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id="toc-Further_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Further development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operational history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mine_clearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mine_clearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mine clearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mine_clearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Anti-submarine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airborne_radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Airborne radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne_radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bomber_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bomber_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bomber variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bomber_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_Command_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_Command_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Coastal Command variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_Command_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transport variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trainer_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trainer_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Trainer variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trainer_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_and_conversion_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_and_conversion_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Experimental and conversion variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_and_conversion_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_built" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_built"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Total built</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_built-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aircraft on display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Wellington_Mark_IC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Wellington_Mark_IC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Specifications (Wellington Mark IC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Wellington_Mark_IC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vickers Wellington</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فيكرز ويلينغتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيكرز ويلينغتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویکرز ولینگتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکرز ولینگتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ויקרס ולינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקרס ולינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9_%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ビッカースウェリントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビッカースウェリントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Викерс Велингтон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Викерс Велингтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vickers Wellington" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%E8%BD%9F%E7%82%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="威靈頓轟炸機 – Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Wellington</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vickers_Wellington.jpg/300px-Vickers_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vickers_Wellington.jpg/450px-Vickers_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Vickers_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="232" /></a></span> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">Wellington B Mark IA. The geodetic construction is evident through the <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Perspex</a> windows along the aircraft's side.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">Medium bomber</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">anti-submarine aircraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a><div> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">11,461<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 11,462<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1936–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1936</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1953</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">Vickers Warwick</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Vickers VC.1 Viking</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Vickers Wellington</b> is a British twin-engined, long-range <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a>. It was designed during the mid-1930s at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weybridge,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Weybridge, Surrey">Weybridge, Surrey</a>. Led by <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a>' chief designer <a href="/wiki/Rex_Pierson" title="Rex Pierson">Rex Pierson</a>, a key feature of the aircraft is its <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_airframe" title="Geodetic airframe">geodetic airframe</a> fuselage structure, which was principally designed by <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a>. Development had been started in response to <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> <a href="/wiki/List_Of_Air_Ministry_Specifications" class="mw-redirect" title="List Of Air Ministry Specifications">Specification</a> B.9/32, issued in the middle of 1932, for a bomber for the Royal Air Force. </p><p>This specification called for a twin-engined <a href="/wiki/Day_bomber" title="Day bomber">day bomber</a> capable of delivering higher performance than any previous design. Other aircraft developed to the same specification include the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Armstrong Whitworth Whitley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Handley Page Hampden</a>. During the development process, performance requirements such as for the <a href="/wiki/Tare_weight" title="Tare weight">tare weight</a> changed substantially, and the engine used was not the one originally intended. </p><p>Despite the original specification, the Wellington was used as a <a href="/wiki/Night_bomber" title="Night bomber">night bomber</a> in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, performing as one of the principal bombers used by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a>. During 1943, it started to be superseded as a bomber by the larger four-engined "<a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber#World_War_II_2" title="Heavy bomber">heavies</a>" such as the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>. The Wellington continued to serve throughout the war in other duties, particularly as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine aircraft</a> with <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a>. </p><p>The Wellington was the only British bomber that was produced for the duration of the war, and was produced in a greater quantity than any other British-built bomber. The Wellington remained as first-line equipment when the war ended, although it had been increasingly relegated to secondary roles. The Wellington was one of two bombers named after <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">Vickers Wellesley</a>. </p><p>A larger heavy bomber aircraft designed to <a href="/wiki/List_Of_Air_Ministry_Specifications" class="mw-redirect" title="List Of Air Ministry Specifications">Specification B.1/35</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">Vickers Warwick</a>, was developed in parallel with the Wellington; the two aircraft shared around 85% of their structural components. Many elements of the Wellington were also re-used in a civil derivative, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Vickers VC.1 Viking</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg/220px-Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg/330px-Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg/440px-Wellingtons_under_construction_WWII_IWM_CH_5980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Wellingtons under construction, showing the <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_airframe" title="Geodetic airframe">geodetic airframe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG/220px-New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG/330px-New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG/440px-New_Zealand_Wellington_Bombers_in_England1939.