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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Brandebourg_brasserie_Clausen_1865.jpg/450px-Brandebourg_brasserie_Clausen_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Brandebourg_brasserie_Clausen_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Pierre Brandebourg: Brewery in Clausen, Luxembourg (c. 1865)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Photography in Luxembourg</b> is often associated with two figures who were born in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> but left when very young: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a> (1879–1973) was an American who made outstanding contributions to <a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_photography" title="War photography">military photography</a> during the first half of the 20th century; while <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (1845–1921), a Frenchman, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel prize in physics</a> for his achievements in <a href="/wiki/Photochromy" title="Photochromy">colour photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are however many Luxembourg nationals who are remembered for recording the development of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">city of Luxembourg</a> and the country as a whole from the 1850s to the present. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_contributions">Early contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg/200px-Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg/300px-Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg/400px-Bernhoeft_Pfaffenthal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Charles Bernhoeft: Pfaffenthal, Luxembourg (c. 1904)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brandebourg" title="Pierre Brandebourg">Pierre Brandebourg</a> (1824-1878), who established the first photographic studio in Luxembourg City, had studied art at the academies in <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Beaux-Arts" title="Académie des Beaux-Arts">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)" title="Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp)">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Munich">Munich</a> before turning to photography to supplement his income. Thanks to his careful composition and lighting, having one's portrait taken "<i>chez Brandebourg</i>" became increasingly popular. Brandebourg also took a number of photographs of Luxembourg's evolving industries in the 1860s, some of which are stored in the publicly accessible archives at <a href="/wiki/Phototh%C3%A8que_(Luxembourg)" title="Photothèque (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg's Photothèque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onsstad_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onsstad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kutter" title="Paul Kutter">Paul Kutter</a> (1863–1937) was one of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg City</a>'s early photographers. Born in <a href="/wiki/Flums" title="Flums">Flums</a>, Switzerland, he opened his first studio in 1883, close to Luxembourg's <a href="/wiki/Bock_(Luxembourg)" title="Bock (Luxembourg)">Bock</a>. Both his son <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Kutter_(1887)" title="Edouard Kutter (1887)">Edouard</a> and his grandson, also called <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Kutter_(1934)" title="Edouard Kutter (1934)">Edouard</a>, continued to run the family business in Luxembourg City for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-onsstad_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onsstad-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Bock_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/De_Bock_1867.jpg/200px-De_Bock_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/De_Bock_1867.jpg/300px-De_Bock_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/De_Bock_1867.jpg/400px-De_Bock_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Early photograph of the Bock fortifications (c. 1867), author unknown</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bernhoeft" title="Charles Bernhoeft">Charles Bernhoeft</a> (1859–1933) took portraits of the Grand Ducal court as well as numerous landscapes, which he turned into postcards. In 1895, he was instrumental in launching Luxembourg's first illustrated weekly magazine, <i>Das Luxemburger Land in Wort und Bild,</i> which however could only publish nine issues.<sup id="cite_ref-P&T_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&T-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has left a number of luxurious photo albums, illustrated magazines and above all several series of postcards, one of which contains 1,600 different images. An advertisement indicates that some 20 people were employed by his firm, <i>Editions photographiques Bernhoeft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forum_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of his commercial success resulted from his appointment as court photographer in 1891. His degree of success meant that by 1900 he was in a position to construct impressive new three-storey premises for what he called <i>Atelier Bernhoeft</i> at the corner of rue de l'Arsenal (Grand-Rue) and boulevard Royal. For his portraits, he used the widely available <a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">carte de visite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_card" title="Cabinet card">cabinet card</a> formats.