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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appearance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_physiognomy_stereotypes_and_anti-Semitic_undertones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_physiognomy_stereotypes_and_anti-Semitic_undertones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jewish physiognomy stereotypes and anti-Semitic undertones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_physiognomy_stereotypes_and_anti-Semitic_undertones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krampusnacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krampusnacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><span><i>Krampusnacht</i></span></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Krampusnacht-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span><i>Krampusnacht</i></span> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Krampusnacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perchtenlauf_and_Krampuslauf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perchtenlauf_and_Krampuslauf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><span><i>Perchtenlauf</i></span> and <span><i>Krampuslauf</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perchtenlauf_and_Krampuslauf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Krampus_run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_Krampus_run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Criticism of the Krampus run</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Krampus_run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krampuskarten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krampuskarten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><span><i>Krampuskarten</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krampuskarten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regional variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Related figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Krampus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كرامبوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرامبوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81" title="Крампус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крампус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81" title="Крампус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крампус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Κράμπους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κράμπους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کرامپوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرامپوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%8C%ED%91%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="크람푸스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크람푸스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Կրամպուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրամպուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קרמפוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרמפוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampusz" title="Krampusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Krampusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81" title="Крампус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крампус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9" title="クランプス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クランプス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81" title="Крампус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крампус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampusi" title="Krampusi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krampusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkelj" title="Parkelj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parkelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81" title="Крампус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крампус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="کرمپس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرمپس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Krampus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%8D%9C%E6%96%AF" title="坎卜斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坎卜斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christmas figure in Alpine folklore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the folklore figure. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Krampus_(film)" title="Krampus (film)">Krampus (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg/170px-Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg/255px-Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg/340px-Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1_a_Krampus_1900s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>1900s illustration of Saint Nicholas and Krampus visiting a child</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Krampus</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkʁampʊs]</a></span>) is a horned <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> figure who, in the Central and Eastern <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folkloric tradition</a>, is said to accompany <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">Saint Nicholas</a> on visits to children during the night of 5 December (<i>Krampusnacht</i>; "Krampus Night"), immediately before the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of St. Nicholas">Feast of St. Nicholas</a> on 6 December. In this tradition, Saint Nicholas rewards well-behaved children with small gifts, while Krampus punishes badly behaved ones with <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birch rods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the figure is unclear; some <a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">folklorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> have postulated that it may have pre-Christian origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Forcher_&_Peterlini_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forcher_&_Peterlini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional parades and in such events as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampuslauf</i></span> ("Krampus run"), young men dressed as Krampus attempt to scare the audience with their antics. Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampuskarten</i></span>. </p><p>The figure has been imported into popular culture around the world, and has appeared in movies, TV and games. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Krampus</i> is thought to come from either <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: <i lang="bar">krampn</i>, meaning "dead", "rotten", or from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">kramp/krampen</i>, meaning "claw".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muckerman,_2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muckerman,_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Krampus is considered to be a half-goat, half-demon monster in some legends.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its role is to punish bad children or scare them into being good.