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id="toc-Meaning_and_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Alternative names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leviticus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leviticus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Leviticus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leviticus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuteronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuteronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Deuteronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuteronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Date_of_compilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_of_compilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Date of compilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_of_compilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_Torah_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_Torah_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adoption of Torah law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_Torah_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significance in Judaism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance_in_Judaism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance in Judaism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_views_on_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_views_on_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Traditional views on authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_views_on_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ritual use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Biblical law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Oral_Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Oral_Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Oral Torah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Oral_Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_significance_of_letters,_Jewish_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_significance_of_letters,_Jewish_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Divine significance of letters, Jewish mysticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_significance_of_letters,_Jewish_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_use_of_a_Torah_scroll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_use_of_a_Torah_scroll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Production and use of a Torah scroll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_use_of_a_Torah_scroll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torah_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Torah translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Torah_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Torah translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Torah_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aramaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aramaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Aramaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aramaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Modern languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Jewish translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Christian translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samaritanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Samaritanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5" title="ኦሪት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሪት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तोरा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तोरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="التوراة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التوراة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܐܘܪܝܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܝܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="তাওৰাত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাওৰাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6vrat" title="Tövrat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tövrat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="তোরাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তোরাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A0_(llei_jueva)" title="Torà (llei jueva) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torà (llei jueva)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toraa" title="Toraa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Toraa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Τορά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τορά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C4%9Do_de_Moseo" title="Leĝo de Moseo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leĝo de Moseo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Torah" title="An Torah – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Torah" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="તૌરાત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તૌરાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="토라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Թորա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թորա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="तौरात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तौरात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C4%81h" title="Tōrāh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tōrāh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A8t" title="Torèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Torèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тәурат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәурат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torati" title="Torati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Torati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh" title="Tanakh – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tanakh" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewrat" title="Tewrat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tewrat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Таврат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Таврат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Kabbalah" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="तोराह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तोराह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თორა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თორა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="التوراه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التوراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat_(Tanakh)" title="Taurat (Tanakh) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taurat (Tanakh)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurat" title="Taurat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taurat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora" title="Thora – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="तोराह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तोराह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="トーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Товрат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Товрат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavrot" title="Tavrot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tavrot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੌਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੌਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="توریت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="توریت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%C3%A1" title="Torá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieuw_Bouke_Mose" title="Fieuw Bouke Mose – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fieuw Bouke Mose" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teurati" title="Teurati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teurati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="توريت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="توريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ra" title="Tóra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tóra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towraad" title="Towraad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Towraad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تەورات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەورات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora" title="Tora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="தோரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawrat" title="Tawrat – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tawrat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D" title="తోరాహ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తోరాహ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="โทราห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทราห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Таврот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таврот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevrat" title="Tevrat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tevrat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6wrat" title="Töwrat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Töwrat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تورات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تورات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toora" title="Toora – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Toora" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Torah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="תורה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תורה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewrate" title="Tewrate – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tewrate" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%A5%E6%8B%89" title="妥拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="妥拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torat" title="Torat – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Torat" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First five books of the Hebrew Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hebrew Torah. For Samaritanism, see <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Torah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Torah (disambiguation)">Torah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pentateuch" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pentateuch (disambiguation)">Pentateuch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0._%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="3392" /></a><figcaption>An opened Torah scroll (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> part).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Torah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">תּוֹרָה</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tōrā</i></span>, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, namely the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the Torah is also known as the <b>Pentateuch</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/tj/: 't' in 'tune'">tj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or the <b>Five Books of Moses</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinical Jewish</a> tradition it is also known as the <b>Written Torah</b> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tōrā šebbīḵṯāv</i></span>). If meant for liturgic purposes, it takes the form of a Torah scroll (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר תורה</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a></i>). If in <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">bound book form</a>, it is called <i><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a></i>, and is usually printed with the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic</a> commentaries (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Meforshim" title="Rabbinic literature">perushim</a></i></span>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, the word <i>Torah</i> denotes both the five books (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תורה שבכתב</span></span> "Torah that is written") and the Oral Torah (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תורה שבעל פה</span></span>, "Torah that is spoken"). It has also been used, however, to designate the entire <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>. The Oral Torah consists of interpretations and amplifications which according to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic tradition</a> have been handed down from generation to generation and are now embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbinic tradition's understanding is that all of the teachings found in the Torah (both written and oral) were given by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> through the prophet <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, some at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a> and others at the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, and all the teachings were <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">written down by Moses</a>, which resulted in the Torah that exists today. According to the Midrash, the Torah was created prior to the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation of the world</a>, and was used as the blueprint for Creation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though hotly debated, the general trend in biblical scholarship is to recognize the final form of the Torah as a literary and ideological unity, based on earlier sources, largely complete by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian period">Persian period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp19921_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp19921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind202223_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind202223-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with possibly some later additions during the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The words of the Torah are written on a <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> by a scribe (<a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer</a>) in Hebrew. A <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah portion</a> is read every Monday morning and Thursday morning at a shul (synagogue) but only if there are ten males above the age of thirteen. Reading the Torah publicly is one of the bases of Jewish communal life. The Torah is also considered a sacred book outside Judaism; in <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a> is a text of the Torah written in the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan script</a> and used as sacred scripture by the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>; the Torah is also common among all the different versions of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توراة‎</span>) is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic holy book">Islamic holy book</a> believed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to have been given by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets and messengers</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang201598_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang201598-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_and_names">Meaning and names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning and names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "Torah" in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a> is derived from the root <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ירה</span></span>, which in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hif%27il" class="mw-redirect" title="Hif'il">hif'il</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> means 'to guide' or 'to teach'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of the word is therefore "teaching", "doctrine", or "instruction"; the commonly accepted "law" gives a wrong impression.<sup id="cite_ref-EJ_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Jews">Alexandrian Jews</a> who translated the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> used the Greek word <i>nomos</i>, meaning norm, standard, doctrine, and later "law". Greek and Latin Bibles then began the custom of calling the Pentateuch (five books of Moses) The Law. Other translational contexts in the English language include <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">custom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guide" title="Guide">guidance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcalay19962767_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcalay19962767-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Torah" is used in the general sense to include both <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>'s written and <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral law</a>, serving to encompass the entire spectrum of authoritative Jewish religious teachings throughout history, including the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> which comprises the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the Midrash and more. The inaccurate rendering of "Torah" as "Law"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherman2001164–165Exodus_12:49_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherman2001164–165Exodus_12:49-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be an obstacle to understanding the ideal that is summed up in the term <i>talmud torah</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תלמוד תורה</span></span>, "study of Torah").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Torah" is also used to designate the entire <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest name for the first part of the Bible seems to have been "The Torah of Moses". This title, however, is found neither in the Torah itself, nor in the works of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Exile">pre-Exilic</a> literary <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">prophets</a>. It appears in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it cannot be said to refer there to the entire corpus (according to academic Bible criticism). In contrast, there is every likelihood that its use in the post-Exilic works<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was intended to be comprehensive. Other early titles were "The Book of Moses"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The Book of the Torah",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which seems to be a contraction of a fuller name, "The Book of the Torah of God".