CINXE.COM
Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing - Earth How
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js" itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1'/> <title>Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing - Earth How</title> <meta name="description" content="Plants mostly use water and carbon dioxide from the air to grow. But nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) & potassium (K) are also key ingredients."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing - Earth How"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Plants mostly use water and carbon dioxide from the air to grow. But nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) & potassium (K) are also key ingredients."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Earth How"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2018-09-14T10:34:40+00:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-09-25T19:14:20+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Soil-Nutrients.png"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="678"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="509"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png"/> <meta name="author" content="earthhow"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@earth_how"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@earth_how"/> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by"/> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="earthhow"/> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time"/> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="2 minutes"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/"},"author":{"name":"earthhow","@id":"https://earthhow.com/#/schema/person/4b59317e5d3ba21e675de70a79725fe3"},"headline":"Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing","datePublished":"2018-09-14T10:34:40+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-25T19:14:20+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/"},"wordCount":340,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Soil-Nutrients.png","articleSection":["Geology","Weathering, Erosion and Soils"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/","url":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/","name":"Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing - Earth How","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Soil-Nutrients.png","datePublished":"2018-09-14T10:34:40+00:00","dateModified":"2023-09-25T19:14:20+00:00","description":"Plants mostly use water and carbon dioxide from the air to grow. But nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) & potassium (K) are also key ingredients.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#primaryimage","url":"https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Soil-Nutrients.png","contentUrl":"https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Soil-Nutrients.png","width":678,"height":509,"caption":"Soil Nutrients"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://earthhow.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Geology","item":"https://earthhow.com/category/geology/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Weathering, Erosion and Soils","item":"https://earthhow.com/category/geology/weathering-erosion-and-soils/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://earthhow.com/#website","url":"https://earthhow.com/","name":"Earth How","description":"Earth Explained","publisher":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://earthhow.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://earthhow.com/#organization","name":"Earth How","url":"https://earthhow.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://earthhow.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/EarthHowLogo.png","contentUrl":"https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/EarthHowLogo.png","width":460,"height":80,"caption":"Earth How"},"image":{"@id":"https://earthhow.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://x.com/earth_how"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://earthhow.com/#/schema/person/4b59317e5d3ba21e675de70a79725fe3","name":"earthhow"}]}</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//scripts.mediavine.com'/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Earth How » Feed" href="https://earthhow.com/feed/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Earth How » Comments Feed" href="https://earthhow.com/comments/feed/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Earth How » Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing Comments Feed" href="https://earthhow.com/soil-nutrients/feed/"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//earthhow.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/7ws98yux/445gh.css" media="all"/> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'>.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}</style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square:1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3:4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4:3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2:3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3:2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9:16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16:9/16;--wp--preset--color--black:#000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray:#abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white:#ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink:#f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red:#cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange:#ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber:#fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan:#7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan:#00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue:#8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue:#0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple:#9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-1:var(--global-palette1);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-2:var(--global-palette2);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-3:var(--global-palette3);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-4:var(--global-palette4);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-5:var(--global-palette5);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-6:var(--global-palette6);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-7:var(--global-palette7);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-8:var(--global-palette8);--wp--preset--color--theme-palette-9:var(--global-palette9);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small:var(--global-font-size-small);--wp--preset--font-size--medium:var(--global-font-size-medium);--wp--preset--font-size--large:var(--global-font-size-large);--wp--preset--font-size--x-large:42px;--wp--preset--font-size--larger:var(--global-font-size-larger);--wp--preset--font-size--xxlarge:var(--global-font-size-xxlarge);--wp--preset--spacing--20:0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30:0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40:1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50:1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60:2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70:3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80:5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural:6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep:12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined:6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp:6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap:0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap:0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display:flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin:0;}body .is-layout-grid{display:grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin:0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap:1.25em;}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap:1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap:2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap:2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.6;}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//earthhow.