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg/170px-Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg/255px-Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg/340px-Krampus_Morzger_Pass_Salzburg_2008_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>A person dressed as a Straggele at Morzger Pass, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Austria</figcaption></figure> <p>The Krampus is thought to be inspired by other mythical creatures, such as the Perchten or Straggele,<sup id="cite_ref-Forcher_&_Peterlini_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forcher_&_Peterlini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muckerman,_2018_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muckerman,_2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there are no written sources before the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Discussing his observations in 1975 while in <a href="/wiki/Irdning" title="Irdning">Irdning</a>, a small town in <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, anthropologist John J. Honigmann wrote that: </p> <blockquote><p>The Saint Nicholas festival we are describing incorporates cultural elements widely distributed in Europe. St. Nicholas himself became popular in Germany around the eleventh century. The feast dedicated to this patron of children is only one winter occasion in which children are the objects of special attention, others being <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">Martinmas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Feast of the Holy Innocents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>. Masked devils acting boisterously and making nuisances of themselves are known in Germany since at least the sixteenth century while animal masked devils combining dreadful-comic (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schauriglustig</i></span>) antics appeared in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval</a> church plays. A large literature, much of it by European folklorists, bears on these subjects. ... Austrians in the community we studied are quite aware of "heathen" elements being blended with Christian elements in the Saint Nicholas customs and in other traditional winter ceremonies. They believe Krampus derives from a pagan supernatural who was assimilated to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_devil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian devil">Christian devil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HONIGMANN-264_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HONIGMANN-264-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Perchten figures persisted but are unrelated to the Krampus. Krampus is a Perchten- and Straggele-inspired figure but has very distinct physical traits that make Krampus unique to his cousins. Krampus is usually featured as a man with horns with one grotesque human foot and one foot of a goat, typically covered in black hair, and unique to Krampus; also a very long snake or dragon-like tongue. </p><p>In the 17th century Krampus was paired with <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas">St. Nicholas</a> as a helper. Because Nicholas is a saint, it wasn’t logical or deemed saintly behavior for Nicholas to deliver punishments. Therefore a helper was assigned to St Nicholas; such as Farmhand Rupert, Smutzli, or Père Fouettard who would go down the chimney or punish the naughty children. Krampus served St Nicholas in the same role.<sup id="cite_ref-Der_Spiegel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Der_Spiegel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the 1932 election in <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>, the Krampus tradition was prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a> regime<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-19341223_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-19341223-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical fascist">clerical fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vaterländische Front</i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Austria)" title="Christian Social Party (Austria)">Christian Social Party</a>. </p><p>In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">government</a> distributed pamphlets titled "Krampus Is an Evil Man" for fear that encounters with Krampus might damage children's mental health.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the century, a popular resurgence of Krampus celebrations occurred and continues today.<sup id="cite_ref-NGS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Krampus tradition is being revived in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> as well, along with a local artistic tradition of hand-carved wooden masks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 there were reports of drunken or disorderly conduct by masked Krampuses in some Austrian towns.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg/170px-Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg/255px-Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg/340px-Gruss_vom_Krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>A 1900s greeting card reading 'Greetings from Krampus!'</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Krampus appears in many variations, most share some common physical characteristics. He is hairy, usually brown or black, and has one foot that has the <a href="/wiki/Cloven_hoof" title="Cloven hoof">cloven hooves</a> and horns of a goat. His long, pointed tongue drops out,<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-20001224_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-20001224-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he has fangs.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krampus carries chains, thought to symbolize the binding of <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>. He thrashes the chains for dramatic effect. The chains are sometimes accompanied with bells of various sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krampus will carry a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> branches with which he occasionally <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">swats children</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birch branches are replaced with a whip in some representations. On Christmas Eve, Krampus travels with a sack or a basket strapped to his back; this is to cart off evil children for drowning, eating, or transport to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. Some of the older versions make mention of naughty children being put in the bag and taken away.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quality can be found in other <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">companions of Saint Nicholas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_physiognomy_stereotypes_and_anti-Semitic_undertones">Jewish physiognomy stereotypes and anti-Semitic undertones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jewish physiognomy stereotypes and anti-Semitic undertones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg/168px-Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg/253px-Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg/337px-Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><i>20th Century, Austrian Postcard depicting St. Nikolaus and Krampus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Krampus' appearance and features are characterized by horns, hooves, fur, hooked nose, beard, dark hair, fangs, and a long tongue. Scholars have noted that the hooked nose and grotesque features mirror the antisemitic images of Jews in historical central European art.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This similarity raises questions about the implicit messages conveyed through Krampus' portrayal. </p><p>Artistic representations of Krampus alongside Saint Nicholas further emphasize this contrast. For instance, early 20th-century Austrian postcards depict Krampus with a devilish appearance, contrasting sharply with the saintly, Aryan features of Saint Nicholas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This juxtaposition reinforces the "otherness" of Krampus but also subtly aligns his characteristics with historical antisemitic depictions of Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Krampusnacht"><span class="anchor" id="Krampusnacht"></span><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampusnacht</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Krampusnacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of St. Nicholas">Feast of St. Nicholas</a> is celebrated in parts of Europe on 6 December.