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sarna_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarna-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_names"><span class="anchor" id="Pentateuch"></span>Alternative names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternative names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian scholars usually refer to the first five books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as the 'Pentateuch' (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PEN</span>-tə-tewk</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πεντάτευχος</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pentáteukhos</i></span>, 'five scrolls'), a term first used in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillRookerGrisanti2011163Part_4._The_Pentateuch_by_Michael_A._Grisanti_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillRookerGrisanti2011163Part_4._The_Pentateuch_by_Michael_A._Grisanti-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a>" (also Tawrah or Taurat; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توراة‎</span>) is the Arabic name for the Torah, which <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe is an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic holy book">Islamic holy book</a> given by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophets and messengers</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Children of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang201598_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang201598-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg/260px-Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg/390px-Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg/520px-Page_Pointers_for_reading_of_Torah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2486" /></a><figcaption>Reading pointers, or <a href="/wiki/Yad" title="Yad">yad</a>, to ensure more ordinal reading of the Torah.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Torah starts with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creating the world</a>, then describes the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">people of Israel</a>, their descent into Egypt, and the giving of the Torah at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a>. It ends with the death of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, just before the people of Israel cross to the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. Interspersed in the narrative are the specific teachings (religious obligations and civil laws) given explicitly (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>) or implicitly embedded in the narrative (as in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 12 and 13 laws of the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>). </p><p>In Hebrew, the five books of the Torah are identified by the <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipits</a> in each book;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the common English names for the books are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and reflect the essential theme of each book: </p> <ul><li><i>Bəreshit</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">בְּרֵאשִׁית</span></span>, literally "In the beginning")—<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γένεσις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Génesis</i></span>, "Creation")</li> <li><i>Shəmot</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שְׁמוֹת</span></span>, literally "Names")—<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἔξοδος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Éxodos</i></span>, "Exit")</li> <li><i>Vayikra</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">וַיִּקְרָא</span></span>, literally "And He called")—<a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Λευιτικόν</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Leuitikón</i></span>, "Relating to the Levites")</li> <li><i>Bəmidbar</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">בְּמִדְבַּר</span></span>, literally "In the desert [of]")—<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀριθμοί</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arithmoí</i></span>, "Numbers")</li> <li><i>Dəvarim</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">דְּבָרִים</span></span>, literally "Things" or "Words")—<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δευτερονόμιον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Deuteronómion</i></span>, "Second-Law")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genesis">Genesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a></div> <p>The Book of Genesis is the first book of the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton19901_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton19901-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is divisible into two parts, the <a href="/wiki/Primeval_history" title="Primeval history">Primeval history</a> (chapters 1–11) and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_age" title="Patriarchal age">Ancestral history</a> (chapters 12–50).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant2013xii_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant2013xii-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primeval history sets out the author's (or authors') concepts of the nature of the deity and of humankind's relationship with its maker: God creates a world which is good and fit for mankind, but when man corrupts it with sin God decides to destroy his creation, using the flood, saving only the righteous <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and his immediate family to reestablish the relationship between man and God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200835_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200835-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ancestral history (chapters 12–50) tells of the prehistory of Israel, God's chosen people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200878_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200878-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At God's command Noah's descendant <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> journeys from his home into the God-given land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, where he dwells as a sojourner, as does his son <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>. Jacob's name is changed to Israel, and through the agency of his son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (son of Jacob)">Joseph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">children of Israel</a> descend into Egypt, 70 people in all with their households, and God promises them a future of greatness. Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt, ready for the coming of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>. The narrative is punctuated by a series of <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenants with God</a>, successively narrowing in scope from all mankind (the <a href="/wiki/Noahic_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahic Covenant">covenant with Noah</a>) to a special relationship with one people alone (Abraham and his descendants through Isaac and Jacob).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200428–29_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200428–29-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exodus">Exodus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></div> <p>The Book of Exodus is the second book of the Torah, immediately following Genesis. The book tells how the ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> leave slavery in Egypt through the strength of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, the God who has chosen Israel as his people. Yahweh inflicts horrific harm on their captors via the legendary <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a>. With the prophet <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> as their leader, they journey through the wilderness to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, where Yahweh promises them the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>") in return for their faithfulness. Israel enters into a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">covenant</a> with Yahweh who gives them their laws and instructions to build the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, the means by which he will come from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and dwell with them and lead them in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> to possess the land, and then give them peace. </p><p>Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">ascribed to Moses</a> himself, modern scholarship sees the book as initially a product of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a> (6th century BCE), from earlier written and oral traditions, with final revisions in the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Persian post-exilic period</a> (5th century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Meyers" title="Carol Meyers">Carol Meyers</a>, in her commentary on Exodus suggests that it is arguably the most important book in the Bible, as it presents the defining features of Israel's identity: memories of a past marked by hardship and escape, a binding covenant with God, who chooses Israel, and the establishment of the life of the community and the guidelines for sustaining it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers2005xv_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers2005xv-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leviticus">Leviticus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leviticus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a></div> <p>The Book of Leviticus begins with instructions to the Israelites on how to use the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, which they had just built (Leviticus 1–10). This is followed by rules of <a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">clean and unclean</a> (Leviticus 11–15), which includes the laws of slaughter and animals permissible to eat (see also: <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a> (Leviticus 16), and various moral and ritual laws sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness Code">Holiness Code</a> (Leviticus 17–26). Leviticus 26 provides a detailed list of rewards for following God's commandments and a detailed list of punishments for not following them. Leviticus 17 establishes sacrifices at the Tabernacle as an everlasting ordinance, but this ordinance is altered in later books with the Temple being the only place in which sacrifices are allowed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG/260px-Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG/390px-Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG/520px-Beth_Yaacov_Torah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>An opened Torah scroll (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> part), and a reading pointer (yad).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a></div> <p>The Book of Numbers is the fourth book of the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley19931_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley19931-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book has a long and complex history, but its final form is probably due to a <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a> redaction (i.e., editing) of a <a href="/wiki/Yahwist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahwist">Yahwistic</a> source made some time in the early <a href="/wiki/Yehud_medinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud medinata">Persian period</a> (5th century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the book comes from the two censuses taken of the Israelites. </p><p>Numbers begins at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, where the Israelites have received their <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">laws and covenant from God</a> and God has taken up residence among them in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">sanctuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson19969_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson19969-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land. The people are counted and preparations are made for resuming their march. The Israelites begin the journey, but they "murmur" at the hardships along the way, and about the authority of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>. For these acts, God destroys approximately 15,000 of them through various means. They arrive at the borders of Canaan and send spies into the land. Upon hearing the spies' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan, the Israelites refuse to take possession of it. God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task. The book ends with the new generation of Israelites in the "<a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Moab" title="Plains of Moab">plains of Moab</a>" ready for the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStubbs200919–20_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbs200919–20-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numbers is the culmination of the story of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Israel's exodus from oppression in Egypt</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers</a>. As such it draws to a conclusion the themes introduced in Genesis and played out in Exodus and Leviticus: God has promised the Israelites that they shall become a great (i.e. numerous) nation, that they will have a special relationship with Yahweh their god, and that they shall take possession of the land of Canaan. Numbers also demonstrates the importance of holiness, faithfulness and trust: despite God's presence and <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">his priests</a>, Israel lacks faith and the possession of the land is left to a new generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Deuteronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a></div> <p>The Book of Deuteronomy is the fifth book of the Torah. Chapters 1–30 of the book consist of three sermons or speeches delivered to the Israelites by Moses on the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Moab" title="Plains of Moab">plains of Moab</a>, shortly before they enter the Promised Land. The first sermon recounts the <a href="/wiki/Moses#The_years_in_the_wilderness" title="Moses">forty years of wilderness wanderings</a> which had led to that moment, and ends with an exhortation to observe the law (or teachings), later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>; the second reminds the Israelites of the need to follow Yahweh and the laws (or teachings) he has given them, on which their possession of the land depends; and the third offers the comfort that even should Israel prove unfaithful and so lose the land, with <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> all can be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips19731–2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips19731–2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final four chapters (31–34) contain the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Moses" title="Song of Moses">Song of Moses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blessing_of_Moses" title="Blessing of Moses">Blessing of Moses</a>, and narratives recounting the passing of the mantle of leadership from Moses to <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> and, finally, the death of Moses on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nebo" title="Mount Nebo">Mount Nebo</a>. </p><p>Presented as the words of Moses delivered before the conquest of Canaan, a broad consensus of modern scholars see its origin in traditions from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (the northern kingdom)</a> brought south to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Aram" title="Assyrian conquest of Aram">Assyrian conquest of Aram</a> (8th century BCE) and then adapted to a program of nationalist reform in the time of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> (late 7th century BCE), with the final form of the modern book emerging in the milieu of the return from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> during the late 6th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson2003153–154_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson2003153–154-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars see the book as reflecting the economic needs and social status of the <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levite</a> caste, who are believed to have provided its authors;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer201518_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer201518-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those likely authors are collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a>. </p><p>One of its most significant verses is Deuteronomy 6:4,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a>, which has become the definitive statement of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a>: "Hear, O Israel: the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span></a> our God, the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> is one." Verses 6:4–5 were also quoted by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in Mark 12:28–34<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> states that the Torah was written by Moses, with the exception of the last eight verses of Deuteronomy, describing his death and burial, being written by <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> one of the essential tenets of Judaism is that God transmitted the text of the Torah to Moses<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the span of the 40 years the Israelites were in the desert<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Moses was like a scribe who was dictated to and wrote down all of the events, the stories and the commandments.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish tradition">Jewish tradition</a>, the Torah was recompiled by <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> during <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004192_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004192-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud says that Ezra changed the script used to write the Torah from the older <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> script to <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> script, so called according to the Talmud, because they brought it with them from Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maharsha" title="Maharsha">Maharsha</a> says that Ezra made no changes to the actual text of the Torah based on the Torah's prohibition of making any additions or deletions to the Torah in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+12%3A32&version=NKJV">Deuteronomy 12:32</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_document_hypothesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Modern_document_hypothesis.svg/170px-Modern_document_hypothesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Modern_document_hypothesis.svg/255px-Modern_document_hypothesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Modern_document_hypothesis.svg/340px-Modern_document_hypothesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>One common formulation of the documentary hypothesis.