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href="#Development_in_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development in humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_in_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development in humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_in_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eating_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eating positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsive_overeating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsive_overeating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compulsive overeating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsive_overeating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunger_and_satiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_and_satiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hunger and satiety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_and_satiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Initiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Termination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Role of the brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eating</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eet" title="Eet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84" title="أكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n" title="Alimentación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alimentación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qidalanma" title="Qidalanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qidalanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="খাওয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাওয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia%CC%8Dh" title="Chia̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chia̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Харчаванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харчаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkakan" title="Pagkakan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagkakan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Хранене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хранене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3" title="Alimentació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alimentació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADjem_potravy" title="Příjem potravy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Příjem potravy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudya" title="Kudya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kudya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6mine" title="Söömine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Söömine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n" title="Alimentación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alimentación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%9Dado" title="Manĝado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĝado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n" title="Alimentación – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alimentación" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elikadura" title="Elikadura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elikadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="خوردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentation" title="Alimentation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alimentation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n" title="Alimentación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alimentación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%AD%EC%8B%9D" title="섭식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="섭식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Սնունդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սնունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makan" title="Makan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81t" title="Át – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Át" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentazione" title="Alimentazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alimentazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אכילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אכילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan_(kegiatan)" title="Mangan (kegiatan) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mangan (kegiatan)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ತಿನ್ನುವಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿನ್ನುವಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kula" title="Kula – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kula" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xwarin" title="Xwarin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xwarin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ການກິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການກິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mityba" title="Mityba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mityba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1pl%C3%A1lkoz%C3%A1s" title="Táplálkozás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Táplálkozás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Јадење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јадење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84" title="اكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makan" title="Makan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%83h" title="Siăh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siăh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စားခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စားခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eten" title="Eten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81" title="खानु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खानु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F" title="食 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eting" title="Eting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovqatlanish" title="Ovqatlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ovqatlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C5%BCywianie" title="Odżywianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odżywianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Alimentação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alimentação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Поедание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поедание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngr%C3%ABnia" title="Ngrënia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngrënia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating" title="Eating – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Eating" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating" title="Eating – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eating" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehranjevanje" title="Prehranjevanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prehranjevanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sy%C3%B6minen" title="Syöminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syöminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84tande" title="Ätande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ätande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkain_(gawain)" title="Pagkain (gawain) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkain (gawain)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உண்ணுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உண்ணுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การกิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Харчування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Харчування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82n" title="Ăn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ăn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AB" title="喫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喫" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ingestion of food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Eating_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Eating (disambiguation)">Eating (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/EAT_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="EAT (disambiguation)">EAT (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feeding_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Feeding (disambiguation)">Feeding (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amandines_de_Provence,_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg/288px-Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg/432px-Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg/576px-Amandines_de_Provence%2C_poster_by_Leonetto_Cappiello%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption>Amandines de Provence, poster by <a href="/wiki/Leonetto_Cappiello" title="Leonetto