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the preceding evening of 5 December, Krampus Night or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampusnacht</i></span>, the wicked hairy devil appears on the streets. Sometimes accompanying St. Nicholas and sometimes on his own, Krampus visits homes and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saint usually appears in the <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites of Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a> of a bishop, and he carries a golden ceremonial staff. Unlike North American versions of Santa Claus, in these celebrations Saint Nicholas concerns himself only with the good children, while Krampus is responsible for the bad. Nicholas dispenses gifts, while Krampus supplies coal and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rute</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siefker_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siefker-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A seasonal play that spread throughout the Alpine regions was known as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolausspiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolausspiel (page does not exist)">Nikolausspiel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolausspiel" class="extiw" title="de:Nikolausspiel">de</a>]</span></i></span> ("Nicholas play"). Inspired by Paradise plays,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which focused on <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>'s encounter with a tempter, the Nicholas plays featured competition for the human souls and played on the question of <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality</a>. In these Nicholas plays, Saint Nicholas would reward children for scholarly efforts rather than for good behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a theme that grew in Alpine regions where the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> had significant influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perchtenlauf_and_Krampuslauf"><span class="anchor" id="Perchtenlauf_and_Krampuslauf"></span><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Perchtenlauf</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampuslauf</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perchtenlauf and Krampuslauf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were already established pagan traditions in the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_states" title="Alpine states">Alpine regions</a> that became intertwined with Catholicism. People would masquerade as a devilish figure known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Percht</i></span>, a two-legged humanoid goat with a giraffe-like neck, wearing animal furs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People wore costumes and marched in processions known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Perchtenlaufen" title="Perchtenlaufen">Perchtenlaufen</a></i></span>, which are regarded as an earlier form of the Krampus runs. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Perchtenlaufen</i></span> were looked at with suspicion by the Catholic Church and banned by some civil authorities. Due to sparse population and rugged environments within the Alpine region, the ban was not effective or easily enforced, rendering the ban useless. Eventually the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Perchtenlauf</i></span>, inspired by the Nicholas plays, introduced Saint Nicholas and his set of good morals. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Percht</i></span> transformed into what is now known as the Krampus and was made to be subjected to Saint Nicholas' will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidenour201697–99_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidenour201697–99-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is customary to offer a Krampus <a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">schnapps</a>, a strong distilled fruit brandy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These runs may include <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions#Perchten" title="Pre-Christian Alpine traditions">Perchten</a></i></span>, similarly wild pagan spirits of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic folklore">Germanic folklore</a> and sometimes female in representation, although the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Perchten</i></span> are properly associated with the period between <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> and 6 January. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_Krampus_run">Criticism of the Krampus run</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism of the Krampus run"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every year there are arguments during Krampus runs. Occasionally spectators take revenge for whippings and attack Krampuses. In 2013, after several Krampus runs in <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrol" title="East Tyrol">East Tyrol</a>, a total of eight injured people (mostly with broken bones) were admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Lienz" title="Lienz">Lienz</a> district hospital and over 60 other patients were treated on an outpatient basis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Krampuskarten"><span class="anchor" id="Krampuskarten"></span><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampuskarten</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Krampuskarten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Europeans have been exchanging <a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">greeting cards</a> featuring Krampus since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes introduced with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gruß vom Krampus</i></span> (Greetings from Krampus), the cards usually have humorous rhymes and poems. Krampus is often featured looming menacingly over children. He is also shown as having one human foot and one cloven hoof. In some, Krampus has sexual overtones; he is pictured pursuing buxom women.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the representation of Krampus in the cards has changed; older versions have a more frightening Krampus, while modern versions have a cuter, more <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>-like creature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Krampus has also adorned <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a> and candy containers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variation">Regional variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krampus appears in the folklore of Austria, Bavaria, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Romania, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Trento" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Province of Trento">Autonomous Province of Trento</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rute</i></span> is presented by Krampus to families. The twigs are painted gold and displayed year-round in the house—a reminder to any child who has temporarily forgotten Krampus. In smaller, more isolated villages, the figure has other beastly companions, such as the antlered "wild man" figures, and St Nicholas is nowhere to be seen. These Styrian companions of Krampus are called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schabmänner</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rauhen</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A toned-down version of Krampus is part of the popular Christmas markets in Austrian urban centres like <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>. In these, more tourist-friendly interpretations, Krampus is more humorous than fearsome.