</figcaption></figure> <p>By contrast, the modern scholarly consensus rejects Mosaic authorship, and affirms that the Torah has multiple authors and that its composition took place over centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise process by which the Torah was composed, the number of authors involved, and the date of each author are hotly contested. Throughout most of the 20th century, there was a scholarly consensus surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">documentary hypothesis</a>, which posits four independent sources, which were later compiled together by a redactor: J, the <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a> source, E, the <a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a> source, P, the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly source</a>, and D, the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a> source. The earliest of these sources, J, would have been composed in the late 7th or the 6th century BCE, with the latest source, P, being composed around the 5th century BCE. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg/170px-Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg/255px-Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg/340px-Diagram_of_the_Supplementary_Hypothesis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_hypothesis" title="Supplementary hypothesis">supplementary hypothesis</a>, one potential successor to the documentary hypothesis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The consensus around the documentary hypothesis collapsed in the last decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2014434_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2014434-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groundwork was laid with the investigation of the origins of the written sources in oral compositions, implying that the creators of J and E were collectors and editors and not authors and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson20008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson20008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Rendtorff" title="Rolf Rendtorff">Rolf Rendtorff</a>, building on this insight, argued that the basis of the Pentateuch lay in short, independent narratives, gradually formed into larger units and brought together in two editorial phases, the first Deuteronomic, the second Priestly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2014133–135_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2014133–135-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Seters" title="John Van Seters">John Van Seters</a> advocates a <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_hypothesis" title="Supplementary hypothesis">supplementary hypothesis</a>, which posits that the Torah was derived from a series of direct additions to an existing corpus of work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200477_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200477-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "neo-documentarian" hypothesis, which responds to the criticism of the original hypothesis and updates the methodology used to determine which text comes from which sources, has been advocated by biblical historian Joel S. Baden, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaden2012_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaden2012-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> continues to have adherents in Israel and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of scholars today continue to recognize Deuteronomy as a source, with its origin in the law-code produced at the court of <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a> as described by De Wette, subsequently given a frame during the exile (the speeches and descriptions at the front and back of the code) to identify it as the words of Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtto2014605_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtto2014605-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the 1990s, the biblical description of Josiah's reforms (including his court's production of a law-code) have become heavily debated among academics.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars also agree that some form of Priestly source existed, although its extent, especially its end-point, is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2014457_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2014457-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder is called collectively non-Priestly, a grouping which includes both pre-Priestly and post-Priestly material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtto2014609_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtto2014609-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_compilation">Date of compilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Date of compilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final Torah is widely seen as a product of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian period">Persian period</a> (539–332 BCE, probably 450–350 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei20016_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei20016-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many theories have been advanced to explain the composition of the Torah, but two have been especially influential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these, Persian Imperial authorisation, advanced by Peter Frei in 1985, holds that the Persian authorities required the Jews of Jerusalem to present a single body of law as the price of local autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006218_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006218-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frei's theory was, according to Eskenazi, "systematically dismantled" at an interdisciplinary symposium held in 2000, but the relationship between the Persian authorities and Jerusalem remains a crucial question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEskenazi200986_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEskenazi200986-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second theory, associated with Joel P. Weinberg and called the "Citizen-Temple Community", proposes that the Exodus story was composed to serve the needs of a post-exilic Jewish community organised around the Temple, which acted in effect as a bank for those who belonged to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006226–227_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006226–227-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minority of scholars would place the final formation of the Pentateuch somewhat later, in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (332–164 BCE) or even <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Kingdom">Hasmonean</a> (140–37 BCE) periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207,_224_fn.49_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207,_224_fn.49-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell Gmirkin, for instance, argues for a Hellenistic dating on the basis that the <a href="/wiki/Elephantine_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephantine papyri">Elephantine papyri</a>, the records of a Jewish colony in Egypt dating from the last quarter of the 5th century BCE, make no reference to a written Torah, <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, or to any other biblical event, though it does mention the festival of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin200630,_32,_190_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmirkin200630,_32,_190-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_of_Torah_law">Adoption of Torah law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adoption of Torah law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png/260px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png/390px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png/520px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_123.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Josiah hearing the reading of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> (illustration by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></div> <p>In his seminal <i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_zur_Geschichte_Israels" title="Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels">Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> argued that Judaism as a religion based on widespread observance of the Torah and <a href="#Biblical_law">its laws</a> first emerged in 444 BCE when, according to the biblical account provided in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a> (chapter 8), a priestly scribe named <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> read a copy of the Mosaic Torah before the populace of Judea assembled in a central Jerusalem square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–410_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–410-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellhausen believed that this narrative should be accepted as historical because it sounds plausible, noting: "The credibility of the narrative appears on the face of it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Wellhausen, most scholars throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2024)">like whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> have accepted that <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">widespread Torah observance began sometime around the middle of the 5th century BCE.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="It is not established that Wellhausen held this view. (January 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>More recently, Yonatan Adler has argued that in fact there is no surviving evidence to support the notion that the Torah was widely known, regarded as authoritative, and put into practice prior to the middle of the 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adler explored the likelihhood that Judaism, as the widespread practice of Torah law by Jewish society at large, first emerged in Judea during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>, centuries after the putative time of Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a> has argued that the observance of the Torah started in <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Persian Yehud</a> when the Judeans who returned from exile understood its normativity as the observance of selected, ancestral laws of high symbolic value, while during the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Maccabean revolt">Maccabean revolt</a> Jews started a much more detailed observance of its precepts.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Judaism">Significance in Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Significance in Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG/170px-Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG/255px-Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG/340px-Toras_in_Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Torahs in <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Synagogue">Ashkenazi Synagogue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_views_on_authorship">Traditional views on authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditional views on authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabbinic writings state that the Oral Torah was given to Moses at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, which, according to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, occurred in 1312 BCE. The Orthodox rabbinic tradition holds that the Written Torah was recorded during the following forty years,<sup id="cite_ref-Timeline_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeline-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though many non-Orthodox Jewish scholars affirm the modern scholarly consensus that the Written Torah has multiple authors and was written over centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780195297515page3_3–7]_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780195297515page3_3–7]-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All classical rabbinic views hold that the Torah was entirely Mosaic and of divine origin.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present-day <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform and Liberal</a> Jewish movements all reject Mosaic authorship, as do most shades of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiekawitch2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVSVAQAAQBAJpgPA19_19]–30_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiekawitch2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVSVAQAAQBAJpgPA19_19]–30-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual_use">Ritual use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ritual use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah" title="Special:EditPage/Torah">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Torah%22">"Torah"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Torah%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Torah%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Torah%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Torah%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Torah%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Loi,_Edouard_Moyse_(1860)_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Loi%2C_Edouard_Moyse_%281860%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/260px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Loi%2C_Edouard_Moyse_%281860%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Loi%2C_Edouard_Moyse_%281860%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/390px-Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Loi%2C_Edouard_Moyse_%281860%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Pr%C3%A9sentation_de_la_Loi%2C_Edouard_Moyse_%281860%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>Presentation of The Torah</i>, by Édouard Moyse, 1860, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Museum of Jewish Art and History</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a></div> <p>Torah reading (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span class="nowrap"><span lang="he">קריאת התורה</span></span>, <i>K'riat HaTorah</i>, "Reading [of] the Torah") is a Jewish religious <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scroll</a>. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the Torah scroll (or scrolls) from the <a href="/wiki/Ark_(synagogue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ark (synagogue)">ark</a>, chanting the appropriate excerpt with traditional <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a>, and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is distinct from academic <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a>. </p><p>Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> the Scribe after the return of the Jewish people from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 537 BCE</span>), as described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern era, adherents of Orthodox Judaism practice Torah-reading according to a set procedure they believe has remained unchanged in the two thousand years since the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> (70 CE). In the 19th and 20th centuries CE, new movements such as <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading, but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same: </p><p>As a part of the morning prayer services on certain days of the week, fast days, and holidays, as well as part of the afternoon prayer services of Shabbat, Yom Kippur, a section of the Pentateuch is read from a Torah scroll. On <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> (Saturday) mornings, a weekly section ("<i><a href="/wiki/Parashah" title="Parashah">parashah</a></i>") is read, selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year. The division of <i>parashot</i> found in the modern-day Torah scrolls of all Jewish communities (Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Yemenite) is based upon the systematic list provided by Maimonides in <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, <i>Laws of Tefillin, Mezuzah and Torah Scrolls</i>, chapter 8. Maimonides based his division of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">parashot</i></span> for the Torah on the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogues may read <i>parashot</i> on a triennial rather than annual schedule,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Saturday afternoons, Mondays, and Thursdays, the beginning of the following Saturday's portion is read. On <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>, the beginnings of each month, and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit" title="Ta'anit">fast days</a>, special sections connected to the day are read. </p><p>Jews observe an annual holiday, <a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a>, to celebrate the completion and new start of the year's cycle of readings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coffre_et_rouleau_de_Torah_ayant_appartenu_%C3%A0_Abraham_de_Camondo_chef_de_la_communaut%C3%A9_juive_de_Constantinople_1860_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Silver Torah case, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Museum of Jewish Art and History</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Torah scrolls are often dressed with a sash, a special Torah cover, various ornaments, and a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">keter</i></span> (crown), although such customs vary among synagogues. Congregants traditionally stand in respect when the Torah is brought out of the ark to be read, while it is being carried, and lifted, and likewise while it is returned to the ark, although they may sit during the reading itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_law">Biblical law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biblical law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">Biblical law</a> and <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></div> <p>The Torah contains narratives, statements of law, and statements of ethics. Collectively these laws, usually called <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">biblical law</a> or commandments, are sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a> (<i>Torat Moshɛ</i> <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">תּוֹרַת־מֹשֶׁה</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sinaitic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaitic covenant">Sinaitic Law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Oral_Torah">The Oral Torah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Oral Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah" title="Special:EditPage/Torah">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Torah%22">"Torah"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Torah%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Torah%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Torah%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Torah%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Torah%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></div> <p>Rabbinic tradition holds that Moses learned the whole Torah while he lived on Mount Sinai for 40 days and nights and both the Oral and the written Torah were transmitted in parallel with each other. Where the Torah leaves words and concepts undefined, and mentions procedures without explanation or instructions, the reader is required to seek out the missing details from supplemental sources known as the Oral Law or Oral Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Torah's most prominent commandments needing further explanation are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a>: As indicated in Deuteronomy 6:8 among other places, tefillin are to be placed on the arm and on the head between the eyes. However, there are no details provided regarding what tefillin are or how they are to be constructed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a>: As indicated in Exodus 23:19 among other places, a young goat may not be boiled in its mother's milk. In addition to numerous other problems with understanding the ambiguous nature of this law, there are no vowelization characters in the Torah; they are provided by the oral tradition. This is particularly relevant to this law, as the Hebrew word for <i>milk</i> (חלב) is identical to the word for <i>animal fat</i> when vowels are absent. Without the oral tradition, it is not known whether the violation is in mixing meat with milk or with fat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> laws: With the severity of Sabbath violation, namely the death penalty, one would assume that direction would be provided as to how exactly such a serious and core commandment should be upheld. However, most information regarding the rules and traditions of Shabbat are dictated in the Talmud and other books deriving from Jewish oral law.