Cappiello">Leonetto Cappiello</a>, 1900, which shows a woman eating <a href="/wiki/Almond_biscuit" title="Almond biscuit">almond cookies</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eating</b> (also known as <b>consuming</b>) is the ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>. In biology, this is typically done to provide a <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a> organism with <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and to allow for growth. Animals and other heterotrophs must eat in order to survive — <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> eat other animals, <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> eat plants, <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a> consume a mixture of both plant and animal matter, and <a href="/wiki/Detritivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritivores">detritivores</a> eat detritus. <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> digest organic matter outside their bodies as opposed to animals that digest their food inside their bodies. </p><p>For humans, eating is more complex, but is typically an <a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">activity of daily living</a>. Physicians and dieticians consider a healthful diet essential for maintaining peak physical condition. Some individuals may limit their amount of nutritional intake. This may be a result of a lifestyle choice: as part of a <a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">diet</a> or as religious fasting. Limited consumption may be due to hunger or famine. Overconsumption of calories may lead to <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and the reasons behind it are myriad, however, its prevalence has led some to declare an "<a href="/wiki/Obesity_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Obesity epidemic">obesity epidemic</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eating_practices_among_humans">Eating practices among humans</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_degustation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Photo_degustation.JPG/200px-Photo_degustation.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Photo_degustation.JPG/300px-Photo_degustation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Photo_degustation.JPG/400px-Photo_degustation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Women eating biscuits in England</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg/200px-Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg/300px-Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg/400px-Japanese_Gothic_lolita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>A girl eating a piece of cake</figcaption></figure> <p>Many homes have a large kitchen area devoted to preparation of meals and food, and may have a dining room, dining hall, or another designated area for eating. </p><p>Most societies also have <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">food courts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">food vendors</a> so that people may eat when away from home, when lacking time to prepare food, or as a social occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-I42HC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I42HC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At their highest level of sophistication, these places become "theatrical spectacles of <a href="/wiki/Global_cosmopolitanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global cosmopolitanism">global cosmopolitanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-IxPKc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IxPKc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">potlucks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_festival" title="Food festival">food festivals</a>, eating is the primary purpose of a social gathering. At many social events, food and beverages are made available to attendees. </p><p>People usually have two or three meals a day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snacks</a> of smaller amounts may be consumed between meals. Doctors in the UK recommend three meals a day (with between 400 and 600 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">kcal</a> per meal),<sup id="cite_ref-smart_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XZar9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XZar9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with four to six hours between.<sup id="cite_ref-7rCUD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7rCUD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having three well-balanced meals (described as: half of the plate with vegetables, 1/4 protein food as meat, [...] and 1/4 carbohydrates as pasta, rice)<sup id="cite_ref-Un12y_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Un12y-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will then amount to some 1800–2000 kcal, which is the average requirement for a regular person.<sup id="cite_ref-Nj11Q_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nj11Q-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In jurisdictions under <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>, it may be proscribed for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> adults during the daylight hours of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uSEqw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uSEqw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-XF41j_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XF41j-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l0Y2Y_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l0Y2Y-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_in_humans">Development in humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abell-photoblog28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abell-photoblog28.jpg/220px-Abell-photoblog28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abell-photoblog28.jpg/330px-Abell-photoblog28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Abell-photoblog28.jpg/440px-Abell-photoblog28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Eating with <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">fork</a> at a restaurant </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayat-02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hayat-02.JPG/220px-Hayat-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hayat-02.JPG/330px-Hayat-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hayat-02.JPG/440px-Hayat-02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Traditional way of eating in Uzbekistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg/220px-Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg/330px-Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg/440px-Girl_with_chopsticks_at_dumpling_restaurant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Girl with <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ethiopian_food.jpg/220px-Ethiopian_food.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ethiopian_food.jpg/330px-Ethiopian_food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ethiopian_food.jpg/440px-Ethiopian_food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopians eating with hands</figcaption></figure> <p>Newborn babies do not eat adult foods. They survive solely on <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">formula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZYeJj_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZYeJj-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small amounts of pureed food are sometimes fed to young infants as young as two or three months old, but most infants do not eat adult food until they are between six and eight months old. Young babies eat pureed <a href="/wiki/Baby_food" title="Baby food">baby foods</a> because they have few teeth and immature digestive systems. Between 8 and 12 months of age, the digestive system improves, and many babies begin eating finger foods. Their diet is still limited, however, because most babies lack <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a> at this age, and often have a limited number of <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a>. By 18 months, babies often have enough teeth and a sufficiently mature digestive system to eat the same foods as adults. Learning to eat is a messy process for children, and children often do not master neatness or eating etiquette until they are five or six years old.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_positions">Eating positions</h3></div> <p>Eating positions vary according to the different regions of the world, as culture influences the way people eat their meals. For example, most of the Middle Eastern countries, eating while sitting on the floor is most common, and it is believed to be healthier than eating while sitting at a table.