasingly eschatological, and eschatology was decisively influenced by apocalypticism", while "messianic expectations became increasingly focused on the figure of an individual savior."<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/R._J._Zwi_Werblowsky" title="R. J. Zwi Werblowsky">R. J. Zwi Werblowsky</a>, "the Messiah no longer symbolized the coming of the new age, but he was somehow supposed to bring it about." The "Lord's anointed" thus became the "savior and redeemer" and the focus of more intense expectations and doctrines."<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messianic ideas developed both by new interpretations (<i><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">pesher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a></i>) of the Jewish scriptures but also by visionary revelations.<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Apocalypticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Messiah_in_apocalypticism">Messiah in apocalypticism</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Messiah in apocalypticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Messiah ben Joseph</a></div> <p>Religious views on whether <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> passages refer to a Messiah may vary among scholars of ancient Israel, looking at their meaning in their original contexts and among rabbinical scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reading of messianic attestations in passages from Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel is <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> because messianism developed later than these texts.<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to James C. VanderKam, there are no Jewish texts before the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd century BCE">2nd century BCE</a> that mention a messianic leader, though some terms point in this direction. Some terms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Servant_songs" title="Servant songs">servant songs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>, were later interpreted as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Werblowsky] the brutal regime of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (r. 175–163 BCE) led to renewed messianic expectations reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZW_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rule was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> (167–160 BCE), and the installment of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> (167–37 BCE). The <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> ruled Judea semi-independently from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> from 167–110 BCE, entirely independently from 110–63 BCE, and as a Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> from 63–37 BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> came to power. The belief in a messianic leader further developed with the end of the Hasmonean dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to James C. VanderKam, the apocalyptic genre shows a negative attitude towards the foreign powers which ruled Judea. Rejection of these powers was not the only cause of the development of the apocalyptic genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VanderKam states, "the vast majority of Second Temple texts have no reference to a messianic leader of the endtime."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch#Animal_Apocalypse" title="Book of Enoch">Animal Apocalypse of Enoch 1:85-90</a> (c. 160 BCE) is the first to do so. After that time, only some apocalypses and some texts which are not apocalypses but do contain apocalyptic or eschatological teachings refer to a messianic leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134–135_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134–135-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to VanderKam, the lack of messianic allusions may be explained by the fact that <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> was governed for centuries by foreign powers, often without great problems or a negative stance by Jews toward these <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first century BCE, in the Qumran texts, the <i><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch#Book_of_Parables" title="Book of Enoch">Similitudes of Enoch</a>, "both foreign and native rulers are castigated and hopes are placed on a Messiah (or Messiahs) who will end the present evil age of injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66-70 CE), texts like <a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a> and <a href="/wiki/4_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Ezra">4 Ezra</a> reflect the despair of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images and status of the messiah in the various texts are quite different, but the apocalyptic messiahs are only somewhat more exalted than the leaders portrayed in the non-apocalyptic texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003137_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003137-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charleswoth notes that messianic concepts are found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament pseudepigrapha</a>, which include a large number of Apocalypses.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Book_of_Daniel">Book of Daniel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book of Daniel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div> <p>The Book of Daniel (mid-2nd c. BCE) was quoted and referenced by both Jews and Christians in the 1st century CE as predicting the imminent end-time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2002b244_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2002b244-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concepts of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, with rewards for the righteous and punishment for the wicked, have roots much deeper than Daniel, but the first clear statement is found in the final chapter of that book: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to everlasting shame and contempt."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without this belief, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a> plays a central role, may have disappeared, like the movements following other charismatic Jewish figures of the 1st century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1_Enoch">1 Enoch</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1 Enoch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a></div> <p>The <i>Book of Enoch</i> (1 Enoch,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3rd-1st c. BCE) is a <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Jewish</a> apocalyptic religious work, ascribed by tradition to <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>, the great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Enoch_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Enoch-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enoch contains a prophetic exposition of the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">thousand-year reign of the Messiah</a>. The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) of the text are estimated to date from about 300 BCE, while the latest part (Book of Parables) probably to the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enoch is the first text to contain the idea of a preexistent heavenly Messiah, called the "Son of Man".<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 Enoch, and also 4 Ezra, transform the expectation of a kingly Messiah of Daniel 7 into "an exalted, heavenly messiah whose role would be to execute judgment and to inaugurate a new age of peace and rejoicing."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008148_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008148-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as an angelic being,<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who "was chosen and hidden with God before the world was created, and will remain in His presence forevermore."<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the embodiment of justice and wisdom, seated on a throne in Heaven, who will be revealed to the world at the end of times, when he will judge all beings.<sup id="cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars contend that Enoch was influential in molding <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> doctrines about the <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">son of man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">messianic kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">universal resurrection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Messianic_titles_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls">Messianic titles of the Dead Sea Scrolls</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Messianic titles of the Dead Sea Scrolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VanderKam further notes that a variety of titles are being used for the Messiah(s) in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135-136_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135-136-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Messiah - the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">the Rule of the Congregation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Commentary on Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/4Q521" title="4Q521">4Q521</a> (Messianic Apocalypse), possibly <a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q246</a> ("<a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">Son of God Text</a>")</li> <li>Righteous One</li> <li>Chosen One</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li> <li>Son (of God)</li> <li>God's Servant</li> <li>Prince of the Congregation</li> <li>Branch of David</li> <li>Interpreter of the Law</li> <li>(High) Priest</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Messianic_allusions">Messianic allusions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Messianic allusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_messiah_claimants" title="List of messiah claimants">List of messiah claimants</a></div> <p>Messianic allusions to some figures include to <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Hezekiah" title="Menahem ben Hezekiah">Menahem ben Hezekiah</a> who traditionally was born on the same day that the Second Temple was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesus">Jesus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jewish_Christianity">Jewish Christianity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jewish Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Jewish Christianity</a></div> <p>Christianity started as a messianic Jewish sect. Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set the followers of Jesus apart from other Jews was their faith in Jesus as the resurrected messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While ancient Judaism acknowledged multiple messiahs, the two most relevant being <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">ben Joseph</a> and ben David, Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Larry Hurtado, "the christology and devotional stance that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> affirmed (and shared with others in the early Jesus-movement) was not a departure from or a transcending of a supposedly monochrome Jewish messianism, but, instead, a distinctive expression within a variegated body of Jewish messianic hopes."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rejection_of_Jesus_as_the_Messiah">Rejection of Jesus as the Messiah</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rejection of Jesus as the Messiah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was the most influential, and consequently the most damaging, of all <a href="/wiki/False_messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="False messiah">false messiahs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the traditional Jewish belief is that the messiah has not yet come and the Messianic Age is not yet present, the total <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">rejection of Jesus</a> as either messiah or <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> has never been a central issue for Judaism. </p><p>Judaism has never accepted any of the claimed fulfillments of prophecy that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity attributes to Jesus</a>. Judaism forbids the worship of a person as a form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, since the central belief of Judaism is <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith#God_is_One" title="Jewish principles of faith">the absolute unity and singularity of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-incompat_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incompat-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> holds that the coming of the Messiah will be associated with a specific series of events that have not yet occurred, including the return of Jews to their homeland and the rebuilding of the Temple, a Messianic Age of peace<sup id="cite_ref-Isaiah_2:4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaiah_2:4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and understanding during which "the knowledge of God" fills the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-Isaiah_11:9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaiah_11:9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And since Jews believe that none of these events occurred during the lifetime of Jesus (nor have they occurred afterwards), he is not the Messiah for them. </p><p>Traditional views of Jesus have been mostly negative (see <i><a href="/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu" title="Toledot Yeshu">Toledot Yeshu</a></i>, an account that portrays Jesus as an impostor), although in the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a> and Maimonides viewed Jesus as an important preparatory figure for a future universal <a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">ethical monotheism</a> of the Messianic Age. Some modern Jewish thinkers, starting in the 18th century with the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">Jacob Emden</a> and the reformer <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, have sympathetically argued that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> may have been closer to Judaism than either the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> or traditional Jewish accounts would indicate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Temple_and_medieval_views">Post-Temple and medieval views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Temple and medieval views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmud">Talmud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> extensively discusses the coming of the Messiah (Sanhedrin 98a–99a, et al.) and describes a period of freedom and peace, which will be the time of ultimate goodness for the Jews. Tractate Sanhedrin contains a long discussion of the events leading to the coming of the Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud tells many stories about the Messiah, some of which represent famous Talmudic rabbis as receiving personal visitations from <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah the Prophet</a> and the Messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midrash">Midrash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Midrash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are innumerable references to the Messiah in <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> literature, where they often stretch the meaning of biblical verses. One such reference is found in the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a> (on Genesis 36:39) where Abba bar Kahana says: "What is meant by, 'In that day the root of Jesse, who shall stand as an ensign for the peoples, of him shall the nations inquire, and his rest shall be glorious' <small>(Isaiah 11:10)</small>? It means that when the banner of the anointed king shall be lifted-up, all the masts of ships belonging to the nations of the world shall be broken, while all the lines (<a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">downhaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">sheets</a>) are cut loose, while all ships are broken asunder, and none of them remain excepting the banner of the son of David, as it says: 'who shall stand as an ensign for the peoples'. Likewise, when the banner of the son of David shall arise, all the languages belonging to the nations shall be made useless, and their customs shall be rendered null and void. The nations, at that time, will learn from the Messiah, as it says: 'of him shall the nations inquire' (ibid.); 'and his rest shall be glorious', meaning, he gives to them satisfaction, and tranquility, and they dwell in peace and quiet."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maimonides">Maimonides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Maimonides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influential Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> discussed the messiah in his <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, his 14-volume compendium of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, in the section <i>Hilkhot Melakhim Umilchamoteihem</i>, chapters 11 & 12.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Maimonides, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of Nazareth is not the Messiah, <a href="/wiki/Messianic_prophecy_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic prophecy in Christianity">as is claimed by Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maimonides, citing a reference in the Talmud (<i>Sanhedrin</i> 91b), says: "There is no difference between this world and the days of the Messiah, excepting only the subjugation of kingdoms."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spanish Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> in 1492, many Spanish rabbis such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi">Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi</a> believed that the year 1524 would be the beginning of the Messianic Age and that the Messiah himself would appear in 1530–1531.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Jewish_views">Contemporary Jewish views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contemporary Jewish views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Orthodox Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> maintains the <a href="/wiki/Maimonides#Thirteen_principles_of_faith" title="Maimonides">13 Principles of Faith</a> as formulated by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in his introduction to Chapter <i>Helek</i> of the Mishna Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each principle starts with the words <i>Ani Maamin</i> (I believe). Number 12 is the main principle relating to <i>Mashiach</i>. Orthodox Jews strictly believe in a Messiah, life after death, and restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I believe with full faith in the coming of the Messiah. And even though he tarries, with all that, I await his arrival with every day.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasidic_Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hasidic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a> tend to have a particularly strong and passionate belief in the immediacy of the Messiah's coming, and in the ability of their actions to hasten his arrival. Because of the supposed piety, wisdom, and leadership abilities of the Hasidic Masters, members of Hasidic communities are sometimes inclined to regard their dynastic <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbes</a> as potential candidates for Messiah. Many Jews (see the <i>Bartenura's</i> explanation on <i>Megillat Rut</i>, and the <i>Halakhic</i> responsa of The <i>Ch'sam Sofer</i> on <i>Choshen Mishpat</i> [vol. 6], Chapter 98 where this view is explicit), especially Hasidim, adhere to the belief that there is a person born each generation with the potential to become Messiah, if the Jewish people warrant his coming; this candidate is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a> Ha-Dor</i>, meaning <i>Tzaddik of the Generation</i>. However, fewer are likely to name a candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chabad_messianism">Chabad messianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chabad messianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></div> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, the last Rebbe of <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a>, declared often that the Messiah is very close, urging all to pray for the coming of the Messiah and to do everything possible to hasten the coming of the Messiah through increased acts of kindness.