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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophy of mind where the mind resides beyond the brain and body</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca,_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_(C%C3%B3rdoba)_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca%2C_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg/220px-Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca%2C_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca%2C_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg/330px-Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca%2C_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca%2C_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg/440px-Lucio_Anneo_S%C3%A9neca%2C_Mateo_Inurria_Lainosa_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_AGuichot1110_0944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="2958" /></a><figcaption> “<a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca the younger">Seneca</a> [had an] anecdote about a wealthy freedman who wished to make himself appear cultured by reciting poetry at dinner parties but was hampered by a bad memory. So he bought educated slaves and had one memorise Homer, another Hesiod, and so on, on the theory that what his slaves knew, he knew too.” <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2012_b968_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2012_b968-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, the <b>extended mind thesis</b> says that the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> does not exclusively reside in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> or even the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>, but extends into the <a href="/wiki/Surroundings" title="Surroundings">physical world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilsonR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thesis proposes that some objects in the external environment can be part of a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">cognitive process</a> and in that way function as extensions of the mind itself. Examples of such objects are written calculations, a <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diary</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a>; in general, it concerns objects that store <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>. The hypothesis considers the mind to encompass every level of cognition, including the physical level. </p><p>It was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> in "The Extended Mind" (1998). They describe the idea as "active <a href="/wiki/Externalism" title="Externalism">externalism</a>, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes." </p><p>For the matter of <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a> (and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">philosophy of self</a>), the EMT has the implication that some parts of a person's identity can be determined by their environment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Extended_Mind""><span id=".22The_Extended_Mind.22"></span>"The Extended Mind"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: "The Extended Mind""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<b>The Extended Mind</b>" by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Clark" title="Andy Clark">Andy Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the paper that originally stated the EMT. Clark and Chalmers present the idea of <b>active externalism</b> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_Externalism#Semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalism and Externalism">semantic externalism</a>), in which objects within the environment function as a part of the mind. They argue that the separation between the mind, the body, and the environment is an unprincipled distinction. Because external objects play a significant role in aiding cognitive processes, the mind and the environment act as a "coupled system" that can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its own. In this manner, the mind is extended into the physical world. The main criterion that Clark and Chalmers list for classifying the use of external objects during cognitive tasks as a part of an extended cognitive system is that the external objects must function with the same purpose as the internal processes. </p><p>Clark and Chalmers present a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> to illustrate the environment's role in connection to the mind. The fictional characters Otto and Inga are both travelling to a museum simultaneously. Otto has <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, and has written all of his directions down in a notebook to serve the function of his memory. Inga is able to recall the internal directions within her memory. The argument is that the only difference existing in these two cases is that Inga's memory is being internally processed by the brain, while Otto's memory is being served by the notebook. In other words, Otto's mind has been extended to include the notebook as the source of his memory. The notebook qualifies as such because it is <i>constantly and immediately accessible</i> to Otto, and it is <i>automatically endorsed</i> by him. They also suggest Otto's notebook should be considered an extension of himself; the notebook in a way becomes a "fragile biological limb or organ" that Otto wants to protect from harm. </p><p> The thought experiment has been criticised with the notion that what happens with Otto is not very similar to what happens with Inga. This criticism is addressed by Clark in <i>Supersizing the Mind</i>:</p><blockquote><p>"[the] claim was not that the processes in Otto and Inga are identical, or even similar, in terms of their detailed implementation. It is simply that, with respect to the role that the long-term encodings play in guiding current response, both modes of storage can be seen as supporting dispositional beliefs. It is the way the information is poised to guide reasoning ... and behavior that counts."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empirical_evidence">Empirical evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Empirical evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a> hypothesis yields yet another perspective to the idea of extended mind. Based on evidence in neuroscience<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and psychophysiological research,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research Professor Igor Val Danilov proposed that an embryo's nervous system (being a part of the external environment to the mother's <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>) can take part in the mother's cognitive process and function as an extension of the mother's mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Val_Danilov_2023_Origin_of_Perception_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Val_Danilov_2023_Origin_of_Perception-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This neuronal coupling provides social learning during the embryonal period.