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/9icsh380/445g5.css" media="all"/> <style id='kadence-global-inline-css'>:root{--global-palette1:#2a7fb8;--global-palette2:#206ca2;--global-palette3:#232323;--global-palette4:#000000;--global-palette5:#000000;--global-palette6:#515151;--global-palette7:#ffffff;--global-palette8:#ffffff;--global-palette9:#ffffff;--global-palette9rgb:255, 255, 255;--global-palette-highlight:var(--global-palette1);--global-palette-highlight-alt:#0f5583;--global-palette-highlight-alt2:var(--global-palette9);--global-palette-btn-bg:var(--global-palette1);--global-palette-btn-bg-hover:var(--global-palette2);--global-palette-btn:var(--global-palette9);--global-palette-btn-hover:var(--global-palette9);--global-body-font-family:Inter, sans-serif;--global-heading-font-family:inherit;--global-primary-nav-font-family:inherit;--global-fallback-font:sans-serif;--global-display-fallback-font:sans-serif;--global-content-width:1200px;--global-content-narrow-width:850px;--global-content-edge-padding:1.5rem;--global-content-boxed-padding:2rem;--global-calc-content-width:calc(1200px - var(--global-content-edge-padding) - var(--global-content-edge-padding) );--wp--style--global--content-size:var(--global-calc-content-width);}.wp-site-blocks{--global-vw:calc( 100vw - ( 0.5 * var(--scrollbar-offset)));}body{background:#f7fafc;}body, input, select, optgroup, textarea{font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:18px;line-height:1.6;font-family:var(--global-body-font-family);color:var(--global-palette4);}.content-bg, body.content-style-unboxed .site{background:var(--global-palette9);}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:var(--global-heading-font-family);}h1{font-style:normal;font-weight:800;font-size:28px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette3);}h2{font-style:normal;font-weight:800;font-size:28px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette3);}h3{font-style:normal;font-weight:800;font-size:26px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette3);}h4{font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-size:24px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette4);}h5{font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-size:22px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette4);}h6{font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-size:20px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette5);}.entry-hero h1{font-style:normal;font-weight:800;color:#ffffff;}.entry-hero .kadence-breadcrumbs, .entry-hero .search-form{font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;color:var(--global-palette3);}.entry-hero .kadence-breadcrumbs{max-width:1200px;}.site-container, .site-header-row-layout-contained, .site-footer-row-layout-contained, .entry-hero-layout-contained, .comments-area, .alignfull > .wp-block-cover__inner-container, .alignwide > .wp-block-cover__inner-container{max-width:var(--global-content-width);}.content-width-narrow .content-container.site-container, .content-width-narrow .hero-container.site-container{max-width:var(--global-content-narrow-width);}@media all and (min-width: 1430px){.wp-site-blocks .content-container .alignwide{margin-left:-115px;margin-right:-115px;width:unset;max-width:unset;}}@media all and (min-width: 1110px){.content-width-narrow .wp-site-blocks .content-container .alignwide{margin-left:-130px;margin-right:-130px;width:unset;max-width:unset;}}.content-style-boxed .wp-site-blocks .entry-content .alignwide{margin-left:calc( -1 * var( --global-content-boxed-padding ) );margin-right:calc( -1 * var( --global-content-boxed-padding ) );}.content-area{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.content-area{margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:3rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.content-area{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){:root{--global-content-boxed-padding:2.5rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){:root{--global-content-boxed-padding:1.5rem;}}.entry-content-wrap{padding:2rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.entry-content-wrap{padding:2.5rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.entry-content-wrap{padding:1.5rem;}}.entry.single-entry{box-shadow:0px 15px 15px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;}.entry.loop-entry{box-shadow:0px 15px 15px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.loop-entry .entry-content-wrap{padding:2rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.loop-entry .entry-content-wrap{padding:2rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.loop-entry .entry-content-wrap{padding:1.5rem;}}.has-sidebar:not(.has-left-sidebar) .content-container{grid-template-columns:1fr 300px;}.has-sidebar.has-left-sidebar .content-container{grid-template-columns:300px 1fr;}.primary-sidebar.widget-area .widget{margin-bottom:1.5em;color:var(--global-palette4);}.primary-sidebar.widget-area .widget-title{font-weight:700;font-size:20px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--global-palette3);}button, .button, .wp-block-button__link, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .fl-button, .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button, .wc-block-components-checkout-place-order-button, .wc-block-cart__submit{border-radius:25px;box-shadow:inset 0px 0px 0px -7px rgba(0,0,0,0);}button:hover, button:focus, button:active, .button:hover, .button:focus, .button:active, .wp-block-button__link:hover, .wp-block-button__link:focus, .wp-block-button__link:active, input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="button"]:focus, input[type="button"]:active, input[type="reset"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:focus, input[type="reset"]:active, input[type="submit"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:focus, input[type="submit"]:active, .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button:hover, .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button:focus, .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button:active, .wc-block-cart__submit:hover{box-shadow:0px 15px 25px -7px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.kb-button.kb-btn-global-outline.kb-btn-global-inherit{padding-top:calc(px - 2px);padding-right:calc(px - 2px);padding-bottom:calc(px - 2px);padding-left:calc(px - 2px);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){button, .button, .wp-block-button__link, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .fl-button, .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button, .wc-block-components-checkout-place-order-button, .wc-block-cart__submit{border-radius:25px;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){button, .button, .wp-block-button__link, input[type="button"], input[type="reset"], input[type="submit"], .fl-button, .elementor-button-wrapper .elementor-button, .wc-block-components-checkout-place-order-button, .wc-block-cart__submit{border-radius:25px;}}@media all and (min-width: 1025px){.transparent-header .entry-hero .entry-hero-container-inner{padding-top:70px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.mobile-transparent-header .entry-hero .entry-hero-container-inner{padding-top:70px;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.mobile-transparent-header .entry-hero .entry-hero-container-inner{padding-top:70px;}}.entry-author-style-center{padding-top:var(--global-md-spacing);border-top:1px solid var(--global-gray-500);}.entry-author-style-center .entry-author-avatar, .entry-meta .author-avatar{display:none;}.entry-author-style-normal .entry-author-profile{padding-left:0px;}#comments .comment-meta{margin-left:0px;}body.single .entry-related{background:#f7f7f7;}.wp-site-blocks .entry-related h2.entry-related-title{font-style:normal;color:var(--global-palette3);}.wp-site-blocks .post-title h1{font-style:normal;font-size:36px;color:var(--global-palette3);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-site-blocks .post-title h1{font-size:38px;line-height:1.4;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-site-blocks .post-title h1{font-size:34px;}}.post-title .entry-taxonomies, .post-title .entry-taxonomies a{color:var(--global-palette1);}.post-title .entry-taxonomies a:hover{color:var(--global-palette2);}.post-title .entry-taxonomies .category-style-pill a{background:var(--global-palette1);}.post-title .entry-taxonomies .category-style-pill a:hover{background:var(--global-palette2);}.post-title .entry-meta{color:var(--global-palette3);}.post-title .entry-meta a:hover{color:var(--global-palette3);}.post-title .kadence-breadcrumbs{font-style:normal;font-size:14px;color:var(--global-palette3);}.post-title .kadence-breadcrumbs a:hover{color:var(--global-palette4);}.entry-hero.post-hero-section .entry-header{min-height:200px;}.post-hero-section .hero-section-overlay{background:var(--global-palette9);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.entry-hero.post-hero-section .entry-header{min-height:300px;}}.loop-entry.type-post h2.entry-title{font-style:normal;font-size:22px;color:var(--global-palette4);} @media all and (max-width: 1024px){.mobile-transparent-header #masthead{position:absolute;left:0px;right:0px;z-index:100;}.kadence-scrollbar-fixer.mobile-transparent-header #masthead{right:var(--scrollbar-offset,0);}.mobile-transparent-header #masthead, .mobile-transparent-header .site-top-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .mobile-transparent-header .site-main-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .mobile-transparent-header .site-bottom-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{background:transparent;}.site-header-row-tablet-layout-fullwidth, .site-header-row-tablet-layout-standard{padding:0px;}}@media all and (min-width: 1025px){.transparent-header #masthead{position:absolute;left:0px;right:0px;z-index:100;}.transparent-header.kadence-scrollbar-fixer #masthead{right:var(--scrollbar-offset,0);}.transparent-header #masthead, .transparent-header .site-top-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .transparent-header .site-main-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .transparent-header .site-bottom-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{background:transparent;}}.site-branding a.brand img{max-width:220px;}.site-branding a.brand img.svg-logo-image{width:220px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.site-branding a.brand img{max-width:220px;}.site-branding a.brand img.svg-logo-image{width:220px;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.site-branding a.brand img{max-width:215px;}.site-branding a.brand img.svg-logo-image{width:215px;}}.site-branding{padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.site-branding .site-title{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.05em;}}#masthead, #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start):not(.site-header-row-container):not(.site-main-header-wrap), #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start) > .site-header-row-container-inner{background:#ffffff;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){#masthead, #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start):not(.site-header-row-container):not(.site-main-header-wrap), #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start) > .site-header-row-container-inner{background:#ffffff;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){#masthead, #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start):not(.site-header-row-container):not(.site-main-header-wrap), #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start) > .site-header-row-container-inner{background:#ffffff;}}.site-main-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{background:var(--global-palette9);border-top:0px none transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #b9b9b9;}.site-main-header-inner-wrap{min-height:70px;}.header-navigation[class*="header-navigation-style-underline"] .header-menu-container.primary-menu-container>ul>li>a:after{width:calc( 100% - 1.5em);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > a{padding-left:calc(1.5em / 2);padding-right:calc(1.5em / 2);padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;color:var(--global-palette3);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item .dropdown-nav-special-toggle{right:calc(1.5em / 2);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul li.menu-item > a{font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:18px;}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > a:hover{color:var(--global-palette4);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item.current-menu-item > a{color:var(--global-palette4);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul.sub-menu, .header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul.submenu{background:#ffffff;box-shadow:0px 2px 13px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item, .header-menu-container ul.menu > li.kadence-menu-mega-enabled > ul > li.menu-item > a{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item > a{width:200px;padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em;color:var(--global-palette3);font-style:normal;font-size:16px;}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item > a:hover{color:#ffffff;background:var(--global-palette1);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item.current-menu-item > a{color:var(--global-palette9);background:var(--global-palette1);}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open, .mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open:focus{color:var(--global-palette3);padding:0.5em 0.6em 0.5em 0.6em;font-size:14px;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open.menu-toggle-style-bordered{border:1px solid currentColor;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open .menu-toggle-icon{font-size:18px;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open:hover, .mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open:focus-visible{color:var(--global-palette3);}.mobile-navigation ul li{font-size:14px;}.mobile-navigation ul li a{padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0.5em;}.mobile-navigation ul li > a, .mobile-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children > .drawer-nav-drop-wrap{color:var(--global-palette8);}.mobile-navigation ul li > a:hover, .mobile-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children > .drawer-nav-drop-wrap:hover{color:var(--global-palette9);}.mobile-navigation ul li.current-menu-item > a, .mobile-navigation ul li.current-menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .drawer-nav-drop-wrap{color:#e8e8e8;}.mobile-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children .drawer-nav-drop-wrap, .mobile-navigation ul li:not(.menu-item-has-children) a{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);}.mobile-navigation:not(.drawer-navigation-parent-toggle-true) ul li.menu-item-has-children .drawer-nav-drop-wrap button{border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);}#mobile-drawer .drawer-inner, #mobile-drawer.popup-drawer-layout-fullwidth.popup-drawer-animation-slice .pop-portion-bg, #mobile-drawer.popup-drawer-layout-fullwidth.popup-drawer-animation-slice.pop-animated.show-drawer .drawer-inner{background:var(--global-palette3);}#mobile-drawer .drawer-header .drawer-toggle{padding:0.6em 0.15em 0.6em 0.15em;font-size:24px;}#mobile-drawer .drawer-header .drawer-toggle, #mobile-drawer .drawer-header .drawer-toggle:focus{color:var(--global-palette9);}#mobile-drawer .drawer-header .drawer-toggle:hover, #mobile-drawer .drawer-header .drawer-toggle:focus:hover{color:var(--global-palette9);}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open{color:var(--global-palette3);}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open.search-toggle-style-bordered{border:1px solid currentColor;}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open .search-toggle-icon{font-size:1em;}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open:hover, .search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open:focus{color:var(--global-palette3);}#search-drawer .drawer-inner .drawer-content form input.search-field, #search-drawer .drawer-inner .drawer-content form .kadence-search-icon-wrap, #search-drawer .drawer-header{color:var(--global-palette9);}#search-drawer .drawer-inner{background:rgba(9, 12, 16, 0.97);} #colophon{background:var(--global-palette3);}.site-middle-footer-wrap .site-footer-row-container-inner{background:rgba(255,255,255,0);}.site-middle-footer-inner-wrap{padding-top:30px;padding-bottom:30px;grid-column-gap:30px;grid-row-gap:30px;}.site-middle-footer-inner-wrap .widget{margin-bottom:30px;}.site-middle-footer-inner-wrap .site-footer-section:not(:last-child):after{right:calc(-30px / 2);}.site-top-footer-wrap .site-footer-row-container-inner{font-style:normal;color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-footer .site-top-footer-wrap a:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button){color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-footer .site-top-footer-wrap a:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button):hover{color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap{padding-top:30px;padding-bottom:30px;grid-column-gap:30px;grid-row-gap:30px;}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap .widget{margin-bottom:30px;}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap .widget-area .widget-title{font-style:normal;color:var(--global-palette8);}.site-top-footer-inner-wrap .site-footer-section:not(:last-child):after{right:calc(-30px / 2);}.site-bottom-footer-wrap .site-footer-row-container-inner{background:var(--global-palette3);font-style:normal;font-size:14px;color:var(--global-palette7);}.site-footer .site-bottom-footer-wrap a:where(:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--global-palette7);}.site-footer .site-bottom-footer-wrap a:where(:not(.button):not(.wp-block-button__link):not(.wp-element-button)):hover{color:var(--global-palette9);}.site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:15px;grid-column-gap:30px;}.site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap .widget{margin-bottom:30px;}.site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap .site-footer-section:not(:last-child):after{right:calc(-30px / 2);}#colophon .footer-html{font-style:normal;font-weight:600;color:var(--global-palette8);margin:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;}#colophon .site-footer-row-container .site-footer-row .footer-html a{color:var(--global-palette8);}#colophon .site-footer-row-container .site-footer-row .footer-html a:hover{color:var(--global-palette8);}#colophon .footer-navigation .footer-menu-container > ul > li > a{padding-left:calc(1.2em / 2);padding-right:calc(1.2em / 2);padding-top:calc(1em / 2);padding-bottom:calc(1em / 2);color:var(--global-palette9);}#colophon .footer-navigation .footer-menu-container > ul li a:hover{color:var(--global-palette-highlight);}#colophon .footer-navigation .footer-menu-container > ul li.current-menu-item > a{color:var(--global-palette9);}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//earthhow.