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the late 1960s, the Rebbe called for his followers to become involved in outreach activities with the purpose of bringing about the Jewish Messianic Age,<sup id="cite_ref-sacks_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacks-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to controversy surrounding the messianic beliefs of Chabad.<sup id="cite_ref-NoYechi_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoYechi-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Chabad Hasidim, called <i>mashichists</i>, "have not yet accepted the Rebbe's passing"<sup id="cite_ref-OU-Mashichist_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU-Mashichist-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even after his death regard him as the (living) 'King Messiah' and 'Moses of the generation', awaiting his second coming. </p><p>The "Chabad-Messianic question",<sup id="cite_ref-LubavitchMessianism_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LubavitchMessianism-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding a dead Messiah, got oppositional addresses from a <a href="/wiki/Halachah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halachah">halachic</a> perspective by many prominent <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> authorities, including leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> non-Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian</a> (<i>Litvak</i>) institutions, <a href="/wiki/Ponevezh_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponevezh yeshiva">Ponevezh yeshiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and got vehement opposition, notably that of the <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Chofetz_Chaim" title="Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim">Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim</a> (RSA) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and that of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_Judaism">Conservative Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Conservative Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Emet_Ve-Emunah" class="mw-redirect" title="Emet Ve-Emunah">Emet Ve-Emunah</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative movement's</a> statement of principles, states the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since no one can say for certain what will happen "in the days to come" each of us is free to fashion personal speculative visions ... Though some of us accept these speculations as literally true, many of us understand them as elaborate metaphors ... For the world community we dream of an age when warfare will be abolished, when justice and compassion will be the axioms of interpersonal and international relationships and when, in Isaiah's words (11:9) "...the land shall be filled with the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea." For our people, we dream of the ingathering of all Jews to Zion where we can again be masters of our destiny and express our distinctive genius in every area of our national life.... We affirm Isaiah's prophecy (2:3) that "...Torah shall come forth from Zion, the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. ... We do not know when the Messiah will come, nor whether he will be a charismatic human figure or is a symbol of the redemption of humankind from the evils of the world. Through the doctrine of a messianic figure, Judaism teaches us that every individual human being must live as if he or she, individually, has the responsibility to bring about the messianic age. Beyond that, we echo the words of Maimonides based on the prophet Habakkuk (2:3) that though he may tarry, yet do we wait for him each day.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_and_Reconstructionist_Judaism">Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a> generally do not accept the idea that there will be a Messiah. Some believe that there may be some sort of Messianic Age (the <a href="/wiki/World_to_Come" class="mw-redirect" title="World to Come">World to Come</a>) in the sense of an <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>, which all Jews are obligated to work towards (thus the tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">Tikkun olam</a></i>). In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>, the official body of American Reform rabbis, authored "A Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism", meant to describe and define the spiritual state of modern Reform Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karaite_Judaism">Karaite Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Karaite Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> holds to <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Bashyazi" title="Elijah Bashyazi">Elijah Bashyazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Afendopolo" title="Caleb Afendopolo">Caleb Afendopolo</a>'s 10 principles of Karaite belief, with the tenth one being about the Messiah:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God does not despise those living in exile; on the contrary. He desires to purify them through their sufferings and they may hope for his help every day and for redemption by Him through the Messiah of the seed of David.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation_of_appearance">Calculation of appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Calculation of appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "deadline" by which the Messiah must appear is <a href="/wiki/Year_6000" title="Year 6000">6000 years from creation</a> (approximately the year 2240 in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, though calculations vary).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elaborating on this theme are early and late Jewish scholars, including <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Isaac Abarbanel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rebbetzin <a href="/wiki/Esther_Jungreis" title="Esther Jungreis">Esther Jungreis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">List of Jewish messiah claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_6000" title="Year 6000">Year 6000</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Old Testament pseudepigrapha and the New Testament: Page 111 James H. Charlesworth – 1985 "The seminar was focused on an assessment of the importance of the various messianic titles and ideas in the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and their significance for a better understanding of the origins of Christology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are two other books named "Enoch": <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a>, surviving only in <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Slavonic</a> (Eng. trans. by <a href="/wiki/R._H._Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="R. H. Charles">R. H. Charles</a> 1896) and <a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a> (surviving in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, c. 5th to 6th century CE).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-incompat-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-incompat_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A belief in the divinity of Jesus is incompatible with Judaism: <ul><li>"The point is this: that the whole Christology of the Church - the whole complex of doctrines about the Son of God who died on the Cross to save humanity from sin and death - is incompatible with Judaism, and indeed in discontinuity with the Hebraism that preceded it." Rayner, John D. <i>A Jewish Understanding of the World</i>, Berghahn Books, 1998, p. 187. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-974-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-974-6">1-57181-974-6</a></li> <li>"Aside from its belief in Jesus as the Messiah, Christianity has altered many of the most fundamental concepts of Judaism." <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Kaplan, Aryeh</a>. <i>The Aryeh Kaplan Anthology: Volume 1, Illuminating Expositions on Jewish Thought and Practice</i>, Mesorah Publication, 1991, p. 264. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89906-866-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89906-866-9">0-89906-866-9</a></li> <li>"...the doctrine of Christ was and will remain alien to Jewish religious thought." Wylen, Stephen M. <i>Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism</i>, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 75. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3960-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3960-X">0-8091-3960-X</a></li> <li>"For a Jew, however, any form of <a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">shituf</a> is tantamount to idolatry in the fullest sense of the word. There is then no way that a Jew can ever accept Jesus as a deity, mediator or savior (messiah), or even as a prophet, without betraying Judaism." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchochet1999" class="citation news cs1">Schochet, Rabbi J. Emmanuel (29 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010320161936/http://www.cjnews.com/pastissues/99/july29-99/feature/feature2.htm">"Judaism has no place for those who betray their roots"</a>. <i>The Canadian Jewish News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjnews.com/pastissues/99/july29-99/feature/feature2.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=Judaism+has+no+place+for+those+who+betray+their+roots&rft.date=1999-07-29&rft.aulast=Schochet&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+J.+Emmanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjnews.com%2Fpastissues%2F99%2Fjuly29-99%2Ffeature%2Ffeature2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundationstone.com.au/HtmlSupport/WebPage/Missionaries/missionariesAndCults.html">Judaism and Jesus Don't Mix</a> (foundationstone.com) <ul><li>"If you believe Jesus is the messiah, died for anyone else's sins, is God's chosen son, or any other dogma of Christian belief, you are not Jewish. You are Christian. Period." (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/blogs/virtualtalmud/2006/08/jews-for-jesus-whos-who-whats-what.html">Jews for Jesus: Who's Who & What's What</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123100943/http://www.beliefnet.com/blogs/virtualtalmud/2006/08/jews-for-jesus-whos-who-whats-what.html">Archived</a> 2006-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> by Rabbi Susan Grossman (beliefnet - virtualtalmud) August 28, 2006)</li> <li>"For two thousand years, Jews rejected the claim that Jesus fulfilled the messianic prophecies of the Hebrew Bible, as well as the dogmatic claims about him made by the church fathers - that he was born of a virgin, the son of God, part of a divine Trinity, and was resurrected after his death. ... For two thousand years, a central wish of Christianity was to be the object of desire by Jews, whose conversion would demonstrate their acceptance that Jesus has fulfilled their biblical prophecies." (<i>Jewish Views of Jesus</i> by Susannah Heschel, in <i>Jesus In The World's Faiths: Leading Thinkers From Five Faiths Reflect On His Meaning</i> by Gregory A. Barker, editor. (Orbis Books, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57075-573-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57075-573-6">1-57075-573-6</a>. p.149)</li> <li>"No Jew accepts Jesus as the Messiah. When someone makes that faith commitment, they become Christian. It is not possible for someone to be both Christian and Jewish." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judaism.about.com/library/3_askrabbi_c/bl_jesus.htm">Why don't Jews accept Jesus as the Messiah?</a> by Rabbi Barry Dov Lerner)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Johanan_bar_Nappaha" title="Johanan bar Nappaha">R. Johanan</a> said: When you see a generation ever dwindling, hope for him [the Messiah], as it is written, "And the afflicted people thou wilt save."[II Samuel 22:28] R. Johanan said: When thou seest a generation overwhelmed by many troubles as by a river, await him, as it is written, "When the enemy shall come in like a flood, the Spirit of the Lord shall lift up a standard against him;" which is followed by, "And the Redeemer shall come to Zion."<br /><br />R. Johanan also said: The son of David will come only in a generation that is either altogether righteous or altogether wicked. <i>In a generation that is altogether righteous</i> — as it is written, "Thy people also shall be all righteous: they shall inherit the land for ever." <i>Or altogether wicked</i> — as it is written, "And he saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor"; and it is [elsewhere] written, "For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Joshua b. Levi met Elijah standing by the entrance of R. Simeon b. Yohai's tomb. He asked him: "Have I a portion in the world to come?" He replied, "If this Master desires it." R. Joshua b. Levi said, "I saw two, but heard the voice of a third." He then asked him, "When will the Messiah come?" — "Go and ask him himself", was his reply. "Where is he sitting?" — "At the entrance." — "And by what sign may I recognise him?" — "He is sitting among the poor lepers: All of them untie [them] all at once, and rebandage them together, whereas he unties and rebandages each separately, [before treating the next], thinking, should I be wanted, [it being time for my appearance as the Messiah] I must not be delayed [through having to bandage a number of sores]." So he went to him and greeted him, saying, "Peace upon thee, Master and Teacher." "Peace upon thee, O son of Levi", he replied. "When wilt thou come, Master?" asked he. "Today", was his answer. On his returning to Elijah, the latter enquired, "What did he say to thee?" — "peace Upon thee, O son of Levi", he answered. Thereupon he [Elijah] observed, "He thereby assured thee and thy father of [a portion in] the world to come." "He spoke falsely to me", he rejoined, "stating that he would come today, but has not." He [Elijah] answered him, "This is what he said to thee, To-day, if ye will listen to his voice."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides writes: <ul><li>"The anointed king is destined to stand up and restore the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic Kingdom</a> to its antiquity, to the first sovereignty. He will build the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and gather the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">strayed ones</a> of Israel together. <a href="/wiki/613_mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 mitzvot">All laws</a> will return in his days as they were before: <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">Sacrificial offerings</a> are offered and the <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical_year_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatical year (Bible)">Sabbatical years</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Biblical)">Jubilees</a> are kept, according to all its precepts that are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. Whoever does not believe in him, or whoever does not wait for his coming, not only does he defy the other prophets, but also the Torah and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> our teacher. For the Torah testifies about him, thus: "And the Lord Your <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a> will return your returned ones and will show you mercy and will return and gather you... If your strayed one shall be at the edge of Heaven... And He shall bring you" etc.(<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 30:3–5)."</li> <li>"These words that are explicitly stated in the Torah, encompass and include all the words spoken by all the prophets. In the section of Torah referring to <a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Bala'am</a>, too, it is stated, and there he prophesied about the two anointed ones: The first anointed one is <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, who saved Israel from all their oppressors; and the last anointed one will stand up from among his descendants and saves Israel in the end. This is what he says (<a href="/wiki/Star_and_scepter_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Star and scepter prophecy">Numbers 24:17–18</a>): "I see him but not now" – this is David; "I behold him but not near" – this is the anointed king. "A star has shot forth from <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>" – this is David; "And a brand will rise up from Israel" – this is the anointed king. "And he will smash the edges of <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a>" – This is David, as it states: "...And he struck Moab and measured them by rope" (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">II Samuel</a> 8:2); "And he will uproot all Children of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>" – this is the anointed king, of whom it is stated: "And his reign shall be from sea to sea" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> 9:10). "And <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a> shall be possessed" – this is David, thus: "And Edom became David's as slaves etc." (II Samuel 8:6); "And Se'ir shall be possessed by its enemy" – this is the anointed king, thus: "And saviors shall go up Mount Zion to judge Mount Esau, and the Kingdom shall be the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Lord</a>'s" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a> 1:21)."</li> <li>"And by the Towns of Refuge it states: "And if the Lord your God will widen up your territory... you shall add on for you another three towns" etc. (<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> 19:8–9). Now this thing never happened; and the Holy One does not command in vain. But as for the words of the prophets, this matter needs no proof, as all their books are full with this issue."</li> <li>"Do not imagine that the anointed king must perform miracles and signs and create new things in the world or resurrect the dead and so on. The matter is not so: For <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> was a great scholar of the sages of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, and he was the assistant-warrior of the king <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Bar Kokhba</a>, and claimed that he was the anointed king. He and all the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Sages</a> of his generation deemed him the anointed king, until he was killed by sins; only since he was killed, they knew that he was not. The Sages asked him neither a miracle nor a sign..."</li> <li>"And if a king shall arise from among the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a>, studying Torah and indulging in <a href="/wiki/613_mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 mitzvot">commandments</a> like his father David, according to the written and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">oral Torah</a>, and he will impel all of Israel to follow it and to strengthen breaches in its observance, and will fight Hashem's [God's] wars, this one is to be treated as if he were the anointed one. If he succeeded and built a <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a> in its proper place and gathered the dispersed ones of Israel together, this is indeed the anointed one for certain, and he will mend the entire world to worship the Lord together, as it is stated: "For then I shall turn for the nations a clear tongue, to call all in the Name of the Lord and to worship Him with one shoulder (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> 3:9)."</li> <li>"But if he did not succeed to this degree, or if he was killed, it becomes known that he is not this one of whom the Torah had promised us, and he is indeed like all proper and wholesome kings of the House of David who died. The Holy One, Blessed Be He, only set him up to try the public by him, thus: "Some of the wise men will stumble in clarifying these words, and in elucidating and interpreting when the time of the end will be, for it is not yet the designated time." (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> 11:35)."