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, the <a href="/wiki/Shared_intentionality" title="Shared intentionality">Shared intentionality</a> approach provides empirical evidence of the extended mind thesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophical arguments against the extended mind thesis include the following.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_Aizawa_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_Aizawa-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>When focusing on cognition, the thesis confuses claims about what is constitutive about the concept of cognition with claims about causal influences on cognition (the "causal-constitutional fallacy"). For example, Adams and Aizawa (2010) write, "Question: Why did the pencil think that 2 + 2 = 4?, Clark’s Answer: Because it was coupled to the mathematician."</li> <li>It stretches the limits of our ordinary concept of cognition too far ("cognitive bloating"), potentially implying that everything on the Internet is part of individual cognitive systems.</li> <li>It uses coarse-grained functionalism about the mind that ignores plausible differences between internal and external processes, such as differences between beliefs and external props and devices; or for creating a notion of cognition too heterogeneous to make up a scientific natural kind.</li></ol> <p>Each of these arguments is addressed in Clark (2008), in which he notes:<sup id="cite_ref-Supersizing_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supersizing-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>While coupling is important for cognition, that is not to say that it is sufficient – coupling must play a functional role in cognition. Many couplings do not do so and thus would not be 'extensions' (and this is consistent with a strong extended mind thesis).</li> <li>Any putative part of a system – internal or external – is unlikely to yield "cognition" on its own. Thus, examples such as calculators, and pencils, should be considered in parallel with neural regions. Simply looking at the part is not enough for cognition.</li> <li>One can imagine circumstances under which a biological being might retain information in non-neural ways (a hypothetical Martian with a bitmap-based memory, or humans with prosthetics to support memory). Thus, being neural cannot be a necessary condition for being cognitive.</li></ol> <p>While in <i>Supersizing the Mind</i> Clark defends a strong version of the hypothesis of <b>extended cognition</b> (contrasted with a hypothesis of embedded cognition) in other work, some of these objections have inspired more moderate reformulations of the extended mind thesis. Thus, the extended mind thesis may no longer depend on the parity considerations of Clark and Chalmers' original argument but, instead, emphasize the "complementarity" of internal and external elements of cognitive systems or processes. This version might be understood as emphasizing the explanatory value of the extended mind thesis for cognitive science rather than maintaining it as an ontological claim about the nature of mind or cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Supersizing_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supersizing-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vincent_C._M%C3%BCller" title="Vincent C. Müller">Vincent C. Müller</a> argues that the extended mind "sounds like a substantive thesis, the truth of which we should investigate. But actually the thesis turns about to be just a statement on where the demarcations for the 'mental' are to be set" and that "this discussion about demarcation is merely verbal and thus to be avoided".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_embodied_and_enacted_cognition">Relation to <i>embodied</i> and <i>enacted</i> cognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation to embodied and enacted cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As described by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a>, mental processes are:<sup id="cite_ref-Rowlands_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowlands-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Embodied</i> involves more than the brain, including a more general involvement of bodily structures and processes.</li> <li><i>Embedded</i> functioning only in a related external environment.</li> <li><i>Enacted</i> involving not only neural processes but also things an organism <i>does</i>.</li> <li><i>Extended</i> into the organism's environment.</li></ul> <p>This "4E" view of cognition<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrasts with the view of the mind as a processing center that creates mental representations of reality and uses them to control the body's behaviour. The field of extended cognition focuses upon the processes involved in this creation and subsumes these processes as part of consciousness, which is no longer confined to the brain or body but involves interaction with the environment. At a 'low' level, like <a href="/wiki/Motor_learning" title="Motor learning">motor learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">haptic perception</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morasso_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morasso-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the body is involved in cognition, but there is a 'high' level where cultural factors play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-Ratner_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGann_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGann-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view of cognition is sometimes referred to as <em><a href="/wiki/Enaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Enaction">enaction</a></em> to emphasise the role of interplay between the organism and its environment and the <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">feedback processes</a> involved in developing an awareness of, and a reformation of, the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Japyassú and Laland argue that some spider's web is something between part of its sensory system and an additional part of its cognitive system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, biology and social science writer Annie Murphy Paul published “The Extended Mind: The Power of Thinking Outside the Brain.”<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by Clark's and Chalmers's work, the book synthesizes the results of various scientific papers and studies that examine the intelligence that exists beyond the human brain.