<sup id="cite_ref-Forum_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forum-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_dedicated_amateur">A dedicated amateur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: A dedicated amateur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg/200px-Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg/300px-Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg/400px-Luxembourg_Entrance_to_the_town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>An early Photochrom colorized image of Luxembourg, author unknown (c. 1895)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Batty_Fischer" title="Batty Fischer">Batty Fischer</a> (1877–1958) was a dentist in Luxembourg City, but he is best remembered for his collection of some 10,000 photographs that richly document the development of the town from the end of the 19th century until the 1950s. Many of these document the development of the city's buildings, particularly facades and artistic finishings, in which he took a special interest. His shots often convey an unusual liveliness as he managed to catch his subjects in the course of their normal activities, sometimes amusingly portraying their leisure moments. Unlike other extant photographs of Luxembourg from the same period, those taken by Fischer are unusual in their number and continuity. Every weekend when he was free to walk around the town, Fischer would take the most recent examples of his work to the local authorities and receive a few hundred francs on condition he wrote a short description of the historical context on the back. In this way, Fischer left a full record of how the town evolved over a lengthy period, from the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> to the post-war years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_photographers">Contemporary photographers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporary photographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yvon_Lambert_(photographer)" title="Yvon Lambert (photographer)">Yvon Lambert</a> (born 1955) has both worked as a freelance photojournalist and completed a number of international reportages on societal issues. In 1990 and 1991, he spent long periods in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, which led to his first book, <i>Naples, un hiver</i> (1993). From 1993, he travelled to several Central European countries. In 1995, under the project: <i>D'est en ouest, chemins de terre et d'Europe</i> (From east to west, roads through Europe's farmlands) organized by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Georges Pompidou">Centre Georges Pompidou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, he was responsible for photographing rural scenes in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. His work was subsequently presented at the Pompidou Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, participating in the <i>Grand Prix de la Ville de Vevey</i>, he received the <i>Prix du Grand Format</i> for his <i>Histoires de Frontières</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the autumn of 2004, Lambert spent five weeks in New York photographing life in the city streets. This led to an exhibition at the <i>Maison du Luxembourg à New York</i> titled <i>Chroniques New-Yorkaises</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Majerus" title="Marianne Majerus">Marianne Majerus</a> (born 1956), now based in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, specializes in portrait and garden photography. She has contributed to a number of books on gardening and has received several awards.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Majerus was one of three people named "International Garden Photographer of the Year" for her picture "Layered landscape: a moment captured".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Galbats" title="Patrick Galbats">Patrick Galbats</a> (born 1978) is a freelance photographer and photojournalist who has completed a number of artistically presented reportages. From 2002 to 2006, he worked for the Luxembourg weekly magazine <i>Revue</i>. Since 2007, he has been a freelance photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Galbats took a series of photographs at Luxembourg's Centre Pénitentiaire. In 2003, he completed an assignment on <a href="/wiki/Street_people" title="Street people">street people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">drug addicts</a> which was exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_railway_station" title="Luxembourg railway station">the main railway station</a>. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/National_Audiovisual_Centre" title="National Audiovisual Centre">National Audiovisual Centre</a> published his work <i>DOïNA</i>, a collection he created during three trips to Romania (2001–2003). In 2004, he presented the reportage <i>Un autre regard sur Haïti</i> for <i>Objectif Tiers Monde</i> which reveals the conditions in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> after the departure of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photothèque"><span id="Phototh.C3.A8que"></span>Photothèque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Photothèque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg/200px-Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg/300px-Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg/400px-Luxembourg_Ville_phototh%C3%A8que_3-2011a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3482" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Photothèque de la Ville de Luxembourg in the Cloche d'Or district (201)</figcaption></figure> <p>Luxembourg City's <a href="/wiki/Phototh%C3%A8que_(Luxembourg)" title="Photothèque (Luxembourg)">Photothèque</a> in the Cloche d'Or district houses several large collections of photographs of the city taken between 1855 and today, comprising a total of some four million images. The first acquisitions (1985), considered the most important, consist of Bernard Wolff's collection with historic views taken by various photographers during the final period of Luxembourg's fortifications, Batty Fischer's collection of photographs documenting the city's development in the 19th and 20th centuries, and a precious series of originals taken by Edward Steichen.<sup id="cite_ref-Fielder_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fielder-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ALBAD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALBAD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the archives in the Photothèque are freely accessible to the public on weekdays during office hours, and paper copies of the images are available.