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As for Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to be the anointed one and was condemned by the Sanhedrin. Daniel had already prophesied about him, thus: 'And the children of your people's rebels shall raise themselves to set up prophecy and will stumble.' Maimonides. <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, Sefer Shofetim, Melachim uMilchamot, Chapter 11, Halacha 4. Chabad translation by Eliyahu Touge. Can there be a bigger stumbling block than this? All the Prophets said that the anointed one saves Israel and rescues them, gathers their strayed ones and strengthens their <i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">mitzvot</a></i> whereas this one caused the loss of Israel by sword, and to scatter their remnant and humiliate them, and to change the Torah and to cause most of the world to erroneously worship a god besides the Lord. But the human mind has no power to reach the thoughts of the Creator, for his thoughts and ways are unlike ours. All these matters of Yeshu of Nazareth and of Muhammad who stood up after him are only intended to pave the way for the anointed king, and to mend the entire world to worship God together, thus: 'For then I shall turn a clear tongue to the nations to call all in the Name of the Lord and to worship him with one shoulder.'" "How is this? The entire world had become filled with the issues of the anointed one and of the Torah and the Laws, and these issues had spread out unto faraway islands and among many nations uncircumcised in the heart, and they discuss these issues and the Torah's laws. These say: These Laws were true but are already defunct in these days, and do not rule for the following generations; whereas the other ones say: There are secret layers in them and they are not to be treated literally, and the Messiah had come and revealed their secret meanings. But when the anointed king will truly rise and succeed and will be raised and uplifted, they all immediately turn about and know that their fathers inherited falsehood, and their prophets and ancestors led them astray."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אני מאמין באמונה שלמה בביאת המשיח, ואף על פי שיתמהמה עם כל זה אחכה לו בכל יום שיבוא</span>‎<br /><i> Ani Maamin B'emunah Sh'leimah B'viyat Hamashiach. V'af al pi sheyitmahmehah im kol zeh achake lo b'chol yom sheyavo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a commentary appended to the platform, it states: "The 1885 Pittsburgh Platform rejected the traditional Jewish hope for an heir of King David to arise when the world was ready to acknowledge that heir as the one anointed (the original meaning of mashiach, anglicized into "messiah"). This figure would rule in God's name over all people and ultimately usher in a time of justice, truth and peace. In the Avot, the first prayer of the Amidah, Reformers changed the prayerbook's hope for a go-el, a redeemer, to geulah, redemption. Originally this idea reflected the views of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and the French Positivist philosophers that society was growing ever more enlightened. The cataclysmic events of the first half of the 20th century smashed that belief, and most Reform Jews saw the Messianic Age as a time that would probably be far off. Still, we renew our hope for it when we express the belief that Shabbat is mey-eyn olam ha-ba, a sampler of the world to come, when we sing about Elijah, herald of the messiah, when Havdalah brings Shabbat to a close, when we open the door for Elijah late in the Pesach Seder, and when we express the hope in the first paragraph of the Kaddish that God's sovereignty will be established in our days."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6000 years: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> comments: "R. Katina said, "Six thousand years the world will exist and one [thousand, the seventh], it shall be desolate (haruv), as it is written, 'And the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day' (Isa. 2:11)... R. Katina also taught, "Just as the seventh year is the <a href="/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Shmita</a> year, so too does the world have one thousand years out of seven that are fallow (mushmat), as it is written, 'And the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day' (Isa. 2:11); and further it is written, 'A psalm and song for the Shabbat day' (Ps. 92:1) – meaning the day that is altogether Shabbat – and also it is said, 'For a thousand years in Thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past'."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> comments: "Six eons for going in and coming out, for war and peace. The seventh eon is entirely <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and rest for life everlasting."<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> explains: "The redemption of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> will come about through the mystic force of the letter "Vav" [which has the numerical value of six], namely, in the sixth millennium.... Happy are those who will be left alive at the end of the sixth millennium to enter the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, which is the millennium; for that is a day set apart for the Holy One on which to effect the union of new souls with old souls in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">kabbalistic</a> tradition<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintains that the seven days of creation in Genesis 1 correspond to seven millennia of the existence of natural creation. The tradition teaches that the seventh day of the week, <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></i> or the day of rest, corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">seventh millennium</a> (Hebrew years 6000 - 7000), the age of universal 'rest' - the Messianic Era.</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schochet_moshiah_ben_yossef_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchochet" class="citation web cs1">Schochet, Rabbi Prof. Dr. Jacob Immanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021220182918/http://www.moshiach.com/discover/tutorials/moshiach_ben_yossef.php">"Moshiach ben Yossef"</a>. <i>Tutorial</i>. moshiach.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moshiach.com/discover/tutorials/moshiach_ben_yossef.php">the original</a> on 20 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tutorial&rft.atitle=Moshiach+ben+Yossef&rft.aulast=Schochet&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Prof.+Dr.+Jacob+Immanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moshiach.com%2Fdiscover%2Ftutorials%2Fmoshiach_ben_yossef.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL_messiah-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_messiah_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlidstein" class="citation web cs1">Blidstein, Prof. Dr. Gerald J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13744.html">"Messiah in Rabbinic Thought"</a>. <i>MESSIAH</i>. Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MESSIAH&rft.atitle=Messiah+in+Rabbinic+Thought&rft.aulast=Blidstein&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Dr.+Gerald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0014_0_13744.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0230.htm#22">Exodus 30:22–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zvi_Levin_2010_p._284-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zvi_Levin_2010_p._284_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZviLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Zvi, Ehud Ben; Levin, Christoph (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8Q7h645vjkC&pg=PA284"><i>The Concept of Exile in Ancient Israel and its Historical Contexts</i></a>. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. De Gruyter. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022178-7"><bdi>978-3-11-022178-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Exile+in+Ancient+Israel+and+its+Historical+Contexts&rft.series=Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022178-7&rft.aulast=Zvi&rft.aufirst=Ehud+Ben&rft.au=Levin%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr8Q7h645vjkC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazarus_Sullivan_2008_p._223-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lazarus_Sullivan_2008_p._223_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarusSullivan2008" class="citation book cs1">Lazarus, William P.; Sullivan, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Sa9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA223"><i>Comparative Religion For Dummies</i></a>. --For dummies. Wiley. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-23065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-23065-7"><bdi>978-0-470-23065-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Religion+For+Dummies&rft.series=--For+dummies&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-23065-7&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Sa9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, Eduard (1901-1906). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4828-cyrus#anchor7">Cyrus</a>" <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 4, p. 404. "This prophet, Cyrus, through whom were to be redeemed His chosen people, whom he would glorify before all the world, was the promised Messiah, 'the shepherd of Yhwh' (xliv. 28, xlv. 1)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried" class="citation web cs1">Fried, Lisbeth S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150126065526/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=19&Issue=5&ArticleID=3">"Cyrus the Messiah – The BAS Library"</a>. <i>bib-arch.