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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aram-Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aram-Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Aram-Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aram-Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rashidun_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rashidun_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Rashidun period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rashidun_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umayyad_and_Abbasid_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umayyad_and_Abbasid_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Umayyad and Abbasid periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umayyad_and_Abbasid_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Seljuq and Ayyubid periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Mamluk period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11.1</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11.2</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical sites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_sites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical sites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Walls_and_gates_of_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walls_and_gates_of_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Walls and gates of Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walls_and_gates_of_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_in_the_old_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_in_the_old_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Churches in the old city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_in_the_old_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_sites_in_the_old_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_sites_in_the_old_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Islamic sites in the old city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_sites_in_the_old_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrasas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrasas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Madrasas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrasas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Khans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Damascene_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Damascene_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Old Damascene houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Damascene_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_the_future_of_the_old_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_the_future_of_the_old_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Threats to the future of the old City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_the_future_of_the_old_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_of_old_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_old_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>State of old Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_old_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sports and leisure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Nearby attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Damascus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 199 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-199" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">199 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimasq" title="Dimasq – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Dimasq" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%88%B5%E1%89%86" title="ደማስቆ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደማስቆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%A1s" title="Domás – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Domás" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A9" title="ܕܪܡܣܘܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܪܡܣܘܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Դամասկոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դամասկոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam%C3%A2sc" title="Damâsc – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Damâsc" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="ডামাস্কাছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডামাস্কাছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascu" title="Damascu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Damascu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="दमिश्क – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दमिश्क" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndam%C3%A1ko" title="Ndamáko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ndamáko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Димишкъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Димишкъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99m%C9%99%C5%9Fq" title="Dəməşq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəməşq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="দামেস্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দামেস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsyik" title="Damsyik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Damsyik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%88%D2%A1" title="Димәшҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Димәшҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="དྷ་མ་སི་ཁོ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དྷ་མ་སི་ཁོ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Damasc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dama%C5%A1ek" title="Damašek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Damašek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="ديمشق – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديمشق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%9D%DE%B0%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ދިމިޝްޤު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދިމިޝްޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3niy%C4%99%C4%99sh%C3%AD" title="Tóniyęęshí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tóniyęęshí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δαμασκός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαμασκός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Дамаск ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Дамаск ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Damasko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascu" title="Damascu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Damascu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Damasko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damas" title="Damas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Damas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Damaisc" title="An Damaisc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Damaisc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌰𐌼𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="다마스쿠스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다마스쿠스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakeko" title="Kamakeko – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kamakeko" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Դամասկոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դամասկոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="दमिश्क़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दमिश्क़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7" title="דמשק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמשק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamas%C9%A9" title="Tamasɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tamasɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡಮಾಸ್ಕಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಮಾಸ್ಕಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="დამასკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამასკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasiko" title="Damasiko – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Damasiko" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dameski" title="Dameski – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dameski" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damas" title="Damas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Damas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam" title="Şam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damesek" title="Damesek – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Damesek" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaska" title="Damaska – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Damaska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskas" title="Damaskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Damaskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damas" title="Damas – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Damas" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasch" title="Damasch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Damasch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszkusz" title="Damaszkusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Damaszkusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमासकस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दमासकस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask%C3%B4sy" title="Damaskôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Damaskôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ദമാസ്കസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദമാസ്കസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasku" title="Damasku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Damasku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramahiku" title="Ramahiku – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ramahiku" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमास्कस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दमास्कस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="დამასკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დამასკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsyik" title="Damsyik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Damsyik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-m%C4%81-s%C3%A1ik" title="Dâi-mā-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-mā-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဒမားစကပ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒမားစကပ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमास्कस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दमास्कस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8" title="दमास्कस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दमास्कस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ダマスカス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダマスカス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Димашкъ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Димашкъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Damasc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8" title="ଡାମାସକସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଡାମାସକସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damashq" title="Damashq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Damashq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95" title="ਦਮਸ਼ਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਮਸ਼ਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasch" title="Damasch – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Damasch" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasch" title="Damasch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Damasch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszek" title="Damaszek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Damaszek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damashq" title="Damashq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Damashq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dime%C5%9Fq" title="Dimeşq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Dimeşq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Damasc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimashq" title="Dimashq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Dimashq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Дамаскус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дамаскус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱰᱟᱢᱟᱥᱠᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱰᱟᱢᱟᱥᱠᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasku" title="Damasku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Damasku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascu" title="Damascu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Damascu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="දමස්කස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දමස්කස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Дамаскъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дамаскъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaszek" title="Damaszek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Damaszek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimishiq" title="Dimishiq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dimishiq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دیمەشق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیمەشق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskos" title="Damaskos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Damaskos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="திமிஷ்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திமிஷ்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimecq" title="Dimecq – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Dimecq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasche" title="Damasche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Damasche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim%C3%A4%C5%9Fq" title="Dimäşq – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Dimäşq" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ดามัสกัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดามัสกัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D2%9B" title="Димишқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Димишқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam" title="Şam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask%C9%94s" title="Damaskɔs – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Damaskɔs" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Дамаск – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дамаск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82" title="دمشق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دمشق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%82" title="دەمەشىق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دەمەشىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasco" title="Damasco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Damasco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damask" title="Damask – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Damask" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Damascus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dim%C3%A4jk" title="Dimäjk – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Dimäjk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大馬士革 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大馬士革" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasko" title="Damasko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Damasko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大马士革" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7" title="דמשק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דמשק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0m%C3%A1sk%C3%B9" title="Dàmáskù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Dàmáskù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大馬士革 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大馬士革" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam" title="Şam – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskos" title="Damaskos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Damaskos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%9D%A9" title="大马士革 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大马士革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasik%E1%BB%8Ds" title="Damasikọs – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Damasikọs" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damsik" title="Damsik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Damsik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Damaskus" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99m%C9%99%C5%A1k" title="Dəməšk – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Dəməšk" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Damascus&params=33_30_47_N_36_18_34_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°18′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.51306°N 36.30944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.51306; 36.30944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest city of Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dimashq" redirects here. For the Syrian governorate, see <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate">Rif Dimashq Governorate</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Damascus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Damascus (disambiguation)">Damascus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metropolis in Syria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Damascus</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دِمَشق</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_coll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Umayyad Mosque General view of Damascus • Mount Qasioun Maktab Anbar • Azm Palace Sulaymaniyya Takiyya"><img alt="Umayyad Mosque General view of Damascus • Mount Qasioun Maktab Anbar • Azm Palace Sulaymaniyya Takiyya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Damascus_coll.jpg/250px-Damascus_coll.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Damascus_coll.jpg/375px-Damascus_coll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Damascus_coll.jpg/500px-Damascus_coll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="4436" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div style="background:#fee8ab;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a><br /> General view of Damascus • <a href="/wiki/Mount_Qasioun" title="Mount Qasioun">Mount Qasioun</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Maktab_Anbar" title="Maktab Anbar">Maktab Anbar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Azm Palace">Azm Palace</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya</a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Damascus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Damascus"><img alt="Flag of Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Damascus.svg/100px-Flag_of_Damascus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Damascus.svg/150px-Flag_of_Damascus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Damascus.svg/200px-Flag_of_Damascus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Damascus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Damascus"><img alt="Official seal of Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_Damascus.svg/89px-Emblem_of_Damascus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_Damascus.svg/134px-Emblem_of_Damascus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Emblem_of_Damascus.svg/178px-Emblem_of_Damascus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="920" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">Jasmine</a><sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ</span></span>)<br />Al-Fayhaa<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْفَيْحَاء</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_physical_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Damascus is located in Syria"><img alt="Damascus is located in Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/250px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/375px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Syria_physical_location_map.svg/500px-Syria_physical_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="806" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.981%;left:18.07%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Damascus"><img alt="Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Damascus</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Damascus within Syria</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Syria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Damascus is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Damascus is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/250px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/375px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/500px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.855%;left:54.144%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Damascus"><img alt="Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Damascus</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Damascus (Eastern Mediterranean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Eastern Mediterranean</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Damascus is located in Asia"><img alt="Damascus is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.139%;left:9.149%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Damascus"><img alt="Damascus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Damascus</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Damascus (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Damascus&params=33_30_47_N_36_18_34_E_region:SY_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°30′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°18′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.51306°N 36.30944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.51306; 36.30944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Governorate" title="Damascus Governorate">Damascus Governorate</a>, Capital City</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Control</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">Syrian transitional government</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipalities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Damascus" title="Municipalities of Damascus">16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Damascus" title="List of governors of Damascus">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maher_Marwan" title="Maher Marwan">Maher Marwan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">105 km<sup>2</sup> (41 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">77 km<sup>2</sup> (29.73 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">680 m (2,230 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022 estimate)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">1st in Syria</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Arab_world" title="List of largest cities in the Arab world">15th in the Arab World</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">24,000/km<sup>2</sup> (60,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,685,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,090/km<sup>2</sup> (18,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: <span lang="en">Damascene</span><br />Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دِمَشقِيّ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dimašqī</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">0100</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Country code: 963, City code: 11</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geocode" title="Geocode">Geocode</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">C1001</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">SY-DI</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">BWk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.612<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Airport" title="Damascus International Airport">Damascus International Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damascus.gov.sy/">www<wbr />.damascus<wbr />.gov<wbr />.sy</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_ec4c03be77c713fd79fe05b227499cc53db8630f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Damascus&revid=1278091568&groups=_ec4c03be77c713fd79fe05b227499cc53db8630f" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Damascus&revid=1278091568&groups=_ec4c03be77c713fd79fe05b227499cc53db8630f 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Damascus">Ancient City of Damascus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 <span style="font-size:85%;">(3rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/20">20</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arab States</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Damascus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">də-<span style="font-size:90%">MAS</span>-kəs</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">də-<span style="font-size:90%">MAH</span>-skəs</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دِمَشْق</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dimašq</i></span>) is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Levant_region_by_population" title="List of largest cities in the Levant region by population">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest city in Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DumperStanley2007-Damascus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumperStanley2007-Damascus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birke2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birke2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Totah2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totah2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known colloquially in Syria as <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">aš-Šām</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الشَّام</span></span>) and dubbed, poetically, the "City of <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">Jasmine</a>" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ</span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madīnat al-Yāsmīn</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascus is a major cultural center of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. </p><p>Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area. Nestled among the eastern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon">Anti-Lebanon</a> mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>, Damascus experiences an arid climate because of the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain shadow effect">rain shadow effect</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada River</a> flows through Damascus. </p><p>Damascus is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> from 661 to 750. After the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a>, the seat of Islamic power was moved to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Damascus saw its importance decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk sultanate">Mamluk</a> periods. </p><p>Today, it is the seat of the central <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">government of Syria</a>. As of September 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, eight years into the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, Damascus was named the least livable city out of 140 global cities in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking" title="Global Liveability Ranking">Global Liveability Ranking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it was the least livable out of 173 global cities in the same Global Liveability Ranking. In 2017, two new development projects have been launched in Damascus to build new residential districts, <a href="/wiki/Marota_City" title="Marota City">Marota City</a> and Basillia City to symbolize post-war reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology"><span class="anchor" id="Names_and_etymology"></span>Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Damascus_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Damascus in different languages">Names of Damascus in different languages</a></div> <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid blue; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U33.png?bde2c" height="38" title="U33 [ti]" alt="ti" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F31.png?4e74e" height="37" title="F31 [ms]" alt="ms" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N25.png?6f14c" height="16" title="N25 [xAst]" alt="xAst" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <b>or</b> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U33.png?bde2c" height="38" title="U33 [ti]" alt="ti" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F31.png?4e74e" height="37" title="F31 [ms]" alt="ms" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /><br /><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: palegoldenrod; color:black; border-bottom: 1px solid crimson; padding: 0.5em">ṯmsqw<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Era</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><small>(1550–1069 BC)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The name of Damascus first appeared in the geographical list of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> as <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">ṯmśq</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><span lang="egy"><span style="font-family:'Egyptian Text', 'Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs'"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱</span></span></span></span></span></span>) in the 15th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the ancient name <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">ṯmśq</i></span> is uncertain. It is attested as <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Imerišú</i></span> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒀲𒋙</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">ṯmśq</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><span lang="egy"><span style="font-family:'Egyptian Text', 'Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs'"><span style="vertical-align:sub;"><span style="vertical-align:sub;line-height:180%"><span style="font-size:180%; vertical-align:sub;">𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱</span></span></span></span></span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>, <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Damašq</i></span> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385528">.mw-parser-output .script-aramaic{font-family:"Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡃𐡌𐡔𐡒</span>‎</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Old Aramaic</a> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Dammeśeq</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דַּמֶּשֶׂק</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>. A number of Akkadian spellings are found in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, from the 14th century BC: <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Dimašqa</i></span> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒁲𒈦𒋡</span></span>), <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Dimašqì</i></span> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀</span></span>), and <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Dimašqa</i></span> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡</span></span>). </p><p>Later <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> spellings of the name often include an intrusive <i><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">resh</a></i> (letter <i>r</i>), perhaps influenced by the root <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">dr</i></span>, meaning "dwelling". Thus, the English and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name of the city is <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Damascus</i></span>, which was imported from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δαμασκός</span></span> and originated from the <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumranic</a> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Darmeśeq</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דרמשק</span></span>), and <span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">Darmsûq</i></span> (<span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">ܕܪܡܣܘܩ</span></span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "a well-watered land".