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class="vector-menu-heading"> 用於已登出編輯者的頁面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" aria-label="了解更多有關編輯"><span>了解更多</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="由此 IP 位址編輯的清單[y]" accesskey="y"><span>貢獻</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="對於來自此IP地址編輯的討論[n]" accesskey="n"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站台"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目次</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至側邊欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隱藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-超音速流动中的激波" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#超音速流动中的激波"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>超音速流動中的震波</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-超音速流动中的激波-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非线性峭化产生的激波" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非线性峭化产生的激波"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>非線性峭化產生的震波</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非线性峭化产生的激波-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-激波的模拟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#激波的模拟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>震波的模擬</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-激波的模拟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-激波的类型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#激波的类型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>震波的類型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-激波的类型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參看</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="切換目次" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">切換目次</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr">震波</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="zh-Hant-HK" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往別種語言的條目。有 49 種語言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skokgolf" title="Skokgolf – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skokgolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9" title="موجة صادمة – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة صادمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99rb%C9%99_dal%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Zərbə dalğası – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zərbə dalğası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Ударная хваля – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ударная хваля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ударна вълна – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ударна вълна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="ঘাত তরঙ্গ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘাত তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_de_xoc" title="Ona de xoc – 加泰蘭文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ona de xoc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1zov%C3%A1_vlna" title="Rázová vlna – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rázová vlna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokb%C3%B8lge" title="Chokbølge – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chokbølge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sto%C3%9Fwelle" title="Stoßwelle – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stoßwelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shock wave" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cokondo" title="Ŝokondo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝokondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_de_choque" title="Onda de choque – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Onda de choque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6%C3%B6klaine" title="Lööklaine – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lööklaine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talka-uhin" title="Talka-uhin – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Talka-uhin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="موج ضربه‌ای – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج ضربه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskuaalto" title="Iskuaalto – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iskuaalto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_de_choc" title="Onde de choc – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Onde de choc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonn_turrainge" title="Tonn turrainge – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tonn turrainge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="גל הלם – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גל הלם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="प्रघाती तरंग – 印地文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रघाती तरंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6k%C3%A9shull%C3%A1m" title="Lökéshullám – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lökéshullám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Հարվածային ալիք – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարվածային ալիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_kejut" title="Gelombang kejut – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang kejut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_d%27urto" title="Onda d'urto – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onda d'urto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E6%92%83%E6%B3%A2" title="衝撃波 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="衝撃波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamdeswelt_n_tneggest" title="Tamdeswelt n tneggest – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamdeswelt n tneggest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%9B%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Соққы толқыны – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соққы толқыны" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%A9%EA%B2%A9%ED%8C%8C" title="충격파 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="충격파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C5%ABgin%C4%97_banga" title="Smūginė banga – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smūginė banga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galombang_kajuik" title="Galombang kajuik – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Galombang kajuik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഷോക്ക്‌ തരംഗങ്ങൾ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷോക്ക്‌ തരംഗങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_kejutan" title="Gelombang kejutan – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gelombang kejutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Шанкштадиця толкун – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Шанкштадиця толкун" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schokgolf" title="Schokgolf – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schokgolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjokkb%C3%B8lgje" title="Sjokkbølgje – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjokkbølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjokkb%C3%B8lge" title="Sjokkbølge – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjokkbølge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_uderzeniowa" title="Fala uderzeniowa – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fala uderzeniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_de_choque" title="Onda de choque – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Onda de choque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Und%C4%83_de_%C8%99oc" title="Undă de șoc – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Undă de șoc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ударная волна – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ударная волна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shock wave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chockv%C3%A5g" title="Chockvåg – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chockvåg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="அதிர்வலை – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அதிர்வலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81" title="คลื่นกระแทก – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลื่นกระแทก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eok_dalgas%C4%B1" title="Şok dalgası – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şok dalgası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Ударна хвиля – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ударна хвиля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarba_to%CA%BBlqini" title="Zarba toʻlqini – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zarba toʻlqini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng_xung_k%C3%ADch" title="Sóng xung kích – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sóng xung kích" 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\202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧義"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>衝擊波</b>」重新導向至此。關於一種電腦病毒，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E6%93%8A%E6%B3%A2%E8%A0%95%E8%9F%B2" title="衝擊波蠕蟲">衝擊波蠕蟲</a></b>」。</div> <p><b>震波</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Shock Wave</span>），又譯作<b>衝擊波</b>、<b>駭波</b>或<b>震波</b>，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8A%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="紊流">紊流</a>的一種傳播形式。如同其他通常形式下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" title="波">波動</a>，震波也可以通過介質傳輸能量。在某些不存在物理介質的特殊情況下，震波可以通過<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="場 (物理)">場</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="電磁場">電磁場</a>來傳輸能量。震波的主要特點表現為介質特性（如壓力、溫度、或速度）在震波前後發生了一個像正的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B6%E6%A2%AF%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="階梯函數">階梯函數</a>般的突然變化。與此相應的負的階躍則為<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="膨脹波">膨脹波</a>。聲學震波其速度一般高於通常波速（在空氣中即音速）。 </p><p>震波隨距離的增加耗散很快，與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E6%B3%A2" title="孤波">孤波</a>（另一種形式的非線性波）不同。而且，膨脹波總是伴隨着震波，並最終與震波合併。這部分抵消了震波的影響。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E7%88%86" title="聲爆">聲爆</a>，一種超音速飛機通過時產生的聲學現象，即是由震波——膨脹波對震波的耗散和湮滅所產生的。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="超音速流动中的激波"><span id=".E8.B6.85.E9.9F.B3.E9.80.9F.E6.B5.81.E5.8A.A8.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E6.BF.80.E6.B3.A2"></span>超音速流動中的震波</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯章節：超音速流動中的震波"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多資訊：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E7%88%86" title="聲爆">聲爆</a></div> <p>震波是氣體超音速流動時產生的壓縮現象之一。其他兩種形式是等熵流動和普朗特-麥耶流動。對於給定的壓強比，不同的壓縮方式將產生不同的溫度和密度，其結果對於不發生化學反應的氣體是可以解析計算的。震波會導致總壓的損失。這意味着在某些情形下（例如超音速衝壓噴射裝置的進氣口），震波是無效率的。超音速飛機的壓阻就主要是由於震波導致的。 </p><p>當物體（或擾動）的運動比其周圍的流體傳播擾動資訊的速度還要快時，靠近擾動的流體在擾動到來之前就不能及時作出反應或者「讓路」。在震波中，流體的各種性質（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="馬赫數">馬赫數</a>）總是瞬時變化的。震波的厚度在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%BA%A7" title="數量級">數量級</a>上同該氣體的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子自由程（頁面不存在）">分子自由程</a>相當。當氣體運動速度大於其聲速時，震波就形成了。在流動的某些區域，氣體的擾動不能再向上游傳播，壓力快速積聚起來，高壓震波就迅速形成了。 </p><p>然而，震波不同於通常的聲波。在大約為幾個分子自由程的厚度（大氣中大概為幾微米）內，在震波前後氣體的性質會發生劇烈變化。在空氣中，震波發出很大的爆裂聲或者噼啪的噪音。隨着距離增加，震波逐漸從非線性波變為線性波，退化成通常的聲波。這是由於震波中的空氣逐漸喪失能量所致。