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=19&Issue=5&ArticleID=3">the original</a> on 2015-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bib-arch.org&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Messiah+%E2%80%93+The+BAS+Library&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBR%26Volume%3D19%26Issue%3D5%26ArticleID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL_The_Messiah-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_The_Messiah_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_The_Messiah_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelushkin" class="citation web cs1">Telushkin, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/messiah.html">"The Messiah"</a>. The Jewish Virtual Library Jewish Literacy. NY: William Morrow and Co., 1991. Reprinted by permission of the author<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Messiah&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Virtual+Library+Jewish+Literacy.+NY%3A+William+Morrow+and+Co.%2C+1991.+Reprinted+by+permission+of+the+author.&rft.aulast=Telushkin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fmessiah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cal.huc.edu/oneentry.php?cits=no&lemma=m%24yx+N">"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"</a>. <i>cal.huc.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cal.huc.edu&rft.atitle=The+Comprehensive+Aramaic+Lexicon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcal.huc.edu%2Foneentry.php%3Fcits%3Dno%26lemma%3Dm%2524yx%2BN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL_Flusser-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_Flusser_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_Flusser_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlusser" class="citation web cs1">Flusser, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13744.html">"Second Temple Period"</a>. <i>Messiah</i>. Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Messiah&rft.atitle=Second+Temple+Period&rft.aulast=Flusser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0014_0_13744.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shiffman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shiffman_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiffman2018" class="citation web cs1">Shiffman, Lawrence H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/how-jewish-christians-became-christians/">"How Jewish Christians Became Christians"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=How+Jewish+Christians+Became+Christians&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Shiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fhow-jewish-christians-became-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVL_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/christianity-2">"Christianity: Severance from Judaism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>A major difficulty in tracing the growth of Christianity from its beginnings as a Jewish messianic sect, although its relations to the various other normative-Jewish, sectarian-Jewish, and Christian-Jewish groups is presented by the fact that what ultimately became normative Christianity was originally but one among various contending Christian trends. Once the "gentile Christian" trend won out, and the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">teaching of Paul</a> became accepted as expressing the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Church</a>, the Jewish Christian groups were pushed to the margin and ultimately excluded as heretical. Being rejected both by normative Judaism and the Church, they ultimately disappeared. Nevertheless, several Jewish Christian sects (such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elchasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elchasaites">Elchasaites</a>, and others) existed for some time, and a few of them seem to have endured for several centuries. Some sects saw in Jesus mainly a <a href="/wiki/Prophet#Judaism" title="Prophet">prophet</a> and not the "Christ," others seem to have believed in him as the Messiah, but did not draw the <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">christological</a> and other conclusions that subsequently became fundamental in the teaching of the Church (the divinity of the Christ, <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinitarian conception of the Godhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">abrogation of the Law</a>). After the disappearance of the early Jewish Christian sects and the triumph of gentile Christianity, to become a Christian meant, for a Jew, to <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Judaism" title="Apostasy in Judaism">apostatize</a> and to leave the Jewish community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Christianity%3A+Severance+from+Judaism&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fchristianity-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZW-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZW_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerblowsky1987" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._J._Zwi_Werblowsky" title="R. J. Zwi Werblowsky">Werblowsky, R. J. Zwi</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/messianism-jewish-messianism">"Messianism: Jewish Messianism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>. From <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, New York, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987. Vol. 5, pp. 472-477; revised bibliography</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Messianism%3A+Jewish+Messianism&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Werblowsky&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+Zwi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fenvironment%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fmessianism-jewish-messianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529164304/http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/web/pdf/RealMessiahBookPages_v4ab.pdf">"The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewsforjudaism.org/web/pdf/RealMessiahBookPages_v4ab.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+Messiah+A+Jewish+Response+to+Missionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewsforjudaism.org%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2FRealMessiahBookPages_v4ab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laboratorio1historiadaarte.files.wordpress.com/2017/09/p-47-118-e-_p-_sanders_judaism_practice_and_belief_63_bbook4you.pdf"><i>Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE-66 CE</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London, Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/SCM_Press" title="SCM Press">SCM Press</a>, Trinity Press International. p. 296 – via <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%3A+Practice+and+Belief%2C+63+BCE-66+CE&rft.place=London%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=SCM+Press%2C+Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaboratorio1historiadaarte.files.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F09%2Fp-47-118-e-_p-_sanders_judaism_practice_and_belief_63_bbook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyarin2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyarin2012">Boyarin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnohl2000_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnohl2000">Knohl 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery-Peck200591–112_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvery-Peck2005">Avery-Peck 2005</a>, p. 91–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer2012235–238_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchäfer2012">Schäfer 2012</a>, p. 235–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Talmud Sanhedrin 98a</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talmud+Sanhedrin+98a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> (<i>Hil. Melakhim</i>, chapter 11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL.Echatology-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVL.Echatology_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Virtual Library, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/eschatology"><i>Eschatology</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE.Jewish_Eschatology-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE.Jewish_Eschatology_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5849-eschatology">"Jewish Eschatology"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Eschatology&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5849-eschatology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE.Messiah-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE.Messiah_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Jacobs, Moses Buttenwieser (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10729-messiah#anchor4"><i>Messiah</i></a>, Jewish Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2003">VanderKam 2003</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003136_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2003">VanderKam 2003</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2003">VanderKam 2003</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134–135-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003134–135_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2003">VanderKam 2003</a>, p. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003137-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003137_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2003">VanderKam 2003</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2002b244-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2002b244_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2002b">Grabbe 2002b</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen200286–87_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen2002">Cohen 2002</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz19922_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartz1992">Schwartz 1992</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Enoch-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Enoch_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Margaret. (2005) [1987]. "Chapter 1: The Book of Enoch," in <i>The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048199">978-1905048199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Margaret. (2005) [1998]. <i>The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048182">978-1905048182</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahlbusch, E.; Bromiley, G.W. <i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity: P–Sh</i> page 411, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2416-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2416-1">0-8028-2416-1</a> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008148-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008148_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsCollins2008">Collins & Collins 2008</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollinsCollins2008207_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollinsCollins2008">Collins & Collins 2008</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ephraim Isaac, <i>1 Enoch: A New Translation and Introduction</i> in James Charlesworth (ed.) <i>The Old Testament Pseudoepigrapha</i>, vol. 1, pp. 5-89 (New York, Doubleday, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-09630-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-09630-5">0-385-09630-5</a>, page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135-136-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderKam2003135-136_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderKam2003">VanderKam 2003</a>, p. 135-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Messiah texts – Page 24 Raphael Patai – 1988 "The list of legendary Redeemers, or quasi-messianic charismatic figures, includes Moses, Elijah (see chapter 14), ... (the First Temple was destroyed), Menahem ben Hezekiah (who was born on the very day the Second Temple was destroyed);"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1987">Cohen 1987</a>, p. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Hurtado, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larryhurtado.files.wordpress.com/pauls-messianic-christology-rome-paper-2014.pdf"><i>Paul's Messianic Christology</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides. <i>Mishneh Torah</i>, Sefer Shofetim, Melachim uMilchamot, Chapter 11, Halacha 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1188356/jewish/Melachim-uMilchamot-Chapter-11.htm">Chabad translation by Eliyahu Touge</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=9970">"Devarim - Deuteronomy - Chapter 6 (Parshah Va'etchanan) - Tanakh Online - Torah - Bible"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devarim+-+Deuteronomy+-+Chapter+6+%28Parshah+Va%27etchanan%29+-+Tanakh+Online+-+Torah+-+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle.asp%3FAID%3D9970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah_2:4-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah_2:4_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1002.htm#4">Isaiah 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaiah_11:9-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isaiah_11:9_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1011.htm#9">Isaiah 11:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. 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Genesis 36:39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Introduction to the 10th chapter of Tractate Sanhedrin, or in some editions the last chapter, known as “Perek Chelek”)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abraham-ben-eliezer-ha-levi">"Abraham ben Eliezer Ha-Levi | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+for+Christians&rft.atitle=12th+Principle%3A+Mashiach+is+Coming&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrew4christians.com%2FScripture%2FShloshah-Asar_Ikkarim%2FMashiach%2Fmashiach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFשליט"א_(Shlit"a)2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">שליט"א (Shlit"a), הרב יהודה חיון (Rabbi Yehuda Hayon) (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aharit.com/"><bdi lang="he">יסוד האמונה בביאת המשיח וחיוב הצפיה לבואו</bdi></a> [Foundation of faith coming of the messiah and viewing arrival charges]. <i>אוצרות אחרית הימים (Treasures of the end times)</i> (in Hebrew). Israel: ניאל ענתי (Daniel Enti)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D+%28Treasures+of+the+end+times%29&rft.atitle=%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97+%D7%95%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%22%D7%90+%28Shlit%22a%29&rft.aufirst=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%28Rabbi+Yehuda+Hayon%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aharit.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Toras Menachem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacks-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sacks_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Hasidism</i>, entry: Habad, Jonathan Sacks, pp. 161–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NoYechi-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NoYechi_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/135885/idf-says-no-to-mashichist-yechi-yarmulkes.html">"IDF Says 'No' to Meshichist 'Yechi' Yarmulkes"</a>. <i>theyeshivaworld.com</i>. The Yeshiva World News – 31 July 2012. 2012-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theyeshivaworld.com&rft.atitle=IDF+Says+%27No%27+to+Meshichist+%27Yechi%27+Yarmulkes&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyeshivaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fheadlines-breaking-stories%2F135885%2Fidf-says-no-to-mashichist-yechi-yarmulkes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OU-Mashichist-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OU-Mashichist_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner2002" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Zalman I. (Rabbi) (Fall 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/ou.org/publications/ja/5763/5763fall/JUSTBETW.PDF"><i>The Splintering of Chabad</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Jewish Action-The Magazine of the Orthodox Union ed.). Orthodox Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Splintering+of+Chabad&rft.edition=Jewish+Action-The+Magazine+of+the+Orthodox+Union&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Zalman+I.+%28Rabbi%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fou.org%2Fpublications%2Fja%2F5763%2F5763fall%2FJUSTBETW.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LubavitchMessianism-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LubavitchMessianism_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Rabbi David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chareidi.org/archives5766/pinchos/olubavtchpnc66.htm">"On the Spectrum of Messianic Belief in Contemporary Lubavitch Chassidism"</a>. <i>www.chareidi.org</i>. Dei'ah Vedibur – Information & Insight – Mordecai Plaut, Yated Ne'eman, and other corporate entities and individuals<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chareidi.org&rft.atitle=On+the+Spectrum+of+Messianic+Belief+in+Contemporary+Lubavitch+Chassidism&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchareidi.org%2Farchives5766%2Fpinchos%2Folubavtchpnc66.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://masortiolami.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Emet-VEmunah-Statement-of-Principles-of-Conservative-Judaism.pdf">Emet Ve'Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism</a>.</i> (1988). pp. 25-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccarnet.org/rabbinic-voice/platforms/article-commentary-principles-reform-judaism/">"Article Commentary on the Principles for Reform Judaism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+Commentary+on+the+Principles+for+Reform+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccarnet.org%2Frabbinic-voice%2Fplatforms%2Farticle-commentary-principles-reform-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2015" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, Norman (30 January 2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of Judaism</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442241428" title="Special:BookSources/9781442241428"><bdi>9781442241428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Judaism&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.isbn=9781442241428&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud Rosh Hashana 31a and Sanhedrin 97a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbi_Eliezer_1981,_p._141_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirke De Rabbi Eliezer, Gerald Friedlander, Sepher-Hermon Press, New York, 1981, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zohar (1:117a) and Zohar Vayera 119a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ps.90:4; Sanhedrin 97a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zohar, Vayera 119a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zohar, Vayera 119a, Ramban on Genesis 2:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramban on Genesis (2:3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abarbanel on Genesis 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramban quoting Ibn Ezra at Leviticus (25:2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bachya on Genesis 2:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safra D'Tzniusa, Ch. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sefer HaSichos 5750:254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derech Hashem 4:7:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1991" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Aryeh (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vxjgVY33LkC&pg=PA318"><i>The Aryeh Kaplan - Anthology: Illuminating Expositions on Jewish Thought and practice</i></a>. Mesorah Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780899068664" title="Special:BookSources/9780899068664"><bdi>9780899068664</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aryeh+Kaplan+-+Anthology%3A+Illuminating+Expositions+on+Jewish+Thought+and+practice&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780899068664&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vxjgVY33LkC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleisher" class="citation news cs1">Fleisher, Malkah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/128104#.Ush6XItS2pg">"Rebbetzin Jungreis: By the Year 6,000, Mashiach Has to be Here"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arutz_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Arutz 7">Arutz 7</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arutz+7&rft.atitle=Rebbetzin+Jungreis%3A+By+the+Year+6%2C000%2C+Mashiach+Has+to+be+Here&rft.aulast=Fleisher&rft.aufirst=Malkah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F128104%23.Ush6XItS2pg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery-Peck2005" class="citation cs2">Avery-Peck, Alan J., ed. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H23hArqmJsQC&q=post+bethar"><i>The Review of Rabbinic Judaism: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern</i></a>, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004144846" title="Special:BookSources/9004144846"><bdi>9004144846</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Review+of+Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004144846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH23hArqmJsQC%26q%3Dpost%2Bbethar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin2012" class="citation cs2">Boyarin, Daniel (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVlZEHVmuw0C&q=The+Jew+Who+Would+Be+God"><i>The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ</i></a>, New Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595584687" title="Special:BookSources/9781595584687"><bdi>9781595584687</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Gospels%3A+The+Story+of+the+Jewish+Christ&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781595584687&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVlZEHVmuw0C%26q%3DThe%2BJew%2BWho%2BWould%2BBe%2BGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1987), <i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</i>, The Westminster Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25017-3"><bdi>0-664-25017-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=The+Westminster+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-664-25017-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2002" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5hLLIrh6n8C"><i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227432" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227432"><bdi>9780664227432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780664227432&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5hLLIrh6n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5e7BwAAQBAJ"><i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Third edition</i></a>, Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664239046" title="Special:BookSources/9780664239046"><bdi>9780664239046</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah.+Third+edition&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780664239046&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5e7BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsCollins2008" class="citation cs2">Collins, Adela Yarbro; Collins, John J. (2008), <i>King and Messiah as Son of God: Divine, Human, and Angelic Messianic Figures in Biblical and Related Literature</i>, Eerdmans</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+and+Messiah+as+Son+of+God%3A+Divine%2C+Human%2C+and+Angelic+Messianic+Figures+in+Biblical+and+Related+Literature&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Adela+Yarbro&rft.au=Collins%2C+John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnns2008" class="citation cs2">Enns, Paul P. (2008), <i>The Moody Handbook of Theology</i>, Moody Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moody+Handbook+of+Theology&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Enns&rft.aufirst=Paul+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2002a" class="citation cs2">Grabbe, Lester L. (2002a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ES2oy3IHBx0C&pg=PA282"><i>Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203461013" title="Special:BookSources/9780203461013"><bdi>9780203461013</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaic+Religion+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Belief+and+Practice+from+the+Exile+to+Yavneh&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780203461013&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DES2oy3IHBx0C%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2002b" class="citation cs2">Grabbe, Lester L. (2002b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2">"A Dan(iel) For All Seasons"</a>, in Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.), <i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004116757" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004116757"><bdi>978-9004116757</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Dan%28iel%29+For+All+Seasons&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9004116757&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAVPfTe_wkYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlausner1955" class="citation cs2">Klausner, Joseph (1955), <i>The Messianic Idea in Israel: From Its Beginning to the Completion of the Mishnah</i>, translated by W. F. Stinespring (from the Third Hebrew Edition) (Third ed.), New York: The Macmillan Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messianic+Idea+in+Israel%3A+From+Its+Beginning+to+the+Completion+of+the+Mishnah&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Klausner&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnohl2000" class="citation cs2">Knohl, Israel (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgv4HVPgtp0C&q=The+Messiah+before+Jesus:+The+Suffering+Servant+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls"><i>The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520928749" title="Special:BookSources/9780520928749"><bdi>9780520928749</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messiah+Before+Jesus%3A+The+Suffering+Servant+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520928749&rft.aulast=Knohl&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgv4HVPgtp0C%26q%3DThe%2BMessiah%2Bbefore%2BJesus%3A%2BThe%2BSuffering%2BServant%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDead%2BSea%2BScrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2012" class="citation cs2">Schäfer, Peter (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2YUtEQmbwgC&q=Messiah+ben+Joseph+"><i>The Jewish Jesus: How Judaism and Christianity Shaped Each Other</i></a>, Princeton University Press, pp. 235–238, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400842285" title="Special:BookSources/9781400842285"><bdi>9781400842285</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Jesus%3A+How+Judaism+and+Christianity+Shaped+Each+Other&rft.pages=235-238&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781400842285&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2YUtEQmbwgC%26q%3DMessiah%2Bben%2BJoseph%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1992" class="citation cs2">Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA110"><i>Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity</i></a>, Mohr Siebeck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161457982" title="Special:BookSources/9783161457982"><bdi>9783161457982</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Jewish+Background+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783161457982&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drd5OB4PtlCUC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKam2003" class="citation cs2">VanderKam, James C. (2003), "Messianism and Apocalyticism", in McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen (eds.), <i>The Continuum History of Apocalypticism</i>, A&C Black</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianism+and+Apocalyticism&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+History+of+Apocalypticism&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Emet Ve-Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism</i>, Ed. Robert Gordis, Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1988</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1995" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Abraham (1995) [1949]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everymanstalmudm00cohe/page/405"><i>Everyman's Talmud: The Major Teachings of the Rabbinic Sages</i></a></span> (paperback). Neusner, Jacob (paperback ed.). New York: Schocken Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everymanstalmudm00cohe/page/405">405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1032-3"><bdi>978-0-8052-1032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyman%27s+Talmud%3A+The+Major+Teachings+of+the+Rabbinic+Sages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-1032-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverymanstalmudm00cohe%2Fpage%2F405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessiah+in+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=100895"><i>Mashiach</i> Rabbi Jacob Immanuel Schochet, published by S.I.E., Brooklyn, NY, 1992</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-18-814000-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-18-814000-2">978-0-18-814000-2</a>; LCCN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/92090728">92090728</a> (also available in Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, Hebrew, and Braille translations)</li> <li><i>Miriam Naomi Mashiah</i></li> <li><i>Mishneh Torah</i>, Maimonides, Chapter on <i>Hilkhot Melakhim Umilchamoteihem</i> (Laws of Kings and Wars)</li> <li><i>Moses Maimonides's Treatise on Resurrection</i>, Trans. Fred Rosner</li> <li><i>Philosophies of Judaism</i> by Julius Guttmann, trans. by David Silverman, JPS. 1964</li> <li><i>Reform Judaism: A Centenary Perspective</i>, Central Conference of American Rabbis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messiah_in_Judaism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=510&letter=M&search=Messiah">Jewish Encyclopedia: Messiah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=332562">Moshiach and the Future Redemption</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118114058/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/ideas_belief/afterlife/AE_Messianism_TO/AE_Messiah.htm">Who is the Messiah?</a> by Jeffrey A. Spitzer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150812001753/http://people.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/J_Transp/J05_Messiah.html">The Messiah</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shiur.com/category.php?cat=moshiach">Videos on Topic of Moshiach by Jewish Rabbis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a 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