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, the city is called Dimashq (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دمشق</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dimašq</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aš-Šām</i></span> by the citizens of Damascus, of Syria and other Arab neighbors and Turkey (<span title="Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="tr-Latn">Şam</i></span>). <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Aš-Šām</i></span> is an Arabic term for "<a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>" and for "Syria"; the latter, and particularly the historical <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a>, is called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bilād aš-Šām</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بلاد الشام</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">land of the Levant</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter term etymologically means "land of the left-hand side" or "the north", as someone in the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a> facing east, oriented to the sunrise, will find the north to the left. This is contrasted with the name of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اَلْيَمَن</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Yaman</i></span>), correspondingly meaning "the right-hand side" or "the south". The variation <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ش ء م</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">š-ʾ-m</i></span>'), of the more typical <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ش م ل</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">š-m-l</i></span>), is also attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a>, <span title="Sabaean-language text"><span lang="xsa"><span style="font-family:'Noto Sans Old South Arabian', sans-serif;">𐩦𐩱𐩣</span></span></span> (<span title="Sabaean-language romanization"><i lang="xsa-Latn">šʾm</i></span>), with the same semantic development.<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_9_1997_page_261_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_9_1997_page_261-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg/180px-Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg/270px-Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg/360px-Damascus_SPOT_1363.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Damascus in spring seen from <a href="/wiki/Spot_(satellites)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot (satellites)">Spot satellite</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/220px-Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/330px-Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg/440px-Damascus-snow-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qasioun" title="Mount Qasioun">Mount Qasioun</a> overlooking the city</figcaption></figure> <p>Damascus was built in a strategic site on a plateau 680 m (2,230 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a> and about 80 km (50 mi) inland from the Mediterranean, sheltered by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a>, supplied with water by the <a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada River</a>, and at a crossroads between trade routes: the north–south route connecting Egypt with <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and the east–west cross-desert route connecting <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river valley. The Anti-Lebanon Mountains mark the border between Syria and Lebanon. The range has peaks of over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and blocks precipitation from the Mediterranean Sea, so the region of Damascus is sometimes subject to droughts. However, in ancient times, the Barada River mitigated this, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. Damascus is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a>, irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals, and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. Maps of Roman Syria indicate that the Barada River emptied into a lake of some size east of Damascus. Today it is called Bahira Atayba, the hesitant lake because in years of severe drought, it does not even exist.<sup id="cite_ref-romeartlover_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romeartlover-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern city has an area of 105 km<sup>2</sup> (41 sq mi), out of which 77 km<sup>2</sup> (30 sq mi) is urban, while <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Qasioun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Qasioun">Jabal Qasioun</a> occupies the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barada_river_in_Damascus_(April_2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Barada_river_in_Damascus_%28April_2009%29.jpg/170px-Barada_river_in_Damascus_%28April_2009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Barada_river_in_Damascus_%28April_2009%29.jpg/255px-Barada_river_in_Damascus_%28April_2009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Barada_river_in_Damascus_%28April_2009%29.jpg/340px-Barada_river_in_Damascus_%28April_2009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>One of the rare periods the <a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada</a> river is high, seen here next to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_Damascus" title="Four Seasons Hotel Damascus">Four Seasons</a> hotel in downtown Damascus</figcaption></figure> <p>The old city of Damascus, enclosed by the city walls, lies on the south bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada</a> which is almost dry (3 cm (1 in) left). To the southeast, north, and northeast it is surrounded by suburban areas whose history stretches back to the Middle Ages: <a href="/wiki/Midan" class="mw-redirect" title="Midan">Midan</a> in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Sarouja" title="Sarouja">Sarouja</a> and Imara in the north and north-west. These neighborhoods originally arose on roads leading out of the city, near the tombs of religious figures. In the 19th century outlying villages developed on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Qasioun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Qasioun">Jabal Qasioun</a>, overlooking the city, already the site of the al-Salihiyah neighborhood centered on the important shrine of medieval <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> Sheikh and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>. These new neighborhoods were initially settled by Kurdish soldiery and Muslim refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> which had fallen under Christian rule. Thus they were known as <i>al-Akrad</i> <i>(the Kurds)</i> and <i>al-Muhajirin</i> <i>(the migrants)</i>. They lay 2–3 km (1–2 mi) north of the old city. </p><p>From the late 19th century on, a modern administrative and commercial center began to spring up to the west of the old city, around the Barada, centered on the area known as <a href="/wiki/Marjeh_Square" title="Marjeh Square">al-Marjeh</a> or "the meadow". Al-Marjeh soon became the name of what was initially the central square of modern Damascus, with the city hall in it. The courts of justice, post office, and railway station stood on higher ground slightly to the south. A Europeanized residential quarter soon began to be built on the road leading between al-Marjeh and <a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Damascus" title="Al-Salihiyah, Damascus">al-Salihiyah</a>. The commercial and administrative center of the new city gradually shifted northwards slightly towards this area. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_damascus_english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Districts_of_damascus_english.svg/210px-Districts_of_damascus_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Districts_of_damascus_english.svg/315px-Districts_of_damascus_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Districts_of_damascus_english.svg/420px-Districts_of_damascus_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Damascus" title="Municipalities of Damascus">Municipalities of Damascus</a></figcaption></figure><p>In the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the Barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> oasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1956–1957, the new neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk (camp)">Yarmouk</a> became a second home to many <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian</a> refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City planners preferred to preserve the Ghouta as far as possible, and in the later 20th century some of the main areas of development were to the north, in the western <a href="/wiki/Mezzeh" title="Mezzeh">Mezzeh</a> neighborhood and most recently along the Barada valley in <a href="/wiki/Dummar" title="Dummar">Dummar</a> in the northwest and on the slopes of the mountains at <a href="/wiki/Barzeh,_Syria" title="Barzeh, Syria">Barzeh</a> in the north-east. Poorer areas, often built without official approval, have mostly developed south of the main city. </p><p>Damascus used to be surrounded by an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>, the Ghouta region (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الغوطة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>al-ġūṭä</i></i></span>), watered by the Barada river. The <a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Fijah" title="Ain al-Fijah">Fijeh spring</a>, west along the Barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water, and various sources to the west are tapped by water contractors. The flow of the Barada dropped with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. The lower aquifers are polluted by the city's runoff from heavily used roads, industry, and sewage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damascus has a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">cool arid climate</a> (<i>BWk</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen-Geiger system</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain shadow effect">rain shadow effect</a> of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the prevailing ocean currents. Summers are prolonged, dry, and hot with less humidity. Winters are cool and somewhat rainy; snowfall is infrequent. Autumn is brief and mild, but has the most drastic temperature change, unlike spring where the transition to summer is more gradual and steady. Annual rainfall is around 130 mm (5 in), occurring from October to May. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Damascus (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Airport" title="Damascus International Airport">Damascus International Airport</a>) 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.4<br />(106.5) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #C30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(114.4) </td> <td style="background: #D10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(112.6) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6<br />(112.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #C30000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.8<br />(114.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.8<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12<br />(10) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6<br />(16.5) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8<br />(16.2) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−12.0<br />(10.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(1.02) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(0.88) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(0.55) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(0.22) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(0.19) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(0.25) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(0.84) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(0.93) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">124.7<br />(4.91) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.0 </td> <td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">322.4 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">357.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">365.8 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA28; color:#000000;" class="notheme">353.4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">266.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.0 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,164.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #FEFE32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (mean temperature 1961-1990, humidity and sun 1970–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Damascus" title="Timeline of Damascus">Timeline of Damascus</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">Carbon-14</a> dating at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a>, on the outskirts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists, although no large-scale settlement was present within Damascus' walls until the second millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> records are from 1350 BC <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a> when Damascus (called <i>Dimasqu</i>) was ruled by king <a href="/wiki/Biryawaza" title="Biryawaza">Biryawaza</a>. The Damascus region, as well as the rest of Syria, became a battleground circa 1260 BC, between the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> from the north and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Egyptians</a> from the south,<sup id="cite_ref-Burns5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending with a signed treaty between <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> where the former handed over control of the Damascus area to Ramesses II in 1259 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns5_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>, around 1200 BC, marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in the region and brought about new development of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns7_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascus was only a peripheral part of this picture, which mostly affected the larger population centers of ancient Syria. However, these events contributed to the development of Damascus as a new influential center that emerged with the transition from the Bronze Age to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns7_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damascus is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 14:15 as existing at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Chedorlaomer" title="Chedorlaomer">War of the Kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1st-century Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> in his twenty-one volume <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, Damascus (along with <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a>), was founded by <a href="/wiki/Uz_(son_of_Aram)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uz (son of Aram)">Uz</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem" title="Aram, son of Shem">Aram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Antiquities i. 7,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus reports: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus of Damascus</a>, in the fourth book of his History, says thus: "<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> reigned at Damascus, being a foreigner, who came with an army out of the land above <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, called the land of the Chaldeans: but, after a long time, he got him up, and removed from that country also, with his people, and went into the land then called the land of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, but now the land of Judea, and this when his posterity became a multitude; as to which posterity of his, we relate their history in another work. Now the name of Abraham is even still famous in the country of Damascus; and there is a village named after him, The Habitation of Abraham.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aram-Damascus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS036-E-012047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISS036-E-012047.jpg/290px-ISS036-E-012047.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISS036-E-012047.jpg/435px-ISS036-E-012047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ISS036-E-012047.jpg/580px-ISS036-E-012047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Annotated view of Damascus and surroundings from space.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Damascus is first documented as an important city during the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic people</a>, in the 11th century BC. By the start of the first millennium BC, several Aramaic kingdoms were formed, as Aramaeans abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and formed federated tribal states. One of these kingdoms was <a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a>, centered on its capital Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aramaeans who entered the city without battle, adopted the name "Dimashqu" for their new home. Noticing the agricultural potential of the still-undeveloped and sparsely populated area,<sup id="cite_ref-Burns10_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns10-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they established the water distribution system of Damascus by constructing canals and tunnels which maximized the efficiency of the river Barada. The Romans and the Umayyads later improved the same network, and still forms the basis of the water system of the old part of the city today.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns13_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aramaeans initially turned Damascus into an outpost of a loose federation of Aramaean tribes, known as <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Aram-Zobah</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns10_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns10-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city would gain pre-eminence in southern Syria when <a href="/wiki/Rezon_the_Syrian" title="Rezon the Syrian">Ezron</a>, the claimant to Aram-Zobah's throne who was denied kingship of the federation, fled Beqaa and captured Damascus by force in 965 BC. Ezron overthrew the city's tribal governor and founded the independent entity of Aram-Damascus. As this new state expanded south, it prevented the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> from spreading north and the two kingdoms soon clashed as they both sought to dominate trading hegemony in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns10_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns10-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Ezron's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hadad_I" title="Ben-Hadad I">Ben-Hadad I</a> (880–841 BC), and his successor <a href="/wiki/Hazael" title="Hazael">Hazael</a>, Damascus annexed <a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> region), and went on the offensive with Israel. This conflict continued until the early 8th century BC when <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hadad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Hadad II">Ben-Hadad II</a> was captured by Israel after unsuccessfully besieging <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Samaria</a>. As a result, he granted Israel trading rights in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible reason for the treaty between Aram-Damascus and Israel was the common threat of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> which was attempting to expand into the Mediterranean coast. In 853 BC, King <a href="/wiki/Hadadezer" title="Hadadezer">Hadadezer</a> of Damascus led a <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coalition, that included forces from the northern Aram-Hamath kingdom and troops supplied by <a href="/wiki/King_Ahab" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ahab">King Ahab</a> of Israel, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar" title="Battle of Qarqar">Battle of Qarqar</a> against the Neo-Assyrian army. Aram-Damascus came out victorious, temporarily preventing the Assyrians from encroaching into Syria. However, after Hadadzezer was killed by his successor, Hazael, the Levantine alliance collapsed. Aram-Damascus attempted to invade Israel but was interrupted by the renewed Assyrian invasion. Hazael ordered a retreat to the walled part of Damascus while the Assyrians plundered the remainder of the kingdom. Unable to enter the city, they declared their supremacy in the Hauran and Beqa'a valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns11_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 8th century BC, Damascus was practically engulfed by the Assyrians and entered a Dark Age. Nonetheless, it remained the economic and cultural center of the Near East as well as the Arameaen resistance. In 727, a revolt took place in the city but was put down by Assyrian forces. After Assyria led by <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> went on a wide-scale campaign of quelling revolts throughout Syria, Damascus became subjugated by their rule. A positive effect of this was stability for the city and benefits from the spice and incense trade with <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>. In 694 BC, the town was called <i>Šaʾimerišu</i> (Akkadian: 𒐼𒄿𒈨𒊑𒋙𒌋) and its governor was named <i>Ilu-issīya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Assyrian authority was dwindling by 609–605 BC, and Syria-Palestine was falling into the orbit of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>'s Egypt. In 572 BC, all of Syria had been conquered by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonians</a>, but the status of Damascus under <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> is relatively unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns2123_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns2123-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Damascus was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Damascus became the site of a struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> empires. The control of the city passed frequently from one empire to the other. <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a>, one of Alexander's generals, made <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> the capital of his vast empire, which led to the decline of Damascus' importance compared with new Seleucid cities such as <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Syrian Laodicea</a> in the north. Later, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III</a> Philopator rebuilt the city according to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Hippodamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodamian">hippodamian</a> system and renamed it "Demetrias".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg/220px-The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg/330px-The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg/440px-The_Jupiter_temple_in_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter,_Damascus" title="Temple of Jupiter, Damascus">Jupiter Temple</a> at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq" title="Al-Hamidiyah Souq">Al-Hamidiyah Souq</a></figcaption></figure><p>In 64 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> annexed the western part of Syria. The Romans occupied Damascus and subsequently incorporated it into the league of ten cities known as the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which themselves were incorporated into the province of Syria and granted autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Damascus was entirely redesigned by the Romans after <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> conquered the region. Still today the Old Town of Damascus retains the rectangular shape of the Roman city, with its two main axes: the Decumanus Maximus (east-west; known today as the <i>Via Recta</i>) and the Cardo (north-south), the Decumanus being about twice as long. The Romans built a monumental gate which still survives at the eastern end of Decumanus Maximus. The gate originally had three arches: the central arch was for chariots while the side arches were for pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-romeartlover_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romeartlover-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg/180px-Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg/270px-Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg/360px-Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of ancient Damascus</figcaption></figure> <p>In 23 BC, <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> was given lands controlled by <a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_son_of_Lysanias" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenodorus son of Lysanias">Zenodorus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some scholars believe that Herod was also granted control of Damascus as well.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The control of Damascus reverted to Syria either upon the death of Herod the Great or was part of the lands given to Herod Philip which were given to Syria with his death in 33/34 AD. </p><p>It is speculated that control of Damascus was gained by <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV Philopatris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean kingdom">Nabatea</a> between the death of <a href="/wiki/Herod_Philip_II." class="mw-redirect" title="Herod Philip II.">Herod Philip</a> in 33/34 AD and the death of Aretas in 40 AD but there is substantial evidence against Aretas controlling the city before 37 AD and many reasons why it could not have been a gift from <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> between 37 and 40 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, all these theories stem not from any actual evidence outside the New Testament but rather "a certain understanding of 2 Corinthians 11:32" and in reality "neither from archaeological evidence, secular-historical sources, nor New Testament texts can Nabatean sovereignty over Damascus in the first century AD be proven."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> who annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, creating the province of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>, had previously been in Damascus, as his father <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a> served as governor of Syria from 73 to 74 AD, where he met the Nabatean architect and engineer, <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>, who joined him in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> when he was a <a href="/wiki/Consul" title="Consul">consul</a> in 91 AD, and later built several monuments during the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdulkarim200335–37_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdulkarim200335–37-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damascus became a metropolis by the beginning of the 2nd century and in 222 it was upgraded to a <i>colonia</i> by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>. During the <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></i>, Damascus and the Roman province of Syria in general began to prosper. Damascus's importance as a <a href="/wiki/Caravan_city" title="Caravan city">caravan city</a> was evident with the trade routes from southern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Silk_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="The Silk Road">the Silk Road</a> all converging on it. The city satisfied the Roman demands for eastern luxuries. Circa 125 AD the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> promoted the city of Damascus to "Metropolis of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little remains of the architecture of the Romans, but the town planning of the old city did have a lasting effect. The Roman architects brought together the Greek and Aramaean foundations of the city and fused them into a new layout measuring approximately 1,500 by 750 m (4,920 by 2,460 ft), surrounded by a city wall. The city wall contained seven gates, but only the eastern gate, <a href="/wiki/Bab_Sharqi" title="Bab Sharqi">Bab Sharqi</a>, remains from the Roman period. Roman Damascus lies mostly at depths of up to five meters (16 feet) below the modern city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Sharqi_Street,_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bab_Sharqi_Street%2C_Damascus.jpg/220px-Bab_Sharqi_Street%2C_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bab_Sharqi_Street%2C_Damascus.jpg/330px-Bab_Sharqi_Street%2C_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bab_Sharqi_Street%2C_Damascus.jpg/440px-Bab_Sharqi_Street%2C_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The Biblical <a href="/wiki/Street_called_Straight" class="mw-redirect" title="Street called Straight">Street called Straight</a> of Damascus</figcaption></figure><p>The old borough of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a> was developed at the end of the Roman/Byzantine era by the local <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> community. According to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, Saint Paul and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas</a> both lived in that neighborhood. Roman Catholic historians also consider Bab Tuma to be the birthplace of several <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">Popes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a>. Accordingly, there was a community of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> who converted to Christianity with the advent of Saint Paul's proselytization. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628</a>, the city was besieged and captured by <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> in 613, along with a large number of Byzantine troops as prisoners,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi200375–77_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi200375–77-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford201342–43_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford201342–43-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rashidun_period">Rashidun period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rashidun period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a>'s first indirect interaction with the people of Damascus was when he sent a letter, through his companion Shiya ibn Wahab, to <a href="/wiki/Harith_ibn_Abi_Shamir" title="Harith ibn Abi Shamir">Harith ibn Abi Shamir</a>, the king of Damascus. The letter stated: "Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Be informed that my religion shall prevail everywhere. You should accept Islam, and whatever under your command shall remain yours."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After most of the Syrian countryside was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> during the reign of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644</span>), Damascus itself was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslim</a> general <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a> in August–September 634 CE. His <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">army</a> had previously attempted to capture the city in April 634 but without success.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns99_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns99-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Damascus now in Muslim-Arab hands, the Byzantines, alarmed at the loss of their most prestigious city in the Near East, had decided to wrest back control of it. Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, the Byzantines fielded an army superior to that of the Rashidun in manpower. They advanced into southern Syria during the spring of 636 and consequently Khalid ibn al-Walid's forces withdrew from Damascus to prepare for renewed confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns100_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns100-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, the two sides met along the <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">Yarmouk River</a> where they fought a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">major battle</a> which ended in a decisive Muslim victory, solidifying Muslim rule in Syria and Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns104_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns104-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Muslims administered the city, the population of Damascus remained mostly Christian—<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">Monophysite</a>—with a growing community of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns105_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns105-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor assigned to the city which had been chosen as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Islamic Syria</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umayyad_and_Abbasid_periods">Umayyad and Abbasid periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Umayyad and Abbasid periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque,_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque%2C_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>View of Damascus with the Umayyad Mosque in center</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the fourth Rashidun caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>'s death in 661, Mu'awiya was chosen as the caliph of the expanding Islamic empire. Because of the vast amounts of assets his clan, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyads</a>, owned in the city and because of its traditional economic and social links with the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arab">Christian Arab</a> tribes of the region, Mu'awiya established Damascus as the capital of the entire <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns107_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns107-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ascension of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a> in 685, an Islamic coinage system was introduced and all of the surplus revenue of the Caliphate's provinces were forwarded to the treasury of Damascus. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was also established as the official language, giving the Muslim minority of the city an advantage over the Aramaic-speaking Christians in administrative affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns110_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns110-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a>'s successor, al-Walid initiated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque of Damascus">Grand Mosque of Damascus</a> (known as the Umayyad Mosque) in 706. The site originally had been the Christian Cathedral of St. John and the Muslims maintained the building's dedication to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns113_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns113-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 715, the mosque was complete. Al-Walid died that same year and he was succeeded at first by <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik">Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik</a> and then by <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a>, who each ruled for brief periods before the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hisham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham">Hisham</a> in 724. With these successions, the status of Damascus was gradually weakening as Suleiman had chosen <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> as his residence and later Hisham chose <a href="/wiki/Resafa" title="Resafa">Resafa</a>. Following the murder of the latter in 743, the Caliphate of the Umayyads—which by then stretched from Spain to India— was crumbling as a result of widespread revolts. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a> in 744, the capital of the empire was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> in the northern <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazira, Mesopotamia">Jazira</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns122_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns122-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Mosque-Dome_of_the_Treasury211099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qubbat_al-Khazna" title="Qubbat al-Khazna">dome of Damascus' treasury</a> in the Umayyad Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 August 750, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a>, having already beaten the Umayyads in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zab" title="Battle of the Zab">Battle of the Zab</a> in Iraq, conquered Damascus after facing little resistance. With the heralding of the Abbasid Caliphate, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the new Islamic capital. Within the first six months of Abbasid rule, revolts began erupting in the city, albeit too isolated and unfocused to present a viable threat. Nonetheless, the last of the prominent Umayyads were executed, the traditional officials of Damascus were ostracised, and army generals from the city were dismissed. Afterwards, the Umayyad family cemetery was desecrated and the city walls were torn down, reducing Damascus into a provincial town of little importance. It roughly disappeared from written records for the next century and the only significant improvement of the city was the Abbasid-built treasury dome in the Umayyad Mosque in 789. In 811, distant remnants of the Umayyad dynasty staged a strong uprising in Damascus that was eventually put down.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns132_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns132-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 November 847, a <a href="/wiki/847_Damascus_earthquake" title="847 Damascus earthquake">multiple earthquake struck and destroyed Damascus</a>, causing the lives of 70,000 people in estimated deaths. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Ahmad ibn Tulun">Ahmad ibn Tulun</a>, a dissenting Turkish wali appointed by the Abbasids, conquered Syria, including Damascus, from his overlords in 878–79. In an act of respect for the previous Umayyad rulers, he erected a shrine on the site of Mu'awiya's grave in the city. <a href="/wiki/Tulunid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid">Tulunid</a> rule of Damascus was brief, lasting only until 906 before being replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> who were adherents of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Due to their inability to control the vast amount of land they occupied, the Qarmatians withdrew from Damascus and a new dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhshidid">Ikhshidids</a>, took control of the city. They maintained the independence of Damascus from the Arab <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> 967. A period of instability in the city followed, with a Qarmatian raid in 968, a Byzantine raid in 970, and increasing pressures from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> in the south and the Hamdanids in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns135_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns135-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Califate_750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Califate_750.jpg/220px-Califate_750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Califate_750.jpg/330px-Califate_750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Califate_750.jpg/440px-Califate_750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, which extended from Western Europe to Southern Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shia Fatimids gained control in 970, inflaming hostilities between them and the Sunni Arabs of the city who frequently revolted. A Turk, <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a> drove out the Fatimids five years later, and through diplomacy, prevented the Byzantines during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes</a> from attempting to annex the city. However, by 977, the Fatimids under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aziz">al-Aziz</a>, wrested back control of the city and tamed Sunni dissidents. The Arab geographer, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">al-Muqaddasi</a>, visited Damascus in 985, remarking that the architecture and infrastructure of the city were "magnificent", but living conditions were awful. Under al-Aziz, the city saw a brief period of stability that ended with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a> (996–1021). In 998, hundreds of Damascus citizens were rounded up and executed by him for incitement. Three years after al-Hakim's mysterious disappearance, a rebellion was initiated in southern Syria against the Fatimids, but was stifled by the Fatimid Turkish governor of Syria and Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Duzbari</a>, in 1029. This victory gave the latter mastery over Syria, displeasing his Fatimid overlords, but gaining the admiration of Damascus' citizens. He was exiled by Fatimid authorities to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> where he died in 1041.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns138_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns138-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that date to 1063, there are no known records of the city's history. By then, Damascus lacked a city administration, had an enfeebled economy, and a greatly reduced population.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns139_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns139-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods">Seljuq and Ayyubid periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seljuq and Ayyubid periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Turks">Seljuq Turks</a> in the late 11th century, Damascus again became the capital of independent states. It was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I</a> starting in 1079 and he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Duqaq_(Seljuk_ruler_of_Damascus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duqaq (Seljuk ruler of Damascus)">Abu Nasr Duqaq</a> in 1095. The Seljuqs established a court in Damascus and a systematic reversal of Shia inroads in the city. The city also saw an expansion of religious life through private endowments financing religious institutions (<i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a></i>) and hospitals (<i>maristans</i>). Damascus soon became one of the most important centers of propagating Islamic thought in the Muslim world. After Duqaq died in 1104, his mentor (<i><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">atabeg</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Toghtekin" title="Toghtekin">Toghtekin</a>, took control of Damascus and the <a href="/wiki/Burid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burid Dynasty">Burid line</a> of the Seljuq dynasty. Under Duqaq and Toghtekin, Damascus experienced stability, elevated status, and a revived role in commerce. In addition, the city's Sunni majority enjoyed being a part of the larger Sunni framework effectively governed by various Turkic dynasties who in turn were under the <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> of the Baghdad-based Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns142_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns142-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the rulers of Damascus were preoccupied in conflict with their fellow Seljuqs in Aleppo and <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a>, the Crusaders, who arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in 1097, conquered <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and Palestine. Duqaq seemed to have been content with Crusader's rule as a buffer between his dominion and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. Toghtekin, however, saw the Western invaders as a viable threat to Damascus which, at the time, nominally included <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, the Beqaa Valley, Hauran, and the Golan Heights as part of its territories. With military support from Sharaf al-Din <a href="/wiki/Mawdud" title="Mawdud">Mawdud</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, Toghtekin managed to halt Crusader raids in the Golan and Hauran. Mawdud was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque in 1109, depriving Damascus of northern Muslim backing and forcing Toghtekin to agree to a truce with the Crusaders in 1110.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns147_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns147-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1126, the Crusader army led by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II</a> fought Burid forces led by Toghtekin at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(1126)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1126)">Marj al-Saffar</a> near Damascus; however, despite their tactical victory, the Crusaders failed in their objective to capture Damascus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG/220px-Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG/330px-Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG/440px-Kuppel_Nur_ad-Din_Madrasa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The twin domes of the funerary-Medresa of <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nur ad-Din</a> also Known as the Madrasah Nuriyya al-Kubra<sup id="cite_ref-madainkubra_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainkubra-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archnet-nuriya_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archnet-nuriya-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Toghtekin's death in 1128, his son, <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Muluk_Buri" title="Taj al-Muluk Buri">Taj al-Muluk Buri</a>, became the nominal ruler of Damascus. Coincidentally, the Seljuq prince of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zengi">Imad al-Din Zengi</a>, took power in Aleppo and gained a mandate from the Abbasids to extend his authority to Damascus. In 1129, around 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili Muslims</a> were killed in the city along with their leaders. The Sunnis were provoked by rumors alleging there was a plot by the Isma'ilis, who controlled the strategic fort at <a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>, to aid the Crusaders in capturing Damascus in return for control of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Soon after the massacre, the Crusaders aimed to take advantage of the unstable situation and launch an <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1129" title="Crusade of 1129">assault</a> against Damascus with nearly 2,000 knights and 10,000 infantry. However, Buri allied with Zengi and managed to prevent their army from reaching the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns148-9_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns148-9-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buri was assassinated by Isma'ili agents in 1132; he was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Mulk_Isma%27il" title="Shams al-Mulk Isma'il">Shams al-Mulk Isma'il</a> who ruled tyrannically until he was murdered in 1135 on secret orders from his mother, <a href="/wiki/Zumurrud_Khatun" title="Zumurrud Khatun">Safwat al-Mulk Zumurrud</a>; Isma'il's brother, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, replaced him. Meanwhile, Zengi, intent on putting Damascus under his control, married Safwat al-Mulk in 1138. Mahmud's reign then ended in 1139 after he was killed for relatively unknown reasons by members of his family. <a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Unur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'in al-Din Unur">Mu'in al-Din Unur</a>, his <i><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i> ("slave soldier") took effective power of the city, prompting Zengi—with Safwat al-Mulk's backing—to lay siege against Damascus the same year. In response, Damascus allied with the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> to resist Zengi's forces. Consequently, Zengi withdrew his army and focused on campaigns against northern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns151_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns151-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1144, Zengi <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">conquered Edessa</a>, a crusader stronghold, which led to <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">a new crusade</a> from Europe in 1148. In the meantime, Zengi was assassinated and his territory was divided among his sons, one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zangi">Nur ad-Din</a>, emir of Aleppo, made an alliance with Damascus. When the European crusaders arrived, they and the nobles of Jerusalem agreed to attack Damascus. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Their siege</a>, however, was a complete failure. When the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls and was driven back. By 1154, Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1164, King <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric of Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">invaded Fatimid Egypt</a>, requested help from Nur ad-Din. The Nur ad-Din sent his general <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a>, and in 1166 Amalric was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">Battle of al-Babein</a>. When Shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew Yusuf, better known as <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, who defeated a joint crusader-Byzantine siege of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin eventually overthrew the Fatimid caliphs and established himself as Sultan of Egypt. He also began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Damascus and Nur ad-Din's other Syrian possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1177 Saladin was defeated by the crusaders at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Battle of Montgisard</a>, despite his numerical superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saladin also <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">besieged Kerak</a> in 1183, but was forced to withdraw. He finally launched a full invasion of Jerusalem in 1187 and annihilated the crusader army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> in July. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> fell to Saladin soon after, and Jerusalem itself <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">was captured</a> in October. These events shocked Europe, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> in 1189, led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, though the last drowned en route.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surviving crusaders, joined by new arrivals from Europe, put Acre to a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">lengthy siege</a> which lasted until 1191. After re-capturing Acre, Richard defeated Saladin at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a> in 1191 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a> in 1192, recovering most of the coast for the Christians, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. The crusade came to an end peacefully, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1192)">Treaty of Jaffa</a> in 1192. Saladin allowed pilgrimages to be made to Jerusalem, allowing the Crusaders to fulfill their vows, after which they all returned home. Local crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladin died in 1193, and there were frequent conflicts between different <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid sultans</a> ruling in Damascus and Cairo. Damascus was the capital of independent Ayyubid rulers between 1193 and 1201, from 1218 to 1238, from 1239 to 1245, and from 1250 to 1260. At other times it was ruled by the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the internecine wars fought by the Ayyubid rulers, Damascus was besieged repeatedly, as, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1229)" title="Siege of Damascus (1229)">in 1229</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The patterned Byzantine and Chinese silks available through Damascus, one of the Western termini of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, gave the English language "damask".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mamluk period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg/220px-Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg/330px-Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg/440px-Schedel_Damaskus_1497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3493" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut of 1497</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation_v%C3%A9nitienne_%C3%A0_Damas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Venetian delegation in Damascus, painting of 1511. <a href="/wiki/Louvre-Lens" title="Louvre-Lens">Louvre-Lens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ayyubid rule (and independence) came to an end with the Mongol invasion of Syria in 1260, in which the Mongols led by <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a> entered the city on 1 March 1260, along with the King of Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Hethum_I,_King_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum I, King of Armenia">Hethum I</a>, and the Prince of Antioch, <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VI of Antioch">Bohemond VI</a>; hence, the citizens of Damascus saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following the Mongol defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Ain Jalut</a> on 3 September 1260, Damascus was captured five days later and became the provincial capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>, ruled from Egypt, following the Mongol withdrawal. Following their victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Khaznadar" title="Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar">Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar</a>, the Mongols led by <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> besieged the city for ten days, which surrendered between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, though its Citadel resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987439_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987439-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghazan then retreated with most of his forces in February, probably because the Mongol horses needed fodder, and left behind about 10,000 horsemen under the Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Mulay" title="Mulay">Mulay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007146_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007146-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around March 1300, Mulay returned with his horsemen to Damascus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987247_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987247-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then followed Ghazan back across the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. In May 1300, the Egyptian Mamluks returned from Egypt and reclaimed the entire area<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchein1979810_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchein1979810-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987248_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987248-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1303, the Mamluks managed to defeat the Mongol army led by <a href="/wiki/Kutlushah" title="Kutlushah">Kutlushah</a> and Mulay along with their Armenian allies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(1303)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303)">Battle of Marj al-Saffar</a>, to put an end to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Mongol invasions of the Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200180_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200180-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348–1349 killed as much as half of the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1400, <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> conqueror, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1400)" title="Siege of Damascus (1400)">besieged Damascus</a>. The Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal, Timur sacked the city on 17 March 1401.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khaldun195297_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khaldun195297-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> was burnt and men and women were taken into slavery. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name <i>Burj al-Ru'us</i> (between modern-day <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassaa" title="Al-Qassaa">Al-Qassaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a>), originally "the tower of heads". </p><p>Rebuilt, Damascus continued to serve as a Mamluk provincial capital until 1516. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus Eyalet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria Vilayet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/220px-Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/330px-Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/440px-Damaskus_in_Syrien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Damascus in 1690 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Balthasar_Peeters" title="Jacob Balthasar Peeters">Jacob Balthasar Peeters</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg/220px-A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg/330px-A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg/440px-A_Turkish_Divan-Damascus_-_Carne_John_-_1836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>A Turkish Divan in Damascus, in 1836, by <a href="/wiki/John_Carne" title="John Carne">John Carne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1516, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, wary of the danger of an alliance between the Mamluks and the Persian <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a>, started a campaign of conquest against the Mamluk sultanate. On 21 September, the Mamluk governor of Damascus fled the city, and on 2 October the <a href="/wiki/Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">khutba</a> in the Umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>. The day after, the victorious sultan entered the city, staying for three months. On 15 December, he left Damascus by Bab al-Jabiya, intent on the conquest of Egypt. Little appeared to have changed in the city: one army had simply replaced another. However, on his return in October 1517, the sultan ordered the construction of a mosque, <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">tekkiye</a> and mausoleum at the shrine of Shaikh <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Damascus" title="Al-Salihiyah, Damascus">al-Salihiyah</a>. This was to be the first of Damascus' great Ottoman monuments. During this time, according to an Ottoman census, Damascus had 10,423 households.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_(1852).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_%281852%29.jpg/220px-Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_%281852%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_%281852%29.jpg/330px-Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_%281852%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_%281852%29.jpg/440px-Eduard_Hildebrandt_-_Ansicht_von_Damaskus_%281852%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>View of Damascus, by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hildebrandt" title="Eduard Hildebrandt">Eduard Hildebrandt</a>, 1852</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_(1876)_(14578799080).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_%281876%29_%2814578799080%29.jpg/220px-The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_%281876%29_%2814578799080%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_%281876%29_%2814578799080%29.jpg/330px-The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_%281876%29_%2814578799080%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_%281876%29_%2814578799080%29.jpg/440px-The_universal_geography_-_the_earth_and_its_inhabitants_%281876%29_%2814578799080%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Damascus, view taken from the Christian quarter, in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottomans remained for the next 400 years, except for a brief occupation by <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a> from 1832 to 1840. Because of its importance as the point of departure for one of the two great <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> caravans to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, Damascus was treated with more attention by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a> than its size might have warranted—for most of this period, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> was more populous and commercially more important. In 1559 the western building of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya</a>, comprising a mosque and <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">khan</a> for pilgrims on the road to Mecca, was completed to a design by the famous Ottoman architect <a href="/wiki/Mimar_Sinan" title="Mimar Sinan">Mimar Sinan</a>, and soon afterward the <a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Madrasa" title="Salimiyya Madrasa">Salimiyya Madrasa</a> was built adjoining it.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene,_Damascus_(Sotheby%27s,_ShafikGabrCollection)_001l2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene%2C_Damascus_%28Sotheby%27s%2C_ShafikGabrCollection%29_001l2010.jpg/220px-Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene%2C_Damascus_%28Sotheby%27s%2C_ShafikGabrCollection%29_001l2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene%2C_Damascus_%28Sotheby%27s%2C_ShafikGabrCollection%29_001l2010.jpg/330px-Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene%2C_Damascus_%28Sotheby%27s%2C_ShafikGabrCollection%29_001l2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene%2C_Damascus_%28Sotheby%27s%2C_ShafikGabrCollection%29_001l2010.jpg/440px-Gustav_Bauernfeind_-_A_Street_Scene%2C_Damascus_%28Sotheby%27s%2C_ShafikGabrCollection%29_001l2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauernfeind" title="Gustav Bauernfeind">Gustav Bauernfeind</a> of a crowd in Damascus street, circa 1890</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in the nineteenth century, Damascus was noted for its shady cafes along the banks of the Barada. A depiction of these by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bartlett" title="William Henry Bartlett">William Henry Bartlett</a> was published in 1836, along with a poetical illustration by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>, see <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1837/Cafes_in_Damascus" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837/Cafes in Damascus">Cafes in Damascus</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman rule">Ottoman rule</a>, Christians and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were considered <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a> and were allowed to practice their religious precepts. During the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> of 1840 the false accusation of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual murder">ritual murder</a> was brought against members of the Jewish community of Damascus. The <a href="/wiki/1860_Druze-Christian_conflict_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Druze-Christian conflict in Lebanon">massacre of Christians in 1860</a> was also one of the most notorious incidents of these centuries when fighting between <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> spilled over into the city. Several thousand Christians were killed in June 1860, with many more being saved through the intervention of the Algerian exile <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jaza%27iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri">Abd al-Qadir</a> and his soldiers (three days after the massacre started), who brought them to safety in Abd al-Qadir's residence and the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a>. The Christian quarter of the old city (mostly inhabited by Catholics), including several churches, was burnt down. The Christian inhabitants of the notoriously poor and refractory <a href="/wiki/Midan" class="mw-redirect" title="Midan">Midan</a> district outside the walls (mostly Orthodox) were, however, protected by their Muslim neighbors. </p><p>American Missionary E.C. Miller records that in 1867 the population of the city was 'about' 140,000, of whom 30,000 were Christians, 10,000 Jews, and 100,000 'Mohammedans' with fewer than 100 Protestant Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, American writer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> visited Damascus, then wrote about his travel in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_Abroad" title="The Innocents Abroad">The Innocents Abroad</a></i>, in which he mentioned: "Though old as history itself, thou art fresh as the breath of spring, blooming as thine own rose-bud, and fragrant as thine own orange flower, O Damascus, pearl of the East!".