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Steichen, Edward John", <i>Luxemburger Lexikon</i> (Luxembourg: Editions Guy Binsfeld, 2006). <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lippmann, Gabriel-Jonas-Ferdinand", <i>Luxemburger Lexikon</i> (Luxembourg: Editions Guy Binsfeld, 2006). <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onsstad-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onsstad_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onsstad_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onsstad.vdl.lu/uploads/media/ons_stad_45-1994_6-12.pdf">René Clesse, "Geschichtsschreibung mit der Kamera: Die ersten Photographen unserer Hauptstadt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217015715/http://onsstad.vdl.lu/uploads/media/ons_stad_45-1994_6-12.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Onsstad</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P&T-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P&T_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pt.lu/portal/lang/en/Philatelie/stamps/pid/2472">"Charles Bernhoeft"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718065956/http://www.pt.lu/portal/lang/en/Philatelie/stamps/pid/2472">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philately, <i>P&T Luxembourg</i>. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forum-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forum_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forum_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum.lu/pdf/artikel/5443_254_Mosar.pdf">Christian Mosar, "Exposition Charles Bernhoeft"</a>. <i>Forum 254</i>, March 2006. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 23 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onsstad.lu/uploads/media/ons_stad_45-1994_13-16.pdf">Henri Beck, "Batty Fischer (1877–1958): un photographe pas comme les autres"</a>, <i>Onsstad</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpi.fr/fr/professionnels/expositions_itinerantes/catalogue/d_est_en_ouest_chemins_de_terre_de_l_europe.html">"D'est en ouest, chemins de terre et d'Europe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091012141115/http://www.bpi.fr/fr/professionnels/expositions_itinerantes/catalogue/d_est_en_ouest_chemins_de_terre_de_l_europe.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-12 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <i>Bibliothèque Centre Pompidou</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cna.public.lu/photographie/biographies/Yvon_Lambert_.html">"Yvon Lambert"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182654/http://www.cna.public.lu/photographie/biographies/Yvon_Lambert_.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Centre national de l'audiovisuel</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/communiques/2005/03/07photo_NY/index.html">"La Maison du Luxembourg à New York accueille une exposition du photographe luxembourgeois Yvon Lambert sous le thème 'Chroniques new-yorkaises'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308092017/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/communiques/2005/03/07photo_NY/index.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 March 2005, Gouvernement du Luxembourg. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theenglishgarden.co.uk/account/Profile/marianne-majerus">The English Garden Profile for Marianne Majerus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003163602/http://www.theenglishgarden.co.uk/account/Profile/marianne-majerus">Archived</a> 2011-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igpoty.com/competition03/winners_overall.asp?parent=winners">"International Garden Photographer of the Year 3"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107122952/http://www.igpoty.com/competition03/winners_overall.asp?parent=winners">Archived</a> 2010-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cna.public.lu/photographie/biographies/Patrick_Galbats.html?highlight=cna">"Patrick Galbats"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725182730/http://www.cna.public.lu/photographie/biographies/Patrick_Galbats.html?highlight=cna">Archived</a> 2011-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Centre national de l'audiovisuel</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haiti.lu/2007/01/exposition-de-photos/">"Haïti.lu"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155410/http://www.haiti.lu/2007/01/exposition-de-photos/">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fielder-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fielder_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onsstad.lu/index.php?id=242&tx_ttnews%5Bauthor%5D=163&tx_ttnews%5Bletter%5D=C&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=%23&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=896&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=246&cHash=9b540aff71">Jean-Pierre Fielder, "L'Histoire d'une photothèque"</a>, <i>Ons Stad</i>, No. 45, 1994. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALBAD-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALBAD_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albad.lu/downloads/29jul.vz04phototheque.pdf">"Visite à la photothèque de Luxembourg-ville: Instants de mémoire"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, ALBAD: Associatioun vun de Lëtzebuerger Bibliotekären, Archivisten en Dokumentalisten. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albad.lu/downloads/21oct.wz37.pdf">"Fotothek der Stadt Luxemburg: Das Auge der Hauptstadt"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, ALBAD: Associatioun vun de Lëtzebuerger Bibliotekären, Archivisten en Dokumentalisten. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Retrieved 3 December 2010</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Photography in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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