<sup id="cite_ref-DQJmV_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DQJmV-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-0nFM2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0nFM2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eating in a reclining position was favored by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient Greeks</a> at a celebration they called a <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>, and this custom was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Ancient Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-themet_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themet-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew people">Ancient Hebrews</a> also adopted this posture for traditional celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-avp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsive_overeating">Compulsive overeating</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_overeating" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsive overeating">Compulsive overeating</a></div> <p>Compulsive overeating, or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">emotional eating</a>, is "the tendency to eat in response to negative emotions".<sup id="cite_ref-uynvS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uynvS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empirical studies have indicated that anxiety leads to decreased food consumption in people with normal weight and increased food consumption in the <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b4SNJ_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b4SNJ-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many laboratory studies showed that overweight individuals are more emotionally reactive and are more likely to overeat when distressed than people of normal weight. Furthermore, it was consistently found that obese individuals experience negative emotions more frequently and more intensively than do normal weight persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The naturalistic study by Lowe and Fisher compared the emotional reactivity and emotional eating of normal and overweight female college students. The study confirmed the tendency of obese individuals to overeat, but these findings applied only to snacks, not to meals. That means that obese individuals did not tend to eat more while having meals; rather, the amount of snacks they ate between meals was greater. One possible explanation that Lowe and Fisher suggest is obese individuals often eat their meals with others and do not eat more than average due to the reduction of distress because of the presence of other people. Another possible explanation would be that obese individuals do not eat more than the others while having meals due to social desirability. Conversely, snacks are usually eaten alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger_and_satiety">Hunger and satiety</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger (motivational state)</a></div> <p>There are many physiological mechanisms that control starting and stopping a meal. The control of food intake is a physiologically complex, motivated behavioral system. Hormones such as <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">cholecystokinin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">bombesin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurotensin" title="Neurotensin">neurotensin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">anorectin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">calcitonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterostatin" title="Enterostatin">enterostatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> have all been shown to suppress food intake.<sup id="cite_ref-QvWqA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QvWqA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pBHak_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pBHak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eating rapidly leads to obesity and overeating, probably because the feelings of satiety can be slower.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29440054_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29440054-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initiation">Initiation</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg/200px-German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg/300px-German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg/400px-German_Shepherd_puppy_eating_out_of_a_human_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>German Shepherd puppy eating out of a human hand</figcaption></figure> <p>There are numerous signals given off that initiate <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>. There are environmental signals, signals from the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic signals</a> that trigger hunger. The environmental signals come from the body's <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">senses</a>. The feeling of hunger could be triggered by the smell and thought of food, the sight of a plate, or hearing someone talk about food.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signals from the stomach are initiated by the release of the <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">ghrelin</a>. Ghrelin is a hormone that increases appetite by signaling to the brain that a person is hungry.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghrelin_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghrelin-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental signals and ghrelin are not the only signals that initiate hunger, there are other metabolic signals as well. As time passes between meals, the body starts to take nutrients from long-term reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Glucose_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose level">glucose levels</a> of cells drop (glucoprivation), the body starts to produce the feeling of hunger. The body also stimulates eating by detecting a drop in cellular <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> levels (lipoprivation).<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the brain and the liver monitor the levels of metabolic fuels. The brain checks for glucoprivation on its side of the blood–brain barrier (since glucose is its fuel), while the liver monitors the rest of the body for both lipoprivation and glucoprivation.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Termination">Termination</h4></div> <p>There are short-term signals of satiety that arise from the head, the stomach, the intestines, and the liver. The long-term signals of satiety come from <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The taste and odor of food can contribute to short-term satiety, allowing the body to learn when to stop eating. The stomach contains receptors to allow us to know when we are full. The intestines also contain receptors that send satiety signals to the brain. The hormone <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">cholecystokinin</a> is secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, and it controls the rate at which the stomach is emptied.<sup id="cite_ref-CCK_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCK-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hormone is thought to be a satiety signal to the brain. <a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a> 3-36 is a hormone released by the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> and it is also used as a satiety signal to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-Peptide_YY_3-36_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peptide_YY_3-36-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insulin also serves as a satiety signal to the brain. The brain detects <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> in the blood, which indicates that nutrients are being absorbed by cells and a person is getting full. Long-term satiety comes from the fat stored in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue secretes the hormone <a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">leptin</a>, and leptin suppresses appetite. Long-term satiety signals from adipose tissue regulates short-term satiety signals.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cessation of eating within two hours of sleeping can reduce body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29440054_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29440054-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_the_brain">Role of the brain</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a> can control food intake, because it contains neural circuits that detect hunger and satiety signals from other parts of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brain stem's involvement of food intake has been researched using rats. Rats that have had the <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a> in the brain stem disconnected from the neural circuits of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemispheres</a> (decerebration), are unable to approach and eat food.