這種聲波跟通常的雷聲，即「音爆」聽起來很像，一般是由超音速飛機製造的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="非线性峭化产生的激波"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E7.BA.BF.E6.80.A7.E5.B3.AD.E5.8C.96.E4.BA.A7.E7.94.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.BF.80.E6.B3.A2"></span>非線性峭化產生的震波</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯章節：非線性峭化產生的震波"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>震波也可由普通波銳化而形成。最著名的例子就是深海微波逼近陸地時形成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海嘯">海嘯</a>了。由於海嘯的波長很長，長達數公里，即使在大洋中傳播，依然可以認為是在淺水區。此時表面波的速度依賴於水深。接近岸時，水深驟減，導致波速大幅度下降，於是形成一面巨大的水牆，然後轟然倒塌，形成海嘯，以聲音和熱的的方式將其中的能量釋放出來。 </p><p>同樣的現象出現在氣體和等離子中的強<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2" title="聲波">聲波</a>，這是由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">音速</a>依賴於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>。這種現象在地球大氣層很難見到，但存在於太陽的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%90%83" title="色球">色球</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%95" class="mw-redirect" title="日冕">日冕</a>中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="激波的模拟"><span id=".E6.BF.80.E6.B3.A2.E7.9A.84.E6.A8.A1.E6.8B.9F"></span>震波的模擬</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯章節：震波的模擬"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>震波也可以描述為能夠「感知」下游物體運動的上游最遠點。在這種描述中，震波的位置定義為擾動可感區和擾動盲區的邊界。這可以和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%94%A5" title="光錐">光錐</a>相類比。 </p><p>要得到震波，必須得有快於聲速的運動。由於放大效應，震波是非常強烈的。 </p><p>類比現象已超出流體力學的範疇。例如，當介質中的物體運動速度大於該介質中<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>時（此時其速度仍小於真空中光速），<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>就會產生可見的震波現象，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%BF%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="切倫科夫輻射">切倫科夫輻射</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="激波的类型"><span id=".E6.BF.80.E6.B3.A2.E7.9A.84.E7.B1.BB.E5.9E.8B"></span>震波的類型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯章節：震波的類型"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>震波有如下幾種類型： </p> <ol><li>在定常流中傳播的震波 <ul><li>這種震波通常產生於具有壓差的氣體界面。此時，震波傳入低壓氣體，膨脹波傳入高壓氣體。</li> <li>例子：氣球爆炸，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="震波管（頁面不存在）">震波管</a>，爆炸震波等。</li> <li>在這種情況下，震波前氣體一般是靜止的，而震波後的氣體則以超音速運動。震波通常屬於紊流。震波的速度取決於兩種氣體的壓力比。</li></ul></li> <li>管道流動中的震波 <ul><li>當管道中的超音速流減速時產生這種震波。</li> <li>例子：超音速噴氣引擎，超音速衝壓噴射裝置，針形閥等。</li> <li>此種情形下，波前氣體為超音速，而波後氣體或者是超音速（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2" title="斜震波">斜震波</a>）或者是亞音速（正震波）。該種震波或者產生於氣體在收斂的管道中減速時，或者由於平直管道中附面層的增長而致。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="跨音速">跨音速</a>物體產生的再壓縮震波 <ul><li>當跨音速流動減速為亞音速時產生這種震波。</li> <li>例子：跨音速機翼，管道。</li> <li>原理省略。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="超音速">超音速</a>物體的附體震波 <ul><li>這種震波以「附着」的形式出現在超音速運動的尖銳物體的頂端。</li> <li>例子：超音速運動的楔形物體或錐形物體</li> <li>原理略。</li></ul></li> <li>超音速物體的脫體震波 <ul><li>當超音速運動的物體頂端很鈍時出現這種震波。</li> <li>例子：太空返回艙（阿波羅飛船，穿梭機），子彈，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%B1%82" title="磁層">磁氣圈</a>附面層</li> <li>原理略</li></ul></li> <li>爆炸波</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参看"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E7.9C.8B"></span>參看</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯章節：參看"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E7%88%86" title="聲爆">聲爆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E6%B3%A2" title="馬赫波">馬赫波</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E9%A1%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁頂（頁面不存在）">磁頂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82%E5%86%8D%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大氣層再入（頁面不存在）">大氣層再入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%96%E9%9C%87%E6%B3%A2" title="體外震波">體外震波</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯章節：外部連結"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20061127232200/http://www.efluids.com/efluids/pages/gallery.htm">頁面存檔備份</a>，存於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互聯網檔案館">互聯網檔案館</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1953/naca-report-1135/">NACA 1135: Equations, Tables, and Charts for Compressible Flow</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060103064125/http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1953/naca-report-1135/">頁面存檔備份</a>，存於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互聯網檔案館">互聯網檔案館</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeitlouder.com/document_bombshockwaveestimation.html">Bomb Shock Wave Estimation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091120131814/http://www.makeitlouder.com/document_bombshockwaveestimation.html">頁面存檔備份</a>，存於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互聯網檔案館">互聯網檔案館</a>）</li> <li>NASA Glenn Research Center information on: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150939/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/oblique.html">Oblique Shocks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821055225/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/crosshock.html">Multiple Crossed Shocks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705144745/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/expans.html">Expansion Fans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Selkirk college: Aviation intranet: High speed (supersonic) flight <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427114826/http://selair.selkirk.bc.ca/aerodynamics1/High-Speed/Page2d.html">Energy loss in a shock wave, normal and oblique shock waves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060409155430/http://selair.selkirk.bc.ca/aerodynamics1/High-Speed/Page2c.html">Formation of a normal shock wave</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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