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg/170px-Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg/255px-Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg/340px-Dallas_Krampus_Walk_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Dallas Krampus Society Walk, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>North American Krampus celebrations are a growing phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-npr-20111210_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-20111210-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar figures are recorded in neighboring areas. <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Strohbart</i></span> in Bavaria, <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Klaubauf(mann)</i></span> in Austria and Bavaria, while <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Bartl</i></span> or <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Bartel</i></span>, <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Niglobartl</i></span>, and <span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Wubartl</i></span> are used in the southern part of the country. Other names include <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Barrel</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bartholomeus</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Schmutzli</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking Switzerland</a>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pöpel</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hüllepöpel</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>), <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Zember</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cheb" title="Cheb">Cheb</a>), <span title="Swabian-language text"><i lang="swg">Belzmärte</i></span> and <span title="Swabian-language text"><i lang="swg">Pelzmärtel</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>). In most parts of Slovenia, whose culture was greatly affected by Austrian culture, Krampus is called <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">parkelj</i></span> and is one of the companions of Miklavž, the Slovenian form of St. Nicholas.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miles_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miles-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, Krampus is described as a devil wearing a cloth sack around his waist and chains around his neck, ankles, and wrists. As a part of a tradition, when a child receives a gift from St. Nicholas he is given a golden branch to represent his good deeds throughout the year; however, if the child has misbehaved, Krampus will take the gifts for himself and leave only a silver branch to represent the child's bad acts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Krampus_in_popular_culture" title="Krampus in popular culture">Krampus in popular culture</a></div> <p>The character of Krampus has been imported and modified for various North American media,<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBR_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including print (e.g., <i>Krampus: The Devil of Christmas</i>, a collection of vintage postcards by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Beauchamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Beauchamp (page does not exist)">Monte Beauchamp</a> in 2004;<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Krampus: The Yule Lord</i>, a 2012 novel by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Brom" title="Gerald Brom">Gerald Brom</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>Krampus</i>, a comic book series from <a href="/wiki/Image_Comics" title="Image Comics">Image Comics</a> in 2013 created by Dean Kotz and Brian Joines, television – both live action ("<a href="/wiki/List_of_The_League_episodes" title="List of The League episodes">A Krampus Carol</a>", a 2012 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_League" title="The League">The League</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-CBR_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBR-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and animation ("<a href="/wiki/A_Very_Venture_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Very Venture Christmas">A Very Venture Christmas</a>", a 2004 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Venture_Bros." title="The Venture Bros.">The Venture Bros.</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Minstrel_Krampus" title="Minstrel Krampus">Minstrel Krampus</a>", a 2013 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/American_Dad!" title="American Dad!">American Dad!</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), video games (<i><a href="/wiki/CarnEvil" title="CarnEvil">CarnEvil</a></i>, a 1998 <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Binding_of_Isaac:_Rebirth" title="The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth">The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth</a></i>, a 2014 video game<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and film (<i><a href="/wiki/Krampus_(film)" title="Krampus (film)">Krampus</a></i>, a 2015 Christmas <a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">comedy horror</a> film from <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protomelas_krampus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protomelas krampus (page does not exist)">Protomelas krampus</a></i>, a freshwater <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">actinopterygian</a> fish, is named after Krampus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542,_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krampus mit Kind ("Krampus with a child") postcard from around 1911"><img alt="Krampus mit Kind ("Krampus with a child") postcard from around 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542%2C_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg/144px-1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542%2C_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542%2C_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg/217px-1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542%2C_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542%2C_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg/288px-1911_circa_anonymer_K%C3%BCnstler_Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte_Postkarte_No._542%2C_Krampus_mit_Kind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Krampus mit Kind</i></span> ("Krampus with a child") postcard from around 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krampus and Saint Nicholas visit a Viennese home in 1896"><img alt="Krampus and Saint Nicholas visit a Viennese home in 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nikolaus_krampus.jpg/175px-Nikolaus_krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nikolaus_krampus.jpg/263px-Nikolaus_krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nikolaus_krampus.jpg/350px-Nikolaus_krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="2156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Krampus and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> visit a <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> home in 1896</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nikolaus and Krampus in Austria in the early 20th century"><img alt="Nikolaus and Krampus in Austria in the early 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg/167px-Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg/251px-Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg/334px-Nikolaus_und_Krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nikolaus and Krampus in Austria in the early 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Straggele costume from Sveti Martin na Muri, northern Croatia, at a local carnival in Čakovec (2015)"><img alt="A Straggele costume from Sveti Martin na Muri, northern Croatia, at a local carnival in Čakovec (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg/169px-Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg/253px-Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg/337px-Me%C4%91imurski_fa%C5%A1njak_2015._-_Svetomartinski_krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Straggele