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they must obtain their food in a liquid form. This research shows that the brain stem does in fact play a role in eating. </p><p>There are two peptides in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> that produce hunger, <a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">melanin concentrating hormone</a> (MCH) and <a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">orexin</a>. MCH plays a bigger role in producing hunger. In mice, MCH stimulates feeding and a mutation causing the overproduction of MCH led to overeating and obesity.<sup id="cite_ref-MCH_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCH-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orexin plays a greater role in controlling the relationship between eating and sleeping. Other peptides in the hypothalamus that induce eating are neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AGRP).<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satiety in the hypothalamus is stimulated by leptin. Leptin targets the receptors on the arcuate nucleus and suppresses the secretion of MCH and orexin. The arcuate nucleus also contains two more peptides that suppress hunger. The first one is <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript</a> (CART), the second is α-MSH (α-<a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">melanocyte-stimulating hormone</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders">Disorders</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></div> <p>Physiologically, eating is generally triggered by <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">hunger</a>, but there are numerous physical and psychological conditions that can affect <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> and disrupt normal eating patterns. These include <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">depression</a>, food <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>, ingestion of certain chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Bulimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulimia">bulimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> malfunction and other <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> problems, and numerous other <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>. A chronic lack of nutritious food can cause various illnesses, and will eventually lead to <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>. </p><p>While changes in appetite can result from various physical and psychological conditions, including depression, allergies, and anxiety; anorexia and bulimia are specific eating disorders that profoundly impact the entire body.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In anorexia nervosa, people restrict their calorie intake out of fear of gaining weight. This malnutrition leads to an unhealthy weight, significantly impacting overall health.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulimia is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, involving the consumption of a substantial amount of food within a short period. Subsequently, individuals engage in maladaptive behaviors, such as inducing vomiting, excessive physical activity, and using laxatives as compensatory measures.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If eating and <a href="/wiki/Drinking" title="Drinking">drinking</a> is not possible, as is often the case when recovering from <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, alternatives are <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration#Enteral" title="Route of administration">enteral</a><sup id="cite_ref-Feeding_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeding-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nutrition and <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">parenteral nutrition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8iG4f_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8iG4f-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mammal#Feeding" title="Mammal">Mammal § Feeding</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mammal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/220px--Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm/Short-beaked_echidna_in_suburban-Sydney_backyard.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna" title="Short-beaked echidna">short-beaked echidna</a> foraging for insects</figcaption></figure> <p>To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive—mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals—this is a <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, eat plants, which contain <a href="/wiki/Complex_carbohydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex carbohydrate">complex carbohydrates</a> such as cellulose. An herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as <a href="/wiki/Granivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Granivory">granivory</a> (seed eating), <a href="/wiki/Folivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Folivory">folivory</a> (leaf eating), <a href="/wiki/Frugivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivory">frugivory</a> (fruit eating), <a href="/wiki/Nectarivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarivory">nectarivory</a> (nectar eating), <a href="/wiki/Gummivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gummivory">gummivory</a> (gum eating) and <a href="/wiki/Mycophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycophagy">mycophagy</a> (fungus eating). The digestive tract of an herbivore is host to bacteria that ferment these complex substances, and make them available for digestion, which are either housed in the multichambered <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> or in a large cecum.<sup id="cite_ref-Mammal_Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mammal_Comparative_anatomy_of_the_stomach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mammals are <a href="/wiki/Coprophagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprophagous">coprophagous</a>, consuming <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> to absorb the nutrients not digested when the food was first ingested.<sup id="cite_ref-Mammal_hair_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mammal_hair-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131–137">: 131–137 </span></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a> eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive tract</a> because the <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Exceptions to this include <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> who also house <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> in a multi-chambered stomach, like terrestrial herbivores.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type (<a href="/wiki/Allen%27s_rule" title="Allen's rule">Allen's rule</a>). Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic rate</a>. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of an herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (carnivores that feed on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 ounces (510 g; 1.1 lb) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (<a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mammal_Smithsonian_Animal_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mammal_Smithsonian_Animal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blacky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/200px-Blacky.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/300px-Blacky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blacky.jpg/400px-Blacky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_polar_bear_(Ursus_maritimus)_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_(Monodon_monoceros)_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/200px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/300px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png/400px-A_polar_bear_%28Ursus_maritimus%29_scavenging_a_narwhal_whale_%28Monodon_monoceros%29_carcass_-_journal.pone.0060797.g001-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Hypocarnivore" title="Hypocarnivore">hypocarnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) vs. the <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercarnivorous">hypercarnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mammal_valkenburgh2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mammal_valkenburgh2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Some mammals are omnivores and display varying degrees of carnivory and herbivory, generally leaning in favor of one more than the other. Since plants and meat are digested differently, there is a preference for one over the other, as in bears where some species may be mostly carnivorous and others mostly herbivorous.