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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Second_Fitna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Second_Fitna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Role in the Second Fitna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Second_Fitna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imamate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imamate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Imamate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imamate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imamate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imamate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession_to_Husayn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_to_Husayn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Succession to Husayn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_Husayn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_epithets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_epithets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Titles and epithets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_epithets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companions_and_narrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companions_and_narrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Companions and narrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companions_and_narrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Sahifa_al-sajjadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Sahifa_al-sajjadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span><span><i>Al-Sahifa al-sajjadiyya</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Sahifa_al-sajjadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplication_of_Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplication_of_Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Supplication of Abu Hamza al-Thumali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplication_of_Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risalat_al-Hoquq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risalat_al-Hoquq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span><span><i>Risalat al-Hoquq</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risalat_al-Hoquq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ali al-Sajjad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="علي زين العابدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علي زين العابدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeyn%C3%BClabidin" title="Zeynülabidin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zeynülabidin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ایمام سجاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمام سجاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8" title="আলী ইবনে হোসাইন জয়নুল আবিদীন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলী ইবনে হোসাইন জয়নুল আবিদীন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D2%92%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Зәйн әл-Ғәбидин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зәйн әл-Ғәбидин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zejnul-Abidin" title="Zejnul-Abidin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zejnul-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Zayn-al-Abid%C3%ADn" title="Alí Zayn-al-Abidín – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alí Zayn-al-Abidín" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin" title="Zayn al-Abidin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zayn al-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_ibn_Husain_Zain_al-%CA%BF%C4%80bid%C4%ABn" title="ʿAlī ibn Husain Zain al-ʿĀbidīn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ʿAlī ibn Husain Zain al-ʿĀbidīn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Hus%C3%A1yn" title="Ali ibn al-Husáyn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ali ibn al-Husáyn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سجاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سجاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Zayn_al-Abidin" title="Ali Zayn al-Abidin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ali Zayn al-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali ibn Husayn – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ali ibn Husayn" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="अली इब्न हुसैन ज़ैनुलआबिदीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अली इब्न हुसैन ज़ैनुलआबिदीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Husain" title="Ali bin Husain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ali bin Husain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Husayn_(Zayn_al-%27Abidin)" title="Ali ibn al-Husayn (Zayn al-'Abidin) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ali ibn al-Husayn (Zayn al-'Abidin)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="עלי בן חוסיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלי בן חוסיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Husain" title="Ali bin Husain – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ali bin Husain" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="امام سجاد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="امام سجاد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="സൈനുൽ ആബിദീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈനുൽ ആബിദീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="على زين العابدين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="على زين العابدين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سجاد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سجاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Zain_al-Abidien" title="Ali Zain al-Abidien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ali Zain al-Abidien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8C%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="アリー・ザイヌルアービディーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリー・ザイヌルアービディーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Husayn_Zayn_al-%E2%80%99Abidin" title="Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-’Abidin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="علی ابن حسین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="علی ابن حسین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husajn" title="Ali ibn Husajn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ali ibn Husajn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibne_Huceine_Zaine_Alabidim" title="Ali ibne Huceine Zaine Alabidim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ali ibne Huceine Zaine Alabidim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Зейн аль-Абидин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зейн аль-Абидин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zejn_el-Abidin" title="Zejn el-Abidin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zejn el-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali ibn Husayn – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ali ibn Husayn" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="زين العابدين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زين العابدين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_Zeyn_Al-Caabidiin" title="Cali Zeyn Al-Caabidiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cali Zeyn Al-Caabidiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عەلی کوڕی حوسێن زەین ئەلعابدین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەلی کوڕی حوسێن زەین ئەلعابدین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajn_al-Abidin" title="Zajn al-Abidin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zajn al-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Zayn_al-Abidin" title="Ali Zayn al-Abidin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ali Zayn al-Abidin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%B7%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Саҷҷод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саҷҷод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeynel%C3%A2bid%C3%AEn" title="Zeynelâbidîn – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zeynelâbidîn" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Алі ібн Хусейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алі ібн Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زین العابدین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زین العابدین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeynel_Abidin" title="Zeynel Abidin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zeynel Abidin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%B0%E5%9B%A0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%81" title="阿里·宰因·阿比丁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿里·宰因·阿比丁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q314978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Great-grandson of Muhammad and fourth Shia imam (659–713)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #CEF2CE; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ali al-Sajjad<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علي السجاد</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeynulabidin_preaching_in_defence_of_Huseyin_in_a_mosque_in_the_presence_of_Yezid._A_miniature_painting_from_a_manuscript_of_Hadikat_us-suada,_a_history_of_the_holy_martyrs_of_the_Prophet%27s_family,_Turkey,_late_16th-early_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zeynulabidin_preaching_in_defence_of_Huseyin_in_a_mosque_in_the_presence_of_Yezid._A_miniature_painting_from_a_manuscript_of_Hadikat_us-suada%2C_a_history_of_the_holy_martyrs_of_the_Prophet%27s_family%2C_Turkey%2C_late_16th-early_17th_century.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zeynulabidin_preaching_in_defence_of_Huseyin_in_a_mosque_in_the_presence_of_Yezid._A_miniature_painting_from_a_manuscript_of_Hadikat_us-suada%2C_a_history_of_the_holy_martyrs_of_the_Prophet%27s_family%2C_Turkey%2C_late_16th-early_17th_century.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Zeynulabidin_preaching_in_defence_of_Huseyin_in_a_mosque_in_the_presence_of_Yezid._A_miniature_painting_from_a_manuscript_of_Hadikat_us-suada%2C_a_history_of_the_holy_martyrs_of_the_Prophet%27s_family%2C_Turkey%2C_late_16th-early_17th_century.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ali al-Sajjad in the court of <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a> in a 16th or 17th century <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> manuscript</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#CEF2CE;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imam</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />680 – 712 CE</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a>) </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Zayn al-Abidin<br />(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ornament of the worshippers</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Sajjad<br />(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the one who is constantly prostrating in worship</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ibn al-Khiyaratayn<br />(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">son of the best two</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Dhu al-Thafanat<br />(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the one with calluses (from many prayers)</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">al-Zaki<br />(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the pure one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CEF2CE; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 38 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> <br />(658–659 <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 94–95 AH <br />(712–714 CE)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Medina</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">Al-Baqi' Cemetery</a>, Medina<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ali_al-Sajjad&params=24_28_1_N_39_36_50.21_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°28′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°36′50.21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24.46694°N 39.6139472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24.46694; 39.6139472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia view of Fatimah">Fatimah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;"> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">ar-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">al-Taqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">al-Naqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Principles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate of the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Amr bi-l maʿrūf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Nahy ani l-Munkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalli">Tawalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarri">Tabarri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Arba'een Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy cities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other related sects and groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li>Sufi orders and <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Maraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Maraji">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayatollahs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ayatollahs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojatoleslam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojatoleslam">Hojatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hadith collections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">The Four Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other hadith collections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C4%81%27il_al-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasā'il al-Shīʿa">Wasā'il al-Shīʿa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Reality of Certainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafatih_al-Jinan" title="Mafatih al-Jinan">Mafatih al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and jurisprudence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_books#Shia_collections" title="List of hadith books">Hadiths</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Infallibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijma'">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">Reason</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Twelver Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelvers" title="Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelvers" title="Template