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/lm7cgwdj/a3vqr.css" media="all"/> <style id='kadence-blocks-global-variables-inline-css'>:root{--global-kb-font-size-sm:clamp(0.8rem, 0.73rem + 0.217vw, 0.9rem);--global-kb-font-size-md:clamp(1.1rem, 0.995rem + 0.326vw, 1.25rem);--global-kb-font-size-lg:clamp(1.75rem, 1.576rem + 0.543vw, 2rem);--global-kb-font-size-xl:clamp(2.25rem, 1.728rem + 1.63vw, 3rem);--global-kb-font-size-xxl:clamp(2.5rem, 1.456rem + 3.26vw, 4rem);--global-kb-font-size-xxxl:clamp(2.75rem, 0.489rem + 7.065vw, 6rem);}</style> <style id='kadence_blocks_css-inline-css'>.kb-row-layout-id18750_45f50e-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id18750_45f50e-c9 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f{text-align:center;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f:not(.specificity){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}.kb-posts-id-18750_1e09ed-10 .entry.loop-entry .entry-header .entry-title{font-size:18px;line-height:20px;}.kb-posts-id-18750_1e09ed-10 .loop-entry{background:transparent;box-shadow:none;}.kb-posts-id-18750_1e09ed-10 .loop-entry > .entry-content-wrap{padding:0px;}.kb-posts-id-18750_1e09ed-10 .loop-entry .post-thumbnail{margin-bottom:1em;}.kb-row-layout-id18750_53f941-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id18750_53f941-1d > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1{text-align:center;}.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column18750_83b326-a1:not(.specificity){margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}</style> <style id='kadence_blocks_pro_css-inline-css'>.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kadence-post-image{padding-top:0px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:0px;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-feat-image-align-left{grid-template-columns:40% auto;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-post-grid-wrap{gap:10px 30px;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item{border-top-color:currentColor;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:currentColor;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:currentColor;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:currentColor;border-left-style:solid;overflow:hidden;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item .kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner{text-align:left;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item header{padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:0px;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item .kt-blocks-above-categories{font-size:13px;line-height:20px;text-transform:uppercase;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item .entry-title{padding-top:5px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;font-size:18px;line-height:20px;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .entry-content{font-size:14px;line-height:24px;}.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-footer{font-size:12px;line-height:20px;text-transform:uppercase;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item{border-top-color:currentColor;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:currentColor;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:currentColor;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:currentColor;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 .kt-blocks-post-grid-item{border-top-color:currentColor;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:currentColor;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:currentColor;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:currentColor;border-left-style:solid;}}</style> <style id="kadence_blocks_palette_css">:root .has-kb-palette-1-color{color:#888888}:root .has-kb-palette-1-background-color{background-color:#888888}</style><script async="async" data-noptimize="1" data-cfasync="false" src="https://scripts.mediavine.com/tags/earth-how.js?ver=6.6.2" id="mv-script-wrapper-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/2618"/><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://earthhow.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2"/> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://earthhow.com/?p=2618'/> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fearthhow.com%2Fsoil-nutrients%2F"/> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fearthhow.com%2Fsoil-nutrients%2F&format=xml"/> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-7J2VZZEQZM"></script> <script>window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-7J2VZZEQZM');</script> <link rel="icon" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-EarthHow-SiteIcon-1-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-EarthHow-SiteIcon-1-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-EarthHow-SiteIcon-1-180x180.jpg"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-EarthHow-SiteIcon-1-270x270.jpg"/> <style id="wp-custom-css">*{font-family:Inter, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif} .tnp-subscription-minimal input.tnp-submit{background-color:#00a87a;} .newsletter1{background-color:#2a7fb8;padding:20px;border-radius:5px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #dddddd;} @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.entry-content .alignright { float:none; display:block; padding:0px; margin:0px;}} @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) {.entry-content .alignleft {float:none; display:block; }} .wp-block-kadence-posts{row-gap:5px;} @media only screen and (max-width: 359px) { .content-container.site-container { padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; }}</style> </head> <body data-rsssl=1 class="post-template-default single single-post postid-2618 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive footer-on-bottom hide-focus-outline link-style-standard has-sidebar content-title-style-normal content-width-normal content-style-boxed content-vertical-padding-show non-transparent-header mobile-non-transparent-header"> <div id="wrapper" class="site wp-site-blocks"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text scroll-ignore" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope> <div id="main-header" class="site-header-wrap"> <div class="site-header-inner-wrap"> <div class="site-header-upper-wrap"> <div class="site-header-upper-inner-wrap"> <div class="site-main-header-wrap site-header-row-container site-header-focus-item site-header-row-layout-standard" data-section="kadence_customizer_header_main"> <div class="site-header-row-container-inner"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="site-main-header-inner-wrap site-header-row site-header-row-has-sides site-header-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-main-section-left site-header-section site-header-section-left"> <div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding branding-layout-standard site-brand-logo-only"><a class="brand has-logo-image" href="https://earthhow.com/" rel="home"><img width="539" height="65" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo.png" class="custom-logo" alt="EarthHow Logo" decoding="async" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo.png 539w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo-300x36.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo-425x51.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo-140x17.png 140w" sizes="(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="site-header-main-section-right site-header-section site-header-section-right"> <div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item site-header-item-main-navigation header-navigation-layout-stretch-false header-navigation-layout-fill-stretch-false" data-section="kadence_customizer_primary_navigation"> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation header-navigation nav--toggle-sub header-navigation-style-standard header-navigation-dropdown-animation-none" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Navigation"> <div class="primary-menu-container header-menu-container"> <ul id="primary-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-17132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17132"><a href="https://earthhow.com/atmosphere/">Atmosphere</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17131" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17131"><a href="https://earthhow.com/biology/">Biology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17130" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17130"><a href="https://earthhow.com/career/">Career</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17129"><a href="https://earthhow.com/geology/">Geology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17128"><a