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1898, German emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> toured Damascus, during his trip to the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4ALHinDamascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/4ALHinDamascus.jpg/220px-4ALHinDamascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/4ALHinDamascus.jpg/330px-4ALHinDamascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/4ALHinDamascus.jpg/440px-4ALHinDamascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The Turkish Hospital in Damascus on 1 October 1918, shortly after the entry of the Australian <a href="/wiki/4th_Light_Horse_Regiment_(Australia)" title="4th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)">4th Light Horse Regiment</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the 20th century, nationalist sentiment in Damascus, initially cultural in its interest, began to take a political coloring, largely in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Turkicisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkicisation">turkicisation</a> program of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> government established in Istanbul in 1908. The hanging of a number of patriotic intellectuals by <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal Pasha">Jamal Pasha</a>, governor of Damascus, in Beirut and Damascus in 1915 and 1916 further stoked nationalist feeling, and in 1918, as the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> and the British Imperial forces approached, residents fired on the retreating Turkish troops. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emir_Faisal;_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emir_Faisal%3B_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg/220px-Emir_Faisal%3B_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emir_Faisal%3B_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg/330px-Emir_Faisal%3B_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emir_Faisal%3B_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg/440px-Emir_Faisal%3B_Lt._Colonel_T.E._Lawrence_-_early_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">King Faisal of Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orion" title="HMS Orion">HMS Orion</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 1918.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 October 1918, <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1918)" title="Capture of Damascus (1918)">entered Damascus</a>, the third arrival of the day, the first being the Australian <a href="/wiki/3rd_Light_Horse_Brigade" title="3rd Light Horse Brigade">3rd Light Horse Brigade</a>, led by Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Charles_Olden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Charles Olden (page does not exist)">A.C.N. 'Harry' Olden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, 3 October 1918, <a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Army" title="Sharifian Army">the forces of the Arab revolt led by</a> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Prince Faisal</a> also entered Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A military government under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shukri_Pasha_Al-Ayyubi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shukri Pasha Al-Ayyubi (page does not exist)">Shukri Pasha</a> was named and Faisal ibn Hussein was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">king of Syria</a>. Political tension arose in November 1917, when the new <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government in Russia revealed the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a> whereby Britain and France had arranged to partition the Arab East between them. A new Franco-British proclamation on 17 November promised the "complete and definitive freeing of the peoples so long oppressed by the Turks." The <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a> in March adopted a democratic constitution. However, the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Conference">Versailles Conference</a> had granted France a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate</a> over Syria, and in 1920 a French army commanded by the General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a> crossed the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, defeated a small Syrian defensive expedition at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="Battle of Maysalun">Battle of Maysalun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">entered Damascus</a>. The French made Damascus the capital of their <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria</a>. </p><p>When in 1925 the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> spread to Damascus, the French suppressed it with heavy weaponry, bombing and shelling the city on 9 May 1926. As a result, the area of the old city between <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq" title="Al-Hamidiyah Souq">Al-Hamidiyah Souq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medhat_Pasha_Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhat Pasha Souq">Medhat Pasha Souq</a> was burned to the ground, with many deaths, and has since then been known as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hariqa" title="Al-Hariqa">al-Hariqa</a></i> ("the fire"). The old city was surrounded with barbed wire to prevent rebels from infiltrating the <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a>, and a new road was built outside the northern ramparts to facilitate the movement of armored cars. Reporter <a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">George Seldes</a> viewed 308 bodies, and suggested there might be more dead under the rubble -- and that a maximum might be one thousand. "When the Muslims, who had rebelled, threatened to kill all Christians, General Maurice Sarrail gave the civilian population time to evacuate, then ordered Fort Gouraud to fire some warning shots, then shell the rebel sector." <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 June 1941, 3 weeks into the Allied <a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon campaign">Syria-Lebanon campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Damascus was captured</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> forces by a mixed British Indian and Free French force. The French agreed to withdraw in 1946, following the British intervention during the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a>, thus leading to the full independence of Syria. Damascus remained the capital. </p><p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City of Damascus">Old City of Damascus</a>, with its collection of archaeological and historical religious sites, was listed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_Opera_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Damascus_Opera_House.jpg/220px-Damascus_Opera_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Damascus_Opera_House.jpg/330px-Damascus_Opera_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Damascus_Opera_House.jpg/440px-Damascus_Opera_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Opera_House" title="Damascus Opera House">Damascus Opera House</a>, opened in 2004</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS013-E-82035.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ISS013-E-82035.jpg/220px-ISS013-E-82035.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ISS013-E-82035.jpg/330px-ISS013-E-82035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ISS013-E-82035.jpg/440px-ISS013-E-82035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>Damascus in 2006, taken from the International Space Station</figcaption></figure> <p>By January 2012, <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_Governorate_campaign" title="Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign">clashes</a> between the regular army and rebels reached the outskirts of Damascus, reportedly preventing people from leaving or reaching their houses, especially when security operations there intensified from the end of January into February.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 2012, bullets and shrapnel shells smashed into homes in Damascus overnight as troops battled the Free Syrian Army in the streets. At least three tank shells slammed into residential areas in the central Damascus neighborhood of Qaboun, according to activists. Intense exchanges of assault rifle fire marked the clash, according to residents and amateur video posted online.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Damascus suburb of <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> suffered heavy bombing in December 2017 and a further wave of bombing started in February 2018, also known as <a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq Offensive</a>. </p><p>On 20 May 2018, Damascus and the entire Rif Dimashq Governorate came fully under government control for the first time in 7 years after the evacuation of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">IS</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk Camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2019, Damascus entered the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i> as the least liveable city, scoring 30.7 points on the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Liveability_Ranking" title="Global Liveability Ranking">Global Liveability Index</a> in 2019, based on factors such as: stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the trend of being the least liveable city on Earth started in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png/190px-2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png/285px-2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png/380px-2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria.png 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption>Israeli-occupied <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_Israeli_invasion_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Israeli invasion of Syria">Israeli invasion of Syria</a> in December 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Syrian rebels, led by the <a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham">HTS</a> rebel group <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)" title="Fall of Damascus (2024)">entered Damascus</a> on 8 December 2024 after a <a href="/wiki/2024_Syrian_opposition_offensives" title="2024 Syrian opposition offensives">series of offensives</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Sednaya_Prison" title="Sednaya Prison">Sednaya Prison</a> and later resulting in <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">the collapse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 February 2025, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> demanded the complete demilitarization of southern Syria in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate" title="Quneitra Governorate">Quneitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate" title="Daraa Governorate">Daraa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwayda_Governorate" title="Suwayda Governorate">Suweyda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the withdrawal of Syrian forces from Syrian territory south of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria's new regime under transitional President <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a> rejected Netanyahu's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hours later, Israel conducted a wave of airstrikes in Damascus and southern Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg/220px-BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg/330px-BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg/440px-BankSharqAndBlueTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>Bank Al-Sharq and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Tower_Hotel" title="Blue Tower Hotel">Blue Tower Hotel</a>, a 4-star hotel in Hamra Street.</figcaption></figure> <p>The historical role that Damascus played as an important trade center has changed in recent years due to political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damascus has also held an annual <a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Fair" title="Damascus International Fair">international trade exposition</a> every fall, since 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tourism industry in Damascus has a lot of potential, however, the civil war has hampered these prospects. The abundance of cultural wealth in Damascus has been modestly employed since the late 1980s with the development of many accommodation and transportation establishments and other related investments.<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 2000s, numerous boutique hotels and bustling cafes opened in the old city which attracts plenty of European tourists and Damascenes alike.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 new office space was built and became available on the real estate market.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marota_City" title="Marota City">Marota City</a> and Basilia City are two new development projects in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two projects are viewed as post-war reconstruction efforts. The <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Damascus stock exchange</a> formally opened for trade in March 2009, and the exchange is the only stock exchange in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in the Barzeh district, within Syria's financial markets and securities commission. Its final home is to be located in the upmarket business district of <a href="/wiki/Yaafour" title="Yaafour"><i>Yaafur</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damascus is home to a wide range of industrial activities, such as textile, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, cement, and various chemical industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of factories are run by the state, however limited <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> in addition to economic activities led by the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>, were permitted starting in the early 2000s with the liberalization of trade that took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional handcrafts and artisan copper engravings are still produced in the old city.<sup id="cite_ref-Damascus_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascusfashion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Damascusfashion.jpg/170px-Damascusfashion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Damascusfashion.jpg/255px-Damascusfashion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Damascusfashion.jpg/340px-Damascusfashion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="2317" /></a><figcaption>Three Damascene women, 1873: <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">tantour</a></i> headdress, and urban lady wearing <i>qabqab</i> (i.e. kabkab or <a href="/wiki/Platform_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform shoes">platform shoes</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADDISON(1838)_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ADDISON%281838%29_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg/170px-ADDISON%281838%29_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ADDISON%281838%29_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg/255px-ADDISON%281838%29_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ADDISON%281838%29_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg/340px-ADDISON%281838%29_2.006_SZENE_IN_THE_BAZAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Scene in a <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> in Damascus, in 1838, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Addison" title="Charles G. Addison">Charles G. Addison</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2004 Census of Population conducted by <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Syria)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)">Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)</a>, Damascus had a population of 1,552,161 living in 309,317 of its 345,097 total dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damascus is the center of a crowded metropolitan area with an estimated population of 5 million. The metropolitan area of Damascus includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">Al-Tall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a>. </p><p>The city's growth rate is higher than in Syria as a whole, primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">rural-urban migration</a> and the influx of young Syrian migrants drawn by employment and educational opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration of Syrian youths to Damascus has resulted in an average age within the city that is below the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the population of Damascus is thought to have decreased in recent years as a result of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vast majority of Damascenes are Syrian <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a> are the second largest ethnic minority, with a population of approximately 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They reside primarily in the neighborhoods of Wadi al-Mashari ("Zorava" or "Zore Afa" in Kurdish) and <a href="/wiki/Rukneddine" title="Rukneddine">Rukn al-Din</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minorities include <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Circassians</a> and a small <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Greek community</a>. </p><p>There was once a significant Jewish community in Damascus, but as of 2023, no Jews remain.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277954990">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li .l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Damascus (2024)</div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> (78%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:lightgreen;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (10%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (12%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:blue;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Christianity (12%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie50" style="background:green;color:#000" title="Sunni Islam (78%)"></div> <div class="pie50" style="background:green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.280turn)" title="Sunni Islam (78%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:lightgreen;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.780turn)" title="Shia Islam (10%)"></div> <div class="pie7" style="background:lightgreen;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.810turn)" title="Shia Islam (10%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the largest religion. The majority of Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> while <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shi'a">Twelver Shi'a</a> comprise sizeable minorities. Alawites live primarily in the neighbourhoods of Mezzeh 86 and Sumariyah part of the <a href="/wiki/Mezzeh" title="Mezzeh">Mezzeh</a> district, in addition to the neighbourhood of Eish al-Warwar in the district of <a href="/wiki/Barzeh,_Syria" title="Barzeh, Syria">Barzeh</a>. Twelvers primarily live near the Shia holy sites of <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus">Sayyidah Zaynab</a>. It is believed that there are more than 200 mosques in Damascus, the most well-known being the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christians represent about 10%–15% of the population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several Eastern Christian rites have their headquarters in Damascus, including the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>. The Christian districts in the city are <a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qassaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qassaa">Qassaa</a> and Ghassani. Each have many churches, most notably the ancient <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">St. Paul Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Our Lady of the Dormition Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">St Georges Cathedral</a> in Bab Tuma. At the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Soufanieh" title="Our Lady of Soufanieh">Soufanieh</a> a series of <a href="/wiki/Apparitions_of_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparitions of the Virgin Mary">apparitions of the Virgin Mary</a> have reportedly been observed between 1982 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriarchal See of the Syriac Orthodox is based in Damascus, Bab Touma. </p><p>A smaller <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> minority inhabits the city, notably in the mixed Christian-Druze suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Tadamon,_Syria" title="Tadamon, Syria">Tadamon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a>. </p><p>There was a small <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Jewish community</a> namely in what is called <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus" title="Jewish Quarter of Damascus">Harat al-Yahud</a></i> the Jewish quarter. They are the remnants of an ancient and much larger <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Jewish presence in Syria</a>, dating back at least to Roman times, if not before to the time of King David.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Religious sites in Damascus</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church,_Damascus,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady"><img alt="The Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/120px-Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/180px-Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/240px-Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady, Damascus">Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral,_Damascus_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul"><img alt="The Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus_%282%29.jpg/120px-Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus_%282%29.jpg/180px-Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus_%282%29.jpg/240px-Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chapel of Saint Paul"><img alt="The Chapel of Saint Paul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/120px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/180px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg/240px-Damascus-Bab_Kisan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya"><img alt="The Sulaymaniyya Takiyya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg/120px-Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg/180px-Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg/240px-Takiyya_as-S%C3%BCleimaniyya_Mosque_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria,_Damascus,_The_Umayyad_Mosque,_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Umayyad Mosque"><img alt="The Umayyad Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_The_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg/120px-Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_The_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_The_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg/180px-Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_The_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_The_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg/240px-Syria%2C_Damascus%2C_The_Umayyad_Mosque%2C_The_Great_Mosque_of_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque"><img alt="The Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg/120px-Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg/180px-Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg/240px-Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufism">Sufism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> throughout the second half of the 20th century has been an influential current in the Sunni religious practises, particularly in Damascus. The largest women-only and girls-only Muslim movement in the world happens to be Sufi-oriented and is based in Damascus, led by <a href="/wiki/Munira_al-Qubaysi" title="Munira al-Qubaysi">Munira al-Qubaysi</a>. Syrian Sufism has its stronghold in urban regions such as Damascus, where it also established political movements such as Zayd, with the help of a series of <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, and clergy such as <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_Hawwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'id Hawwa">Sa'id Hawwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Shaghouri" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri">Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Yaqoubi" title="Muhammad al-Yaqoubi">Muhammad al-Yaqoubi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sites">Historical sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_city_of_Damascus" title="Old city of Damascus">Old city of Damascus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG/220px-Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG/330px-Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG/440px-Damasco_via_rectaHPIM3222.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Typical historic Damascene street</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg/220px-Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg/330px-Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg/440px-Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq" title="Al-Hamidiyah Souq">Al-Hamidiyah Souq</a>, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ancient City of Damascus was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1979. Beginning with the Aramaic kingdom (11th-7th centuries BC), Damascus grew into the political and urban hub for the region. Today, the ancient city encompasses over 125 cultural heritage sites that represent Damascus’ long history, including archaeological and architectural remains from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, and Ottoman periods.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tragically, ongoing conflict and war continues to threaten the archaeological heritage and prevent archaeological discovery of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a> is in the northwest corner of the Old City. The <i><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Straight_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascus Straight Street">Damascus Straight Street</a></i> (referred to in the account of the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Saint Paul">conversion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> 9:11), also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_Recta" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Recta">Via Recta</a></i>, was the <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">decumanus</a> (east–west main street) of Roman Damascus, and extended for over 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Today, it consists of the street of Bab Sharqi and the Souk Medhat Pasha, a covered market. The <a href="/wiki/Bab_Sharqi" title="Bab Sharqi">Bab Sharqi</a> street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a> (St. Thomas's Gate), where <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">St George's Cathedral</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, is notably located. <a href="/wiki/Medhat_Pasha_Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhat Pasha Souq">Medhat Pasha Souq</a> is also a main market in Damascus and was named after <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>, the Ottoman governor of Syria who renovated the Souk. At the end of Bab Sharqi Street, one reaches the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saint_Ananias" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Saint Ananias">House of Ananias</a>, an underground chapel that was the cellar of <a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias</a>'s house. The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam. A shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">mausoleum</a> where <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> was buried is located in the gardens just outside the mosque. <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque</a>, the shrine of the youngest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, can also be found near the Umayyad Mosque. The ancient district of <a href="/wiki/Amara_District" title="Amara District">Amara</a> is also within walking distance from these sites. Another heavily visited site is <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus">Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque</a>, where the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a> is located. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umayyad_Square,_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Umayyad_Square%2C_Damascus.jpg/220px-Umayyad_Square%2C_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Umayyad_Square%2C_Damascus.jpg/330px-Umayyad_Square%2C_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Umayyad_Square%2C_Damascus.jpg/440px-Umayyad_Square%2C_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Square" title="Umayyad Square">Umayyad Square</a></figcaption></figure><p>Shias, Fatemids, and Dawoodi Bohras believe that after the battle of Karbala (680 AD), in Iraq, the Umayyad Caliph Yezid brought Imam Husain's head to Damascus, where it was first kept in the courtyard of Yezid Mahal, now part of Umayyad Mosque complex. All other remaining members of Imam Husain's family (left alive after Karbala) along with the heads of all other companions, who were killed at Karbala, were also brought to Damascus. These members were kept as prisoners on the outskirts of the city (near <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir" title="Bab al-Saghir">Bab al-Saghir</a>), where the other heads were kept at the same location, now called Ru'ûs ash-Shuhadâ-e-Karbala or ganj-e-sarha-e-shuhada-e-Karbala.