talk:Twelvers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">علي بن الحسين السجاد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sajjād</i></span>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 658</span> – 712), also known as <b>Zayn al-Abidin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زين العابدين</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'ornament of worshippers') was the great-grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and the fourth <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imam in Shia Islam</a>, succeeding his father, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>, and his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>. </p><p>Ali al-Sajjad was born around 658 <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>. He survived the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in 680, in which Husayn and his small caravan were massacred en route to <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad caliphate">Umayyad caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>). After the battle, al-Sajjad and other survivors were treated poorly and taken to the Umayyad capital <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Al-Sajjad was eventually allowed to return to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, where he led a secluded life, without participating in the numerous pro-<a href="/wiki/Alid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alid">Alid</a> uprisings against the Umayyads during the civil war of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a>. Instead, he devoted his life to worship and learning, and was highly esteemed, even among proto- <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunnis</a>, as a leading authority on Islamic tradition (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) and law (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i></span>). He was also known for his piety and virtuous character. Being <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">politically quiescent</a>, al-Sajjad had few followers until late in his life, for many Shia Muslims were initially drawn to the anti-Umayyad movement of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a>. </p><p>Ali al-Sajjad died around 712, either from natural causes or having been poisoned by the Umayyads. After his death, the mainstream Shia followed his eldest son, the equally quiescent <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a>. Some others followed Muhammad's much younger half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">rebellion</a> was crushed by the Umayyads in 740, marking the birth of <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a>. Some supplications attributed to al-Sajjad are collected in <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the scripture of al-Sajjad</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which is highly regarded by the Shia. Ali al-Sajjad is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance when numerical odds are against one. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></div> <p>Ali al-Sajjad was born in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, or perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, in the year 38 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (658–659 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a> annually celebrate the fifth of <a href="/wiki/Sha%27ban" title="Sha'ban">Sha'ban</a> for this occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Sajjad was the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and the grandson of the first <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamate in Shia Islam">Shia imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, by the latter's marriage with Muhammad's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">assassinated</a> in 661, al-Sajjad was raised by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and his father, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>, the second and third Shia imams, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Husayn also had two other sons named Ali, both of whom were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in 680. The first one was an infant, identified in <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> literature as <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Asghar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn">Ali al-Asghar</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Ali junior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The second one was <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Akbar_ibn_Husayn" title="Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn">Ali al-Akbar</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Ali senior</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), although some historical accounts suggest that al-Sajjad was instead the eldest son of Husayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Sajjad's mother is named variously in sources as Barra, Gazala, Solafa, Salama, Shahzanan, and <a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> accounts, she was a freed slave girl (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a></i></span>) from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Shia sources maintain that al-Sajjad’s mother a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–651</span>), the last <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Emperor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was overthrown during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201662_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201662-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia tradition thus refers to al-Sajjad as Ibn al-Khiyaratayn (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">son of the best two</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), a title that signifies his noble descent on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the claim that al-Sajjad's mother was a Sasanian princess is specific to Shia sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia accounts add that Yazdegerd’s daughter was brought to Medina as a captive during the reign of the second <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644</span>). She was then allowed to choose her husband, Husayn, and died shortly after giving birth to her only son, Ali al-Sajjad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107–108_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107–108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karbala">Karbala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Karbala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></div> <p>On 10 <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> 61 AH (10 October 680), Husayn and his small caravan were intercepted and massacred in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>), to whom Husayn had refused to pledge his allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali al-Sajjad was also present there, in the Battle of Karbala, but was too ill to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After killing Husayn and his male relatives and supporters, the Umayyad troops looted his camp and some were intent on killing al-Sajjad but his life was ultimately spared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198530_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198530-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the battle, al-Sajjad and the women were taken prisoner and marched to the nearby Kufa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198530_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198530-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were badly treated along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107Hamdar200986,_93Hyder200646_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107Hamdar200986,_93Hyder200646-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once in Kufa, they were paraded in shackles, and the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">women unveiled</a>, around the city, along with the heads of the fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The captives were then presented to the Umayyad governor <a href="/wiki/Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad" title="Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad">Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad</a>, who boasted of killing Husayn and his relatives,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling it divine punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When al-Sajjad responded that Ibn Ziyad was a murderer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the governor ordered his execution but relented when al-Sajjad was protected by his aunt <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab</a>, who asked to be killed first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130,_149_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130,_149-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Ziyad imprisoned the captives for a time and then sent them to the Umayyad capital, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198531_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198531-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the captives were taken to Damascus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200113_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault200113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were displayed from village to village along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter to Yazid, attributed to Muhammad's cousin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Abbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas (page does not exist)">Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas</a>, chastises the caliph for treating the captives poorly, suggesting that such treatment was worse than the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015129_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015129-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Damascus">In Damascus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Damascus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_Ali_ibn_Husayn_in_Damascus" title="Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus">Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus</a></div> <p>In Damascus, captives were paraded in the streets,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then imprisoned for a while,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being brought to the caliph. Yazid’s reaction to, and his culpability in, the events in Karbala have been debated in medieval and modern sources alike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first narrative is that he treated the captives kindly after an initial, harsh interrogation, saying that he regretted the conduct of his governor, and that he would have pardoned Husayn if he were alive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such accounts are offered by the Islamicists <a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">L. Veccia Vaglieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">W. Madelung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">H. Halm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199915_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199915-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">M. Momen</a>, another expert, believes that Yazid, fearing social unrest, released the captives as public opinion began to sway in their favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198531_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198531-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar views are expressed by some other authors, including <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">J. Esposito</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R. Osman,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K. Aghaie,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b121_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b121-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D. Pinault,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200113_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault200113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H. Munson,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunson198823_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson198823-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Shia scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">M. H. Tabataba'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975177_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975177-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Islamicist <a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">H. M. Jafri</a> writes that Yazid is not known to have reprimanded his governor in the wake of the massacre, which does not suggest any remorse to Jafri. At any rate, such claims of remorse are in stark contrast to Yazid's earlier orders to his governor to either exact homage from Husayn or kill him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979194_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979194-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alternative narrative suggests that the captives were brought to the caliph in a ceremony, who gloated over avenging his pagan relatives killed fighting Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such accounts are given by the Islamicists <a href="/wiki/Tahera_Qutbuddin" title="Tahera Qutbuddin">T. Qutbuddin</a> and R. Osman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015149n212_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015149n212-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some reports, Yazid also dishonored the severed head of Husayn with blows from a cane,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault199871_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault199871-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this last episode is sometimes attributed to Ibn Ziyad instead,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971Momen198531Abu_Zahra1997118_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971Momen198531Abu_Zahra1997118-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in line with the Sunni tendency to exonerate the caliph of killing Husayn and blaming Ibn Ziyad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">great mosque in Damascus</a>, known as Mashhad Ali, marks where al-Sajjad was incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The captives were eventually freed and escorted back to Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their caravan may have returned via Karbala, where they halted to mourn the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200113_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault200113-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunni sources report of Yazid's remorse for the massacre and that he compensated the captives for the properties plundered by his soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201470_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201470-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Shia authorities contend that it was the captives' activism that compelled the caliph to eventually distance himself from the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar views have been expressed by some contemporary authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198531Esposito2022Tabatabai1975177_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198531Esposito2022Tabatabai1975177-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali al-Sajjad led a quiet and scholarly life after returning to Medina, confining himself to a small circle of followers and disciples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200772_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200772-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He <a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">kept aloof from politics</a> and dedicated his time to prayer, which earned him his honorifics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many years, al-Sajjad commemorated the Karbala massacre in private gatherings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201474_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201474-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fearing the Umayyads' wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain200581_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain200581-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyder200620_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyder200620-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such gatherings were a form of protest against the Umayyad regime,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978153_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978153-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the precursor of Shia <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Muharram rituals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010210_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010210-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b10_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b10-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personally, al-Sajjad was deeply affected by the Karbala massacre, to the point that for many years he frequently wept over it. He justified his prolonged grief with a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> verse 12:84, which describes the immense grief of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Jacob</a> during the absence of his son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Joseph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_the_Second_Fitna">Role in the Second Fitna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in the Second Fitna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tawwabin_uprising" title="Tawwabin uprising">Tawwabin uprising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a></div> <p>After the Karbala massacre, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abd Allah</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a>, who was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Muhammad">companion of Muhammad</a>, declared himself caliph in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. He gradually gained popular support,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201467_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201467-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the extent that in 683 the <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufans</a> forcibly replaced their Umayyad governor with a representative of Ibn Zubayr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979227_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979227-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali al-Sajjad remained neutral towards Ibn Zubayr,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200031-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even leaving town during the unrest in Medina,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200031-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and never pledging allegiance to Ibn Zubayr,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but being left unmolested by him. Ali al-Sajjad was also not harmed by Yazid's forces, who later pillaged Medina after their victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Harra" title="Battle of al-Harra">Battle of al-Harra</a> in 683.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this occasion, al-Sajjad, unlike others, was exempted from a renewed oath of allegiance to Yazid,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200031-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps because he had earlier sheltered the Umayyad <a href="/wiki/Marwan_ibn_al-Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwan ibn al-Hakam">Marwan ibn al-Hakam</a> and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-Shia sources describe a friendly relationship between al-Sajjad and Marwan, who in 684 succeeded Yazid's sickly son in the caliphate. Such sources even allege that al-Sajjad borrowed from Marwan to buy a concubine or that he was consulted by him about a message from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor. In contrast, Shia sources contend that al-Sajjad interacted with authorities under the principle of religious dissimulation (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">taqiyya</a></i></span>) to avoid persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the Karbala massacre, the <a href="/wiki/Tawwabin_uprising" title="Tawwabin uprising">Tawwabins</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">penitents</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in Kufa were the first to seek revenge. They revolted to atone for having deserted Husayn, meaning to deliver the caliphate to his son, al-Sajjad;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933105_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933105-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were crushed in 684 by a much larger Umayyad army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979161_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979161-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that al-Sajjad was involved in this uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Yazid's death in 683, <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtar al-Thaqafi</a> appeared in Kufa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031–32_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200031–32-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he campaigned to avenge Husayn, while claiming to represent <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya</a>, who was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, but not from the latter's marriage to Fatima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By some accounts, Mukhtar initially sought the support of al-Sajjad, who refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979240_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979240-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mukhtar's campaign in Kufa was nevertheless successful, and he seized control of the city in 686,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198535-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon he killed some of those thought to be responsible for the Karbala massacre,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200771_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200771-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Shimr, Ibn Sa'd, and Ibn Ziyad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mukhtar may have even made a gift of Ibn Sa'd's head to al-Sajjad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mukhtar was himself killed by Ibn Zubayr's forces in 687,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they did not harm al-Sajjad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggests that al-Sajjad had only weak ties to Mukhtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sources are contradictory as to what al-Sajjad thought of Mukhtar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake2007269n93_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake2007269n93-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979235–236_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979235–236-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Shia sources are largely unsympathetic towards Mukhtar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200796_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200796-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in part because he championed Ibn al-Hanafiyya rather than al-Sajjad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, al-Sajjad was not harmed by the Umayyad commander <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who defeated and killed Ibn Zubayr in 692.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Fatema(single_one)_and_other_Imams.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG/220px-Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG/330px-Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG/440px-Grave_Fatema%28single_one%29_and_other_Imams.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_early_Islamic_heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">desecrated</a> grave of al-Sajjad in the Baqi' Cemetery in Medina</figcaption></figure> <p>Ali al-Sajjad died in 94 or 95 AH (712–714 CE) and was buried next to his uncle Hasan in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">al-Baqi cemetery</a> in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536–37_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536–37-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia Muslims annually commemorate this occasion on the eleventh of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shrine stood over his grave until its <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">demolition</a> in 1806; and then, after reconstruction, it was demolished again in 1925 or 1926, both demolitions being carried out by the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner2010_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a revivalist Saudi-backed movement that considers the veneration of Muslim saints a form of polytheism and a grave sin.(<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">shirk</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim200619–22_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim200619–22-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali al-Sajjad either died from natural causes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, as reported by Shia authorities, he was poisoned at the instigation of the reigning Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik">al-Walid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–715</span>) or perhaps his brother <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 724–743</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198537_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198537-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110–111_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110–111-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imamate">Imamate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imamate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_to_Husayn">Succession to Husayn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Succession to Husayn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a></div> <p>Today, most Shias believe that Husayn was succeeded by al-Sajjad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce201654_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201654-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose imamate coincided with the caliphates of Yazid (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 680–683</span>), <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 683–684</span>), <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 684–685</span>), <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 685–705</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">al-Walid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–715</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the only surviving son of Husayn, al-Sajjad was the natural candidate for the imamate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some Shia traditions to the effect that Husayn had <a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">designated</a> al-Sajjad as his heir and successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, however, many Shias felt that, like Husayn, their imam should rise against the tyranny of the Umayyads. Given the quiescent attitude of al-Sajjad, these Shias rallied behind Mukhtar, who revolted in support of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv–xvi_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv–xvi-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter thus initially diverted much support away from al-Sajjad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who led a secluded, pious life after Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, even though al-Sajjad was widely respected,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2000115_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2000115-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had few followers until the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in 692.