</li></ul> <p>According to classical rabbinic texts this parallel set of material was originally transmitted to Moses at Sinai, and then from Moses to Israel. At that time it was forbidden to write and publish the oral law, as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation and abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, after exile, dispersion, and persecution, this tradition was lifted when it became apparent that in writing was the only way to ensure that the Oral Law could be preserved. After many years of effort by a great number of <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">tannaim</a>, the oral tradition was written down around 200 CE by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>, who took up the compilation of a nominally written version of the Oral Law, the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">משנה</span></span>). Other oral traditions from the same time period not entered into the Mishnah were recorded as <i><a href="/wiki/Baraitot" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraitot">Baraitot</a></i> (external teaching), and the <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a>. Other traditions were written down as <a href="/wiki/Midrashim" class="mw-redirect" title="Midrashim">Midrashim</a>. </p><p>After continued persecution more of the Oral Law was committed to writing. A great many more lessons, lectures and traditions only alluded to in the few hundred pages of Mishnah, became the thousands of pages now called the <i><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></i>. Gemara is written in Aramaic (specifically <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Jewish Babylonian Aramaic</a>), having been compiled in Babylon. The Mishnah and Gemara together are called the Talmud. The rabbis in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> also collected their traditions and compiled them into the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>. Since the greater number of rabbis lived in Babylon, the Babylonian Talmud has precedence should the two be in conflict. </p><p>Orthodox and Conservative branches of Judaism accept these texts as the basis for all subsequent <i>halakha</i> and codes of Jewish law, which are held to be normative. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism deny that these texts, or the Torah itself for that matter, may be used for determining normative law (laws accepted as binding) but accept them as the authentic and only Jewish version for understanding the Torah and its development throughout history.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Humanistic Judaism holds that the Torah is a historical, political, and sociological text, but does not believe that every word of the Torah is true, or even morally correct. Humanistic Judaism is willing to question the Torah and to disagree with it, believing that the entire Jewish experience, not just the Torah, should be the source for Jewish behavior and ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divine_significance_of_letters,_Jewish_mysticism"><span id="Divine_significance_of_letters.2C_Jewish_mysticism"></span>Divine significance of letters, Jewish mysticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Divine significance of letters, Jewish mysticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah" title="Special:EditPage/Torah">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg/260px-2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg/390px-2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg/520px-2008-09-26_torarolle-jhwh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of Torah scroll showing a verse from Numbers with <i><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">tagin</a></i> markings decorating letters written in <i><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ktav Ashuri</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></div> <p>Kabbalists hold that not only do the words of Torah give a divine message, but they also indicate a far greater message that extends beyond them. Thus they hold that even as small a mark as a <i>kotso shel yod</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">קוצו של יוד</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> of the Hebrew letter <i><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yod</a></i> (י), the smallest letter, or decorative markings, or repeated words, were put there by God to teach scores of lessons. This is regardless of whether that yod appears in the phrase "I am the LORD thy God" (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אָנֹכִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ</span></span>, Exodus 20:2) or whether it appears in "And God spoke unto Moses saying" (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים, אֶל-מֹשֶׁה; וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו, אֲנִי יְהוָה.</span></span> Exodus 6:2). In a similar vein, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 135 CE</span>), is said to have learned a new law from every <i>et</i> (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">את</span></span>) in the Torah (Talmud, tractate Pesachim 22b); the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> <i>et</i> is meaningless by itself, and serves only to mark the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">direct object</a>. In other words, the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> belief is that even apparently contextual text such as "And God spoke unto Moses saying ..." is no less holy and sacred than the actual statement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_use_of_a_Torah_scroll">Production and use of a Torah scroll</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production and use of a Torah scroll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Torah" title="Special:EditPage/Torah">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg/200px-Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg/300px-Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg/400px-Open_Torah_Case_with_Scroll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>An old open Torah case with scroll.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscript</a> Torah <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls</a> are still scribed and used for ritual purposes (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">religious services</a>); this is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a></i> ("Book [of] Torah"). They are written using a painstakingly careful method by highly qualified <a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">scribes</a>. It is believed that every word, or marking, has divine meaning and that not one part may be inadvertently changed lest it lead to error. The fidelity of the Hebrew text of the Tanakh, and the Torah in particular, is considered paramount, down to the last letter: translations or transcriptions are frowned upon for formal service use, and transcribing is done with painstaking care. An error of a single letter, ornamentation, or symbol of the 304,805 stylized letters that make up the Hebrew Torah text renders a Torah scroll unfit for use, hence a special skill is required and a scroll takes considerable time to write and check. </p><p>According to Jewish law, a <i>sefer Torah</i> (plural: <i>Sifrei Torah</i>) is a copy of the formal Hebrew text handwritten on <i><a href="/wiki/Gevil" title="Gevil">gevil</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Klaf" title="Klaf">klaf</a></i> (forms of <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>) by using a <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a> (or other permitted writing utensil) dipped in ink. Written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, a <i>sefer Torah</i> contains 304,805 letters, all of which must be duplicated precisely by a trained <i><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">sofer</a></i> ("scribe"), an effort that may take as long as approximately one and a half years. Most modern Sifrei Torah are written with forty-two lines of text per column (<a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> use fifty), and very strict rules about the position and appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew letters</a> are observed. See for example the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a> on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any of several Hebrew scripts may be used, most of which are fairly ornate and exacting. </p><p>The completion of the Sefer Torah is a cause for great celebration, and it is a <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> for every Jew to either write or have written for him a Sefer Torah. Torah scrolls are stored in the <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holiest</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Ark</a> known as the "Holy Ark" (<span title="Biblical Hebrew-language text"><span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">אֲרוֹן הקֹדשׁ</span></span> <i>aron hakodesh</i> in Hebrew.) <i>Aron</i> in Hebrew means "cupboard" or "closet", and <i>kodesh</i> is derived from "kadosh", or "holy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torah_translations">Torah translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Torah translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg/260px-Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg/390px-Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg/520px-Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A page from a <i><a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a></i> including text in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aramaic">Aramaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aramaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> refers to translations and commentaries of the Hebrew text into <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, the more commonly understood language of the time. These translations would seem to date to the 6th century BCE. The Aramaic term for <i>translation</i> is <i>Targum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilton1987xiii_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton1987xiii-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> has: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At an early period, it was customary to translate the Hebrew text into the vernacular at the time of the reading (e.g., in Palestine and Babylon the translation was into Aramaic). The targum ("translation") was done by a special synagogue official, called the meturgeman <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> Eventually, the practice of translating into the vernacular was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p> However, there is no suggestion that these translations had been written down as early as this. There are suggestions that the Targum was written down at an early date, although for private use only. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The official recognition of a written Targum and the final redaction of its text, however, belong to the post-Talmudic period, thus not earlier than the fifth century C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></div> <p>One of the earliest known translations of the first five books of Moses from the Hebrew into Greek was the Septuagint. This is a <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> version of the Hebrew Bible that was used by Greek speakers. This Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures dates from the 3rd century BCE, originally associated with <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>. It contains both a translation of the Hebrew and additional and variant material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003218_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003218-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later translations into Greek include seven or more other versions. These do not survive, except as fragments, and include those by <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_the_Ebionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmachus the Ebionite">Symmachus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early translations into Latin—the <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a>—were ad hoc conversions of parts of the Septuagint. With Saint <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> in the 4th century CE came the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the eighth century CE, the cultural language of Jews living under Islamic rule became <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> rather than Aramaic. "Around that time, both scholars and lay people started producing translations of the Bible into <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> using the Hebrew alphabet." Later, by the 10th century, it became essential for a standard version of the Bible in Judeo-Arabic. The best known was produced by <a href="/wiki/Saadiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadiah">Saadiah</a> (the Saadia Gaon, aka the Rasag), and continues to be in use today, "in particular among Yemenite Jewry".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rav Sa'adia produced an Arabic translation of the Torah known as <i>Targum Tafsir</i> and offered comments on Rasag's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX54NS-Lc-OcCpgPA167_167]–_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX54NS-Lc-OcCpgPA167_167]–-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a debate in scholarship whether Rasag wrote the first Arabic translation of the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZohar2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4vg0RdqjNV0CpgPA106_106]–_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZohar2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4vg0RdqjNV0CpgPA106_106]–-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_languages">Modern languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modern languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_translations">Jewish translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jewish translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Torah has been translated by Jewish scholars into most of the major European languages, including English, German, Russian, French, Spanish and others. The most well-known German-language translation was produced by <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">Samson Raphael Hirsch</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_Bible_translations" title="Jewish English Bible translations">Jewish English Bible translations</a> have been published, for example by Artscroll publications.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_translations">Christian translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Christian translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian biblical canons</a>, the Torah has been translated into <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">hundreds of languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Samaritanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG/220px-Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG/330px-Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG/440px-Gerizim_Samaritan_Torah_IMG_2118.