href="https://earthhow.com/space/">Space</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17127"><a href="https://earthhow.com/water/">Water</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div><div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item" data-section="kadence_customizer_header_search"> <div class="search-toggle-open-container"> <button class="search-toggle-open drawer-toggle search-toggle-style-default" aria-label="View Search Form" data-toggle-target="#search-drawer" data-toggle-body-class="showing-popup-drawer-from-full" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus="#search-drawer .search-field" > <span class="search-toggle-icon"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-search-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="28" viewBox="0 0 26 28"><title>Search</title><path d="M18 13c0-3.859-3.141-7-7-7s-7 3.141-7 7 3.141 7 7 7 7-3.141 7-7zM26 26c0 1.094-0.906 2-2 2-0.531 0-1.047-0.219-1.406-0.594l-5.359-5.344c-1.828 1.266-4.016 1.937-6.234 1.937-6.078 0-11-4.922-11-11s4.922-11 11-11 11 4.922 11 11c0 2.219-0.672 4.406-1.937 6.234l5.359 5.359c0.359 0.359 0.578 0.875 0.578 1.406z"></path> </svg></span></span> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="mobile-header" class="site-mobile-header-wrap"> <div class="site-header-inner-wrap"> <div class="site-header-upper-wrap"> <div class="site-header-upper-inner-wrap"> <div class="site-main-header-wrap site-header-focus-item site-header-row-layout-standard site-header-row-tablet-layout-default site-header-row-mobile-layout-default"> <div class="site-header-row-container-inner"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="site-main-header-inner-wrap site-header-row site-header-row-has-sides site-header-row-center-column"> <div class="site-header-main-section-left site-header-section site-header-section-left"> <div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item site-header-item-navgation-popup-toggle" data-section="kadence_customizer_mobile_trigger"> <div class="mobile-toggle-open-container"> <button id="mobile-toggle" class="menu-toggle-open drawer-toggle menu-toggle-style-default" aria-label="Open menu" data-toggle-target="#mobile-drawer" data-toggle-body-class="showing-popup-drawer-from-left" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".menu-toggle-close" > <span class="menu-toggle-icon"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-menu-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><title>Toggle Menu</title><path d="M3 13h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 7h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 19h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </svg></span></span> </button></div></div></div><div class="site-header-main-section-center site-header-section site-header-section-center"> <div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding mobile-site-branding branding-layout-standard branding-tablet-layout-standard site-brand-logo-only branding-mobile-layout-standard site-brand-logo-only"><a class="brand has-logo-image" href="https://earthhow.com/" rel="home"><img width="539" height="65" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo.png" class="custom-logo" alt="EarthHow Logo" decoding="async" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo.png 539w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo-300x36.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo-425x51.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Logo-140x17.png 140w" sizes="(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="site-header-main-section-right site-header-section site-header-section-right"> <div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item" data-section="kadence_customizer_header_search"> <div class="search-toggle-open-container"> <button class="search-toggle-open drawer-toggle search-toggle-style-default" aria-label="View Search Form" data-toggle-target="#search-drawer" data-toggle-body-class="showing-popup-drawer-from-full" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus="#search-drawer .search-field" > <span class="search-toggle-icon"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-search-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="28" viewBox="0 0 26 28"><title>Search</title><path d="M18 13c0-3.859-3.141-7-7-7s-7 3.141-7 7 3.141 7 7 7 7-3.141 7-7zM26 26c0 1.094-0.906 2-2 2-0.531 0-1.047-0.219-1.406-0.594l-5.359-5.344c-1.828 1.266-4.016 1.937-6.234 1.937-6.078 0-11-4.922-11-11s4.922-11 11-11 11 4.922 11 11c0 2.219-0.672 4.406-1.937 6.234l5.359 5.359c0.359 0.359 0.578 0.875 0.578 1.406z"></path> </svg></span></span> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></header> <div id="inner-wrap" class="wrap kt-clear"> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <div class="content-container site-container"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <div class="content-wrap"> <article id="post-2618" class="entry content-bg single-entry post-2618 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-weathering-erosion-and-soils mv-content-wrapper"> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header post-title title-align-center title-tablet-align-center title-mobile-align-inherit"> <div class="kadence-breadcrumbs yoast-bc-wrap"><span><span><a href="https://earthhow.com/">Home</a></span> » <span><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/geology/">Geology</a></span> » <span><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/geology/weathering-erosion-and-soils/">Weathering, Erosion and Soils</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"></div></header> <div class="entry-content single-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="678" height="378" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Soil-Nutrients-678x378.png" alt="Soil Nutrients" class="wp-image-2641"/></figure> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How plants grow</h3> <p>It’s true that plants grow from the top-down. In other words, it uses water and carbon dioxide from the air to grow. But you can’t remove <a href="https://earthhow.com/nitrogen-cycle/">key nutrients</a> like:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Nitrogen (N)</li> <li>Phosphorus (P)</li> <li>Potassium (K)</li> </ul> <p>Because if you deplete the soil from these nutrients, this deprives the plants of growth. For example, this is common in crop production and tree harvesting areas.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“This is why farmers rotate crops and allow periods of rest or “fallow” to replenish the soil with nutrients. If they can’t do it this way, then farmers use chemical and natural fertilizers to replace nitrogen.”</p> </blockquote> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nutrients from soil organic matter</h3> <p>Plants absorb nutrients directly from soil organic matter. For example, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are vital for plant survival. Together, these three soil nutrients make up NPK.</p> <p>To a lesser extent, plants need calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and magnesium (Mg) from the soil. But how do these nutrients contribute to plant growth?</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Element</strong></td><td><strong>Major Uptake Source</strong></td><td><strong>Purpose</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen (N)</td><td>Soil organic matter from soluble NO<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>; Atmospheric N<sub>2</sub> from nitrogen fixing species</td><td>Chlorophyll and plant leaf development and everyday functions from DNA, RNA, and proteins.</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphorus (P)</td><td>Soil organic matter; Soluble phosphorus.</td><td>Root growth and helping withstand environmental stress.</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg)</td><td>Soil organic matter: Soluble K<sup>+</sup>, Soluble Ca<sup>3+</sup>, Soluble Mg<sup>2+</sup></td><td>Plant strengthening, growth, and disease resistance.</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Soil Nutrients Deficiency and Replenishing</h3> <p>Healthy soil requires healthy nutrients. If your soil is depleted or missing some of the key nutrients required for plant growth, you might need to amend it with fertilizer. To stay healthy and fertile, fertilizers can also come in.</p> <p>Organic matter plays an important role in the health of our soil. It forms the foundation of the food web, provides the essential structure for soil organisms, and is a vital component in maintaining healthy soils.</p> <p>Do you have any questions about plant growth? If you have any questions, please give us a shout in the comment box below.