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such was his quiescent attitude that some Western historians are uncertain whether he put forward any claims to imamate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198564_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198564-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet some contemporary Shia figures, including <a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Kabuli" title="Abu Khalid al-Kabuli">Abu Khalid al-Kabuli</a> and Qasim ibn Awf, are known to have switched their allegiance to al-Sajjad from Ibn al-Hanafiyya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979168_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979168-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his part, Ibn al-Hanafiyya remained in his hometown of Medina and declined active leadership of Mukhtar's uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015173_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015173-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Hanafiyya neither repudiated Mukhtar's propaganda in his own favor nor made any public claims about succession to Husayn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, perhaps Ibn al-Hanafiyya had secret designs for the caliphate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200033_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200033-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because he never pledged allegiance to Ibn Zubayr,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who even imprisoned him until he was rescued by Mukhtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270–271_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270–271-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Hanafiyya's followers among the Shia became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kasaniyya</a>, who continued to trace the imamate through his descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201838n9_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201838n9-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200034–35_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200034–35-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Kaysanites apparently joined al-Sajjad when Ibn al-Hanafiyya died in 700 or 701.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some others thought that he was <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">concealed by divine will</a> and would eventually return to eradicate injustice on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198810_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198810-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was perhaps when the messianic concept of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> became mainstream in Shia Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina19819_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina19819-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroneHinds2003103_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroneHinds2003103-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200052_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200052-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Kaysanites, however, followed Ibn al-Hanafiyya's son, <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Abu Hashim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the latter died, his imamate supposedly passed on to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasids</a>, that is, descendants of Muhammad’s uncle, <a href="/wiki/Al-Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abbas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200591_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200591-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaysanites later proved instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_revolution" title="Abbasid revolution">Abbasids’ overthrow of the Umayyads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Abbasids gradually turned against their former Shia allies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198571_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198571-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they carried most Kaysanites with themselves toward Sunnism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198569_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198569-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among other Shia sects, the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a> believe that Husayn had designated Ibn al-Hanafiyya as a temporary imam to protect the identity of the true imam, that is, al-Sajjad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydis</a>, by contrast, do not count al-Sajjad among their imams,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985328n5_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985328n5-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his political quietism disqualifies him from Zaydi imamate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201487_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201487-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor">Successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When al-Sajjad died, most of his followers accepted the imamate of his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is often known by the honorific al-Baqir (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the one who brings knowledge to light</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, popular Shia sources report that, before his death, al-Sajjad designated al-Baqir as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979171Chittick1987xviLalani200041_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979171Chittick1987xviLalani200041-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd</a>, a much younger half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013145_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013145-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also asserted a claim to leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the quiescent al-Baqir,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198537_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198537-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zayd was politically active. He revolted against the Umayyads in 740 but was soon killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2002_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2002-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps to widen his support,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zayd accommodated some majority views that were not espoused by the early Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198537_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198537-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, he did not condemn the first two caliphs, namely, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201489_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201489-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are denounced in Shia Islam as usurpers of Ali ibn Abi Talib's right to the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such views, however, cost Zayd part of his support among Shias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201489Momen198549–50Jafri1979173_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201489Momen198549–50Jafri1979173-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zayd's rebellion marks the beginning of the Zaydi (Shia) movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201487_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201487-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially for early Zaydis, any (religiously) learned descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">qualified for leadership</a> as long as he rose against the unjust government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201829_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201829-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miracles">Miracles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shia sources attribute some miracles to al-Sajjad: He spoke to a gazelle in the desert, restored youth to an old woman, and the sacred <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> in Mecca attested to his imamate in the presence of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_epithets">Titles and epithets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Titles and epithets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali's <a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">teknonym</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kunya</i></span></a>) is reported variously as Abu al-Hasan, Abu al-Husayn, Abu Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Abu Abd Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reference to his devotion to worship,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali's honorific title is Zayn al-Abidin (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ornament of worshipers</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), by which he was already known during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His other titles are al-Sajjad (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the one who is constantly prostrating in worship</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and al-Zaki (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the pure one</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). He was also known as Dhu al-Thafenat, meaning ‘he who has calluses’ from frequent prostration in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali al-Sajjad was thin and resembled his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib, both in appearance and demeanor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent much of his time in worship and learning,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the point that his face was bruised and his legs were swollen from lengthy prayers, according to his Shia biographer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce201655_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201655-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a leading authority on Islamic tradition (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) and law (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>), and was well known for his virtuous character and piety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For all these reasons, Muhammad's great-grandson was highly esteemed, even among non-Shia Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was particularly the case within the learned circles of Medina,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Jafri1979170Lalani2000215_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Jafri1979170Lalani2000215-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that among his associates and admirers were some top Sunni scholars of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">al-Zuhri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Said_ibn_al-Musayyib" title="Said ibn al-Musayyib">Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979245–246_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979245–246-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and some other hadith scholars have copied from al-Sajjad in Sunni sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poem praising al-Sajjad, attributed to the renowned poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Farazdaq" title="Al-Farazdaq">al-Farazdaq</a>, describes the ire of Hisham, prior to his caliphate, when crowds showed more respect to al-Sajjad than to Hisham during a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix–xMadelung1985Jafri1979169_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix–xMadelung1985Jafri1979169-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also numerous stories about the generosity of al-Sajjad in Shia sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bought and freed dozens of slaves in his lifetime,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and secretly provided for destitute Medinans, who discovered, after his death, that al-Sajjad was the benefactor who regularly brought them food at night, while covering his face to preserve his anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the stories about his forbearance and magnanimity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he is said to have sheltered Marwan's family during the anti-Umayyad revolt in Medina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali al-Sajjad also prevented ill-treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Isma%27il_al-Makhzumi" title="Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi">Hisham ibn Isma'il</a> when the latter was dismissed as the governor of Medina, even though Hisham had regularly insulted al-Sajjad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali al-Sajjad is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance against numerically superior odds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003347_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003347-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali al-Sajjad had between eight and fifteen children,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps eleven boys and four girls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of his sons were born to <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a> and the rest were from concubines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his sons were Zayd and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Abdullah_ibn_Ali_Zayn_al-Abidin" title="Mausoleum of Abdullah ibn Ali Zayn al-Abidin">Abd Allah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the eldest of them was Muhammad al-Baqir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companions_and_narrators">Companions and narrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Companions and narrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though he was widely respected,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2000115_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2000115-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al-Sajjad had few supporters until the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in 692.