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Torah">Samaritan Torah scrolls</a>, Mount Gerizim Samaritan synagogue, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></div> <p>The <b>Samaritan Torah</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866777279">.mw-parser-output .script-samaritan{font-family:"Noto Sans Samaritan","Hebrew Samaritan","Everson Mono",EversonMono,Unifont,Quivira,sans-serif;direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">‮ࠕࠫ‎‬ࠅࠓࠡࠄ‎</span>‎, <span title="Samaritan Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="smp-Latn">Tōrāʾ</i></span>), also called the <i>Samaritan Pentateuch</i>, is the scripture of <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, which is slightly different from the Torah of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. The <i>Samaritan Pentateuch</i> was written in the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan script</a>, a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a> that emerged around 600 BCE. Some 6,000 differences exist between the Samaritan and <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Jewish Masoretic Text</a>, most of which are minor spelling and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_construction" title="Grammatical construction">grammar</a> variations, while others involve significant <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> changes, such as the uniquely Samaritan commandment to construct an altar on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 2,000 textual variations are found to be consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, some with the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported that Samaritans translated their Pentateuch into <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, Greek and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a></div> <p>Although different <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> have slightly different versions of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in their Bibles, the Torah as the "Five Books of Moses" (or "the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>") is common among them all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Torah in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> states that the Torah was sent by God. The "<a href="/wiki/Tawrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawrat">Tawrat</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">توراة</span>) is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> holy book believed by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to be given by God to Prophets among the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang201598_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang201598-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Quran, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> says, "It is He Who has sent down the Book (the Quran) to you with truth, confirming what came before it. And He sent down the Taurat (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)." (<a href="/wiki/Q3:3" class="mw-redirect" title="Q3:3">Q3:3</a>) However, the Muslims believe that this original revelation was corrupted (<i><a href="/wiki/Tahrif" title="Tahrif">tahrif</a></i>) (or simply altered by the passage of time and human fallibility) over time by Jewish scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torah in the Quran is always mentioned with respect in Islam. The Muslims' belief in the Torah, as well as the prophethood of Moses, is one of the <a href="/wiki/Six_articles_of_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Six articles of belief">fundamental tenets</a> of Islam. </p><p>The Islamic methodology of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Kitab</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تفسير القرآن بالكتاب</span>) refers to interpreting the Qur'an with/through the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach adopts canonical <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Arabic" title="Bible translations into Arabic">Arabic versions of the Bible</a>, including the Torah, both to illuminate and to add exegetical depth to the reading of the Qur'an. Notable Muslim <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mufassirun</i></span> (commentators) of the Bible and Qur'an who weaved from the Torah together with Qur'anic ones include Abu al-Hakam Abd al-Salam bin al-Isbili of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Umar_al-Biqa%27i" title="Ibrahim ibn Umar al-Biqa'i">Ibrahim bin Umar bin Hasan al-Biqa'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_(Torah)" title="Aliyah (Torah)">Aliyah (Torah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haftara" title="Haftara">Haftara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptateuch" title="Heptateuch">Heptateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" title="Jewish Publication Society of America Version">Jewish Publication Society of America Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Tanakh" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh">New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Judaism" title="Torah Judaism">Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Torah">Samaritan Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll_(Yemenite)" title="Torah scroll (Yemenite)">Torah scroll (Yemenite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Torah" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Torah">"Torah"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DTorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torah">"Torah | Definition, Meaning, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Torah+%7C+Definition%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum1979630_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirnbaum1979">Birnbaum 1979</a>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vol. 11 Trumah Section 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp19921-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp19921_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlenkinsopp1992">Blenkinsopp 1992</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott200221_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott2002">McDermott 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchniedewind202223-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchniedewind202223_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchniedewind2022">Schniedewind 2022</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmid, Konrad; Lackowski, Mark; Bautch, Richard. "How to Identify a Persian Period Text in the Pentateuch". R. J. Bautch / M. Lackowski (eds.), On Dating Biblical Texts to the Persian Period, FAT II/101, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2019, 101–118. "There are, however, a few exceptions regarding the pre-Hellenistic dating of the Pentateuch. The best candidate for a post-Persian, Hellenistic text in the Pentateuch seems to be the small 'apocalypse' in Num 24:14-24, which in v. 24 mentions the victory of the ships of the כִּתִּים over <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(Bible)" title="Ashur (Bible)">Ashur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>. This text seems to allude to the battles between <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, as some scholars suggested. Another set of post-Persian text elements might be the specific numbers in the genealogies of Gen 5 and 11. These numbers build the overall chronology of the Pentateuch and differ significantly in the various versions. But these are just minor elements. The substance of the Pentateuch seems pre- Hellenistic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Römer, Thomas "How "Persian" or "Hellenistic" is the Joseph Narrative?", in T. Römer, K. Schmid et A. Bühler (ed.), The Joseph Story Between Egypt and Israel (Archaeology and Bible 5), Tübinngen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021, pp. 35-53. "The date of the original narrative can be the late Persian period, and while there are several passages that fit better into a Greek, Ptolemaic context, most of these passages belong to later revisions."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang201598-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang201598_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang201598_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang201598_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang2015">Lang 2015</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2010:11&version=nrsv">Lev 10:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJ_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitzHarvey2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Isaac_Rabinowitz" title="Louis Isaac Rabinowitz">Rabinowitz, Louis</a>; Harvey, Warren (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/judaism/judaism/torah">"Torah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 39–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=39-46&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fjudaism%2Fjudaism%2Ftorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcalay19962767-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcalay19962767_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcalay1996">Alcalay (1996)</a>, p. 2767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherman2001164–165Exodus_12:49-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherman2001164–165Exodus_12:49_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherman2001">Scherman 2001</a>, pp. 164–165, Exodus 12:49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Torah#:~:text=The%20term%20Torah%20is%20also,Law%20and%20the%20Written%20Law">"Torah | Definition, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torah+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTorah%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520term%2520Torah%2520is%2520also%2CLaw%2520and%2520the%2520Written%2520Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua 8:31–32; 23:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I Kings 2:3; II Kings 14:6; 23:25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malachi 3:22; Daniel 9:11, 13; Ezra 3:2; 7:6; Nehemiah 8:1; II Chronicles 23:18; 30:16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ezra 6:18; Neh. 13:1; II Chronicles 35:12; 25:4; cf. II Kings 14:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nehemiah 8:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nehemiah 8:8, 18; 10:29–30; cf. 9:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarna-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sarna_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarna2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sarna, Nahum M.; et al. (2007). "Bible". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 576–577. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bible&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=576-577&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Sarna&rft.aufirst=Nahum+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerrillRookerGrisanti2011163Part_4._The_Pentateuch_by_Michael_A._Grisanti-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerrillRookerGrisanti2011163Part_4._The_Pentateuch_by_Michael_A._Grisanti_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerrillRookerGrisanti2011">Merrill, Rooker & Grisanti 2011</a>, p. 163, Part 4. The Pentateuch by Michael A. Grisanti: "The Term 'Pentateuch' derives from the Greek <i>pentateuchos</i>, literally, ... The Greek term was apparently popularized by the Hellenized Jews of Alexandria, Egypt, in the first century AD..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2017" class="citation news cs1">Pattanaik, David (9 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/Devdutt-Pattanaik--The-fascinating-design-of-the-Jewish-Bible-18406175">"The Fascinating Design Of The Jewish Bible"</a>. <i>Mid-Day</i>. Mumbai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mid-Day&rft.atitle=The+Fascinating+Design+Of+The+Jewish+Bible&rft.date=2017-07-09&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Fnews%2Findia-news%2Farticle%2FDevdutt-Pattanaik--The-fascinating-design-of-the-Jewish-Bible-18406175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton19901-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton19901_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton1990">Hamilton 1990</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergant2013xii-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergant2013xii_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergant2013">Bergant 2013</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200835-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200835_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2008">Bandstra 2008</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200878-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200878_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2008">Bandstra 2008</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBandstra200428–29-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBandstra200428–29_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBandstra2004">Bandstra 2004</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnstone2003">Johnstone 2003</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers2005xv-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers2005xv_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers2005">Meyers 2005</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley19931-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley19931_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshley1993">Ashley 1993</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson19969-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson19969_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson1996">Olson 1996</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbs200919–20-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStubbs200919–20_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStubbs2009">Stubbs 2009</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips19731–2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips19731–2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1973">Phillips 1973</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson2003153–154-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson2003153–154_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogerson2003">Rogerson 2003</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommer201518-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommer201518_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommer2015">Sommer 2015</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0506.htm#4">Deuteronomy 6:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2012:28–34&version=nrsv">Mark 12:28–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bava_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bava Basra">Bava Basra</a> 14b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah, Sanhedrin 10:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud Gitten 60a, </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">language of Maimonides, Commentary on the Mishnah, Sanhedrin 10:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Louis (1909). <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">The Legends of the Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf">Vol. IV: Ezra</a></i> (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2004192-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2004192_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2004">Ross 2004</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 21b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on the Talmud, Sanhedrin 21b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2014434-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2014434_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2014">Carr 2014</a>, p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson20008-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson20008_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2000">Thompson 2000</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2014133–135-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2014133–135_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2014">Ska 2014</a>, pp. 133–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200477-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Seters200477_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Seters2004">Van Seters 2004</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaden2012-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaden2012_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaden2012">Baden 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaines2015271_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaines2015">Gaines 2015</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtto2014605-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtto2014605_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtto2014">Otto 2014</a>, p. 605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester</a> (2017). <i>Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</i>. T&T Clark. p. 249-250. "It was once conventional to accept Josiah's reform at face value, but the question is currently much debated (Albertz 1994: 198–201; 2005; Lohfink 1995; P. R. Davies 2005; Knauf 2005a)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakkala2010" class="citation book cs1">Pakkala, Juha (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/382385">"Why the Cult Reforms In Judah Probably Did Not Happen"</a>. In Kratz, Reinhard G.; Spieckermann, Hermann (eds.). <i>One God – One Cult – One Nation</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 201–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110223576" title="Special:BookSources/9783110223576"><bdi>9783110223576</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-25</span></span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+the+Cult+Reforms+In+Judah+Probably+Did+Not+Happen&rft.btitle=One+God+%E2%80%93+One+Cult+%E2%80%93+One+Nation&rft.pages=201-235&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783110223576&rft.aulast=Pakkala&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F382385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2022" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Richard S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUR6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">"2 Kings 22-3: Belief in One God in Preexilic Judah?"</a>. In Watson, Rebecca S.; Curtis, Adrian H. W. (eds.). <i>Conversations on Canaanite and Biblical Themes: Creation, Chaos and Monotheism</i>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 135–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060629-4"><bdi>978-3-11-060629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+Kings+22-3%3A+Belief+in+One+God+in+Preexilic+Judah%3F&rft.btitle=Conversations+on+Canaanite+and+Biblical+Themes%3A+Creation%2C+Chaos+and+Monotheism&rft.pages=135-150&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-060629-4&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUR6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2014457-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2014457_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarr2014">Carr 2014</a>, p. 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtto2014609-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtto2014609_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtto2014">Otto 2014</a>, p. 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei20016-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei20016_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrei2001">Frei 2001</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomer2008">Romer 2008</a>, p. 2 and fn.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006217-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006217_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006218-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006218_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEskenazi200986-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEskenazi200986_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEskenazi2009">Eskenazi 2009</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESka2006226–227-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESka2006226–227_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSka2006">Ska 2006</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207,_224_fn.49-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003206–207,_224_fn.49_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreifenhagen2003">Greifenhagen 2003</a>, pp. 206–207, 224 fn.