</p></div></div><div class="newsletter1"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Subscribe to our newsletter:</span> <div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal"><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Email"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" style=""> </form></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id18750_45f50e-c9 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top"> <div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f kvs-sm-false kb-section-dir-horizontal"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col"><div class="wp-block-kadence-posts kb-posts kb-posts-id-18750_1e09ed-10 content-wrap grid-cols kb-posts-style-unboxed grid-sm-col-2 grid-lg-col-3 item-image-style-above"><article class="entry content-bg loop-entry post-9085 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-land-surface tag-feature mv-content-wrapper"> <a class="post-thumbnail kadence-thumbnail-ratio-2-3" href="https://earthhow.com/permafrost/"> <div class="post-thumbnail-inner"> <img loading="lazy" width="425" height="319" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Permafrost-Map-Feature-425x319.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image" alt="Permafrost Map" decoding="async" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Permafrost-Map-Feature-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Permafrost-Map-Feature-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Permafrost-Map-Feature-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Permafrost-Map-Feature-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Permafrost-Map-Feature.png 678w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px"/></div></a> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/permafrost/" rel="bookmark">What is Permafrost? Why It’s Like the Glue for Rock and Soil</a></h6></header> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer></div></article> <article class="entry content-bg loop-entry post-265 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-inside-earth tag-feature mv-content-wrapper"> <a class="post-thumbnail kadence-thumbnail-ratio-2-3" href="https://earthhow.com/earth-crust-oceanic-crust-continental-crust/"> <div class="post-thumbnail-inner"> <img loading="lazy" width="425" height="319" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-425x319.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image" alt="earth crust continental oceanic" decoding="async" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/earth-crust-continental-oceanic-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px"/></div></a> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/earth-crust-oceanic-crust-continental-crust/" rel="bookmark">Earth Crust: Oceanic Crust vs Continental Crust</a></h6></header> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer></div></article> <article class="entry content-bg loop-entry post-205 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-volcanoes tag-feature mv-content-wrapper"> <a class="post-thumbnail kadence-thumbnail-ratio-2-3" href="https://earthhow.com/pacific-ring-of-fire-volcanoes/"> <div class="post-thumbnail-inner"> <img width="425" height="319" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-425x319.jpg" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image" alt="Pacific Ring of Fire" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-425x319.jpg 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-300x225.jpg 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-675x507.jpg 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-550x413.jpg 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire.jpg 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-326x245.jpg 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-80x60.jpg 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pacific-Ring-of-Fire-267x200.jpg 267w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px"/></div></a> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/pacific-ring-of-fire-volcanoes/" rel="bookmark">Pacific Ring of Fire: Volcanoes, Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics</a></h6></header> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer></div></article> <article class="entry content-bg loop-entry post-2460 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-land-surface mv-content-wrapper"> <a class="post-thumbnail kadence-thumbnail-ratio-2-3" href="https://earthhow.com/mountain-building/"> <div class="post-thumbnail-inner"> <img width="425" height="319" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-425x319.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image" alt="Mountain Building" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mountain-Building-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px"/></div></a> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/mountain-building/" rel="bookmark">Mountain Building: How Mountains are Made</a></h6></header> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer></div></article> <article class="entry content-bg loop-entry post-69 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-inside-earth tag-feature tag-guide mv-content-wrapper"> <a class="post-thumbnail kadence-thumbnail-ratio-2-3" href="https://earthhow.com/inside-earth-crust-core-mantle/"> <div class="post-thumbnail-inner"> <img width="425" height="319" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-425x319.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image" alt="Earth Interior Layers" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Earth-Interior-Layers-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px"/></div></a> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/inside-earth-crust-core-mantle/" rel="bookmark">Inside Earth: The Crust, Mantle and Core</a></h6></header> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer></div></article> <article class="entry content-bg loop-entry post-3415 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-plate-tectonics mv-content-wrapper"> <a class="post-thumbnail kadence-thumbnail-ratio-2-3" href="https://earthhow.com/north-american-plate/"> <div class="post-thumbnail-inner"> <img width="425" height="319" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-425x319.png" class="attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image" alt="North American Plate Tectonics" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/North-American-Plate-Tectonics-Feature-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px"/></div></a> <div class="entry-content-wrap"> <header class="entry-header"> <h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/north-american-plate/" rel="bookmark">North American Plate: Tectonic Boundary Map and Movements</a></h6></header> <footer class="entry-footer"> </footer></div></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id18750_53f941-1d alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top"> <div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column18750_83b326-a1 kvs-lg-false kvs-md-false kb-section-dir-vertical"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col"><div class="wp-block-kadence-postgrid kt-blocks-post-loop-block alignnone kt-post-loop18750_b649c9-02 kt-post-grid-layout-grid"><div class="kt-post-grid-layout-grid-wrap kt-post-grid-wrap" data-columns-xxl="2" data-columns-xl="2" data-columns-md="2" data-columns-sm="2" data-columns-xs="1" data-columns-ss="1"data-item-selector=".kt-post-masonry-item"><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-185 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-volcanoes tag-feature mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/lava-magma-difference/" aria-label="Read More What’s the Difference Between Lava and Magma?" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Lava vs Magma Difference" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Lava-vs-Magma-0-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/lava-magma-difference/">What’s the Difference Between Lava and Magma?</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-950 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geologic-timeline category-geology tag-feature mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/cenozoic-era/" aria-label="Read More The Cenozoic Era: From Dinosaur Extinction to Human Evolution" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Cenozoic Era Timeline" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Timeline-Dark-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/cenozoic-era/">The Cenozoic Era: From Dinosaur Extinction to Human Evolution</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-10671 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-rock-and-minerals tag-feature mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/types-of-rocks/" aria-label="Read More What Are the 3 Types of Rocks?" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Rock-Types-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Types of Rocks" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Rock-Types-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Rock-Types-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Rock-Types-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Rock-Types-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Rock-Types.png 678w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/types-of-rocks/">What Are the 3 Types of Rocks?