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a qibla (place of worship) marked at the place, where devotees say <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn">Imam Ali-Zain-ul-Abedin</a> used to pray while in captivity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus" title="Jewish Quarter of Damascus">Harat Al Yehud</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Jewish Quarter is a recently restored historical tourist destination popular among Europeans before the outbreak of civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walls_and_gates_of_Damascus">Walls and gates of Damascus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Walls and gates of Damascus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg/220px-Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg/330px-Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg/440px-Bab_Touma_Gate_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a> gate</figcaption></figure> <p>The Old City of Damascus with an approximate area of 86.12 hectares<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is surrounded by ramparts on the northern and eastern sides and part of the southern side. There are seven extant city gates, the oldest of which dates back to the Roman period. These are, clockwise from the north of the citadel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faradis" title="Bab al-Faradis">Bab al-Faradis</a> ("the gate of the orchards", or "of the paradise")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Salam" title="Bab al-Salam">Bab al-Salam</a> ("the gate of peace"), all on the north boundary of the Old City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a> ("Touma" or "Thomas's Gate") in the north-east corner, leading into the Christian quarter of the same name,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sharqi" title="Bab Sharqi">Bab Sharqi</a> ("eastern gate") in the east wall, the only one to retain its Roman plan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Kisan" title="Bab Kisan">Bab Kisan</a> in the south-east, from which tradition holds that Saint Paul made his escape from Damascus, lowered from the ramparts in a basket; this gate has been closed and turned into <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a> marking this event,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir" title="Bab al-Saghir">Bab al-Saghir</a> (The Small Gate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jabiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Jabiya">Bab al-Jabiya</a> at the entrance to Souk Midhat Pasha, in the southwest.</li></ul> <p>Other areas outside the walled city also bear the name "gate": <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Damascus)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Damascus)">Bab al-Faraj</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bab_Mousalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bab Mousalla (page does not exist)">Bab Mousalla</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bab_Sreija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bab Sreija (page does not exist)">Bab Sreija</a>, both to the south-west of the walled city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches_in_the_old_city">Churches in the old city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Churches in the old city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saint_Ananias" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Saint Ananias">House of Saint Ananias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus" title="Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus">Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady, Damascus">Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady</a></li> <li>Saint John the Damascene Church</li> <li>Saint Paul's Laura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">Saint George's Syriac Orthodox Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_sites_in_the_old_city">Islamic sites in the old city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Islamic sites in the old city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg/220px-Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg/330px-Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg/440px-Saladin_mouselum_tomb_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>Saladin mausoleum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg/220px-Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg/330px-Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg/440px-Bilal-al-Habashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Grave of <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir" title="Bab al-Saghir">Bab al-Saghir</a> cemetery, Damascus</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Saghir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Saghir">Bab Saghir</a> Cemetery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Habeel_Mosque" title="Nabi Habeel Mosque">Nabi Habeel Mosque</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrasas">Madrasas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Madrasas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Adiliyah Madrasa">Al-Adiliyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Zahiriyah Library">Az-Zahiriyah Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Nur al-Din Madrasa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khans">Khans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Khans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Jaqmaq" title="Khan Jaqmaq">Khan Jaqmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">Khan As'ad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Sulayman_Pasha" title="Khan Sulayman Pasha">Khan Sulayman Pasha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Damascene_houses">Old Damascene houses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Old Damascene houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascusalley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Damascusalley.JPG/170px-Damascusalley.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Damascusalley.JPG/255px-Damascusalley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Damascusalley.JPG/340px-Damascusalley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Narrow alley in old Damascus</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azm_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Azm Palace">Azm Palace</a>, originally built in 1750 as the residence for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> governor of Damascus <a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Pasha_al-Azm" title="As'ad Pasha al-Azm">As'ad Pasha al-Azm</a>, housing the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayt_al-Aqqad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayt al-Aqqad (page does not exist)">Bayt al-Aqqad</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maktab_Anbar" title="Maktab Anbar">Maktab Anbar</a>, a mid-19th-century Jewish private mansion, restored by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Syria)" title="Ministry of Culture (Syria)">Ministry of Culture</a> in 1976 to serve as a library, exhibition center, museum and craft workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_al-Mamlouka_Hotel" title="Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel">Beit al-Mamlouka</a>, a 17th-century Damascene house, serving as a luxury <a href="/wiki/Boutique_hotel" title="Boutique hotel">boutique hotel</a> within the old city since 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats_to_the_future_of_the_old_City">Threats to the future of the old City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Threats to the future of the old City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the rapid decline of the population of Old Damascus (between 1995 and 2009 about 30,000 people moved out of the old city for more modern accommodation),<sup id="cite_ref-Hendawi_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendawi-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a growing number of buildings are being abandoned or are falling into disrepair. In March 2007, the local government announced that it would be demolishing Old City buildings along a 1,400 m (4,600 ft) stretch of rampart walls as part of a redevelopment scheme. These factors resulted in the Old City being placed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a> on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-press_release_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_release-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is hoped that its inclusion on the list will draw more public awareness to these significant threats to the future of the historic Old City of Damascus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_old_Damascus">State of old Damascus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: State of old Damascus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage Center:<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Souq_al-Atiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Souq al-Atiq (page does not exist)">Souq al-Atiq</a>, a protected buffer zone, was destroyed in three days in November 2006;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Faysal_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Faysal Street (page does not exist)">King Faysal Street</a>, a traditional hand-craft region in a protected buffer zone near the walls of Old Damascus between the Citadel and <i>Bab Touma</i>, is threatened by a proposed motorway.</li> <li>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Damascus">Old City of Damascus</a> and notably the district of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a> have been recognized by The World Monument Fund as one of the most endangered sites in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In October 2010, <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Fund" title="Global Heritage Fund">Global Heritage Fund</a> named Damascus one of 12 <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage sites</a> most "on the verge" of irreparable loss and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg/220px-Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg/330px-Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg/440px-Damascus_university_internal_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Damascus_University" title="Damascus University">Damascus University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Damascus is the main center of education in Syria. It is home to <a href="/wiki/Damascus_University" title="Damascus University">Damascus University</a>, which is the oldest and largest university in Syria. After the enactment of legislation allowing private higher institutions, several new universities were established in the city and the surrounding area, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Virtual_University" title="Syrian Virtual University">Syrian Virtual University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="International University for Science and Technology">International University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Private_University" title="Syrian Private University">Syrian Private University</a><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_International_University" title="Arab International University">Arab International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kalamoon" title="University of Kalamoon">University of Kalamoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Private_University" title="Yarmouk Private University">Yarmouk Private University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_International_University" title="Wadi International University">Wadi International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazeera_University" title="Al-Jazeera University">Al-Jazeera University</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>European University Damascus</li></ul> <p>The institutes play an important rule in the education, including: </p> <ul><li>Higher Institute of Business Administration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Technology_(Damascus)" title="Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (Damascus)">Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Dramatic_Arts_(Damascus)" title="Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts (Damascus)">Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts</a></li> <li>National Institute of Administration</li></ul> <p>In Damascus, Higher education in Syrian Arab Republic started with sustainable development steps through Damascus University.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Additional: <ul><li>Syrian International Academy for Training and Development</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus,_Syria,_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Highway.jpg/220px-Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Highway.jpg/330px-Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Highway.jpg/440px-Damascus%2C_Syria%2C_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A highway in Damascus</figcaption></figure> <p>Damascus is linked with other major cities in Syria via a <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">motorway network</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M5_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M5 Motorway (Syria)">M5</a> connects Damascus with <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in the south. The M1 is going from Homs onto <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M4_Motorway_(Syria)" title="M4 Motorway (Syria)">M4</a> links the city with <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The M1 highway connects the city to western Syria and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. </p><p>The main airport is <a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Airport" title="Damascus International Airport">Damascus International Airport</a>, approximately 20 km (12 mi) away from the city, with connections to a few Middle Eastern cities. Before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, the airport had connectivity to many Asian, European, African, and, South American cities. </p><p> Streets in Damascus are often narrow, especially in the older parts of the city, and speed bumps are widely used to limit the speed of vehicles. Many taxi companies operate in Damascus. Fares are regulated by law and taxi drivers are obliged to use a <a href="/wiki/Taximeter" title="Taximeter">taximeter</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG/220px-King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG/330px-King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG/440px-King_Long_KLQ_6118GQ_bus_in_Damascus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Long" title="King Long">King Long</a> KLQ 6118GQ bus used for public transport in Damascus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a> in Damascus depends extensively on <a href="/wiki/Buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Buses">buses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minibuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Minibuses">minibuses</a>. There are about one hundred lines that operate inside the city and some of them extend from the city center to nearby suburbs. There is no schedule for the lines, and due to the limited number of official bus stops, buses will usually stop wherever a passenger needs to get on or off. The number of buses serving the same line is relatively high, which minimizes the waiting time. Lines are not numbered, rather they are given captions mostly indicating the two endpoints and possibly an important station along the line. Between 2019 and 2022, more than 100 modern buses were delivered from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as part of the international agreement. These deliveries strengthened and modernized the public transport of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg/220px-Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg/330px-Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg/440px-Damascus-Hejaz_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway Station">Al-Hejaz Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Served by <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_Syriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer Syriens">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a>, the former main railway station of Damascus was <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">al-Hejaz railway station</a>, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 km (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> mi) west of the old city. The station is now defunct and the tracks have been removed, but there still is a ticket counter and a shuttle to Damascus <a href="/wiki/Qadam" title="Qadam">Qadam</a> station in the south of the city, which now functions as the main railway station. </p><p>In 2008, the government announced a plan to construct a Damascus Metro.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green line will be an essential west–east axis for the future public transportation network, serving Moadamiyeh, Sumariyeh, Mezzeh, Damascus University, Hijaz, the Old City, Abbassiyeen and Qaboun Pullman bus station. A four-line metro network is expected to be in operation by 2050. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg/220px-Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg/330px-Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg/440px-Damascus_National_Museum_Umayyad_Castle_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Damascus" title="National Museum of Damascus">National Museum of Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Damascus was chosen as the <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008 Arab Capital of Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preparation for the festivity began in February 2007 with the establishing of the Administrative Committee for "Damascus Arab Capital of Culture" by a presidential decree.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Museums in Damascus includes <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Damascus" title="National Museum of Damascus">National Museum of Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azem_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Azem Palace">Azem Palace</a>, Military Museum, <a href="/wiki/October_War_Panorama" title="October War Panorama">October War Panorama</a> Museum, Museum of Arabic Calligraphy and <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_leisure">Sports and leisure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports and leisure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus,_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus%2C_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg/220px-Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus%2C_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus%2C_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg/330px-Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus%2C_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus%2C_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg/440px-Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_in_Damascus%2C_Syria_as_seen_from_Mount_Qasioun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayhaa_Sports_Complex" title="Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex">Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, swimming, tennis, table tennis, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>. Damascus is home to many football clubs that participate in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Premier_League" title="Syrian Premier League">Syrian Premier League</a> including <a href="/wiki/Al-Jaish_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Jaish SC (Syria)">al-Jaish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Shorta SC (Syria)">al-Shorta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Wahda_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Wahda SC (Syria)">Al-Wahda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Majd_SC" title="Al-Majd SC">Al-Majd</a>. Many Other sports clubs are located in several districts of the city: <a href="/wiki/Barada_SC" title="Barada SC">Barada SC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nidal_SC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nidal SC (page does not exist)">Al-Nidal SC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muhafaza_SC" title="Al-Muhafaza SC">Al-Muhafaza</a>, Qasioun SC, al-Thawra SC, Maysalun SC, al-Fayhaa SC, Dummar SC, al-Majd SC and al-Arin SC. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1976_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Pan Arab Games">fifth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1992_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Pan Arab Games">seventh</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a> were held in Damascus in 1976 and 1992 respectively. </p><p>The now modernized Al-Fayhaa Sports City features a basketball court and a hall that can accommodate up to 8,000 people. In late November 2021, <a href="/wiki/Syria%27s_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria's national basketball team">Syria's national basketball team</a> played there against <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Kazakhstan men's national basketball team">Kazakhstan</a>, making Damascus host of Syria's first international basketball tournament in almost two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city also has a modern golf course located near the Ebla Cham Palace Hotel on the southeastern outskirts of Damascus. </p><p>Damascus has a busy nightlife. <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouses</a> offer <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nargileh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nargileh">nargileh</a> (water pipes). <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">Card games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tables_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tables (board game)">tables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a> variants), and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> are activities frequented in cafés.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These coffeehouses had an international reputation in the past, as indicated by <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a>'s poetical illustration, <i>Cafes in Damascus</i>, to a picture by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bartlett" title="William Henry Bartlett">William Henry Bartlett</a> in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current movies can be seen at Cinema City which was previously known as <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Dimashq" title="Cinema Dimashq">Cinema Dimashq</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1837/Cafes_in_Damascus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837/Cafes in Damascus">Cafes in Damascus,<br />a poetical illustration<br />by L. E. L.</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tishreen_Park" title="Tishreen Park">Tishreen Park</a> is one of the largest parks in Damascus. It is home to the annual Damascus Flower Show. Other parks include al-Jahiz, al-Sibbki, al-Tijara, al-Wahda, etc... The city's famous <a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a> oasis is also a weekend destination for recreation. Many recreation centers operate in the city including sports clubs, swimming pools, and golf courses. The Syrian Arab Horse Association in Damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_attractions">Nearby attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Nearby attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzabadani.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alzabadani.JPG/220px-Alzabadani.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alzabadani.JPG/330px-Alzabadani.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alzabadani.JPG/440px-Alzabadani.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Zabadani resort near Damascus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg/180px-Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg/270px-Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg/360px-Bakdash_ice-cream_shop_in_the_old_souk_in_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Booza" title="Booza">Booza</a> being sold in the <a href="/wiki/Bakdash_(ice_cream_parlor)" title="Bakdash (ice cream parlor)">Bakdash</a> ice cream shop in the Damascus market</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a>: a small mountainous town and well-known holiday resort.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloudan" title="Bloudan">Bloudan</a>: a town located 51 km (32 mi) north-west of Damascus, its moderate temperature and low humidity in summer attracts many visitors from Damascus and throughout Syria, Lebanon and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a>: a city close to the border with Lebanon. Its mild weather along with the scenic views, made the town a popular resort both for tourists and for visitors from other Syrian cities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a>: a town dominated by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Neo-Aramaic</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a>: a city located in the mountains, 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>, it was one of the episcopal cities of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Syria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia § Syria</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Damascus" title="List of people from Damascus">List of people from Damascus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-Fayḥāʾ</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْفَيْحَاء</span></span>) literally translates as "the Spacious One".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically, <i><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Imperial Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Ba'al Šamem</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Lord of Heaven(s)'),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic sky-god</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dirven1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dirven1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Sham refers to (<i>heaven</i> or <i>sky</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-rebels-say-they-have-begun-entering-capital-damascus-2024-12-08/">"Syrian rebels say they have begun entering the capital Damascus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 7 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+say+they+have+begun+entering+the+capital+Damascus&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyrian-rebels-say-they-have-begun-entering-capital-damascus-2024-12-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syrian-insurgents-suburbs-of-damascus/">"Syrian insurgents say they have entered Damascus after seizing key city of Homs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. 7 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Syrian+insurgents+say+they+have+entered+Damascus+after+seizing+key+city+of+Homs&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fsyrian-insurgents-suburbs-of-damascus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldatlas-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html">"Biggest Cities In Syria"</a>. 25 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025200105/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-cities-in-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Cities+In+Syria&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fbiggest-cities-in-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damascus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damascus_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus">"Damascus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091107233311/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simons, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi-idb-static.uchicago.edu/multimedia/2380/simons_topographical_lists_1937.pdf">Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072325/https://oi-idb-static.uchicago.edu/multimedia/2380/simons_topographical_lists_1937.pdf">Archived</a> 26 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Leiden 1937. See also Y. AHARONI, <i>The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography</i>, London 1967, p147, No. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E._Dion1988" class="citation journal cs1">Paul E. Dion (May 1988). 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Pitard". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (270): 98. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357008">1357008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Ancient+Damascus%3A+A+Historical+Study+of+the+Syrian+City-State+from+Earliest+Times+Until+Its+Fall+to+the+Assyrians+in+732+BC.%2C+Wayne+T.+Pitard&rft.issue=270&rft.pages=98&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357008%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Paul+E.+Dion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Moore_Cross1972" class="citation journal cs1">Frank Moore Cross (February 1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (205): 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356214">10.2307/1356214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356214">1356214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163497507">163497507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Stele+Dedicated+to+Melcarth+by+Ben-Hadad+of+Damascus&rft.issue=205&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1972-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163497507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356214&rft.au=Frank+Moore+Cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerAl-WerCaubetWatson2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C.E. (2007). <i>Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation</i>. Routledge. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135978761" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135978761"><bdi>978-1135978761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+in+the+City%3A+Issues+in+Dialect+Contact+and+Language+Variation&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1135978761&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Al-Wer%2C+Enam&rft.au=Caubet%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Watson%2C+Janet+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalmasoft.com/KLEX/dbsyriac.htm">"Kalmasoft - Phonetic Database of Syriac Words"</a>. <i>www.kalmasoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616165306/https://kalmasoft.com/KLEX/dbsyriac.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kalmasoft.com&rft.atitle=Kalmasoft+-+Phonetic+Database+of+Syriac+Words&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalmasoft.com%2FKLEX%2Fdbsyriac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeixidor,_Javier2015" class="citation book cs1">Teixidor, Javier (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Z9BgAAQBAJ&q=Baalshamin%20%27Lord%20of%20Heaven%28s%29%27&pg=PA27"><i>The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400871391" title="Special:BookSources/9781400871391"><bdi>9781400871391</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402185800/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Z9BgAAQBAJ&q=Baalshamin%20%27Lord%20of%20Heaven%28s%29%27&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+God%3A+Popular+Religion+in+the+Greco-Roman+Near+East&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400871391&rft.au=Teixidor%2C+Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5Z9BgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBaalshamin%2520%2527Lord%2520of%2520Heaven%2528s%2529%2527%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeattie,_AndrewPepper,_Timothy2001" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&q=Baalshamin%20%27Lord%20of%20Heaven%28s%29%27&pg=RA2-PA290"><i>The Rough Guide to Syria</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858287188" title="Special:BookSources/9781858287188"><bdi>9781858287188</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402185801/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&q=Baalshamin%20%27Lord%20of%20Heaven%28s%29%27&pg=RA2-PA290">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781858287188&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Pepper%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC%26q%3DBaalshamin%2520%2527Lord%2520of%2520Heaven%2528s%2529%2527%26pg%3DRA2-PA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dirven1999-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dirven1999_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDirven,_Lucinda1999" class="citation book cs1">Dirven, Lucinda (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA76"><i>The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</i></a>. BRILL. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11589-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11589-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11589-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216195727/https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11589-7&rft.au=Dirven%2C+Lucinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.F._Healey2001" class="citation book cs1">J.F. Healey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbO9CwAAQBAJ&q=Baalshamin%20sky%20god&pg=PA126"><i>The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus</i></a>. BRILL. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004301481" title="Special:BookSources/9789004301481"><bdi>9789004301481</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Nabataeans%3A+A+Conspectus&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789004301481&rft.au=J.F.+Healey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbO9CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DBaalshamin%2520sky%2520god%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_9_1997_page_261-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_9_1997_page_261_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, Clifford Edomond</a> (1997). "AL-SHĀM". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 9. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AL-SH%C4%80M&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=261&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edomond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYounger2016" class="citation book cs1">Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (7 October 2016). <i>A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities (Archaeology and Biblical Studies)</i>. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589831285" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589831285"><bdi>978-1589831285</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Arameans%3A+From+Their+Origins+to+the+End+of+Their+Polities+%28Archaeology+and+Biblical+Studies%29&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft.isbn=978-1589831285&rft.aulast=Younger&rft.aufirst=K.+Lawson+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-romeartlover-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romeartlover_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romeartlover_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">romeartlover, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romeartlover.tripod.com/Damasco1.html">"Damascus: the ancient town"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008020818/http://romeartlover.tripod.com/Damasco1.html">Archived</a> 8 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028075616/http://dma-upd.org/PublicFiles/File/Discussion%20Papers/02_Strategy%20and%20Frameworks%20for%20the%20Damascus%20City%20Urbanization%20to%20Guide%20the%20City%20Master%20Plan%20Revision_R1.pdf?lang=en">"DMA-UPD Discussion Paper Series No.2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Damascus Metropolitan Area Urban Planning and Development. October 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DMA-UPD+Discussion+Paper+Series+No.2&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Damascus+Metropolitan+Area+Urban+Planning+and+Development&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdma-upd.org%2FPublicFiles%2FFile%2FDiscussion%2520Papers%2F02_Strategy%2520and%2520Frameworks%2520for%2520the%2520Damascus%2520City%2520Urbanization%2520to%2520Guide%2520the%2520City%2520Master%2520Plan%2520Revision_R1.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Palestinian refugees in Syria. Their past, present, and future. Dr. Hamad Said al-Mawed, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._KottekJ._GrieserC._BeckB._Rudolf2006" class="citation journal cs1">M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif">"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"</a>. <i>Meteorol. Z</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MetZe..15..259K">2006MetZe..15..259K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130">10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017125921/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorol.+Z.&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+updated&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0941-2948%2F2006%2F0130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MetZe..15..259K&rft.au=M.+Kottek&rft.au=J.+Grieser&rft.au=C.+Beck&rft.au=B.+Rudolf&rft.au=F.+Rubel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpics%2Fkottek_et_al_2006.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyson2010" class="citation web cs1">Tyson, Patrick J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climates.com/ASIA/PDF/SYR02ASA.pdf">"SUNSHINE GUIDE TO THE DAMASCUS AREA, SYRIA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. climates.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511211807/http://www.climates.com/ASIA/PDF/SYR02ASA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUNSHINE+GUIDE+TO+THE+DAMASCUS+AREA%2C+SYRIA&rft.pub=climates.com&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climates.com%2FASIA%2FPDF%2FSYR02ASA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Syria/XLS/DamaskusIntAirport_40080.xls">"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019065948/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40080.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damascus+INTL+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSyria%2FXLS%2FDamaskusIntAirport_40080.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40080.TXT">"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Damascus+INTL+Climate+Normals+1961%26ndash%3B1990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FSY%2F40080.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, A.M.T. <i>The Neolithic of the Levant</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, 1978. 192–198. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns5-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns5_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns5_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns7-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns7_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns7_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2014:15&version=NIV"><i>Genesis 14:15 (New International Version)</i></a>. Bible Gateway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807050209/http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2014:15&version=NIV">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+14%3A15+%28New+International+Version%29&rft.pub=Bible+Gateway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DGenesis%252014%3A15%26version%3DNIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link2HCH0006">"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. 6, Sect. 4"</a>. Project Gutenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613020910/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link2HCH0006">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews%2C+by+Flavius+Josephus%2C+Book+1%2C+Ch.+6%2C+Sect.+4&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2848%2F2848-h%2F2848-h.htm%23link2HCH0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link2HCH0007">"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. 7, Sect. 2"</a>. Project Gutenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150613020910/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2848/2848-h/2848-h.htm#link2HCH0007">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews%2C+by+Flavius+Josephus%2C+Book+1%2C+Ch.+7%2C+Sect.+2&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2848%2F2848-h%2F2848-h.htm%23link2HCH0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81629">"Damascus, Syria : Image of the Day"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. 15 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511121729/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=81629">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Damascus%2C+Syria+%3A+Image+of+the+Day&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D81629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns9-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns9_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns10-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns10_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns10_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns10_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns13-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns13_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns11-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns11_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns11_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccp.yale.edu/P237772?line=P237772.58&frag=P237772.54#P237772.54">"Yale ORACC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202124225/https://ccp.yale.edu/P237772?line=P237772.58&frag=P237772.54#P237772.54">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yale+ORACC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccp.yale.edu%2FP237772%3Fline%3DP237772.58%26frag%3DP237772.54%23P237772.54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns2123-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns2123_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 21–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen raises doubts about this claim in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Getzel_MEBSCOhost2006" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Getzel M; EBSCOhost (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32915052"><i>The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa</i></a>, University of California Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214426/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/32915052">archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+settlements+in+Syria%2C+the+Red+Sea+Basin%2C+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Getzel+M&rft.au=EBSCOhost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F32915052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span> page 137 note 4 – suggesting the <i>received tradition</i> of the renaming rests on a few writers following Mionnets writings in 1811</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181"><i>Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</i></a>. Routledge. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134823871" title="Special:BookSources/9781134823871"><bdi>9781134823871</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124091527/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134823871&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQKIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skolnik, Fred; Michael Berenbaum ( 2007) <i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i> Volume 5 Granite Hill Publishers pg 527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knoblet, Jerry (2005) <i>Herod the Great</i> University Press of America.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, Ross (2007) <i>Damascus: A History</i> Routledge pg 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riesner, Rainer (1998) <i>Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology</i> Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 73–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hengel, Martin (1997) <i>Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years</i> Westminster John Knox Press pg 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riesner, Rainer (1998) <i>Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology</i> Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 83–84, 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdulkarim200335–37-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdulkarim200335–37_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbdulkarim2003">Abdulkarim 2003</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButcher2004" class="citation book cs1">Butcher, Kevin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FlmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253</i></a>. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901405-58-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901405-58-6"><bdi>978-0-901405-58-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092353/https://books.google.com/books?id=9FlmAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+in+Roman+Syria%3A+Northern+Syria%2C+64+BC-AD+253&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Royal+Numismatic+Society&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-901405-58-6&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FlmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclay_Vincent_Head1887" class="citation book cs1">Barclay Vincent Head (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oFBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA662">"VII. Coele-Syria"</a>. <i>Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics</i>. p. 662. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124151745/https://books.google.com/books?id=_oFBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA662">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+Coele-Syria&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum%3A+A+Manual+of+Greek+Numismatics&rft.pages=662&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Barclay+Vincent+Head&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oFBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi200375–77-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi200375–77_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi2003">Kaegi 2003</a>, pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford201342–43-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford201342–43_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2013">Crawford 2013</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA227">The Sealed Nectar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512192332/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA227">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pi5tAAAAMAAJ">History of Islam, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215842/https://books.google.com/books?ei=L8VHVM-lPNT77Aaiw4CICw&id=Pi5tAAAAMAAJ&dq=kalbi">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet "P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns99-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns99_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns100-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns100_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns104-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns104_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns105-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns105_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns107-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns107_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns110-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns110_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns113-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns113_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns122-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns122_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 121–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns132-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns132_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 130–132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns135-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns135_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 135–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns138-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns138_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns139-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns139_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns142-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns142_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns147-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns147_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainkubra-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainkubra_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507215612/https://madainproject.com/madrasa_nuriyya_kubra">"Madrasa Nuriya al-Kubra"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/madrasa_nuriyya_kubra">the original</a> on 7 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Madrasa+Nuriya+al-Kubra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fmadrasa_nuriyya_kubra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archnet-nuriya-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archnet-nuriya_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1840">"Madrasa al-Nuriyya al-Kubra (Damascus)"</a>. <i>Archnet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729011551/https://archnet.org/sites/1840">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Madrasa+al-Nuriyya+al-Kubra+%28Damascus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns148-9-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns148-9_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, pp. 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns151-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns151_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2007" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2007). <i>The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">216–</span>227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Crusade%3A+Extending+the+Frontiers+of+Christendom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans E. Mayer, <i>The Crusades</i> (Oxford University Press, 1965, trans. John Gillingham, 1972), pp. 118–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2006). <i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i>. Penguin. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (2000). <i>The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leper+King+and+his+Heirs%3A+Baldwin+IV+and+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus", in <i>A History of the Crusades</i>, vol. II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, ed. R. L. Wolff and H. W. Hazard (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 45–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff and Hazard, pp. 67–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Stephen Humphreys, <i>From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260</i> (State University of New York Press, 1977), <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, Harry W. Hazard (editors), <i>A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311</i>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dsycrclykIC&pg=PA695">695</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102170609/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dsycrclykIC&pg=PA695">Archived</a> 2 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Wisconsin Press, series "History of the Crusades", 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Ruth A. (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1s8K0_hCfoC&q=Damascus%2C++damask+silk+road&pg=PA149"><i>All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313364624" title="Special:BookSources/9780313364624"><bdi>9780313364624</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402185750/https://books.google.com/books?id=h1s8K0_hCfoC&q=Damascus%2C++damask+silk+road&pg=PA149">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Things+Medieval%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Medieval+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.isbn=9780313364624&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ruth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1s8K0_hCfoC%26q%3DDamascus%252C%2B%2Bdamask%2Bsilk%2Broad%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987307_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1987439-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1987439_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1987">Runciman 1987</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007146-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemurger2007146_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDemurger2007">Demurger 2007</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987247-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987247_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmitai1987">Amitai 1987</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchein1979810-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchein1979810_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchein1979">Schein 1979</a>, p. 810.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987248-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmitai1987248_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmitai1987">Amitai 1987</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolle200180-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolle200180_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2001">Nicolle 2001</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus/25659/Islamic-city">Islamic city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026021251/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus/25659/Islamic-city">Archived</a> 26 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khaldun195297-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_Khaldun195297_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1952">Ibn Khaldun 1952</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÉlisée_Reclus,_Ernst_Georg_Ravenstein,_Augustus_Henry_Keane1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Élisée Reclus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Georg_Ravenstein" title="Ernst Georg Ravenstein">Ernst Georg Ravenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Keane" title="Augustus Henry Keane">Augustus Henry Keane</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924095158964/page/401/mode/1up?view=theate"><i>The universal geography: the earth and its inhabitants</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Sprent_Virtue" title="James Sprent Virtue">J.S. Virtue & Co Ltd</a>. p. 401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+universal+geography%3A+the+earth+and+its+inhabitants&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=J.S.+Virtue+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1876&rft.au=%C3%89lis%C3%A9e+Reclus%2C+Ernst+Georg+Ravenstein%2C+Augustus+Henry+Keane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924095158964%2Fpage%2F401%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbd_al-Qadir_al-RihawiÉmilie_E._Ouéchek1975" class="citation book cs1">Abd al-Qadir al-Rihawi; Émilie E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+deux+takiyya+de+Damas&rft.btitle=Bulletin+d%27%C3%A9tudes+orientales&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.pub=Institut+Francais+du+Proche-Orient&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41604595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Abd+al-Qadir+al-Rihawi&rft.au=%C3%89milie+E.+Ou%C3%A9chek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41604595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches – notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Office+Space+Across+the+World+2009&rft.pub=Cushman+%26+Wakefield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cushwake.com%2Fcwglobal%2Fjsp%2FkcReportDetail.jsp%3FCountry%3DGLOBAL%26Language%3DEN%26catId%3D100003%26pId%3Dc21200007p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLilian2021" class="citation web cs1">Lilian (26 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabisklondon.com/4617">"Marota and Basilia Cities… Smart Cities and Investment Opportunities in Damascus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marota+and+Basilia+Cities%E2%80%A6+Smart+Cities+and+Investment+Opportunities+in+Damascus&rft.date=2021-02-26&rft.au=Lilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabisklondon.com%2F4617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sebcsyria.com/web2008/art.php?art_id=1619">"Inauguration of Damascus Stock Exchange"</a>. Syrian Enterprise and Business Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503210033/http://www.sebcsyria.com/web2008/art.php?art_id=1619">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inauguration+of+Damascus+Stock+Exchange&rft.pub=Syrian+Enterprise+and+Business+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sebcsyria.com%2Fweb2008%2Fart.php%3Fart_id%3D1619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212075555/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gPsB6CSsyXUgWdxEsC0B_O-jqV-w">"AFP: Syria launches first stock exchange"</a>. 10 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gPsB6CSsyXUgWdxEsC0B_O-jqV-w">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFP%3A+Syria+launches+first+stock+exchange&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gPsB6CSsyXUgWdxEsC0B_O-jqV-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Central Bureau of Statistics Syria <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf">Syria census 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310211017/http://www.cbssyr.org/General%20census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf">Archived</a> 10 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Damascus">"Damascus | National Capital, Syria"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201221132/https://www.britannica.com/place/Damascus">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Damascus+%7C+National+Capital%2C+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatty2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Chatty" title="Dawn Chatty">Chatty, Dawn</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OsgAwAAQBAJ"><i>Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52104-8"><bdi>978-0-521-52104-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520113218/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OsgAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displacement+and+Dispossession+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52104-8&rft.aulast=Chatty&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OsgAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418022850/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/17762">"Kurds of Damascus: Trapped between Secession and Integration"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/17762">the original</a> on 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurds+of+Damascus%3A+Trapped+between+Secession+and+Integration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.al-akhbar.com%2Fnode%2F17762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/05042013">"As Fighting Rages in Damascus, Kurds Flee Their Neighborhoods"</a>. May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813195654/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/05042013">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+Fighting+Rages+in+Damascus%2C+Kurds+Flee+Their+Neighborhoods&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F05042013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/world/new-report-urges-urgent-action-to-preserve-remaining-jewish-sites-in-syria-and-iraq-1.500280">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Urgent' action required to preserve Jewish sites in Syria and Iraq"</a>. <i>www.thejc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft.atitle=%27Urgent%27+action+required+to+preserve+Jewish+sites+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fnew-report-urges-urgent-action-to-preserve-remaining-jewish-sites-in-syria-and-iraq-1.500280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2001" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC"><i>The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture</i></a>. Vol. 33. BRILL. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11638-2"><bdi>978-90-04-11638-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402185803/https://books.google.com/books?id=r5f8kxIyykQC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mosque+of+Damascus%3A+studies+on+the+makings+of+an+Umayyad+visual+culture&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11638-2&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5f8kxIyykQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sbalchiero in: Laurentin/ Sbalchiero (2007), p. 1093–1097.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/alawites-syria-siege-sunni-druze.html">"Syria's Alawites Under Siege"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor: Independent, Trusted Coverage of the Middle East</i>. 4 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624032029/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/alawites-syria-siege-sunni-druze.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor%3A+Independent%2C+Trusted+Coverage+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Alawites+Under+Siege&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F01%2Falawites-syria-siege-sunni-druze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/jaramana-despite-pressures-druze-remain-in-regime-camp">"Despite pressure Druze remain in regime camp"</a>. 5 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624213228/http://syriadirect.org/news/jaramana-despite-pressures-druze-remain-in-regime-camp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despite+pressure+Druze+remain+in+regime+camp&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Fjaramana-despite-pressures-druze-remain-in-regime-camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (Ḥalab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/syria-sufi-salafi-war-islam.html">"Syrian Sufis Divided As Salafist Influence Grows"</a>. 3 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006185556/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/syria-sufi-salafi-war-islam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Sufis+Divided+As+Salafist+Influence+Grows&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F10%2Fsyria-sufi-salafi-war-islam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/resources/ancient-history-modern-destruction-assessing-current-status-syria-s-world-heritage-sites#Damascus">"Ancient History, Modern Destruction: Assessing the Current Status of Syria's World Heritage Sites Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery | American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)"</a>. <i>www.aaas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jude.edu.sy&rft.atitle=Aljazeera+Private+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjude.edu.sy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Raeei2023" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201509">"Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal"</a>. <i>Discover Sustainability</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023DiSus...4...24A">2023DiSus...4...24A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43621-023-00140-y">10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9984">2662-9984</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201509">10201509</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37251498">37251498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Analysing+of+the+sustainable+development+goals+in+Damascus+University+during+Syrian+crisis+using+the+strategy+in+the+university+and+the+bibliometrics+data+from+SciVal&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10201509%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023DiSus...4...24A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37251498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs43621-023-00140-y&rft.issn=2662-9984&rft.aulast=Al-Raeei&rft.aufirst=Marwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10201509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazen_Eyon2022" class="citation news cs1">Mazen Eyon (29 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=276570">"Syria receives one hundred domestic traffic-buses offered by China"</a>. SANA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707011252/http://sana.sy/en/?p=276570">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria+receives+one+hundred+domestic+traffic-buses+offered+by+China&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.au=Mazen+Eyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D276570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuaa_al-Jazaeri2019" class="citation news cs1">Ruaa al-Jazaeri (20 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sana.sy/en/?p=168016">"China grants 100 buses to Syria in contribution to enhancing transport sector"</a>. SANA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710062328/https://sana.sy/en/?p=168016">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+grants+100+buses+to+Syria+in+contribution+to+enhancing+transport+sector&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.au=Ruaa+al-Jazaeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsana.sy%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D168016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911213856/http://www.damascus-metro.com/">"الخط الأخضر " أهلاً بكم في موقع الخط الأخضر"</a>. Damascus-metro.