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia authors have listed 168 to 237 companions and narrators for al-Sajjad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of whom believed in his infallibility (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">ismah</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013128_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013128-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some senior associates of al-Sajjad were among the companions of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib, such as <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd_Allah" title="Jabir ibn Abd Allah">Jabir ibn Abd Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amir_ibn_Wathila_al-Kinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir ibn Wathila al-Kinani">Amir ibn Wathila al-Kinani</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salama_ibn_Kahil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salama ibn Kahil (page does not exist)">Salama ibn Kahil</a>. Among other notable companions of al-Sajjad were Abu Hamza al-Thumali, <a href="/wiki/Aban_ibn_Taghlib" title="Aban ibn Taghlib">Aban ibn Taghlib</a>, Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, Yahya ibn Umm Tawil, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a>, Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, Muhammad and Hakim ibn Jubair ibn Mut'am, and Humran ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Tayyar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2000108–110_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2000108–110-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transmitters of hadith from al-Sajjad include Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Thabit ibn Hormuz Haddad, Amru ibn Thabit, and Salim ibn Abi Hafsa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Sahifa_al-sajjadiyya"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Sahifa al-sajjadiyya</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Al-Sahifa al-sajjadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the scripture of al-Sajjad</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the oldest collection of Islamic prayers. Shia tradition regards this book with great respect, ranking it behind only the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-balagha" title="Nahj al-balagha">Nahj al-balagha</a></i></span>, which is attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fifty-four supplications form the core of the book, which also includes an addenda of fourteen supplications and another <a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Whispered_Prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteen Whispered Prayers">Fifteen Whispered Prayers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book, attributed to al-Sajjad, is often regarded as authentic by Shia scholars of hadith,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although its whispered prayers (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">munajat</i></span>) may have been artistically edited by others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xviii_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xviii-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarded as a seminal work in Islamic spirituality, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Sahifa</i></span> is also a rich source of Islamic teachings. Its prayer "Blessing Upon the Bearers of the Throne", for instance, summarizes the Islamic views about <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xliv_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xliv-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was translated into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> era; and its English translation, entitled <i>The Psalms of Islam</i>, is available with an introduction and annotations by the Islamicist <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">W. Chittick</a>. Numerous commentaries have been written about <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Sahifa</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplication_of_Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali">Supplication of Abu Hamza al-Thumali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Supplication of Abu Hamza al-Thumali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Supplication_of_Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali" title="Supplication of Abu Hamza al-Thumali">This supplication</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Du%27a%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Du'a'">du'a'</a></i></span>) is attributed to al-Sajjad, and is transmitted by his companion <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali" title="Abu Hamza al-Thumali">Abu Hamza al-Thumali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risalat_al-Hoquq"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Risalat al-Hoquq</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Risalat al-Hoquq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The right of charity (sadaqa) is that you know it is a storing away with your Lord and a deposit for which you will have no need for witnesses. If you deposit it in secret, you will be more confident of it than if you deposit it in public. You should know that it repels afflictions and illnesses from you in this world and it will repel the Fire from you in the next world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987304,_305_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987304,_305-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Ali al-Sajjad</cite></div> </div> <p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Risalat al-Huquq</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">treatise on rights</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is attributed to al-Sajjad; it was written at the request of a disciple. Available in two recensions, this book is concerned with social and religious responsibilities. It exhaustively describes the rights God bestows upon humans and the rights humans should give themselves and each other, as perceived in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987299_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987299-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book describes the social duties each human must observe, and that those are predicated on more fundamental duties, such as faith in God and obedience to Him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xlib_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xlib-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ali ibn Husayn</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="s:Author:Ali ibn Husayn">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314978" class="extiw" title="d:Q314978">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/42px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/56px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xiv_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017">Baghestani & Emadi Haeri 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1985_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1985">Madelung 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2002_5-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2002">Kohlberg 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201662-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy201662_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2016">Kennedy 2016</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107–108-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107–108_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri1971">Veccia Vaglieri 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198530-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198530_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198530_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107Hamdar200986,_93Hyder200646-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107Hamdar200986,_93Hyder200646_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2019">Qutbuddin 2019</a>, p. 107; <a href="#CITEREFHamdar2009">Hamdar 2009</a>, pp. 86, 93; <a href="#CITEREFHyder2006">Hyder 2006</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019107_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2019">Qutbuddin 2019</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsman2015">Osman 2015</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130,_149-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015130,_149_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsman2015">Osman 2015</a>, pp. 130, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198531-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198531_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198531_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault200113-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200113_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200113_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault200113_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinault2001">Pinault 2001</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004a-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004a_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAghaie2004a">Aghaie 2004a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAghaie2004b">Aghaie 2004b</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015129-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015129_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsman2015">Osman 2015</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2022_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2022">Esposito 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin20059938_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2005">Qutbuddin 2005</a>, p. 9938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2004_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung2004">Madelung 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm199915-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm199915_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1999">Halm 1999</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015131_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsman2015">Osman 2015</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b121-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b121_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAghaie2004b">Aghaie 2004b</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunson198823-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunson198823_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunson1988">Munson 1988</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975177-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975177_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979194-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979194_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2019118–119_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2019">Qutbuddin 2019</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015149n212-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015149n212_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsman2015">Osman 2015</a>, p. 149n212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinault199871-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinault199871_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinault1998">Pinault 1998</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971Momen198531Abu_Zahra1997118-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri1971Momen198531Abu_Zahra1997118_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri1971">Veccia Vaglieri 1971</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFAbu_Zahra1997">Abu Zahra 1997</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201470-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201470_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198531Esposito2022Tabatabai1975177-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198531Esposito2022Tabatabai1975177_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFEsposito2022">Esposito 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933107_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200772-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200772_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201474-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201474_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussain200581-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHussain200581_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHussain2005">Hussain 2005</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyder200620-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyder200620_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyder2006">Hyder 2006</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978153-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub1978153_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyoub1978">Ayoub 1978</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010210-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon_Melton2010210_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon_Melton2010">Gordon Melton 2010</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b10-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAghaie2004b10_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAghaie2004b">Aghaie 2004b</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201467-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201467_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198535-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198535_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979227-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979227_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200031-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979238_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933105-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933105_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979159_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979161-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979161_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200031–32-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200031–32_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979240-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979240_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200771-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200771_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933106_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake2007269n93-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake2007269n93_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 269n93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979235–236-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979235–236_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979236_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200796-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200796_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536–37-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536–37_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner2010-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner2010_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWerner2010">Werner 