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are grouped into three categories: <a href="/wiki/Mesocarnivore" title="Mesocarnivore">mesocarnivory</a> (50–70% meat), <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">hypercarnivory</a> (70% and greater of meat), and <a href="/wiki/Hypocarnivore" title="Hypocarnivore">hypocarnivory</a> (50% or less of meat). The dentition of hypocarnivores consists of dull, triangular carnassial teeth meant for grinding food. Hypercarnivores, however, have conical teeth and sharp carnassials meant for slashing, and in some cases strong jaws for bone-crushing, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, allowing them to consume bones; some extinct groups, notably the <a href="/wiki/Machairodontinae" title="Machairodontinae">Machairodontinae</a>, had saber-shaped <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_canine" title="Maxillary canine">canines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mammal_valkenburgh2007_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mammal_valkenburgh2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some physiological carnivores consume plant matter and some physiological herbivores consume meat. From a behavioral aspect, this would make them omnivores, but from the physiological standpoint, this may be due to <a href="/wiki/Zoopharmacognosy" title="Zoopharmacognosy">zoopharmacognosy</a>. Physiologically, animals must be able to obtain both energy and nutrients from plant and animal materials to be considered omnivorous. Thus, such animals are still able to be classified as carnivores and herbivores when they are just obtaining nutrients from materials originating from sources that do not seemingly complement their classification.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is well documented that some ungulates such as giraffes, camels, and cattle, will gnaw on bones to consume particular minerals and nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, cats, which are generally regarded as obligate carnivores, occasionally eat grass to regurgitate indigestible material (such as <a href="/wiki/Hairball" title="Hairball">hairballs</a>), aid with hemoglobin production, and as a laxative.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Many mammals, in the absence of sufficient food requirements in an environment, suppress their metabolism and conserve energy in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period preceding hibernation, larger mammals, such as bears, become <a href="/wiki/Polyphagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphagic">polyphagic</a> to increase fat stores, whereas smaller mammals prefer to collect and stash food.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slowing of the metabolism is accompanied by a decreased heart and respiratory rate, as well as a drop in internal temperatures, which can be around ambient temperature in some cases. For example, the internal temperatures of hibernating <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ground_squirrel" title="Arctic ground squirrel">arctic ground squirrels</a> can drop to −2.9 °C (26.8 °F); however, the head and neck always stay above 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few mammals in hot environments <a href="/wiki/Aestivate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestivate">aestivate</a> in times of drought or extreme heat, for example the <a href="/wiki/Fat-tailed_dwarf_lemur" title="Fat-tailed dwarf lemur">fat-tailed dwarf lemur</a> (<i>Cheirogaleus medius</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bird#Diet_and_feeding" title="Bird">Bird § Diet and feeding</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirdBeaksA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of the heads of 16 types of birds with different shapes and sizes of beak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/170px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/255px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/340px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Feeding adaptations in beaks</figcaption></figure> <p><dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms#dietary_classification_terms_(-vores)" title="Glossary of bird terms"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of bird terms § dietary classification terms (-vores)" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Birds' diets</span></a></dfn> are varied and often include <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectar (plant)">nectar</a>, fruit, plants, seeds, <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a>, and various small animals, including other birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_Gill_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_Gill-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system of birds">digestive system of birds</a> is unique, with a <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> for storage and a <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a> that contains swallowed stones for grinding food to compensate for the lack of teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species such as pigeons and some psittacine species do not have a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most birds are highly adapted for rapid digestion to aid with flight.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein stored in many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as additional energy during migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_Battley2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_Battley2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_Gill_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_Gill-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avian_foraging" title="Avian foraging">Avian foraging</a> strategies can vary widely by species. Many birds <a href="/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)" title="Gleaning (birds)">glean</a> for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_lwa001_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_lwa001-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined, insectivorous birds eat 400–500 million metric tons of arthropods annually.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nectar feeders such as <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lories_and_lorikeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories and lorikeets">lories, and lorikeets</a> amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">co-adapted</a> flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">Kiwis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a> with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_Gill_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_Gill-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Loon" title="Loon">Loons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">diving ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auks" class="mw-redirect" title="Auks">auks</a> pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion,<sup id="cite_ref-Bird_Burger_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bird_Burger-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while aerial predators such as <a href="/wiki/Sulidae" title="Sulidae">sulids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a> plunge dive after their prey. <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Flamingos</a>, three species of <a href="/wiki/Prion_(bird)" title="Prion (bird)">prion</a>, and some ducks are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">Geese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dabbling_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabbling duck">dabbling ducks</a> are primarily grazers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Some species, including <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engage in <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a>, stealing food items from other birds. Kleptoparasitism is thought to be a supplement to food obtained by hunting, rather than a significant part of any species' diet; a study of <a href="/wiki/Great_frigatebird" title="Great frigatebird">great frigatebirds</a> stealing from <a href="/wiki/Masked_booby" title="Masked booby">masked boobies</a> estimated that the frigatebirds stole at most 40% of their food and on average stole only 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other birds are <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>; some of these, like <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, are specialised carrion eaters, while others, like gulls, <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">corvids</a>, or other birds of prey, are opportunists.