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damascus-metro.com">the original</a> on 11 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1+%22+%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1&rft.pub=Damascus-metro.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damascus-metro.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805132907/http://damascus.org.sy/">"دمشق عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2008"</a>. Damascus.org.sy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://damascus.org.sy/">the original</a> on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+2008&rft.pub=Damascus.org.sy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdamascus.org.sy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511170247/http://damascus.org.sy/?d=298">"مجلس الإدارة و المجلس الاستشاري"</a>. Damascus.org.sy. 22 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://damascus.org.sy/?d=298">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.pub=Damascus.org.sy&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdamascus.org.sy%2F%3Fd%3D298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Aji2021" class="citation news cs1">Albert Aji (29 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/sports-middle-east-basketball-syria-damascus-44e346190adea0ad9381d1b217e03b42">"Syria hosts first international basketball tourney in years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214064719/https://apnews.com/article/sports-middle-east-basketball-syria-damascus-44e346190adea0ad9381d1b217e03b42">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Syria+hosts+first+international+basketball+tourney+in+years&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.au=Albert+Aji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsports-middle-east-basketball-syria-damascus-44e346190adea0ad9381d1b217e03b42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatties and Pepper, 2001, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandon1836" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA10"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206114753/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1837&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D39BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandon1836" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA12"><i>Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837</i></a>. Fisher, Son & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206114749/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=39BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1837&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3D39BbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saha-sy.org/">"Syrian Arab Horse Association"</a>. Saha-sy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712044901/http://www.saha-sy.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Arab+Horse+Association&rft.pub=Saha-sy.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saha-sy.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025172312/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi-faruk-cinki/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/">"Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri"</a>. <i>ankara.bel.tr</i> (in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ankara.bel.tr/genel-sekreter/genel-sekreter-yardimcisi-faruk-cinki/dis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi/ankaranin-kardes-sehirleri/">the original</a> on 25 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ankara.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Ankaran%C4%B1n+Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirleri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2Fgenel-sekreter%2Fgenel-sekreter-yardimcisi-faruk-cinki%2Fdis-liskiler-daire-baskanligi%2Fankaranin-kardes-sehirleri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.banatulazi.ro/care-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara/">"Care-i cel mai... înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara..."</a> <i>banatulazi.ro</i> (in Romanian). Banatul Azi. 6 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201221034421/https://www.banatulazi.ro/care-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=banatulazi.ro&rft.atitle=Care-i+cel+mai...+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bit+ora%C8%99+din+Rom%C3%A2nia%3F+Care-i+cu+americanii%2C+care-i+cu+ru%C8%99ii%3F+%C8%98i+care-i+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C8%9Bit+cu+Timi%C8%99oara...&rft.date=2016-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.banatulazi.ro%2Fcare-i-cel-mai-infratit-oras-din-romania-care-i-cu-americanii-care-i-cu-rusii-si-care-i-infratit-cu-timisoara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios">"Convenios Internacionales"</a>. <i>buenosaires.gob.ar</i> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803135328/https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buenosaires.gob.ar&rft.atitle=Convenios+Internacionales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buenosaires.gob.ar%2Finternacionalesycooperacion%2Frelacionesbilaterales%2Fconvenios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/cordobalocal/12-ciudades-hermanadas-cordoba_1353134.html">"Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba"</a>. <i>diariocordoba.com</i> (in Spanish). Diario Córdoba. 10 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021164614/https://www.diariocordoba.com/noticias/cordobalocal/12-ciudades-hermanadas-cordoba_1353134.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diariocordoba.com&rft.atitle=Las+12+hermanas+de+C%C3%B3rdoba&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariocordoba.com%2Fnoticias%2Fcordobalocal%2F12-ciudades-hermanadas-cordoba_1353134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajmannews.ae/news.php?id=39961&cat_id=2">"Internationale samenwerking"</a>. <i>ajmannews.ae</i> (in Arabic). Ajman News. 16 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205115818/https://www.ajmannews.ae/news.php?id=39961&cat_id=2">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ajmannews.ae&rft.atitle=Internationale+samenwerking&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajmannews.ae%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D39961%26cat_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161028163059/http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.html">"Sister Cities of Istanbul"</a>. <i>greatistanbul.com</i>. Istanbul. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greatistanbul.com&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+of+Istanbul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatistanbul.com%2Fsister_cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destinotoledo.com/en/toledos-sister-cities/">"Toledo's sister cities"</a>. <i>destinotoledo.com</i>. Destino Toledo. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414070700/https://www.destinotoledo.com/en/toledos-sister-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destinotoledo.com&rft.atitle=Toledo%27s+sister+cities&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destinotoledo.com%2Fen%2Ftoledos-sister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">"Sister cities"</a>. <i>yerevan.am</i>. Yerevan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329102031/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yerevan.am&rft.atitle=Sister+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Damascus#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Damascus">Bibliography of the history of Damascus</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdulkarim2003" class="citation book cs1">Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003). <i>Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column</i>. L'Erma di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8826-5233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8826-5233-3"><bdi>978-8-8826-5233-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollodorus+of+Damascus+and+Trajan%27s+Column&rft.pub=L%27Erma+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-8826-5233-3&rft.aulast=Abdulkarim&rft.aufirst=Maamoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAharoniAvi-Yonah1977" class="citation book cs1">Aharoni, Yohanan; Avi-Yonah, Michael (1977). <i>The MacMillan Bible Atlas</i>. Carta Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7318-1071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7318-1071-0"><bdi>978-0-7318-1071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MacMillan+Bible+Atlas&rft.pub=Carta+Ltd.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7318-1071-0&rft.aulast=Aharoni&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft.au=Avi-Yonah%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmitai1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Amitai" title="Reuven Amitai">Amitai, Reuven</a> (1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)". <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">236–</span>255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Mongol+Raids+into+Palestine+%28AD+1260+and+1300%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Amitai&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Ross (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_bQTrpf62cC"><i>Damascus: A History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27105-9"><bdi>978-0-415-27105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27105-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_bQTrpf62cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCammelli2006" class="citation book cs1">Cammelli, Stefano (2006). <i>Il Minareto di Gesù</i>. Il Mulino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Minareto+di+Ges%C3%B9&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cammelli&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (2013). <i>The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam</i>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473828650" title="Special:BookSources/9781473828650"><bdi>9781473828650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Gods%3A+Romans%2C+Persians+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781473828650&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemurger2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demurger, Alain (2007). <i>Jacques de Molay</i> (in French). Editions Payot&Rivages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90235-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90235-9"><bdi>978-2-228-90235-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacques+de+Molay&rft.pub=Editions+Payot%26Rivages&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-228-90235-9&rft.aulast=Demurger&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Jill, Duchess of (2002). <i>First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia</i>. Kangaroo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7318-1071-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7318-1071-0"><bdi>978-0-7318-1071-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+to+Damascus%3A+The+story+of+the+Australian+Light+Horse+and+Lawrence+of+Arabia&rft.pub=Kangaroo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7318-1071-0&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Jill%2C+Duchess+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1952). <i>Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A. H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"</i>. Translated by Walter Joseph Fischel. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn+and+Tamerlane%3A+Their+Historic+Meeting+in+Damascus%2C+1401+A.d.+%28803+A.+H.%29+A+Study+Based+on+Arabic+Manuscripts+of+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%27s+%22Autobiography%2C%22&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Ibn+Khaldun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaegi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaegi" title="Walter Kaegi">Kaegi, Walter Emil</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC"><i>Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81459-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81459-6"><bdi>0-521-81459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclius%3A+Emperor+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-81459-6&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlNlFZ_7UhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2001" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico"><i>The Crusades</i></a></span>. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-179-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-179-4&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusades00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1987). <i>A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521347723" title="Special:BookSources/9780521347723"><bdi>9780521347723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+Kingdom+of+Acre+and+the+Later+Crusades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780521347723&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchein1979" class="citation journal cs1">Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>94</b> (373): <span class="nowrap">805–</span>819. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIV.CCCLXXIII.805">10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/565554">565554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Gesta+Dei+per+Mongolos+1300.+The+Genesis+of+a+Non-Event&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=373&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E805-%3C%2Fspan%3E819&rft.date=1979-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIV.CCCLXXIII.805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F565554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schein&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTwain1869" class="citation book cs1">Twain, Mark (1869). <i>The Innocents Abroad</i>. American Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innocents+Abroad&rft.pub=American+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Damascus</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Damascus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Damascus">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Damascus" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Damascus">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Damascus" class="extiw" title="q:Damascus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Damascus" class="extiw" title="voy:Damascus">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766" class="extiw" title="d:Q3766">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacalister1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister" title="R. A. Stewart Macalister">Macalister, R. A. Stewart</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Damascus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Damascus">"Damascus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Damascus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADamascus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nli.org.il:80/F/?func=direct&doc_number=002370090&local_base=NNLMAP">Map of Damascus, 1929</a>, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/syria/damascus/maps/tfl_1929_damascus.html">Historic Cities Research Project</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Damascus471" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Damascus" title="Template:Damascus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Damascus" title="Template talk:Damascus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Damascus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Damascus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damascus471" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and<br />other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azem_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azem Palace">Al-Azem Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">Khan As'ad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_Street" title="Straight Street">Straight Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a></li> <li>Grand Serail of Damascus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadra_Palace" title="Khadra Palace">Khadra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maktab_Anbar" title="Maktab Anbar">Maktab Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajreen_Palace" title="Muhajreen Palace">Muhajreen Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Train_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Train Station">Hejaz Train Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Saladin" title="Statue of Saladin">Statue of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Damascus)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Damascus)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter,_Damascus" title="Temple of Jupiter, Damascus">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishreen_Palace" title="Tishreen Palace">Tishreen Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Damascus" title="Presidential Palace, Damascus">Al-Shaab Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_War_Panorama" title="October War Panorama">October War Panorama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas and takiyyas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Adiliyah Madrasa">Al-Adiliyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiyah_al-Kubra_Madrasa" title="Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa">Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fathiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Fathiyah Madrasa">Al-Fathiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mujahidiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa">Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qilijiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa">Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rukniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Rukniyah Madrasa">Al-Rukniyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahiba_Madrasa" title="Al-Sahiba Madrasa">Al-Sahiba Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Madrasa" title="Salimiyya Madrasa">Salimiyya Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sibaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa">Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Al-Zahiriyah Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Nur al-Din Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Takiyya" title="Salimiyya Takiyya">Salimiyya Takiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Damascus" title="List of mosques in Damascus">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsab_Mosque" title="Aqsab Mosque">Aqsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwish_Pasha_Mosque" title="Darwish Pasha Mosque">Darwish Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanabila_Mosque" title="Hanabila Mosque">Hanabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Takiyya" title="Salimiyya Takiyya">Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Pasha_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad Pasha Mosque">Murad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Habeel_Mosque" title="Nabi Habeel Mosque">Nabi Habeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_Mosque_(Damascus)" title="Sinan Pasha Mosque (Damascus)">Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalbugha_Mosque" title="Yalbugha Mosque">Yalbugha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ananias_House" title="Saint Ananias House">Chapel of Saint Ananias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus" title="Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus">Mariamite Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">Syriac Cathedral of Saint George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synagogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfrange_Synagogue" title="Elfrange Synagogue">Elfrange Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobar_Synagogue" title="Jobar Synagogue">Jobar Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarsha_Synagogue" title="Menarsha Synagogue">Menarsha Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racqy_Synagogue" title="Racqy Synagogue">Racqy Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faradis" title="Bab al-Faradis">Bab al-Faradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jabiyah" title="Bab al-Jabiyah">Bab al-Jabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir" title="Bab al-Saghir">Bab al-Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Salam" title="Bab al-Salam">Bab al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Kisan" title="Bab Kisan">Bab Kisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sharqi" title="Bab Sharqi">Bab Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Souqs and caravanserais</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaqmaq_Caravansarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaqmaq Caravansarai">Jaqmaq Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">As'ad Pasha Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Pasha_Caravansarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai">Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harir_Caravansarai_(Damascus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harir Caravansarai (Damascus)">Al-Harir Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha_Souq" title="Midhat Pasha Souq">Midhat Pasha Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq" title="Al-Hamidiyah Souq">Al-Hamidiyah Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buzuriyah_Souq" title="Al-Buzuriyah Souq">Al-Buzuriyah Souq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Damascus" title="National Museum of Damascus">National Museum of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_National_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad National Library">Al-Assad National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Opera_House" title="Damascus Opera House">Damascus Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_University" title="Damascus University">Damascus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_Hospital_(Damascus)" title="National University Hospital (Damascus)">National University Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Virtual_University" title="Syrian Virtual University">Syrian Virtual University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="International University for Science and Technology">International University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Private_University" title="Syrian Private University">Syrian Private University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_International_University" title="Arab International University">Arab International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_for_Applied_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology">Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Music_in_Damascus" title="Higher Institute of Music in Damascus">Higher Institute of Music in Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_for_Dramatic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts">Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Administration">National Institute of Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Community_School" title="Damascus Community School">Damascus Community School</a></li> <li>Lycée Charles de Gaulle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shami_Hospital" title="Shami Hospital">Shami Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakdash_(ice_cream_parlor)" title="Bakdash (ice cream parlor)">Bakdash (ice cream parlor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawabet_Dimashq" title="Bawabet Dimashq">Bawabet Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Cafe" title="Havana Cafe">Havana Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_al-Mamlouka_Hotel" title="Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel">Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tower_Hotel" title="Blue Tower Hotel">Blue Tower Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_Damascus" title="Four Seasons Hotel Damascus">Four Seasons Hotel Damascus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Street_(Damascus)" title="Baghdad Street (Damascus)">Baghdad Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjeh_Square" title="Marjeh Square">Marjeh Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawda_Square" title="Rawda Square">Rawda Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square_(Damascus)" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square (Damascus)">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Square" title="Umayyad Square">Umayyad Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma_Square" title="Yusuf al-Azma Square">Yusuf al-Azma Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharpar" title="Pharpar">Pharpar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qasioun" title="Mount Qasioun">Mount Qasioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salera_Hill" title="Salera Hill">Salera Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasiyyin_Stadium" title="Abbasiyyin Stadium">Abbasiyyin Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayhaa_Sports_Complex" title="Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex">Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_(Damascus)" title="Al-Fayhaa Stadium (Damascus)">Al-Fayhaa Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa_Stadium" title="Al-Jalaa Stadium">Al-Jalaa Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishreen_Stadium" title="Tishreen Stadium">Tishreen Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhafaza_Stadium" title="Al-Muhafaza Stadium">Al-Muhafaza Stadium</a></li> <li>Al-Fayhaa Sports Arena</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jaish_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Jaish SC (Syria)">Al-Jaish SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Majd_SC" title="Al-Majd SC">Al-Majd SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhafaza_SC" title="Al-Muhafaza SC">Al-Muhafaza SC</a></li> <li>Al-Nidal SC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Shorta SC (Syria)">Al-Shorta SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wahda_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Wahda SC (Syria)">Al-Wahda SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barada_SC" title="Barada SC">Barada SC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Damascus" title="Municipalities of Damascus">Municipal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Damascus">Old Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarouja" title="Sarouja">Sarouja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanawat_(Damascus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qanawat (Damascus)">Qanawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobar" title="Jobar">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">Al-Midan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaghour" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaghour">Al-Shaghour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadam" title="Qadam">Qadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Sousa" title="Kafr Sousa">Kafr Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzeh" title="Mezzeh">Mezzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummar" title="Dummar">Dummar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzeh,_Syria" title="Barzeh, Syria">Barzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun" title="Qaboun">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukneddine" title="Rukneddine">Rukn al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Damascus" title="Al-Salihiyah, Damascus">Al-Salihiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajreen" title="Muhajreen">Muhajreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Damascus" title="Timeline of Damascus">Timeline</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus" title="List of rulers of Damascus">List of rulers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Damascus">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Siege (634)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burid_dynasty" title="Burid dynasty">Burid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Siege (1148)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Battle (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Airport" title="Damascus International Airport">International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Pan Arab Games">1976 Pan Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Military_Cup_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="World Military Cup 1977">World Military Cup 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Film_Festival" title="Damascus International Film Festival">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Azbakiyah_bombing" title="1981 Azbakiyah bombing">1981 Azbakiyah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Pan Arab Games">1992 Pan Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_West_Asian_Football_Federation_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship">2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_WABA_Champions_Cup" title="2004 WABA Champions Cup">2004 WABA Champions Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008 Arab Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_League_summit" title="2008 Arab League summit">2008 Arab League summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Damascus_car_bombing" title="2008 Damascus car bombing">2008 car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Damascus_bombings" title="2011 Damascus bombings">2011 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Damascus_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Damascus clashes">2011–2012 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January 2012 al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2012 Damascus bombings">March 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Damascus_bombings" title="April 2012 Damascus bombings">April 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_May_2012_Damascus_bombings" title="10 May 2012 Damascus bombings">May 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">July 2012 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">2017 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Damascus_(2024)" title="Fall of Damascus (2024)">2024 Fall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Damascus" title="Category:Damascus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Syria" title="Template talk:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_of_Syria169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities and towns of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorate</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib" title="Idlib">Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra" title="Quneitra">Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Dimashq">Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Syria"><img alt="Districts of Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/100px-Syria_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/150px-Syria_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Syria_districts.png/200px-Syria_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="866" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">District</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamal" title="Abu Kamal">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrin,_Syria" title="Afrin, Syria">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariha,_Idlib" title="Ariha, Idlib">Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib" title="Atarib">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Arab">Ayn