costume from <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Martin_na_Muri" title="Sveti Martin na Muri">Sveti Martin na Muri</a>, northern Croatia, at a local carnival in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cakovec" title="Čakovec">Čakovec</a> (2015)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DC_Krampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A man in a Straggele costume at the Washington, D.C. Krampusnacht walk (2016)"><img alt="A man in a Straggele costume at the Washington, D.C. Krampusnacht walk (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DC_Krampus.jpg/169px-DC_Krampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DC_Krampus.jpg/253px-DC_Krampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/DC_Krampus.jpg/337px-DC_Krampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A man in a Straggele costume at the Washington, D.C. Krampusnacht walk (2016)</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A St. Nicholas procession with Krampus and other characters, c. 1910"><img alt="A St. Nicholas procession with Krampus and other characters, c. 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg/290px-Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg/435px-Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg/580px-Masopust_dr%C5%BE%C3%ADme_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A St. Nicholas procession with Krampus and other characters, c. 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KrampusWeissbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Nikolaus with 12 Straggele in Berchtesgadener Land, Germany (2016)"><img alt="St. Nikolaus with 12 Straggele in Berchtesgadener Land, Germany (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KrampusWeissbach.jpg/300px-KrampusWeissbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KrampusWeissbach.jpg/450px-KrampusWeissbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KrampusWeissbach.jpg/600px-KrampusWeissbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Nikolaus with 12 Straggele in Berchtesgadener Land, Germany (2016)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Straggele In Sexten, Italy (2016)"><img alt="Straggele In Sexten, Italy (2016)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg/267px-Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg/400px-Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg/533px-Kramupus_a_Sesto_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Straggele In <a href="/wiki/Sexten" title="Sexten">Sexten</a>, Italy (2016)</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern Perchten at the Perchtenlauf in Klagenfurt (2006)"><img alt="A modern Perchten at the Perchtenlauf in Klagenfurt (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg/200px-Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg/300px-Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg/400px-Krampus_at_Perchtenlauf_Klagenfurt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern Perchten at the Perchtenlauf in <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> (2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krampus_Toblach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Straggele in Toblach, Italy (2006)"><img alt="Straggele in Toblach, Italy (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Krampus_Toblach.jpg/200px-Krampus_Toblach.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Krampus_Toblach.jpg/300px-Krampus_Toblach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Krampus_Toblach.jpg/400px-Krampus_Toblach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Straggele in <a href="/wiki/Toblach" title="Toblach">Toblach</a>, Italy (2006)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_figures">Related figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a> – German Christmas gift-bringer, another West Germanic figure associated with the midwinter period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a> – German Alpine goddess, a female figure in West Germanic folklore whose procession (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Perchtenlauf</i></span>) occurs during the midwinter period</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions" title="Pre-Christian Alpine traditions">Pre-Christian Alpine traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> – Traditional religion of Germanic peoples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatman_(urban_legend)" title="Goatman (urban legend)">Goatman</a> – a malevolent figure in urban folklore originating in the Southern United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> – Architectural motif</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King and Oak King</a> – Personifications of winter and summer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a> – Scandinavian decorative Christmas straw goat, a goat associated with the midwinter period among the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a> – South Wales Christmas folk custom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namahage" title="Namahage">Namahage</a> – Japanese folklore character associated with new year's ritual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuuttipukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuuttipukki">Nuuttipukki</a> – Scandinavian holiday<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span> – a creature in Finnish folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a> – Malevolent goblin in Southeastern European and Anatolian folklore – a creature in Balkan folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a> – A companion of Saint Nicholas in Germanic folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada" title="Koliada">Koliada</a> – Ancient pre-Christian Slavic winter festival, an ancient pre-Christian Slavic festival where participants wear masks and costumes and run around</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a> – Creature in Polish folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a> – Christmas figure in eastern Slavic cultures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a> – Legendary figure based on Saint Nicholas, celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> on 5 or 6 December. He has a companion called <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a> (Black Pete), who used to punish bad children with a "roe" and kidnap them in bags to take to Spain, but nowadays they are just as friendly as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Sinterklaas</i></span> ("de Sint"), and give presents and sweets to all children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurentovanje" title="Kurentovanje">Kurentovanje</a> – 11-day carnival event in Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a> – Mythical figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvesterklaus" title="Silvesterklaus">Silvesterklaus</a>, a Swiss New Year's Eve celebration featuring a musical procession of performers in grotesque costumes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a> – Mythical being in Native American folklore</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a> – Mythological antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_deity" title="Horned deity">Horned deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">Kukeri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(page does not exist)">McFarland and Co.