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">Distributed cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extelligence" title="Extelligence">Extelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landauer%27s_principle" title="Landauer's principle">Landauer's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_cognition" title="Situated cognition">Situated cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" title="The Extended Phenotype">The Extended Phenotype</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_mind_thesis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Epistles 27.5-8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_2012_b968-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_2012_b968_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Hall" title="Edith Hall">Hall, Edith M</a> (2012-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1847874">"Reading Ancient Slavery (2010)"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Reading+Ancient+Slavery+%282010%29&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Edith+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1847874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonR_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFoglia2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, Robert A.; Foglia, Lucia (25 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/embodied-cognition/">"Embodied Cognition"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embodied+Cognition&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+%28Fall+2011+Edition%29&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Foglia%2C+Lucia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2011%2Fentries%2Fembodied-cognition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Clark,_David_J_Chalmers1998" class="citation journal cs1">Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (January 1998). "The extended mind". <i>Analysis</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 7–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanalys%2F58.1.7">10.1093/analys/58.1.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3328150">3328150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analysis&rft.atitle=The+extended+mind&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-19&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2F58.1.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3328150%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Andy+Clark%2C+David+J+Chalmers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span>; reprinted as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Clark,_David_J_Chalmers2010" class="citation book cs1">Andy Clark, David J Chalmers (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxQNhOS8VjQC&pg=PA27">"Chapter 2: The extended mind"</a>. In Richard Menary (ed.). <i>The Extended Mind</i>. MIT Press. pp. 27–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262014038" title="Special:BookSources/9780262014038"><bdi>9780262014038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+extended+mind&rft.btitle=The+Extended+Mind&rft.pages=27-42&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780262014038&rft.au=Andy+Clark%2C+David+J+Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxQNhOS8VjQC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span>; and available online as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkChalmers" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Andy; Chalmers, David J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/320/1/extended.html">"The extended mind"</a>. Cogprints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+extended+mind&rft.pub=Cogprints&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft.au=Chalmers%2C+David+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F320%2F1%2Fextended.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Andy (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supersizingminde00clar"><i>Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supersizingminde00clar/page/n126">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195333213" title="Special:BookSources/9780195333213"><bdi>9780195333213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supersizing+the+Mind%3A+Embodiment%2C+Action%2C+and+Cognitive+Extension&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195333213&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupersizingminde00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu, J., Zhang, R., Xie, E. et al. (2023). 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"A New Computer-Aided Method for Assessing Children's Cognition in Bioengineering Systems for Diagnosing Developmental Delay." <i>OBM Neurobiology</i> 2023; 7(4): 189; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304189. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-04-189">https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-04-189</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Val Danilov, I., Mihailova, S., Svajyan, A. (2022). 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MIT Press. pp. 51 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262014557" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262014557"><bdi>978-0262014557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+mind+embedded&rft.btitle=The+new+science+of+the+mind%3A+From+extended+mind+to+embodied+phenomenology&rft.pages=51+%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0262014557&rft.aulast=Rowlands&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAiwjpL-0hDgC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewenBruinGallagher2018" class="citation book cs1">Newen, Albert; Bruin, Leon; Gallagher, Shaun, eds. (2018). <i>Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition</i>. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198735410.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198735410.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198735410" title="Special:BookSources/9780198735410"><bdi>9780198735410</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057357626">1057357626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+4E+Cognition&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Library+of+Psychology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057357626&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198735410.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780198735410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morasso-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morasso_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorasso2005" class="citation web cs1">Morasso, Pietro (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060508002438/http://www.consciousness.it/iwac2005/Material/Morasso.pdf">"Consciousness as the emergent property of the interaction between brain, body, & environment: the crucial role of haptic perception"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consciousness.it/iwac2005/Material/Morasso.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consciousness+as+the+emergent+property+of+the+interaction+between+brain%2C+body%2C+%26+environment%3A+the+crucial+role+of+haptic+perception&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Morasso&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consciousness.it%2Fiwac2005%2FMaterial%2FMorasso.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtended+mind+thesis" class="Z3988"></span> Slides related to a chapter on <a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">haptic perception</a> (recognition through touch): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietro_Morasso2007" class="citation book cs1">Pietro Morasso (2007). 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Oxford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199706297" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199706297"><bdi>978-0199706297</bdi></a>. <q>Culture produces the mind; brain circuitry does not. 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