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim200619–22-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim200619–22_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbrahim2006">Ibrahim 2006</a>, pp. 19–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201828_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198537-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198537_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198537_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198537_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110–111-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110–111_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201654-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce201654_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierce2016">Pierce 2016</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979166_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200078-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200078_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv–xvi-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xv–xvi_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, pp. xv–xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2000115-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2000115_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2000115_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Kohlberg2002Jafri1979168_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2002">Kohlberg 2002</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198564-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198564_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979168-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979168_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015173-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015173_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2015">Daftary 2015</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200033-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200033_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuhl1993_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuhl1993">Buhl 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270–271-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider2014270–271_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201838n9-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201838n9_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 38n9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200034–35-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200034–35_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198810-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198810_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1988">Sachedina 1988</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015175_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2015">Daftary 2015</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina19819-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina19819_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroneHinds2003103-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroneHinds2003103_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroneHinds2003">Crone & Hinds 2003</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200052-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200052_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting2000110_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2000">Hawting 2000</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone200591-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone200591_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2005">Crone 2005</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201438–39_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198571-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198571_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198569-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198569_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985328n5-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985328n5_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 328n5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201487-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201487_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201487_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013146_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979171Chittick1987xviLalani200041-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979171Chittick1987xviLalani200041_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 171; <a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. xvi; <a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013145-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2013145_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549–50_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2002-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2002_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung2002">Madelung 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198549_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201489-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201489_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg1995">Kohlberg 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201489Momen198549–50Jafri1979173-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201489Momen198549–50Jafri1979173_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 49–50; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201829-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-MoezziJambet201829_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1933110_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix,_xvAmir-MoezziJambet201828Madelung1985_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, pp. ix, xv; <a href="#CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018">Amir-Moezzi & Jambet 2018</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1985">Madelung 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201655-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierce201655_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierce2016">Pierce 2016</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Jafri1979170Lalani2000215-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198536Jafri1979170Lalani2000215_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 170; <a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979245–246-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979245–246_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, pp. 245–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix–xMadelung1985Jafri1979169-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987ix–xMadelung1985Jafri1979169_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, pp. ix–x; <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1985">Madelung 1985</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003347-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003347_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013128-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013128_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2000108–110-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2000108–110_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xvii–xviii_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, pp. xvii–xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xviii-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xviii_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xliv-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xliv_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. xliv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987304,_305-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987304,_305_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, pp. 304, 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987299-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987299_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xlib-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick1987xlib_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick1987">Chittick 1987</a>, p. xlib.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Zahra1997" class="citation book cs1">Abu Zahra, N. (1997). <i>The Pure and Powerful: Studies in Contemporary Muslim Society</i>. Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863722695" title="Special:BookSources/0863722695"><bdi>0863722695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pure+and+Powerful%3A+Studies+in+Contemporary+Muslim+Society&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0863722695&rft.aulast=Abu+Zahra&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaie2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aghaie, K. S. (2004a). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0002unse/page/690/mode/2up">"Ta'ziya (Ta'ziyeh)"</a></span>. In Martin, R. C. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 691. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656059" title="Special:BookSources/0028656059"><bdi>0028656059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ta%27ziya+%28Ta%27ziyeh%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=691&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656059&rft.aulast=Aghaie&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0002unse%2Fpage%2F690%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghaie2004b" class="citation book cs1">Aghaie, K. S. (2004b). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martyrsofkarbala0000agha/mode/2up"><i>The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran</i></a></span>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295984481" title="Special:BookSources/0295984481"><bdi>0295984481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martyrs+of+Karbala%3A+Shi%27i+Symbols+and+Rituals+in+Modern+Iran&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0295984481&rft.aulast=Aghaie&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartyrsofkarbala0000agha%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-MoezziJambet2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi" title="Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi, M. A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christian_Jambet" title="Christian Jambet">Jambet, C.</a> (2018). <i>What is Shi'i Islam: An Introduction</i>. Translated by Casler, K.; Ormsby, E. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138093737" title="Special:BookSources/9781138093737"><bdi>9781138093737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781138093737&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Jambet%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub, M. M.</a> (1978). <i>Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027979438" title="Special:BookSources/9789027979438"><bdi>9789027979438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemptive+Suffering+in+Islam%3A+A+Study+of+the+Devotional+Aspects+of+Ashura+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789027979438&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghestaniEmadi_Haeri2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baghestani, I.; Emadi Haeri, M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rch.ac.ir/article/Details/14446">"سجاد, امام"</a> [Sajjad, Imam]. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_World_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam">Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam</a></i> (in Persian). Vol. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%2C+%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+World+of+Islam&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Baghestani&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Emadi+Haeri%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frch.ac.ir%2Farticle%2FDetails%2F14446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhl1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buhl, Fr. (1993). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5351">"Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥanafiyya"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume VII:<i> Mif–Naz</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09419-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09419-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4anafiyya&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VII%3A+Mif%E2%80%93Naz&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09419-2&rft.aulast=Buhl&rft.aufirst=Fr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittick1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">Chittick, W. C.</a> (1987). "Translator's Introduction". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-psalms-of-islam/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>The Psalms of Islam (As-sahifa Al-kamilah Al-sajjadiyya)</i></a></span>. The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/094607951X" title="Special:BookSources/094607951X"><bdi>094607951X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Psalms+of+Islam+%28As-sahifa+Al-kamilah+Al-sajjadiyya%29&rft.pub=The+Muhammadi+Trust+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=094607951X&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-psalms-of-islam%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroneHinds2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hinds" title="Martin Hinds">Hinds, M.</a> (2003). <i>God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521541115" title="Special:BookSources/0521541115"><bdi>0521541115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Caliph%3A+Religious+Authority+in+the+First+Centuries+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0521541115&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hinds%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation book cs1">Crone, P. (2005). <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748621946" title="Special:BookSources/0748621946"><bdi>0748621946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0748621946&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104"><i>A History of Shi'i Islam</i></a></span>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857723338" title="Special:BookSources/9780857723338"><bdi>9780857723338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780857723338&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2015" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, F. (2015). "Shi'i Communities in History". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A. B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). <i>The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity</i>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 169–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784534776" title="Special:BookSources/9781784534776"><bdi>9781784534776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%27i+Communities+in+History&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27i+World%3A+Pathways+in+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=169-209&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781784534776&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakake2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Massi_Dakake" title="Maria Massi Dakake">Dakake, M. M.</a> (2007). <i>The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791470336" title="Special:BookSources/9780791470336"><bdi>9780791470336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charismatic+Community%3A+Shi%27ite+Identity+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780791470336&rft.aulast=Dakake&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1933" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, D. M. (1933). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217724"><i>The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak</i></a></span>. Luzac and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1391736058">1391736058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27ite+Religion%3A+A+History+of+Islam+in+Persia+and+Irak&rft.pub=Luzac+and+Company&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1391736058&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.217724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, J. L.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/mode/2up"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195125584" title="Special:BookSources/0195125584"><bdi>0195125584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195125584&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Esposito, J. L., ed. (2022). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195165203.001.0001/acref-9780195165203-e-379">"Zaynab"</a></span>. <i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i>. Oxford Reference. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107031432" title="Special:BookSources/9781107031432"><bdi>9781107031432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Islam%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107031432&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, H.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiaislamfromrel0000halm/mode/2up"><i>Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution</i></a></span>. Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1558761349" title="Special:BookSources/1558761349"><bdi>1558761349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27a+Islam%3A+From+Religion+to+Revolution&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1558761349&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiaislamfromrel0000halm%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdar2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hamdar, A. (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/814313/summary">"Jihad of Words: Gender and Contemporary Karbala Narratives"</a></span>. <i>The Yearbook of English Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 84–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fyes.2009.0016">10.1353/yes.2009.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158479476">158479476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yearbook+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Jihad+of+Words%3A+Gender+and+Contemporary+Karbala+Narratives&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-100&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fyes.2009.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158479476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hamdar&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F814313%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Hawting" title="G. R. Hawting">Hawting, G.R.</a> (2000). <i>The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750</i> (Second ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415240735" title="Special:BookSources/0415240735"><bdi>0415240735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Dynasty+of+Islam%3A+The+Umayyad+Caliphate+AD+661%E2%80%93750&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0415240735&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hussain, A. J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/185346">"The Mourning of History and the History of Mourning: The Evolution of Ritual Commemoration of the Battle of Karbala"</a></span>. <i>Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 78–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201X-25-1-78">10.1215/1089201X-25-1-78</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143516655">143516655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=The+Mourning+of+History+and+the+History+of+Mourning%3A+The+Evolution+of+Ritual+Commemoration+of+the+Battle+of+Karbala&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-88&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201X-25-1-78&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143516655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F185346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyder2006" class="citation book cs1">Hyder, S. A. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder/mode/2up"><i>Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195373028" title="Special:BookSources/9780195373028"><bdi>9780195373028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliving+Karbala%3A+Martyrdom+in+South+Asian+Memory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195373028&rft.aulast=Hyder&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2006" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, F. (2006). <i>The Shi'is of Saudi Arabia</i>. Saqi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863569036" title="Special:BookSources/9780863569036"><bdi>9780863569036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27is+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780863569036&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri, S. H. M.</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsearlydeve0000jafr/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582780802" title="Special:BookSources/0582780802"><bdi>0582780802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shi%27a+Islam&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0582780802&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=S.+H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsearlydeve0000jafr%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, H.</a> (2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-prophet-and-the-age-of-the-caliphates-the-islamic-near-east-from-the-sixth-t/mode/2up"><i>The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century</i></a></span> (Third ed.). 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-R%C4%81fi%E1%B8%8Da&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VIII%3A+Ned%E2%80%93Sam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09834-3&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fal-rafida-SIM_6185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohlberg, E. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zayn+al-%27%C4%80bid%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_8144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, A. R. (2000). <i>Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir</i>. I.B. 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Abī Ṭāleb"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. I/8. pp. 849–850. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+%E1%B8%A4osayn+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81leb&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=849-850&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fali-b-hosayn-b-ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Madelung, W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i">"Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. XII/5. pp. 493–498. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4osayn+b.+%27Ali+i.+Life+and+Significance+in+Shi%27ism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=493-498&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhosayn-b-ali-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madelung, W. (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8137">"Zayd b. 'Alī b. al-Ḥusayn"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XI:<i> W–Z</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12756-2"><bdi>978-90-04-12756-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zayd+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+b.+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XI%3A+W%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12756-2&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_8137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavani2013" class="citation book cs1">Mavani, H. (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/"><i>Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203694282" title="Special:BookSources/9780203694282"><bdi>9780203694282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Authority+and+Political+Thought+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism%3A+From+Ali+to+Post-Khomeini&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780203694282&rft.aulast=Mavani&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousauthori0000mava%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, M.</a> (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300035315" title="Special:BookSources/9780300035315"><bdi>9780300035315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780300035315&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson1988" class="citation book cs1">Munson, H. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamrevolutioni00muns/mode/2up"><i>Islam and Revolution in the Middle East</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300041276" title="Special:BookSources/0300041276"><bdi>0300041276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Revolution+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0300041276&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamrevolutioni00muns%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman2015" class="citation book cs1">Osman, R. (2015). <i>Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315770147" title="Special:BookSources/9781315770147"><bdi>9781315770147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+Personalities+in+the+Qur%27an+and+Sunna%3A+Examining+the+Major+Sources+of+Imami+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781315770147&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2016" class="citation book cs1">Pierce, M. (2016). <i>Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674737075" title="Special:BookSources/9780674737075"><bdi>9780674737075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twelve+Infallible+Men%3A+The+Imams+and+the+Making+of+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780674737075&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault1998" class="citation book cs1">Pinault, D. (1998). "Zaynab bint 'Alī and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. (ed.). <i>Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety</i>. Macmillan. pp. 69–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333740965" title="Special:BookSources/9780333740965"><bdi>9780333740965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zaynab+bint+%27Al%C4%AB+and+the+Place+of+the+Women+of+the+Households+of+the+First+Im%C4%81ms+in+Sh%C4%AB%27%C4%ABte+Devotional+Literature&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World%3A+Power%2C+Patronage%2C+and+Piety&rft.pages=69-98&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780333740965&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault2001" class="citation book cs1">Pinault, D. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horseofkarbalamu00pina/mode/2up"><i>Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India</i></a></span>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312216378" title="Special:BookSources/0312216378"><bdi>0312216378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+of+Karbala%3A+Muslim+Devotional+Life+in+India&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0312216378&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorseofkarbalamu00pina%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tahera_Qutbuddin" title="Tahera Qutbuddin">Qutbuddin, T.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0014unse/mode/2up">"Zaynab bint 'Alī"</a></span>. In Jones, L. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 14 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 9937–9939. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/002865983X" title="Special:BookSources/002865983X"><bdi>002865983X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zaynab+bint+%27Al%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=9937-9939&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=002865983X&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0014unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2019" class="citation book cs1">Qutbuddin, T. (2019). "Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the Aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power". In Korangy, A.; Rouhi, L. (eds.). <i>The 'Other' Martyrs: Women and the Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 103–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447112147" title="Special:BookSources/9783447112147"><bdi>9783447112147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orations+of+Zaynab+and+Umm+Kulth%C5%ABm+in+the+Aftermath+of+%E1%B8%A4usayn%27s+Martyrdom+at+Karbala%3A+Speaking+Truth+to+Power&rft.btitle=The+%27Other%27+Martyrs%3A+Women+and+the+Poetics+of+Sexuality%2C+Sacrifice%2C+and+Death+in+World+Literatures&rft.pages=103-132&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783447112147&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein</a> (1981). <i>Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdī in Twelver Shīʻism</i>. Suny press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873954426" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873954426"><bdi>978-0873954426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Messianism%3A+The+Idea+of+Mahd%C4%AB+in+Twelver+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Suny+press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0873954426&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdulhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, A. A.