</a> pp. 155–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0246-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0246-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-0246-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Claus%2C+last+of+the+Wild+Men%3A+the+origins+and+evolution+of+Saint+Nicholas&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=155-159&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0246-5&rft.aulast=Siefker&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidenour2016191_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidenour2016">Ridenour 2016</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERidenour201697–99-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERidenour201697–99_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRidenour2016">Ridenour 2016</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMittermayr2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mittermayr, Helmut (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tt.com/artikel/7588184/70-verletzte-bei-krampuslauf">"70 Verletzte bei Krampuslauf"</a> [70 injured in Krampus run]. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiroler_Tageszeitung" title="Tiroler Tageszeitung">Tiroler Tageszeitung</a></i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tiroler+Tageszeitung&rft.atitle=70+Verletzte+bei+Krampuslauf&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Mittermayr&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tt.com%2Fartikel%2F7588184%2F70-verletzte-bei-krampuslauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History.com-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History.com_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History.com_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2018" class="citation web cs1">Little, Becky (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/krampus-christmas-legend-origin">"Meet Krampus, the Christmas Devil Who Punishes Naughty Children: The Alpine legend is the original bad Santa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Meet+Krampus%2C+the+Christmas+Devil+Who+Punishes+Naughty+Children%3A+The+Alpine+legend+is+the+original+bad+Santa&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fkrampus-christmas-legend-origin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monte_Beauchamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monte Beauchamp (page does not exist)">Beauchamp, Monte</a> (2004). <i>The Devil in Design: The Krampus Postcards</i>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington: <a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantagraphics Books">Fantagraphics</a>. pp. 14–29, 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-542-7"><bdi>978-1-56097-542-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil+in+Design%3A+The+Krampus+Postcards&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Washington&rft.pages=14-29%2C+32&rft.pub=Fantagraphics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56097-542-7&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Monte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApkarian-Russell2001" class="citation book cs1">Apkarian-Russell, Pamela (2001). <i>Postmarked yesteryear: art of the holiday postcard</i>. <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>: Collectors Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888054-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888054-54-5"><bdi>978-1-888054-54-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmarked+yesteryear%3A+art+of+the+holiday+postcard&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Collectors+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-888054-54-5&rft.aulast=Apkarian-Russell&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_58DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3659-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-3659-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Life+Customs+around+the+World%3A+From+Baby+Showers+to+Funerals&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3659-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_58DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaid2006" class="citation book cs1">Haid, Oliver (2006). "Christmas markets in the Tyrolean Alps: Representing regional traditions in a newly created world of Christmas". In Picard, David; Robinson, Mike (eds.). <i>Festivals, tourism and social change: remaking worlds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Channel_View_Publications" title="Channel View Publications">Channel View Publications</a>. pp. 216–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-048-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-048-3"><bdi>978-1-84541-048-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christmas+markets+in+the+Tyrolean+Alps%3A+Representing+regional+traditions+in+a+newly+created+world+of+Christmas&rft.btitle=Festivals%2C+tourism+and+social+change%3A+remaking+worlds&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=216-19&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84541-048-3&rft.aulast=Haid&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-20111210-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npr-20111210_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrimmins2011" class="citation news cs1">Crimmins, Peter (10 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/12/10/143485735/naughty-or-nice-krampus-horror-for-the-holidays">"Horror for the Holidays: Meet the Anti-Santa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Horror+for+the+Holidays%3A+Meet+the+Anti-Santa&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft.aulast=Crimmins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F12%2F10%2F143485735%2Fnaughty-or-nice-krampus-horror-for-the-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miles-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miles_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1912" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Clement A. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt12.htm#page_219/this,">"VIII"</a>. <i>Christmas in ritual and tradition: Christian and Pagan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: Bell and Cockburn. pp. 227–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-81125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-81125-8"><bdi>978-0-665-81125-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+ritual+and+tradition%3A+Christian+and+Pagan&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=227-29&rft.pub=Bell+and+Cockburn&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=978-0-665-81125-8&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Clement+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Ftime%2Fcrt%2Fcrt12.htm%23page_219%2Fthis%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.index.hr/black/clanak/dobili-ste-sibu-u-cizmici-evo-tko-je-krampus-koji-ju-je-ostavio/860555.aspx">"Dobili ste šibu u čizmici? Evo tko je Krampus koji ju je ostavio"</a> [Got a kick in the boot? This is who the Krampus who left her is]. <i><a href="/wiki/Index.hr" title="Index.hr">Index.hr</a></i> (in Croatian). 6 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index.hr&rft.atitle=Dobili+ste+%C5%A1ibu+u+%C4%8Dizmici%3F+Evo+tko+je+Krampus+koji+ju+je+ostavio&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.index.hr%2Fblack%2Fclanak%2Fdobili-ste-sibu-u-cizmici-evo-tko-je-krampus-koji-ju-je-ostavio%2F860555.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131735/http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vest/A2755/Sve%C2%ADti-Ni%C2%ADko%C2%ADla-%E2%80%93-Mi%C2%ADku%C2%ADlas/">"Sveti Nikola – Mikulaš"</a> [Saint Nicholas - Mikulas]. <i>www.hrvatskarijec.rs</i> (in Croatian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrvatskarijec.rs/vest/A2755/Sve%C2%ADti-Ni%C2%ADko%C2%ADla-%E2%80%93-Mi%C2%ADku%C2%ADlas/">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrvatskarijec.rs&rft.atitle=Sveti+Nikola+%E2%80%93+Mikula%C5%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrvatskarijec.rs%2Fvest%2FA2755%2FSve%25C2%25ADti-Ni%25C2%25ADko%25C2%25ADla-%25E2%2580%2593-Mi%25C2%25ADku%25C2%25ADlas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.24sata.hr/lifestyle/krampus-nije-bas-tako-los-kao-sto-se-cini-on-samo-opominje-395670">"Krampus nije baš tako loš kao što se čini, on samo opominje"</a> [Krampus isn't as bad as he seems, he just warns]. <i>www.24sata.hr</i> (in Croatian). 