</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-2448 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-volcanoes mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/igneous-rocks/" aria-label="Read More How Volcanoes Form Igneous Rocks" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="igneous rocks" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Igneous-Rocks-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/igneous-rocks/">How Volcanoes Form Igneous Rocks</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-19796 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-milestone-events mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/fossil-types/" aria-label="Read More 4 Types of Fossils" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="180" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-300x180.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Fossil Types" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-300x180.jpg 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-675x405.jpg 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-425x255.jpg 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-550x330.jpg 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-850x510.jpg 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types-140x84.jpg 140w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Fossil-Types.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/fossil-types/">4 Types of Fossils</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-2562 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-rock-and-minerals mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/how-was-grand-canyon-formed/" aria-label="Read More How Was the Grand Canyon Formed?" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Grand Canyon Age" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Grand-Canyon-Age-1-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/how-was-grand-canyon-formed/">How Was the Grand Canyon Formed?</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-2450 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-rock-and-minerals mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/metamorphic-rocks/" aria-label="Read More Metamorphic Rocks: Heat, Pressure and Metamorphism" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Metamorphic Rocks" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Metamorphic-Rocks-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/metamorphic-rocks/">Metamorphic Rocks: Heat, Pressure and Metamorphism</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article><article class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item post-1208 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geology category-weathering-erosion-and-soils mv-content-wrapper"><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner-wrap kt-feat-image-align-left kt-feat-image-mobile-align-side"><div class="kadence-post-image"><div class="kadence-post-image-intrisic kt-image-ratio-66-67" style="padding-bottom:66.67%;"><div class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/soil-formation-factors/" aria-label="Read More 5 Soil Formation Factors: How Rocks Weather into Dirt" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Soil Formation" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Soil-Formation-267x200.png 267w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/soil-formation-factors/">5 Soil Formation Factors: How Rocks Weather into Dirt</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment comment-form-float-label"><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="i477054932" name="i477054932" placeholder="Leave a comment..." cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" aria-required="true" required="required"></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-label="hp-comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute !important;white-space:nowrap !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important;overflow:hidden !important;" tabindex="-1"></textarea><label class="float-label" for="comment">Comment <span class="required">*</span></label></p><div class="comment-input-wrap no-url-field"><p class="comment-form-author"><input aria-label="Name" id="author" name="author" type="text" placeholder="John Doe" value="" size="30" maxlength="245" aria-required='true' required='required' /><label class="float-label" for="author">Name <span class="required">*</span></label></p> <p class="comment-form-email"><input aria-label="Email" id="email" name="email" type="email" placeholder="john@example.com" value="" size="30" maxlength="100" aria-describedby="email-notes" aria-required='true' required='required' /><label class="float-label" for="email">Email <span class="required">*</span></label></p></div><p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment" /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='2618' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p></form></div></div></div></main> <aside id="secondary" role="complementary" class="primary-sidebar widget-area sidebar-slug-sidebar-primary sidebar-link-style-normal"> <div class="sidebar-inner-wrap"></div></aside></div></div></div><footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="site-footer-wrap"> <div class="site-top-footer-wrap site-footer-row-container site-footer-focus-item site-footer-row-layout-standard site-footer-row-tablet-layout-default site-footer-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="kadence_customizer_footer_top"> <div class="site-footer-row-container-inner"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="site-top-footer-inner-wrap site-footer-row site-footer-row-columns-3 site-footer-row-column-layout-left-half site-footer-row-tablet-column-layout-left-half site-footer-row-mobile-column-layout-row ft-ro-dir-row ft-ro-collapse-normal ft-ro-t-dir-column ft-ro-m-dir-default ft-ro-lstyle-plain"> <div class="site-footer-top-section-1 site-footer-section footer-section-inner-items-1"> <div class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget3 content-align-default content-tablet-align-default content-mobile-align-default content-valign-default content-tablet-valign-default content-mobile-valign-default" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer3"> <div class="footer-widget-area-inner site-info-inner"> <section id="text-8" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-16201" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Black-Logo-300x54.png" alt="EarthHow Logo" width="300" height="54" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Black-Logo-300x54.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Black-Logo-425x77.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Black-Logo-140x25.png 140w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/EarthHow-Black-Logo.png 491w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></p></div></section><section id="custom_html-13" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">Learn Earth Science <div style="clear:both; padding-bottom:10px;"></div></div></section><section id="custom_html-7" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://twitter.com/earth_how"><img class="aligncenter size-small_medium wp-image-15255" style="float:left; padding-right: 25px;" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/twitter-107x107.png" alt="" width="60" height="60"/></a><img class="alignleft size-small_medium wp-image-15256" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/rss-107x107.png" alt="" width="35" height="35"/></div></section></div></div></div><div class="site-footer-top-section-2 site-footer-section footer-section-inner-items-1"> <div class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget1 content-align-left content-tablet-align-default content-mobile-align-default content-valign-default content-tablet-valign-default content-mobile-valign-default" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer1"> <div class="footer-widget-area-inner site-info-inner"> <section id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">CATEGORIES</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><ul style="margin-left:0px;"> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/atmosphere/">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/career/">Career</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/geology/">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/life-science/">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/outer-space/">Space</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/water-science/">Water</a></li> </ul></div></section></div></div></div><div class="site-footer-top-section-3 site-footer-section footer-section-inner-items-1"> <div class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-widget2 content-align-default content-tablet-align-default content-mobile-align-default content-valign-default content-tablet-valign-default content-mobile-valign-default" data-section="sidebar-widgets-footer2"> <div class="footer-widget-area-inner