</a> (1988). <i>The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195119150" title="Special:BookSources/0195119150"><bdi>0195119150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Just+Ruler+in+Shi%27ite+Islam%3A+The+Comprehensive+Authority+of+the+Jurist+in+Imamite+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0195119150&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Tabatabai, S. M. H.</a> (1975). Nasr, S. H. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up"><i>Shi'ite Islam</i></a></span>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873953908" title="Special:BookSources/0873953908"><bdi>0873953908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0873953908&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=S.+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShiaInIslamCopy%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Veccia Vaglieri, L.</a> (1971). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8144">"(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28al-%29%E1%B8%A4usayn+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_8144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Werner, E. (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_00000066">"Baqī' al-Gharqad"</a></span>. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D. J. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_SIM_00000066">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_00000066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004183902" title="Special:BookSources/9789004183902"><bdi>9789004183902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240012569">240012569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baq%C4%AB%27+al-Gharqad&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240012569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_SIM_00000066&rft.isbn=9789004183902&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_SIM_00000066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli+al-Sajjad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div><b>Ali al-Sajjad</b><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Clan of the <b><a href="/wiki/Quraysh_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 5th <a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'aban">Sha‘bān</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">38 AH</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">≈</a> 657 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 25th <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">95 AH</a> <a href="/wiki/Approximation" title="Approximation">≈</a> 713 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Imams">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> </b><br />680 – 713 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twelverism" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelverism">Twelverism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Ali_al-Sajjad&#039;s_companions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imam_Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin%27s_companions" title="Template:Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin's companions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imam_Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin%27s_companions" title="Template talk:Imam Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin's companions"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Thumali" title="Abu Hamza al-Thumali">Abu Hamza al-Thumali</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hatam_al-A%E2%80%98raji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hatam al-A‘raji (page does not exist)">Abu Hatam al-A‘raji</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_Bakr_ibn_al-Barqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abū Bakr ibn al-Barqi (page does not exist)">Abū Bakr ibn al-Barqi</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_Zar%E2%80%98a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abū Zar‘a (page does not exist)">Abū Zar‘a</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Farazdaq" title="Al-Farazdaq">al-Farazdaq</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Himyar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Himyarī">al-Himyari</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammad_ibn_Zayd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammad ibn Zayd (page does not exist)">Hammad ibn Zayd</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Shahab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Shahab (page does not exist)">Ibn Shahab</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Zayd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Zayd (page does not exist)">Ibn Zayd</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd-Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabir ibn Abd-Allah">Jabir ibn Abdullah</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_ibn_Muslim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed ibn Muslim (page does not exist)">Mohammed ibn Muslim</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81lik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mālik (page does not exist)">Mālik</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sa%27eed_bin_Jubair" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'eed bin Jubair">Sa'eed bin Jubair</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Salamah_ibn_Dinar" title="Salamah ibn Dinar">Salamah ibn Dinar</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa%E2%80%98id_ibn_al-Musayyab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyab (page does not exist)">Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyab</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Abd_al-Aziz" title="Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz">Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yahya_ibn_Sa%E2%80%98id&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yahya ibn Sa‘id (page does not exist)">Yahya ibn Sa‘id</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zayd_ibn_Aslam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zayd ibn Aslam (page does not exist)">Zayd ibn Aslam</a><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shia_Imams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Imams" title="Template talk:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shia_Imams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a><sup>§</sup></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<i>"Asās"</i> or <i>"Wāsih"</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">Isma'il al-Zafir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">Isa al-Fa'iz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Abdallah al-Adid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoud_ibn_al-Adid" title="Daoud ibn al-Adid">Dawud al-Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Daoud" title="Sulayman ibn Daoud">Sulayman Badr al-Din</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (<i>"Asās"</i> or <i>"Wāsih"</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a><br />(Qasim-Shahi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Qahir" title="Hasan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li> <li>Qasim Shah</li> <li>Islam Shah</li> <li>Muhammad ibn Islam Shah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah_II_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Mustansir Billah II (Nizari imam)">Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Salam_Shah" title="Abd al-Salam Shah">Abd al-Salam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharib_Mirza" title="Gharib Mirza">Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_Ali" title="Abu Dharr Ali">Abu Dharr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Mirza" title="Murad Mirza">Murad Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Allah_I" title="Khalil Allah I">Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Dahr_Ali" title="Nur al-Dahr Ali">Nur al-Dahr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Allah_II_Ali" title="Khalil Allah II Ali">Khalil Allah II Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nizar_II" title="Shah Nizar II">Shah Nizar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ali_(Nizari_imam)" title="Sayyid Ali (Nizari imam)">Sayyid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hasan_Ali" title="Sayyid Hasan Ali">Sayyid Hasan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasim_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim Ali (page does not exist)">Qasim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Hasan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Khalil_Allah_III" title="Shah Khalil Allah III">Shah Khalil Allah III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_I" title="Aga Khan I">Aga Khan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_II" title="Aga Khan II">Aga Khan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a><br />(Mu'mini)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah <i>(Wafi Ahmad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad <i>(Taqi Muhammad)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn <i>(Radhi Abdallah)</i></a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Qahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_al-Din_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shah_ibn_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shah ibn Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Muhammad_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Muhammad Shah (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahir_ibn_Radi_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahir ibn Radi al-Din (page does not exist)">Tahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Tahir (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Tahir" title="Shah Tahir">Shah Tahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Shah_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Shah Tahir (page does not exist)">Haydar I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadr_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr al-Din Muhammad ibn Haydar (page does not exist)">Sadr al-Din Miuhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Sadr_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Sadr al-Din (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atiyyat_Allah_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atiyyat Allah ibn Mu'in al-Din (page does not exist)">Atiyyat Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Shah_ibn_Atiyyat_Allah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Shah ibn Atiyyat Allah (page does not exist)">Aziz Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Aziz_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Aziz Shah (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din_al-Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Mu'in al-Din al-Musharraf (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Muhammad_al-Mutahhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Muhammad al-Mutahhar (page does not exist)">Haydar II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar_al-Baqir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Haydar al-Baqir (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad II</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>§</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a></li> <li><sup>#</sup> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliphs</li> <li><sup>‡</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">concealment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314978#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116798270">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/81971228">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/340145857065622921752">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1859740/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118914006">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84007864">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12282535z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12282535z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100122008&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073548936">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90228076">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000124484&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000282149&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=208023">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68bjcd3j30mtd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810626247505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276345705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13999798">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1691561X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118914006.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118914006">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031650155">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/zeynelabidin">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&oldid=1256750179">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_al-Sajjad&oldid=1256750179</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:659_births" title="Category:659 births">659 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:713_deaths" title="Category:713 deaths">713 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Twelve_Imams" title="Category:Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_imams" title="Category:7th-century imams">7th-century imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_imams" title="Category:8th-century imams">8th-century imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_poisoning" title="Category:Deaths by poisoning">Deaths by poisoning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Husaynids" title="Category:Husaynids">Husaynids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Karbala" title="Category:Karbala">Karbala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_imams" title="Category:Shia imams">Shia imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_royalty" title="Category:Assassinated royalty">Assassinated royalty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_Arab_people" 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Caliphate">Prisoners and detainees of the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2020">Use dmy dates from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a 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