6 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.24sata.hr&rft.atitle=Krampus+nije+ba%C5%A1+tako+lo%C5%A1+kao+%C5%A1to+se+%C4%8Dini%2C+on+samo+opominje&rft.date=2014-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.24sata.hr%2Flifestyle%2Fkrampus-nije-bas-tako-los-kao-sto-se-cini-on-samo-opominje-395670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liburnija.net/foto-sveti-nikola-i-krampus-stigli-su-morem-i-nagradili-dobru-djecu-ika/">"FOTO: Sveti Nikola i Krampus stigli su morem i nagradili dobru djecu"</a> [PHOTO: Saint Nicholas and Krampus arrived by sea and rewarded good children]. <i>Liburnija.net</i> (in Croatian). 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liburnija.net&rft.atitle=FOTO%3A+Sveti+Nikola+i+Krampus+stigli+su+morem+i+nagradili+dobru+djecu&rft.date=2016-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liburnija.net%2Ffoto-sveti-nikola-i-krampus-stigli-su-morem-i-nagradili-dobru-djecu-ika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBR-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBR_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBR_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126163812/https://www.cbr.com/joines-kotzs-krampus-terrorizes-christmas-at-image/">"Joines & Kotz's "Krampus!" Terrorizes Christmas at Image"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources" title="Comic Book Resources">Comic Book Resources</a></i>. 19 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/joines-kotzs-krampus-terrorizes-christmas-at-image/">the original</a> on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comic+Book+Resources&rft.atitle=Joines+%26+Kotz%27s+%22Krampus%21%22+Terrorizes+Christmas+at+Image&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fjoines-kotzs-krampus-terrorizes-christmas-at-image%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHix2012" class="citation web cs1">Hix, Lisa (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/krampus-is-coming-to-town/">"You'd Better Watch Out: Krampus Is Coming to Town"</a>. <i>Collectors Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reviews.libraryjournal.com/2012/05/prepub/fiction-previews/fiction-previews-november-2012-pt-1-mccall-smith-mayle-munro-and-more/">the original</a> on 29 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/999/2369">"<i>Protomelas krampus</i>, a new paedophagous cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae)"</a>. <i>European Journal of Taxonomy</i> (672). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5852%2Fejt.2020.672">10.5852/ejt.2020.672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225649985">225649985</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170100/https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/999/2369">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Taxonomy&rft.atitle=Protomelas+krampus%2C+a+new+paedophagous+cichlid+from+Lake+Malawi+%28Teleostei%2C+Cichlidae%29&rft.issue=672&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5852%2Fejt.2020.672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225649985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Dierickx+K.%2C+Snoeks+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu%2Findex.php%2Fejt%2Farticle%2Fview%2F999%2F2369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidenour2016" class="citation book cs1">Ridenour, Al (2016). <i>The Krampus and the Old Dark Christmas: Roots and Rebirth of the Folkloric Devil</i>. Port Townsend, WA: <a href="/wiki/Feral_House" title="Feral House">Feral House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62731-034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62731-034-5"><bdi>978-1-62731-034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Krampus+and+the+Old+Dark+Christmas%3A+Roots+and+Rebirth+of+the+Folkloric+Devil&rft.place=Port+Townsend%2C+WA&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-62731-034-5&rft.aulast=Ridenour&rft.aufirst=Al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrampus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krampus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas"><span style="color:white">Christmas</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)"><span style="color:white">Blue Christmas</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day"><span style="color:white">Boxing Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day"><span style="color:white">Children's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve"><span style="color:white">Christmas Eve</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day"><span style="color:white">Saint Nicholas Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day"><span style="color:white">St. Stephen's Day</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus"><span style="color:white">Sol Invictus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule"><span style="color:white">Yule</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore"><span style="color:white">folklore</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer"><span style="color:white">Gift-bringers</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas"><span style="color:white">Companions of<br />Saint Nicholas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions"><span style="color:white">Traditions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country"><span style="color:white">By country</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music"><span style="color:white">Music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (<i>Billboard</i>)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium"><span style="color:white">Other media</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In<br />modern<br />society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes"><span style="color:white">Food and<br />drink</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner"><span style="color:white">Dinner</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas"><span style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_folklore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_folklore" title="Template:German folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:German_folklore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:German folklore (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Folklore of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">German-speaking countries</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp (folklore)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Askafroa" title="Askafroa">Askafroa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aufhocker" title="Aufhocker">Aufhocker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bahkauv" title="Bahkauv">Bahkauv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bergm%C3%B6nch" title="Bergmönch">Bergmönch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bieresel" title="Bieresel">Bieresel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buschgro%C3%9Fmutter" title="Buschgroßmutter">Buschgroßmutter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drak_(mythology)" title="Drak (mythology)">Drak (mythology)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (folklore)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">Easter Bunny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ekke_Nekkepenn" title="Ekke Nekkepenn">Ekke Nekkepenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elwetritsch" title="Elwetritsch">Elwetritsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erdhenne" title="Erdhenne">Erdhenne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ewiger_J%C3%A4ger" title="Ewiger Jäger">Ewiger Jäger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4nggen" title="Fänggen">Fänggen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fasolt" title="Fasolt">Fasolt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feuermann_(ghost)" title="Feuermann (ghost)">Feuermann (ghost)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feldgeister" title="Feldgeister">Feldgeister</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frau_Holle" title="Frau Holle">Frau Holle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtel" title="Gütel">Gütel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heimchen" title="Heimchen">Heimchen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hemann" title="Hemann">Hemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irrwurz" title="Irrwurz">Irrwurz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klagmuhme" title="Klagmuhme">Klagmuhme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King_Goldemar" title="King Goldemar">King Goldemar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King_Laurin" title="King Laurin">King Laurin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobold</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Krampus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lorelei" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutzelfrau" title="Lutzelfrau">Lutzelfrau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare (folklore)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nachtkrapp" title="Nachtkrapp">Nachtkrapp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nachzehrer" title="Nachzehrer">Nachzehrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nis_Puk" title="Nis Puk">Nis Puk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie (folklore)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ork_(folklore)" title="Ork (folklore)">Ork (folklore)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peterm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Petermännchen">Petermännchen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rasselbock" title="Rasselbock">Rasselbock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCbezahl" title="Rübezahl">Rübezahl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatzelwurm" title="Tatzelwurm">Tatzelwurm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrst" title="Türst">Türst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uhaml" title="Uhaml">Uhaml</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wiederg%C3%A4nger" title="Wiedergänger">Wiedergänger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wiwer" title="Witte Wiwer">Witte Wiwer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wolpertinger" title="Wolpertinger">Wolpertinger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Gessler" title="Albrecht Gessler">Albrecht Gessler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_von_Winkelried" title="Arnold von Winkelried">Arnold von Winkelried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brunhild</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christman_Genipperteinga" title="Christman Genipperteinga">Christman Genipperteinga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eppelein_von_Gailingen" title="Eppelein von Gailingen">Eppelein von Gailingen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friar_Rush" title="Friar Rush">Friar Rush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_of_Brabant" title="Genevieve of Brabant">Genevieve of Brabant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giselher_of_Burgundy" title="Giselher of Burgundy">Giselher of Burgundy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="Götz von Berlichingen">Götz von Berlichingen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunther</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Gudrun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gundomar_I" title="Gundomar I">Gundomar I</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen (legend)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannikel" title="Hannikel">Hannikel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Sagan" title="Hans von Sagan">Hans von Sagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Trotha" title="Hans von Trotha">Hans von Trotha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Winkelried" title="Heinrich von Winkelried">Heinrich von Winkelried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hildebrand" title="Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Petri" title="Johann Peter Petri">Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Baumgarten" title="Konrad Baumgarten">Konrad Baumgarten</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_von_Orlam%C3%BCnde" title="Kunigunde von Orlamünde">Kunigunde von Orlamünde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Klostermayr" title="Matthias Klostermayr">Matthias Klostermayr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelung</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ortnit" title="Ortnit">Ortnit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Younger" title="Otto the Younger">Otto the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Klaus" title="Peter Klaus">Peter Klaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nikoll" title="Peter Nikoll">Peter Nikoll (Black Peter)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" title="Pied Piper of Hamelin">Pied Piper of Hamelin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ilse" title="Princess Ilse">Princess Ilse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punker_of_Rohrbach" title="Punker of Rohrbach">Punker of Rohrbach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_Bechelaren" title="Rüdiger von Bechelaren">Rüdiger von Bechelaren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schildb%C3%BCrger" title="Schildbürger">Schildbürger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schinderhannes" title="Schinderhannes">Schinderhannes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stauffacherin" title="Stauffacherin">Stauffacherin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user" title="Tannhäuser">Tannhäuser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Smith_of_Kochel" title="The Smith of Kochel">The Smith of Kochel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel" title="Till Eulenspiegel">Till Eulenspiegel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volker_von_Alzey" title="Volker von Alzey">Volker von Alzey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walram_of_Thierstein" title="Walram of Thierstein">Walram of Thierstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Aquitaine" title="Walter of Aquitaine">Walter of Aquitaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stauffacher" title="Werner Stauffacher">Werner Stauffacher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Tell" title="William Tell">William Tell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witege" title="Witege">Witege</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wolfdietrich" title="Wolfdietrich">Wolfdietrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xaver_Hohenleiter" title="Xaver Hohenleiter">Xaver Hohenleiter</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends and fairy tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volksm%C3%A4rchen_der_Deutschen" title="Volksmärchen der Deutschen">Volksmärchen der Deutschen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gespensterbuch" title="Gespensterbuch">Gespensterbuch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Freischütz">Freischütz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hirschsprung_(Black_Forest)" title="Hirschsprung (Black Forest)">Hirschsprung (Black Forest)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venusberg (mythology)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vineta" title="Vineta">Vineta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Swiss folklore</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krampus&oldid=1259191114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krampus&oldid=1259191114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Krampus" title="Category:Krampus">Krampus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alpine_folklore" 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