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eating" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Eating">Eating portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphagia" title="Aphagia">Aphagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing">Chewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_eating" title="Competitive eating">Competitive eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieting" title="Dieting">Dieting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a>, formal military ceremony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking" title="Drinking">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Me_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Eat Me (disambiguation)">Eat Me (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_This,_Not_That" title="Eat This, Not That">Eat This, Not That</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced feeding">Forced feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muk-bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Muk-bang">Muk-bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">Swallowing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-I42HC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-I42HC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Raulston Saul (1995), "The Doubter's Companion", 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IxPKc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IxPKc_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Grazian (2008), "On the Make: The Hustle of Urban Nightlife", 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLhuissierTichitCaillavetCardon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lhuissier, Anne; Tichit, Christine; Caillavet, France; Cardon, Philippe; Masulo, Ana; Martin-Fernandez, Judith; Parizot, Isabelle; Chauvin, Pierre (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234011608">"Who Still Eats Three Meals a Day? 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"Niche Relationships Among Six Species of Shorebirds on Their Wintering and Breeding Ranges". <i>Ecological Monographs</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 193–212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973EcoM...43..193B">1973EcoM...43..193B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1942194">10.2307/1942194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942194">1942194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.atitle=Niche+Relationships+Among+Six+Species+of+Shorebirds+on+Their+Wintering+and+Breeding+Ranges&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=193-212&rft.date=1973-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1942194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1942194&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973EcoM...43..193B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Myron+Charles&rft.au=Baker%2C+Ann+Eileen+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird_Burger-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_Burger_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiberJoanna_Burger2001" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, Elizabeth Anne; Joanna Burger (2001). <i>Biology of Marine Birds</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bird+Studies&rft.atitle=Unspecialized+exploitation+of+small+carcasses+by+birds&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=200-207&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F47141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00063659109477089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991BirdS..38..200H&rft.aulast=Hiraldo&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rft.au=Blanco%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Activities_of_daily_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used to refer to daily self-care activities</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living#Basic" title="Activities of daily living">Basic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Personal hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Dressing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feeding oneself</a></li> <li>Voluntary <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">bowel</a> control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Ambulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living#Instrumental" title="Activities of daily living">Instrumental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">Housework</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">Cleaning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Money management">Managing money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> use <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a> use</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optional-instrumental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Care <small>(of self, <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">the elderly</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Child rearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving" title="Driving">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_care_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care assistant">Personal care assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_residents" class="mw-redirect" title="Care of residents">Care of residents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals_navbox" title="Template talk:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components<br />and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">Table service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt_sushi" title="Conveyor belt sushi">Conveyor belt sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter_(dinner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter (dinner)">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADzio" title="Rodízio">Rodízio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">Service à la française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_service" title="Silver service">Silver service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_reservation" title="Table reservation">Table reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_fresco_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Al fresco dining">Al fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_presentation" title="Food presentation">Food presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">Garnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyotaimori" title="Nyotaimori">Nyotaimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">Pièce montée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serving_size" title="Serving size">Serving size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">Tablecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_utensil_etiquette" title="Eating utensil etiquette">Eating utensil etiquette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">Waiting staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">Antipasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti" title="Cicchetti">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_table_d%27h%C3%B4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean table d'hôte">Korean table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastarkh%C4%81n" title="Dastarkhān">Dastarkhān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three" title="Meat and three">Meat and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazuya" title="Okazuya">Okazuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">Plate lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter">Pu pu platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_three" title="Rice and three">Rice and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">Dosirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_rations" title="Emergency rations">Emergency rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">Frozen meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_breakfast" title="Instant breakfast">Instant breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_lunch" title="Packed lunch">Packed lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out">Take-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">Menus</a> and<br />meal deals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-plate_special" title="Blue-plate special">Blue-plate special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">Free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_refill" title="Free refill">Free refill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">School meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_meal" title="Suspended meal">Suspended meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_menu" title="Value menu">Value menu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">Commercium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittning" title="Sittning">Sittning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">Supra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableround" class="mw-redirect" title="Tableround">Tableround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_restaurant" title="Virtual restaurant">Virtual restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places to eat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">Picnic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traiteur_(culinary_profession)" title="Traiteur (culinary profession)">Traiteur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">Chef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_food_and_beverage_topics" title="Lists of food and beverage topics">Lists of food and beverage topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumeria" title="Salumeria">Salumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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