site-info-inner"> <section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widget-title">Features</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><ul style="margin-left:0px;"> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/articles/">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/tag/infographic/">Infographics</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/newsletter/">Newsletter</a></li> </ul></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="site-middle-footer-wrap site-footer-row-container site-footer-focus-item site-footer-row-layout-standard site-footer-row-tablet-layout-default site-footer-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="kadence_customizer_footer_middle"> <div class="site-footer-row-container-inner"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="site-middle-footer-inner-wrap site-footer-row site-footer-row-columns-1 site-footer-row-column-layout-row site-footer-row-tablet-column-layout-default site-footer-row-mobile-column-layout-row ft-ro-dir-row ft-ro-collapse-normal ft-ro-t-dir-default ft-ro-m-dir-default ft-ro-lstyle-plain"> <div class="site-footer-middle-section-1 site-footer-section footer-section-inner-items-1"> <div class="footer-widget-area widget-area site-footer-focus-item footer-navigation-wrap content-align-center content-tablet-align-center content-mobile-align-default content-valign-default content-tablet-valign-default content-mobile-valign-default footer-navigation-layout-stretch-false" data-section="kadence_customizer_footer_navigation"> <div class="footer-widget-area-inner footer-navigation-inner"> <nav id="footer-navigation" class="footer-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Footer Navigation"> <div class="footer-menu-container"> <ul id="footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-15577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15577"><a href="https://earthhow.com/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15574" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-item-15574"><a href="https://earthhow.com/articles/">Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15578" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15578"><a href="https://earthhow.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15579" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15579"><a href="https://earthhow.com/how-to-cite/">How To Cite</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15575" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15575"><a href="https://earthhow.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15576" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-15576"><a href="https://earthhow.com/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="site-bottom-footer-wrap site-footer-row-container site-footer-focus-item site-footer-row-layout-standard site-footer-row-tablet-layout-default site-footer-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="kadence_customizer_footer_bottom"> <div class="site-footer-row-container-inner"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="site-bottom-footer-inner-wrap site-footer-row site-footer-row-columns-1 site-footer-row-column-layout-row site-footer-row-tablet-column-layout-default site-footer-row-mobile-column-layout-row ft-ro-dir-row ft-ro-collapse-normal ft-ro-t-dir-default ft-ro-m-dir-default ft-ro-lstyle-plain"> <div class="site-footer-bottom-section-1 site-footer-section footer-section-inner-items-1"> <div class="footer-widget-area site-info site-footer-focus-item content-align-center content-tablet-align-center content-mobile-align-default content-valign-default content-tablet-valign-default content-mobile-valign-default" data-section="kadence_customizer_footer_html"> <div class="footer-widget-area-inner site-info-inner"> <div class="footer-html inner-link-style-plain"><div class="footer-html-inner"><p><span class="customize-control-description">© 2024 Earth How</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer></div><div id="mobile-drawer" class="popup-drawer popup-drawer-layout-sidepanel popup-drawer-animation-fade popup-drawer-side-left" data-drawer-target-string="#mobile-drawer"> <div class="drawer-overlay" data-drawer-target-string="#mobile-drawer"></div><div class="drawer-inner"> <div class="drawer-header"> <button class="menu-toggle-close drawer-toggle" aria-label="Close menu" data-toggle-target="#mobile-drawer" data-toggle-body-class="showing-popup-drawer-from-left" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".menu-toggle-open" > <span class="toggle-close-bar"></span> <span class="toggle-close-bar"></span> </button></div><div class="drawer-content mobile-drawer-content content-align-left content-valign-top"> <div class="site-header-item site-header-focus-item site-header-item-mobile-navigation mobile-navigation-layout-stretch-false" data-section="kadence_customizer_mobile_navigation"> <nav id="mobile-site-navigation" class="mobile-navigation drawer-navigation drawer-navigation-parent-toggle-false" role="navigation" aria-label="Primary Mobile Navigation"> <div class="mobile-menu-container drawer-menu-container"> <ul id="mobile-menu" class="menu has-collapse-sub-nav"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17132"><a href="https://earthhow.com/atmosphere/">Atmosphere</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17131"><a href="https://earthhow.com/biology/">Biology</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17130"><a href="https://earthhow.com/career/">Career</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17129"><a href="https://earthhow.com/geology/">Geology</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17128"><a href="https://earthhow.com/space/">Space</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17127"><a href="https://earthhow.com/water/">Water</a></li> </ul></div></nav></div></div></div></div><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="//earthhow.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/20wy7k05/445gh.css" media="all"/> <div id="search-drawer" class="popup-drawer popup-drawer-layout-fullwidth" data-drawer-target-string="#search-drawer"> <div class="drawer-overlay" data-drawer-target-string="#search-drawer"></div><div class="drawer-inner"> <div class="drawer-header"> <button class="search-toggle-close drawer-toggle" aria-label="Close search" data-toggle-target="#search-drawer" data-toggle-body-class="showing-popup-drawer-from-full" aria-expanded="false" data-set-focus=".search-toggle-open" > <span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-close-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><title>Toggle Menu Close</title><path d="M5.293 6.707l5.293 5.293-5.293 5.293c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l5.293-5.293 5.293 5.293c0.391 0.391 1.024 0.391 1.414 0s0.391-1.024 0-1.414l-5.293-5.293 5.293-5.293c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-5.293 5.293-5.293-5.293c-0.391-0.391-1.024-0.391-1.414 0s-0.391 1.024 0 1.414z"></path> </svg></span> </button></div><div class="drawer-content"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://earthhow.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> <div class="kadence-search-icon-wrap"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-search-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="28" viewBox="0 0 26 28"><title>Search</title><path d="M18 13c0-3.859-3.141-7-7-7s-7 3.141-7 7 3.141 7 7 7 7-3.141 7-7zM26 26c0 1.094-0.906 2-2 2-0.531 0-1.047-0.219-1.406-0.594l-5.359-5.344c-1.828 1.266-4.016 1.937-6.234 1.937-6.078 0-11-4.922-11-11s4.922-11 11-11 11 4.922 11 11c0 2.219-0.672 4.406-1.937 6.234l5.359 5.359c0.359 0.359 0.578 0.875 0.578 1.406z"></path> </svg></span></div></form></div></div></div><noscript id="wpfc-google-fonts"><link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Inter:regular,800,700,600&display=swap' media='all'/> </noscript> <script id="kadence-navigation-js-extra">var kadenceConfig={"screenReader":{"expand":"Child menu","expandOf":"Child menu of","collapse":"Child menu","collapseOf":"Child menu of"},"breakPoints":{"desktop":"1024","tablet":768},"scrollOffset":"0"};</script> <script>document.documentElement.classList.remove('no-js');</script> <script data-noptimize>document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute("id", "a31f170858780c269ef8d6d11964ecbd");document.getElementById("i477054932").setAttribute("id", "comment");</script> <script>document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--scrollbar-offset', window.innerWidth - document.documentElement.clientWidth + 'px');</script> <script defer src='//earthhow.com/wp-content/cache/wpfc-minified/13nwc9nw/445g5.js'></script> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){function wpfcgl(){var wgh=document.querySelector('noscript#wpfc-google-fonts').innerText, wgha=wgh.match(/<link[^\>]+>/gi);for(i=0;i<wgha.length;i++){var wrpr=document.createElement('div');wrpr.innerHTML=wgha[i];document.body.appendChild(wrpr.firstChild);}}wpfcgl();});</script> </body> </html><!-- WP Fastest Cache file was created in 1.1084458827972 seconds, on 20-11-24 13:52:14 -->