al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bab" title="Al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Hafir" title="Dayr Hafir">Dayr Hafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma,_Syria" title="Douma, Syria">Douma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraykish" title="Duraykish">Duraykish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiq,_Syria" title="Fiq, Syria">Fiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haffah" title="Al-Haffah">al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem,_Syria" title="Harem, Syria">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izra" title="Izra">Izra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jableh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur" title="Jisr ash-Shughur">Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarat al-Numaan">Maarat al-Numaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malikiyah" title="Al-Malikiyah">al-Malikiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij" title="Manbij">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf" title="Masyaf">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadin" title="Mayadin">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhardeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mhardeh">Mhardeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukharram" title="Al-Mukharram">al-Mukharram al-Foqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-Nabk" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nabk">an-Nabk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qardaha" title="Qardaha">Qardaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatana" title="Qatana">Qatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudsaya" title="Qudsaya">Qudsaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qutayfah" title="Al-Qutayfah">al-Qutayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rastan" title="Al-Rastan">al-Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Safira" title="As-Safira">as-Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamiyah" title="Salamiyah">Salamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salkhad" title="Salkhad">Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">al-Sanamayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash-Shaykh_Badr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash-Shaykh Badr">ash-Shaykh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah" title="Al-Suqaylabiyah">al-Suqaylabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkalakh" title="Talkalakh">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall_(Syria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tall (Syria)">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Thawrah" title="Al-Thawrah">al-Thawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabroud" title="Yabroud">Yabroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabadani">Zabadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Sub-district</a> centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qilqil" title="Abu Qilqil">Abu Qilqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Thuhur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Thuhur">Abu al-Thuhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarin" title="Akhtarin">Akhtarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuda" title="Amuda">Amuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeen">Arbeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arima,_Syria" title="Arima, Syria">Arima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ariqah" title="Al-Ariqah">al-Ariqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Arishah" title="Al-Arishah">al-Arishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanaz" title="Armanaz">Armanaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asharah" title="Al-Asharah">al-Asharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assal_al-Ward" title="Assal al-Ward">Assal al-Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awj" title="Awj">Awj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Fijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Fijah">Ayn al-Fijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Halaqim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn Halaqim">Ayn Halaqim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Issa" title="Ayn Issa">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayn al-Nasr">Ayn al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbila" title="Babbila">Babbila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banan,_Syria" title="Banan, Syria">Banan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri_Sharqi" title="Barri Sharqi">Barri Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn" title="Beit Jinn">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnish" title="Binnish">Binnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_al-Helou" title="Bir al-Helou">Bir al-Helou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbul,_Syria" title="Bulbul, Syria">Bulbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busayrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Busayrah">Busayrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27el" title="Da'el">Da'el</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dana,_Syria" title="Al-Dana, Syria">al-Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darat_Izza" title="Darat Izza">Darat Izza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkush" title="Darkush">Darkush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darbasiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Darbasiyah">al-Darbasiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Atiyah" title="Deir Atiyah">Deir Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimas" title="Al-Dimas">al-Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr" title="Al-Dumayr">al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furqlus" title="Furqlus">Furqlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandoura" title="Ghandoura">Ghandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghariyah" title="Al-Ghariyah">al-Ghariyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghizlaniyah" title="Al-Ghizlaniyah">al-Ghizlaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hader,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hader, Syria">al-Hader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadidah" title="Hadidah">Hadidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajar_al-Aswad" title="Al-Hajar al-Aswad">al-Hajar al-Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajib" title="Al-Hajib">al-Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajin" title="Hajin">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">al-Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamraa" title="Al-Hamraa">al-Hamraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harasta" title="Harasta">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbnafsah" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbnafsah">Harbnafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harran_al-Awamid" title="Harran al-Awamid">Harran al-Awamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirak,_Syria" title="Al-Hirak, Syria">al-Hirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hish,_Syria" title="Hish, Syria">Hish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisyah" title="Hisyah">Hisyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hawl" title="Al-Hawl">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huraytan" class="mw-redirect" title="Huraytan">Huraytan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Huwash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Huwash">al-Huwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibbin_Samaan" title="Ibbin Samaan">Ibbin Samaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsim" title="Ihsim">Ihsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayrud" title="Jayrud">Jayrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa" title="Al-Jalaa">al-Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Janudiyah" title="Al-Janudiyah">al-Janudiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jarniyah" title="Al-Jarniyah">al-Jarniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasim" title="Jasim">Jasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawadiyah" title="Al-Jawadiyah">al-Jawadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_al-Jarrah" title="Jubb al-Jarrah">Jubb al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Ramlah" title="Jubb Ramlah">Jubb Ramlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindires" title="Jindires">Jindires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiza,_Syria" title="Al-Jiza, Syria">al-Jiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu,_Syria" title="Al-Qabu, Syria">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Batna" title="Kafr Batna">Kafr Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Nabl" title="Kafr Nabl">Kafr Nabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Takharim" title="Kafr Takharim">Kafr Takharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zita" title="Kafr Zita">Kafr Zita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Karamah,_Raqqa_Governorate" title="Al-Karamah, Raqqa Governorate">al-Karamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kasrah" title="Al-Kasrah">al-Kasrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khafsah" title="Al-Khafsah">al-Khafsah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun" title="Khan Shaykhun">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasham" title="Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirnaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirnaz">Kirnaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwayris_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwayris Sharqi">Kuwayris Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanasir" title="Khanasir">Khanaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Ghazaleh" title="Khirbet Ghazaleh">Khirbet Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_al-Tin_Mahmoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud">Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_Misrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat Misrin">Ma'arrat Misrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maabatli" title="Maabatli">Maabatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadan">Maadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaya,_Syria" title="Madaya, Syria">Madaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahin,_Syria" title="Mahin, Syria">Mahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Malah" title="Tell Malah">Malah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malihah" title="Al-Malihah">al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansurah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansurah, Syria">al-Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare%27" title="Mare'">Mare'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markada" title="Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashta_al-Helu" title="Mashta al-Helu">Mashta al-Helu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah" title="Maskanah">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyah" title="Al-Masmiyah">al-Masmiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazraa,_Syria" title="Al-Mazraa, Syria">al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhambal" title="Muhambal">Muhambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhasan">Muhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musayfirah" title="Al-Musayfirah">al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mushannaf" title="Al-Mushannaf">al-Mushannaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nashabiyah" title="Al-Nashabiyah">al-Nashabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasirah,_Syria" title="Al-Nasirah, Syria">al-Nasirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawa,_Syria" title="Nawa, Syria">Nawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubl">Nubl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadmus" title="Al-Qadmus">al-Qadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahtaniyah,_Al-Hasakah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qahtaniyah, Al-Hasakah Governorate">al-Qahtaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarah,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarah, Syria">Qarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaryatayn" title="Al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qurayya" title="Al-Qurayya">al-Qurayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurqania" title="Qurqania">Qurqania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajo,_Syria" title="Rajo, Syria">Rajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankus">Rankus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm_Harmil_al-Imam" title="Rasm Harmil al-Imam">Rasm Harmil al-Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rai,_Syria" title="Al-Rai, Syria">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Riqama" title="Al-Riqama">al-Riqama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruhaybah" title="Al-Ruhaybah">al-Ruhaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saan" title="Al-Saan">al-Saan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saasaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saasaa">Saasaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabburah" title="Sabburah">Sabburah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabe%27_Biyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sabe' Biyar">al-Sabe' Biyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabkhah" title="Al-Sabkhah">al-Sabkhah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadad,_Syria" title="Sadad, Syria">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salqin" title="Salqin">Salqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraqib" title="Saraqib">Saraqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmin" title="Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawran, Syria">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebei,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebei, Syria">Sebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadah" title="Al-Shaddadah">al-Shaddadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Syria" title="Al-Shajara, Syria">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqqa" title="Shaqqa">Shaqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharran" title="Sharran">Sharran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shathah" title="Shathah">Shathah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Hadid" title="Shaykh al-Hadid">Shaykh al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Maskin" title="Al-Shaykh Maskin">al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayukh_Tahtani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayukh Tahtani">Shayukh Tahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin,_Syria" title="Shin, Syria">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar,_Idlib" title="Sinjar, Idlib">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirghaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirghaya">Sirghaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slinfah" title="Slinfah">Slinfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suluk,_Syria" title="Suluk, Syria">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Surah_al-Saghirah" title="Al-Surah al-Saghirah">al-Surah al-Saghirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suwar" title="Al-Suwar">al-Suwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suran,_Hama_Governorate" title="Suran, Hama Governorate">Suran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Susah" title="Al-Susah">al-Susah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sukhnah,_Syria" title="Al-Sukhnah, Syria">al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabni" title="Al-Tabni">al-Tabni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh" title="Talbiseh">Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taldou" title="Taldou">Taldou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tamanah" title="Al-Tamanah">al-Tamanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasil" title="Tasil">Tasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_al-Daman" title="Tell al-Daman">Tell al-Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hamis" title="Tell Hamis">Tell Hamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Rifaat" title="Tell Rifaat">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Salhab" title="Tell Salhab">Tell Salhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedef" class="mw-redirect" title="Tedef">Tedef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiban">Thiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uqayribat" title="Uqayribat">Uqayribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_al-Kubra" title="Urum al-Kubra">Urum al-Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Oyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al-Oyun">Wadi al-Oyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yaarubiyah" title="Al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zirbah" title="Al-Zirbah">al-Zirbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az-Ziyarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Az-Ziyarah">az-Ziyarah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decapolis_cities_(in_bold),_with_surrounding_regions_mentioned_by_Pliny_t._E.108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decapolis_cities" title="Template:Decapolis cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decapolis_cities" title="Template talk:Decapolis cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decapolis_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decapolis cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decapolis_cities_(in_bold),_with_surrounding_regions_mentioned_by_Pliny_t._E.108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis cities (in bold), with surrounding regions mentioned by Pliny t. E.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:Center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman"><b>Philadelphia</b> (Amman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash"><b>Gerasa</b> (Jerash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais"><b>Gadara</b> (Umm Qais)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitolias" title="Capitolias">Region Ampeloessa/Capitolias (Beit Ras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abila_(Decapolis)" title="Abila (Decapolis)">Region Ampeloessa /Abila (in Wadi Queilbeh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan"><b>Pella</b> (Tabaqat Fahl)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Decapolis_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Decapolis_Map.png/60px-The_Decapolis_Map.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Decapolis_Map.png/90px-The_Decapolis_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/The_Decapolis_Map.png/120px-The_Decapolis_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:Center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Damascus</b> (Dimashq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria"><b>Dion</b> (Tell Ashari)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanawat" title="Qanawat"><b>Canatha</b> (Qanawat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphana" title="Raphana"><b>Raphana</b> (Ar-Rafi'ah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abila_Lysaniou" title="Abila Lysaniou">Region Abilene/Abila-Lysanea (Souq Wadi Barada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Region Paneas/Caesarea-Phillipi (Banias)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajat" title="Lajat">Region Trachonitis (El-Musmije, Ezra,Ez Szanamain, Ard el Batanea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abila_Lysaniou" title="Abila Lysaniou">region Gabe/Tel Jabiah/Lake of Gabe(el Bajje) (Muzeirib/ Tell Jabiah)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:Center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippos,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippos, Israel"><b>Hippos</b> (Sussita)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an"><b>Scythopolis</b> (Beit She'an)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarichaea" title="Tarichaea">Region Arca/Tarichaea-Philoteria (Tiberias/Yardenit)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Template talk:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Arab_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Arab countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Arab_countries146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Africa</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.3em;width:50%;"><div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b> <small>(proclaimed)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><br /></li><li> <b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b> <small>(de facto)</small><sup>1</sup></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Syria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Syria">World Heritage Sites in Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li>Ancient City of <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_city_of_Damascus" title="Old city of Damascus">Ancient City</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Ancient Villages of Northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Crac des Chevaliers</a> <small>and</small> <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Salah_Ed-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Citadel of Salah Ed-Din">Qal’at Salah El-Din</a></li> <li><small>Site of </small><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Capital_of_Culture27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="Arab Capital of Culture">Arab Capital of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> 1996 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> 1998 (<a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> 2000 (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2001 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> 2002 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> 2003 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaʽa</a> 2004 (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> 2005 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Arab Capital of Culture">2006</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Arab Capital of Culture">2007</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2009 Arab Capital of Culture">2009</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> <a href="/wiki/2010_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2010 Arab Capital of Culture">2010</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a> 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> 2013 (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> 2014 (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> 2015 (<a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a> 2016 (<a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> 2017 (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> 2018 (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a> 2019 (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> 2020 (<a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> 2021 (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a> 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> 2023 (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Template talk:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_states_and_regions_of_the_Levant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient states and regions of the Levant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_states_and_regions_in_the_history_of_the_Levant204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient states and regions in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">history</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_Age_state_societies" title="Copper Age state societies">Copper Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Tell Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagar_Bazar" title="Chagar Bazar">Chagar Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoukar" title="Hamoukar">Hamoukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarig" title="Andarig">Andarig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apum" title="Apum">Apum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">First Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Third_kingdom" title="Ebla">Third Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurda" title="Kurda">Kurda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_third_kingdom" title="Mari, Syria">Third Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Mukish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_eth-Thadeyn" title="Tell eth-Thadeyn">Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Taban" title="Tell Taban">Ṭābetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan#Shubat-Enlil" title="Tell Leilan">Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiran" title="Zahiran">Zahiran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_(kingdom)" title="Barga (kingdom)">Barga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite city-states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ashtara" title="Tell Ashtara">Aštartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gaza#Bronze_Age" title="History of Gaza">Azzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut#History" title="Beirut">Beruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Late_Bronze">Dimasqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeon_(ancient_city)" title="Gibeon (ancient city)">Gibeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenites" title="Kenites">Kenites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamid_el-Loz" title="Kamid el-Loz">Kumidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lachish" title="Tel Lachish">Lakisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Qadesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem#Bronze_Age" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hadidi" title="Tell Hadidi">Tell Hadidi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naziba" title="Naziba">Naziba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ib%27al" title="Ib'al">Ib'al Confederacy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Paleo-Syrian states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Armi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Aleppo" title="Ancient Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armanum" title="Armanum">Armanum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tall_Bazi" title="Tall Bazi">Tall Bazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khana" title="Kingdom of Khana">Ḫana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Aḫlamū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suteans" title="Suteans">Suteans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amqu" title="Amqu">Amqu</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Tadmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunip" title="Tunip">Tunip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upu" title="Upu">Upu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niya_Kingdom" title="Niya Kingdom">Niya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Rehob" title="Aram Rehob">Aram Rehob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit-Adini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-Adini">Bit-Adini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshur" title="Geshur">Geshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hama, Syria">Hamath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel (Samaria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel (united)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gath_(city)" title="Gath (city)">Gath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Amrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs" title="History of the Arabs">Arabs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Luwian-Aramaean states</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Pattin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanid Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Herodian Tetrarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonies_of_ancient_Rome284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonies of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonies_of_ancient_Rome284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>With correspondence to modern geography</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindum_Colonia" title="Lindum Colonia">Lindum Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narbo_Martius" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo Martius">Narbo Martius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mogontiacum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Emerita" title="Augusta Emerita">Augusta Emerita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aelia Augusta Aeclanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Castra Taurinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Placentia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/200px-Romancoloniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/300px-Romancoloniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Romancoloniae.jpg/400px-Romancoloniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Bacchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of legion veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolemais</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of late Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_in_Syria" title="Laodicea in Syria">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_of_Phoenicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis of Phoenicia">Heliopolis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arca Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyrus</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Philippopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerasa">Gerasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadara" title="Gadara">Gadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmaus Nicopolis">Emmaus Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Philippi">Neronias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations with<br />modern names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<br /><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: Aelia Capitolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>: Ptolemais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imwas" title="Imwas">Imwas</a>: Emmaus Nicopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banias" title="Banias">Banias</a>: Neronias</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Umm Qais</a>: Gadara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Jerash</a>: Gerasa</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a>: Arca Caesarea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: Berytus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>: Heliopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saida,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saida, Lebanon">Saida</a>: Sidon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>: Tyrus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>: Bostra</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>: Emesa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>: Laodicea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba" title="Shahba">Shahba</a>: Philippopolis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadmur">Tadmur</a>: Palmyra</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>: Antioch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>: Seleucia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>; <sup><small>2</small></sup> Proposed; <sup><small>3</small></sup> in Danger</li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3766#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1912" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxwbg23s1j8vg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2397">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557363105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620288906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/725210c4-3f89-4f49-a508-794e92f700ef">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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