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmirkin200630,_32,_190-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin200630,_32,_190_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGmirkin2006">Gmirkin 2006</a>, pp. 30, 32, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–410-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885405–410_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, pp. 405–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellhausen1885408_n._1_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellhausen1885">Wellhausen 1885</a>, p. 408 n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2022">Adler 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2022223–234_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2022">Adler 2022</a>, pp. 223–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2022" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, John J. (2022). "The Torah in its Symbolic and Prescriptive Functions". <i>Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2Fhebai-2022-0003">10.1628/hebai-2022-0003</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-2276">2192-2276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Bible+and+Ancient+Israel&rft.atitle=The+Torah+in+its+Symbolic+and+Prescriptive+Functions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2Fhebai-2022-0003&rft.issn=2192-2276&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timeline-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timeline_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiro2009" class="citation web cs1">Spiro, Ken (9 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/h/48944541.html">"History Crash Course #36: Timeline: From Abraham to Destruction of the Temple"</a>. <i>Aish.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=History+Crash+Course+%2336%3A+Timeline%3A+From+Abraham+to+Destruction+of+the+Temple&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjl%2Fh%2F48944541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780195297515page3_3–7]-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsisbn_9780195297515page3_3–7]_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004">Berlin, Brettler & Fishbane 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515/page/3">3–7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information on these issues from an Orthodox Jewish perspective, see <i>Modern Scholarship in the Study of Torah: Contributions and Limitations</i>, Ed. <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Carmy" title="Shalom Carmy">Shalom Carmy</a>, and <i>Handbook of Jewish Thought</i>, Volume I, by <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiekawitch2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVSVAQAAQBAJpgPA19_19]–30-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiekawitch2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEVSVAQAAQBAJpgPA19_19]–30_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiekawitch2013">Siekawitch 2013</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVSVAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a>–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b08.htm">Neh. 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rogovin, Richard D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906074201/http://uscj.org/The_Authentic_Trienn7085.html">"The Authentic Triennial Cycle: A Better Way to Read Torah?"</a>. <i>United Synagogue Review</i>. <b>59</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscj.org/The_Authentic_Trienn7085.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2009 – via The United Synagoue of Conservative Judaism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Synagogue+Review&rft.atitle=The+Authentic+Triennial+Cycle%3A+A+Better+Way+to+Read+Torah%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscj.org%2FThe_Authentic_Trienn7085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields1979" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Harvey J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050219173736/http://urj.org/worship/letuslearn/s7bechol/">"Section Four: The Reading of the Torah"</a>. <i>Bechol Levavcha: with all your heart</i>. New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations Press. pp. 106–111. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urj.org/worship/letuslearn/s7bechol/">the original</a> on 19 February 2005 – via Union for Reform Judaism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+Four%3A+The+Reading+of+the+Torah&rft.btitle=Bechol+Levavcha%3A+with+all+your+heart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106-111&rft.pub=Union+of+American+Hebrew+Congregations+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Harvey+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furj.org%2Fworship%2Fletuslearn%2Fs7bechol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breakthroughchinuch.com/">"Rabbi Jonathan Rietti | New York City | Breakthrough Chinuch"</a>. <i>breakthroughchunich</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=breakthroughchunich&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Jonathan+Rietti+%26%23124%3B+New+York+City+%26%23124%3B+Breakthrough+Chinuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakthroughchinuch.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, <a href="/wiki/Gittin" title="Gittin">Gittin</a> 60b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oradam.org/OAC/FAQ">"FAQ for Humanistic Judaism, Reform Judaism, Humanists, Humanistic Jews, Congregation, Arizona, AZ"</a>. Oradam.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ+for+Humanistic+Judaism%2C+Reform+Judaism%2C+Humanists%2C+Humanistic+Jews%2C+Congregation%2C+Arizona%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Oradam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foradam.org%2FOAC%2FFAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geniza.net/ritual/mb/letterforms.shtml">Mishnat Soferim The forms of the letters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523195538/http://www.geniza.net/ritual/mb/letterforms.shtml">Archived</a> 2008-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> translated by Jen Taylor Friedman (geniza.net)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton1987xiii-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilton1987xiii_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilton1987">Chilton 1987</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, eds. (2007). "Torah, Reading of". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Torah%2C+Reading+of&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, eds. (2007). "Bible: Translations". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bible%3A+Translations&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003218-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreifenhagen2003218_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreifenhagen2003">Greifenhagen 2003</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspoon2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Greenspoon, Leonard J. (2007). "Greek: The Septuagint". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 597. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek%3A+The+Septuagint&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=597&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Greenspoon&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkinsHarkins2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harkins, Franklin T.; Harkins, Angela Kim (2007). "Old Latin/Vulgate". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Latin%2FVulgate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=598&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Harkins&rft.aufirst=Franklin+T.&rft.au=Harkins%2C+Angela+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasson2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sasson, Ilana (2007). "Arabic". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 603. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=603&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Sasson&rft.aufirst=Ilana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX54NS-Lc-OcCpgPA167_167]–-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidX54NS-Lc-OcCpgPA167_167]–_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2008">Robinson 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X54NS-Lc-OcC&pg=PA167">167</a>–: "Sa'adia's own major contribution to the Torah is his Arabic translation, <i>Targum Tafsir</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZohar2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4vg0RdqjNV0CpgPA106_106]–-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZohar2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid4vg0RdqjNV0CpgPA106_106]–_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZohar2005">Zohar 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vg0RdqjNV0C&pg=PA106">106</a>–: "Controversy exists among scholars as to whether Rasag was the first to translate the Hebrew Bible into Arabic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspoon2020" class="citation web cs1">Greenspoon, Leonard J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jps.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/study_guide-1.docx">"Jewish Bible Translations: Personalities, Passions, Politics,Progress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOCX)</span>. Jewish Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Bible+Translations%3A+Personalities%2C+Passions%2C+Politics%2CProgress&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Greenspoon&rft.aufirst=Leonard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjps.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2Fstudy_guide-1.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesT._Anderson2012" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Terry; T. Anderson, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bzhn"><i>The Samaritan Pentateuch: an introduction to its origin, history, and significance for Biblical studies</i></a>. Resources for Biblical Study. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt32bzhn">10.2307/j.ctt32bzhn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-699-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-699-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-699-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bzhn">j.ctt32bzhn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samaritan+Pentateuch%3A+an+introduction+to+its+origin%2C+history%2C+and+significance+for+Biblical+studies&rft.series=Resources+for+Biblical+Study&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bzhn%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt32bzhn&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-699-0&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=T.+Anderson%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bzhn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The common supra-regional form of Greek used during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the eras of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A late-4th-century <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Latin" title="Bible translations into Latin">Latin translation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible#Christian_Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorentin2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Florentin, Moshe (2013). "Samaritan Pentateuch". In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Khan" title="Geoffrey Khan">Khan, Geoffrey</a>; Bolozky, Shmuel; Fassberg, Steven; <a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Rendsburg" title="Gary A. Rendsburg">Rendsburg, Gary A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aaron_D._Rubin" title="Aaron D. Rubin">Rubin, Aaron D.</a>; Schwarzwald, Ora R.; Zewi, Tamar (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000282">10.1163/2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17642-3"><bdi>978-90-04-17642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samaritan+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hebrew+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-4241_ehll_EHLL_COM_00000282&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17642-3&rft.aulast=Florentin&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahmed-deedat.co.za/bible/07.html">Is the Bible God's Word</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034243/http://www.ahmed-deedat.co.za/bible/07.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Sheikh Ahmed Deedat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy2021_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCoy2021">McCoy 2021</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2022" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Yonatan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8KREAAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300254907" title="Special:BookSources/9780300254907"><bdi>9780300254907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Judaism%3A+An+Archaeological-Historical+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780300254907&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk8KREAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcalay1996" class="citation book cs1">Alcalay, Reuben (1996). <i>The Complete Hebrew – English dictionary</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Hemed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-448-179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-448-179-3"><bdi>978-965-448-179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Hebrew+%E2%80%93+English+dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hemed+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-965-448-179-3&rft.aulast=Alcalay&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1993" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Timothy R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hBSceHiuAAC"><i>The Book of Numbers</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825230" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825230"><bdi>9780802825230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Numbers&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780802825230&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6hBSceHiuAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaden2012" class="citation book cs1">Baden, Joel S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Beg7LeeNGlkC&q=composition+pentateuch&pg=PR9"><i>The Composition of the Pentateuch: Renewing the Documentary Hypothesis</i></a>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300152647" title="Special:BookSources/9780300152647"><bdi>9780300152647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Composition+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Renewing+the+Documentary+Hypothesis&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780300152647&rft.aulast=Baden&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeg7LeeNGlkC%26q%3Dcomposition%2Bpentateuch%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&q=Bandstra,+Barry+L+%282004%29.+Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&pg=PA489"><i>Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495391050" title="Special:BookSources/9780495391050"><bdi>9780495391050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780495391050&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY9mTUZKJcC%26q%3DBandstra%2C%2BBarry%2BL%2B%25282004%2529.%2BReading%2Bthe%2BOld%2BTestament%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHebrew%2BBible%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandstra2008" class="citation book cs1">Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC"><i>Reading the Old Testament</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495391050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495391050"><bdi>978-0495391050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0495391050&rft.aulast=Bandstra&rft.aufirst=Barry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRY9mTUZKJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergant2013" class="citation book cs1">Bergant, Dianne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRCwAQAAQBAJ"><i>Genesis: In the Beginning</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814682753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814682753"><bdi>978-0814682753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+In+the+Beginning&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0814682753&rft.aulast=Bergant&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRCwAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinBrettlerFishbane2004" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195297515"><i>The Jewish Study Bible</i></a></span>. New York City: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195297515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195297515"><bdi>978-0195297515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195297515&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195297515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Birnbaum" title="Philip Birnbaum">Birnbaum, Philip</a> (1979). <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts</i>. Wadsworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Concepts&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp1992" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1992). <i>The Pentateuch: An introduction to the first five books of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible</a> Reference Library. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41207-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41207-0"><bdi>978-0-385-41207-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+An+introduction+to+the+first+five+books+of+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Anchor+Bible+Reference+Library&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-385-41207-0&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp2004" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wq0YsOpTjKIC&q=Treasures+old+and+new:+essays+in+the+theology+of+the+Pentateuch"><i>Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802826794" title="Special:BookSources/9780802826794"><bdi>9780802826794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+old+and+new%3A+essays+in+the+theology+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780802826794&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwq0YsOpTjKIC%26q%3DTreasures%2Bold%2Band%2Bnew%3A%2Bessays%2Bin%2Bthe%2Btheology%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPentateuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellO'Brien1993" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Antony F; O'Brien, Mark A (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwhICpcHBsQC&q=Sources+of+the+bible&pg=PR3"><i>Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451413670" title="Special:BookSources/9781451413670"><bdi>9781451413670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+texts%2C+introductions%2C+annotations&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781451413670&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Antony+F&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Mark+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwhICpcHBsQC%26q%3DSources%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbible%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1996" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David M (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&q=Reading+the+fractures+of+Genesis:+historical+and+literary+approaches"><i>Reading the fractures of Genesis</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664220716" title="Special:BookSources/9780664220716"><bdi>9780664220716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+fractures+of+Genesis&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780664220716&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UJctZxFHikC%26q%3DReading%2Bthe%2Bfractures%2Bof%2BGenesis%3A%2Bhistorical%2Band%2Bliterary%2Bapproaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2014" class="citation book cs1">Carr, David M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8fcxBgAAQBAJ&q=could+be+presupposed+as+a+givenfor+over+a+hundred+years&pg=PA434">"Changes in Pentateuchal Criticism"</a>. In Sæbø, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.). <i>Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54022-0"><bdi>978-3-525-54022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Pentateuchal+Criticism&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament.+III%3A+From+Modernism+to+Post-Modernism.+Part+II%3A+The+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+From+Modernism+to+Post-Modernism&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54022-0&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8fcxBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcould%2Bbe%2Bpresupposed%2Bas%2Ba%2Bgivenfor%2Bover%2Ba%2Bhundred%2Byears%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton1987" class="citation book cs1">Chilton, B.D., ed. (1987). <i>The Isaiah Targum: Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes</i>. Michael Glazier, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isaiah+Targum%3A+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+Apparatus+and+Notes&rft.pub=Michael+Glazier%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClines1997" class="citation book cs1">Clines, David A (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z45ullcFRG8C&q=Clines+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch"><i>The theme of the Pentateuch</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567431967" title="Special:BookSources/9780567431967"><bdi>9780567431967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+theme+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780567431967&rft.aulast=Clines&rft.aufirst=David+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ45ullcFRG8C%26q%3DClines%2BTheme%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPentateuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1998" class="citation book cs1">Davies, G.I (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&q=Oxford+Bible+Commentary+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&pg=PA12">"Introduction to the Pentateuch"</a>. In John Barton (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbiblecomme0000unse"><i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=G.I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26q%3DOxford%2BBible%2BCommentary%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskenazi2009" class="citation book cs1">Eskenazi, Tamara Cohn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-XeBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Frei%27s+influential+theory+has+been+essentially+and+effectively+deconstructed%22&pg=PA86">"From Exile and Restoration to Exile and Reconstruction"</a>. In Grabbe, Lester L.; Knoppers, Gary N. (eds.). <i>Exile and Restoration Revisited: Essays on the Babylonian and Persian Periods</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567465672" title="Special:BookSources/9780567465672"><bdi>9780567465672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Exile+and+Restoration+to+Exile+and+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=Exile+and+Restoration+Revisited%3A+Essays+on+the+Babylonian+and+Persian+Periods&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780567465672&rft.aulast=Eskenazi&rft.aufirst=Tamara+Cohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-XeBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Frei%2527s%2Binfluential%2Btheory%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bessentially%2Band%2Beffectively%2Bdeconstructed%2522%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743223386" title="Special:BookSources/9780743223386"><bdi>9780743223386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780743223386&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrei2001" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Peter (2001). "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary". In Watts, James (ed.). <i>Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch</i>. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589830158" title="Special:BookSources/9781589830158"><bdi>9781589830158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Imperial+Authorization%3A+A+Summary&rft.btitle=Persia+and+Torah%3A+The+Theory+of+Imperial+Authorization+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781589830158&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2001" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Richard Elliot (2001). <i>Commentary on the Torah With a New English Translation</i>. Harper Collins Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Torah+With+a+New+English+Translation&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2015" class="citation book cs1">Gaines, Jason M.H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnHhCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271"><i>The Poetic Priestly Source</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-0046-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-0046-4"><bdi>978-1-5064-0046-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Priestly+Source&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-0046-4&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Jason+M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnHhCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmirkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Gmirkin, Russell (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKuoAwAAQBAJ&q=%22no+reference+to+a+written+torah%22&pg=PA32"><i>Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-13439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-13439-4"><bdi>978-0-567-13439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berossus+and+Genesis%2C+Manetho+and+Exodus&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-567-13439-4&rft.aulast=Gmirkin&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKuoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522no%2Breference%2Bto%2Ba%2Bwritten%2Btorah%2522%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooder2000" class="citation book cs1">Gooder, Paula (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49XpvvO-Oq0C&q=The+Pentateuch+Paula+Gooder"><i>The Pentateuch: a story of beginnings</i></a>. T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567084187" title="Special:BookSources/9780567084187"><bdi>9780567084187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+a+story+of+beginnings&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780567084187&rft.aulast=Gooder&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49XpvvO-Oq0C%26q%3DThe%2BPentateuch%2BPaula%2BGooder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreifenhagen2003" class="citation book cs1">Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1evAwAAQBAJ&q=%22final+form+sometime+in+the+Persian+period%22&pg=PA207"><i>Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-39136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-39136-0"><bdi>978-0-567-39136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+on+the+Pentateuch%27s+Ideological+Map&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-567-39136-0&rft.aulast=Greifenhagen&rft.aufirst=Franz+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1evAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522final%2Bform%2Bsometime%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPersian%2Bperiod%2522%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1990" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Victor P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WW31E9Zt5-wC&pg=PR3"><i>The Book of Genesis: chapters 1–17</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802825216"><bdi>978-0802825216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Genesis%3A+chapters+1%E2%80%9317&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0802825216&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Victor+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWW31E9Zt5-wC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Louis (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1u-_VMDM80C"><i>The Jewish Religion: a companion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826463-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826463-7"><bdi>978-0-19-826463-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Religion%3A+a+companion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826463-7&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1u-_VMDM80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2003" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, William D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA72">"Exodus"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Bible Commentary</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuglerHartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&q=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin"><i>An Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846365" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846365"><bdi>9780802846365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780802846365&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hartin%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8WbXbPjxpoC%26q%3DRobert%2BKugler%2C%2BPatrick%2BHartin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lang, Isabel (31 December 2015). <i>Intertextualität als hermeneutischer Zugang zur Auslegung des Korans: Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel der Verwendung von Israiliyyat in der Rezeption der Davidserzählung in Sure 38: 21–25</i> (in German). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783832541514" title="Special:BookSources/9783832541514"><bdi>9783832541514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intertextualit%C3%A4t+als+hermeneutischer+Zugang+zur+Auslegung+des+Korans%3A+Eine+Betrachtung+am+Beispiel+der+Verwendung+von+Israiliyyat+in+der+Rezeption+der+Davidserz%C3%A4hlung+in+Sure+38%3A+21%E2%80%9325&rft.pub=Logos+Verlag+Berlin+GmbH&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft.isbn=9783832541514&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Christoph L (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldtestamentbrie00levi"><i>The Old testament: a brief introduction</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691113944" title="Special:BookSources/9780691113944"><bdi>9780691113944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+testament%3A+a+brief+introduction&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780691113944&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Christoph+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldtestamentbrie00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2021" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, R. Michael (2021-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004466821/front-8.xml"><i>Interpreting the Qurʾān with the Bible (Tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi-l-Kitāb)</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46682-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46682-1"><bdi>978-90-04-46682-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+with+the+Bible+%28Tafs%C4%ABr+al-Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n+bi-l-Kit%C4%81b%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46682-1&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=R.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004466821%2Ffront-8.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2002" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, John J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC"><i>Reading the Pentateuch: a historical introduction</i></a>. Pauline Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4082-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-4082-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Pentateuch%3A+a+historical+introduction&rft.pub=Pauline+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4082-4&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkr7rVd3hAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEntire2008" class="citation book cs1">McEntire, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&q=william+propp+exodus+1-18&pg=PA87"><i>Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881461015" title="Special:BookSources/9780881461015"><bdi>9780881461015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+with+God%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780881461015&rft.aulast=McEntire&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwOs9f1FpmsC%26q%3Dwilliam%2Bpropp%2Bexodus%2B1-18%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Meyers" title="Carol Meyers">Meyers, Carol</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QHHITXsyskC"><i>Exodus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521002912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521002912"><bdi>9780521002912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521002912&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QHHITXsyskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillRookerGrisanti2011" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Eugene H.; Rooker, Mark; Grisanti, Michael A., eds. (2011). <i>The World and the Word: An Introduction to the Old Testament</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+the+Word%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadler2008" class="citation book cs1">Nadler, Steven (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMlT-FViF40C&q=death+of+moses+abraham+ibn+ezra&pg=PA829">"The Bible Hermeneutics of Baruch de Spinoza"</a>. In Sæbø, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.). <i>Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: The History of its Interpretation, II: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525539828" title="Special:BookSources/978-3525539828"><bdi>978-3525539828</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bible+Hermeneutics+of+Baruch+de+Spinoza&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament%3A+The+History+of+its+Interpretation%2C+II%3A+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3525539828&rft.aulast=Nadler&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMlT-FViF40C%26q%3Ddeath%2Bof%2Bmoses%2Babraham%2Bibn%2Bezra%26pg%3DPA829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2004" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (2004). <i>The Emergence of Judaism</i>. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Judaism&rft.place=Louisville&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Dennis T (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rus0KUTNUg4C"><i>Numbers</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664237363" title="Special:BookSources/9780664237363"><bdi>9780664237363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numbers&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780664237363&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRus0KUTNUg4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2014" class="citation book cs1">Otto, Eckart (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8fcxBgAAQBAJ&q=%22This+change+of+research+paradigms%22&pg=PA609">"The Study of Law and Ethics in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament"</a>. In Sæbø, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.). <i>Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54022-0"><bdi>978-3-525-54022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Law+and+Ethics+in+the+Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament.+III%3A+From+Modernism+to+Post-Modernism.+Part+II%3A+The+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+From+Modernism+to+Post-Modernism&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54022-0&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8fcxBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522This%2Bchange%2Bof%2Bresearch%2Bparadigms%2522%26pg%3DPA609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1973" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Anthony (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR7"><i>Deuteronomy</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521097727" title="Special:BookSources/9780521097727"><bdi>9780521097727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deuteronomy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780521097727&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRA4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, George (17 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X54NS-Lc-OcC"><i>Essential Torah: A Complete Guide to the Five Books of Moses</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48437-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-48437-6"><bdi>978-0-307-48437-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Torah%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Five+Books+of+Moses&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008-12-17&rft.isbn=978-0-307-48437-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX54NS-Lc-OcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, John W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153">"Deuteronomy"</a>. In James D. G. Dunn; John William Rogerson (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deuteronomy&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Romer, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">"Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures" title="Journal of Hebrew Scriptures">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</a></i>. 8, article 15: 2–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Moses+Outside+the+Torah+and+the+Construction+of+a+Diaspora+Identity&rft.volume=8%2C+article+15&rft.pages=2-12&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2FArticles%2Farticle_92.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2004" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Tamar (2004). <i>Expanding the Palace of Torah: Orthodoxy and Feminism</i>. UPNE. p. 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+the+Palace+of+Torah%3A+Orthodoxy+and+Feminism&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherman2001" class="citation book cs1">Scherman, Nosson, ed. (2001). <i>Tanakh, Vol. I, The Torah</i> (Stone ed.). New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanakh%2C+Vol.+I%2C+The+Torah&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Stone&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind2022" class="citation book cs1">Schniedewind, William M. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaxiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">"Diversity and Development of <i>tôrâ</i> in the Hebrew Bible"</a>. In Schniedewind, William M.; Zurawski, Jason M.; Boccaccini, Gabriele (eds.). <i>Torah: Functions, Meanings, and Diverse Manifestations in Early Judaism and Christianity</i>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-504-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-504-6"><bdi>978-1-62837-504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+Development+of+t%C3%B4r%C3%A2+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.btitle=Torah%3A+Functions%2C+Meanings%2C+and+Diverse+Manifestations+in+Early+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-504-6&rft.aulast=Schniedewind&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaxiEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiekawitch2013" class="citation book cs1">Siekawitch, Larry (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVSVAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Uniqueness of the Bible</i></a>. Cross Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462732623" title="Special:BookSources/9781462732623"><bdi>9781462732623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uniqueness+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Cross+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781462732623&rft.aulast=Siekawitch&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVSVAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2006" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean-Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&q=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska"><i>Introduction to reading the Pentateuch</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575061221" title="Special:BookSources/9781575061221"><bdi>9781575061221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781575061221&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cdy67ZvzdkC%26q%3DIntroduction%2Bto%2Breading%2Bthe%2BPentateuch%2BJean%2BLouis%2BSka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2014" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8fcxBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Persian+period+as+the+most+important%22&pg=PA430">"Questions of the 'History of Israel' in Recent Research"</a>. In Sæbø, Magne; Ska, Jean Louis; Machinist, Peter (eds.). <i>Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. III: From Modernism to Post-Modernism. Part II: The Twentieth Century – From Modernism to Post-Modernism</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-54022-0"><bdi>978-3-525-54022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Questions+of+the+%27History+of+Israel%27+in+Recent+Research&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Bible%2FOld+Testament.+III%3A+From+Modernism+to+Post-Modernism.+Part+II%3A+The+Twentieth+Century+%E2%80%93+From+Modernism+to+Post-Modernism&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-525-54022-0&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8fcxBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Persian%2Bperiod%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bimportant%2522%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer2015" class="citation book cs1">Sommer, Benjamin D. (30 June 2015). <i>Revelation and Authority: Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition</i>. Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation+and+Authority%3A+Sinai+in+Jewish+Scripture+and+Tradition&rft.series=Anchor+Yale+Bible+Reference+Library&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2009" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, David L (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0KgujFp45QC"><i>Numbers (Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible)</i></a>. Brazos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441207197" title="Special:BookSources/9781441207197"><bdi>9781441207197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numbers+%28Brazos+Theological+Commentary+on+the+Bible%29&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781441207197&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=David+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0KgujFp45QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Thomas L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&q=long+folk+history+long+antedating&pg=PA8"><i>Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004119437" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004119437"><bdi>978-9004119437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+the+Israelite+People%3A+From+the+Written+%26+Archaeological+Sources&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9004119437&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwrrUuHFb6UC%26q%3Dlong%2Bfolk%2Bhistory%2Blong%2Bantedating%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters1998" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues"><i>The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256524" title="Special:BookSources/9780664256524"><bdi>9780664256524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pentateuch&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible+today%3A+an+introduction+to+critical+issues&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780664256524&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowwhpmIVgSAC%26q%3DThe%2BHebrew%2BBible%2Btoday%3A%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bcritical%2Bissues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Seters2004" class="citation book cs1">Van Seters, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&q=Sources+of+the+bible&pg=PA7"><i>The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567080882" title="Special:BookSources/9780567080882"><bdi>9780567080882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentateuch%3A+a+social-science+commentary&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780567080882&rft.aulast=Van+Seters&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-Vi9eK_vS0C%26q%3DSources%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbible%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Jerome T (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGeXrcQTZ2kC&q=style+and+structure+in+biblical+hebrew+narrative"><i>Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814658970" title="Special:BookSources/9780814658970"><bdi>9780814658970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Style+and+structure+in+Biblical+Hebrew+narrative&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780814658970&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Jerome+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGeXrcQTZ2kC%26q%3Dstyle%2Band%2Bstructure%2Bin%2Bbiblical%2Bhebrew%2Bnarrative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellhausen1885" class="citation book cs1">Wellhausen, Julius (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f061b0TKi-UC&q=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel"><i>Prolegomena to the History of Israel</i></a>. Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606202050" title="Special:BookSources/9781606202050"><bdi>9781606202050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prolegomena+to+the+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9781606202050&rft.aulast=Wellhausen&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df061b0TKi-UC%26q%3DProlegomena%2Bto%2Bthe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BIsrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZohar2005" class="citation book cs1">Zohar, Zion (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4vg0RdqjNV0C"><i>Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9705-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-9705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardic+and+Mizrahi+Jewry%3A+From+the+Golden+Age+of+Spain+to+Modern+Times&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9705-1&rft.aulast=Zohar&rft.aufirst=Zion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4vg0RdqjNV0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2023" class="citation web cs1">Adler, Yonatan (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/when-did-jews-start-observing-torah">"When Did Jews Start Observing Torah? – TheTorah.com"</a>. <i>thetorah.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetorah.com&rft.atitle=When+Did+Jews+Start+Observing+Torah%3F+%E2%80%93+TheTorah.com&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Yonatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-did-jews-start-observing-torah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rothenberg, Naftali, (ed.), <i>Wisdom by the week – the Weekly Torah Portion as an Inspiration for Thought and Creativity</i>, Yeshiva University Press, New York 2012</li> <li>Friedman, Richard Elliott, <i>Who Wrote the Bible?</i>, HarperSanFrancisco, 1997</li> <li>Welhausen, Julius, <i>Prolegomena to the History of Israel</i>, Scholars Press, 1994 (reprint of 1885)</li> <li>Kantor, Mattis, <i>The Jewish time line encyclopedia: A year-by-year history from Creation to the present</i>, Jason Aronson Inc., London, 1992</li> <li>Wheeler, Brannon M., <i>Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis</i>, Routledge, 2002</li> <li>DeSilva, David Arthur, <i>An Introduction to the New Testament: Contexts, Methods & Ministry</i>, InterVarsity Press, 2004</li> <li>Heschel, Abraham Joshua, Tucker, Gordon & Levin, Leonard, <i>Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations</i>, London, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005</li> <li>Hubbard, David "The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast" <i>Ph.D. dissertation St Andrews University, Scotland, 1956</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_H._Peterson" title="Eugene H. Peterson">Peterson, Eugene H.</a>, <i>Praying With Moses: A Year of Daily Prayers and Reflections on the Words and Actions of Moses</i>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, New York, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060665180" title="Special:BookSources/9780060665180">9780060665180</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torah&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Torah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Torah">Torah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Torah" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Torah">Torah</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pentateuch" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14446-torah/">Jewish Encyclopedia: Torah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interlinearbible.com/">Berean Interlinear Bible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/593745">Jstor.org: Bibliography of Morris Jastrow, Jr.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJastrow1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Jastrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Jastrow">Jastrow, Morris</a> (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Pentateuch"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Pentateuch">"Pentateuch" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentateuch&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Jastrow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATorah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weekly_Torah_Portions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weekly_Torah_Portions" title="Template:Weekly Torah Portions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weekly_Torah_Portions" title="Template talk:Weekly Torah Portions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weekly_Torah_Portions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weekly Torah Portions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weekly_Torah_Portions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah Portions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bereshit_(parashah)" title="Bereshit (parashah)">Bereshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noach_(parashah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noach (parashah)">Noach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech-Lecha" title="Lech-Lecha">Lech-Lecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayeira" title="Vayeira">Vayeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayei_Sarah" title="Chayei Sarah">Chayei Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledot" title="Toledot">Toledot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayetze" title="Vayetze">Vayetze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayishlach" title="Vayishlach">Vayishlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayeshev" title="Vayeshev">Vayeshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miketz" title="Miketz">Miketz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayigash" title="Vayigash">Vayigash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaychi" title="Vaychi">Vaychi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torah2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torah2.jpg/70px-Torah2.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torah2.jpg/105px-Torah2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Torah2.jpg/140px-Torah2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">Shemot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">Va'eira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">Beshalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">Yitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">Terumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">Vayakhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">Pekudei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vayikra_(parashah)" title="Vayikra (parashah)">Vayikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzav" title="Tzav">Tzav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_(parashah)" title="Shemini (parashah)">Shemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazria" title="Tazria">Tazria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metzora_(parashah)" title="Metzora (parashah)">Metzora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharei_Mot" title="Acharei Mot">Acharei Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedoshim" title="Kedoshim">Kedoshim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emor" title="Emor">Emor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behar" title="Behar">Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechukotai" title="Bechukotai">Bechukotai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemidbar_(parashah)" title="Bemidbar (parashah)">Bemidbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naso_(parashah)" title="Naso (parashah)">Naso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaalotecha" title="Behaalotecha">Behaalotecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlach" title="Shlach">Shlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korach_(parashah)" title="Korach (parashah)">Korach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukat" title="Chukat">Chukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak_(parashah)" title="Balak (parashah)">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinechas_(parashah)" title="Pinechas (parashah)">Pinechas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matot" title="Matot">Matot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masei" title="Masei">Masei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devarim_(parashah)" title="Devarim (parashah)">Devarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27etchanan" title="Va'etchanan">Va'etchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eikev" title="Eikev">Eikev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27eh" title="Re'eh">Re'eh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofetim_(parashah)" title="Shofetim (parashah)">Shofetim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Teitzei" title="Ki Teitzei">Ki Teitzei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tavo" title="Ki Tavo">Ki Tavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitzavim" title="Nitzavim">Nitzavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayelech" title="Vayelech">Vayelech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haazinu" title="Haazinu">Haazinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27Zot_HaBerachah" title="V'Zot HaBerachah">V'Zot HaBerachah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_texts_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_books" title="Template:Religious books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_books" title="Template talk:Religious books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_texts_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts" title="List of religious texts">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> (Taoist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (Roman polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> (Gnosticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Judaism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> (Greek polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Enneads</a> (Neoplatonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eastern Christianity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (Hinduism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puya_(Meitei_texts)" title="Puya (Meitei texts)">Puya</a> (Sanamahism)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian Hymnal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> (Lutheranism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (Anglicanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (Mormonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofudesaki" title="Ofudesaki">Ofudesaki</a> (Tenrikyo)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i> (Baha'i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a> (Ahmadiyya)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></i> (Thelemite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a> (Wiccan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics</a></i> (Scientologist)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a></i> (Satanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> (Raelian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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