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RNZAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZAF">RNZAF</a> Wellington Mark I aircraft with the original turrets; anticipating war, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> government loaned these aircraft and their aircrews to the RAF in August 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1932, the British <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> invited Vickers to tender for the recently issued <a href="/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications" title="List of Air Ministry specifications">Specification B.9/32</a>, which sought a twin-engine medium daylight bomber. In response, Vickers conducted a design study, led by Chief Designer <a href="/wiki/Rex_Pierson" title="Rex Pierson">Rex Pierson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early on, Vickers' chief structures designer <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Wallis" title="Barnes Wallis">Barnes Wallis</a> proposed the use of a <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_airframe" title="Geodetic airframe">geodetic airframe</a>, inspired by his previous work on <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> and the single-engined <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">Wellesley</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bomber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During structural testing performed at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airfield">Farnborough</a>, the proposed structure demonstrated not only the required strength factor of six, but reached 11 without any sign of failure, proving the geodetic airframe to possess a strength far in excess of normal levels.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strength allowed for the structure design to be further developed to reduce the size of individual members and adopt simplified standard sections of lighter construction.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vickers studied and compared the performance of various <a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">air-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">liquid-cooled</a> engines to power the bomber, including the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Pegasus" title="Bristol Pegasus">Bristol Pegasus IS2</a>, Pegasus IIS2, and <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Tiger" title="Armstrong Siddeley Tiger">Armstrong Siddeley Tiger</a> radials, and the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Goshawk" title="Rolls-Royce Goshawk">Rolls-Royce Goshawk I</a> inline.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pegasus was selected as the engine for air-cooled versions of the bomber, while the Goshawk engine was chosen for the liquid-cooled engine variant. On 28 February 1933, two versions of the aircraft, one with each of the selected powerplants, were submitted to the tender.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1933, the Air Ministry issued a pilot contract for the Goshawk-powered version.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1934, Vickers proposed to use either the Pegasus or the <a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">sleeve-valve</a> 9-cylinder radial <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Perseus" title="Bristol Perseus">Bristol Perseus</a> engines instead of the evaporative-cooled Goshawk, which promised improvements in speed, climb rate, ceiling, and single-engine flight capabilities without any major increase in all-up weight; the Air Ministry accepted the proposed changes.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other refinements of the design had also been implemented and approved, such as the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">variable-pitch propellers</a>, and the use of Vickers-produced <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret#Aircraft" title="Gun turret">gun turrets</a> in the nose and tail positions.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 1936, the specification had been revised to include front, rear, and midship wind-protected turret mountings.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other specification changes included modified bomb undershields and the inclusion of spring-loaded bomb bay doors.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal had also been developed further, a mid-wing arrangement was adopted instead of a shoulder-mounted wing for greater pilot visibility during <a href="/wiki/Formation_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation flight">formation flight</a> and improved aerodynamic performance, as well as a substantially increased overall weight of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design studies were also conducted on behalf of the Air Ministry into the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engine.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of a traditional preference of the establishment to strictly adhere to the restrictive <a href="/wiki/Tare_weight" title="Tare weight">tare weight</a> for the aircraft established in the tender, both Pierson and Wallis firmly believed that their design should adopt the most powerful engine available.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps in response to pressure from Vickers, the Air Ministry overlooked, if not openly accepted, the removal of the tare weight restriction, as between the submission of the tender in 1933 and the flight of the first prototype in 1936, the tare weight eventually rose from 6,300 lb (2.9 t) to 11,508 lb (5.220 t).<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_5_6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3_5_6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prescribed bomb load and range requirements were routinely revised upwards by the Air Ministry; by November 1935, figures within the Ministry were interested in the possibility of operating the aircraft at an all-up weight of 30,500 lb (13.8 t), which aviation author C.F. Andrews described as "a very high figure for a medium bomber of those days".<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the development phase of the aircraft, as C F Andrews puts it "the political and military climate of Europe was changing rapidly. The threats of the dictators of Germany and Italy began to exert pressure on the British Government to make a reappraisal of the strength of its armed forces, especially that of the Royal Air Force".<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1936, the need for a high priority to be placed on the creation of a large bomber force, which would form the spearhead of British offensive power, had been recognised; accordingly, a new command organisation within the RAF, <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a>, was formed that year to deliver upon this requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototype_and_design_revision">Prototype and design revision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prototype and design revision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1936, an initial prototype, <i>K4049</i>, which was originally designated as a <i>Type 271</i>, was assembled. The prototype could accommodate a payload of nine 250 lb or 500 lb bombs, and both nose and tail gun positions were fitted with hand-operated turrets with a gun in each; provision for a third retractable gun in a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> position was made.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had provision for a crew of four, along with a fifth position for special duties.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 June 1936, the name "Crecy" was chosen for the type, and it was publicly displayed as such.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 August 1936, the aircraft was accepted for production. On 8 September 1936, the service name <i>Wellington</i> was adopted for the type; it fitted with Air Ministry nomenclature of naming bombers after towns and followed the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">Vickers Wellesley</a> in referring to the Napoleonic War general <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 December 1936, a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Work_order" title="Work order">works order</a> was issued for the Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 June 1936, <i>K4049</i> conducted its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> from Brooklands. Vickers chief test pilot <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Summers" title="Joseph Summers">Joseph Summers</a> flew <i>K4049</i> on its first flight, accompanied by Wallis and Trevor Westbrook.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft soon came to be widely regarded as being an advanced design for its era and proved to have considerable merit during its flight trials.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_6_7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_6_7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 April 1937, <i>K4049</i> was destroyed by an accident during a service test flight by Maurice Hare. The cause was the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">elevator</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Balanced_rudder" title="Balanced rudder">horn balance</a> due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Slipstream" title="Slipstream">slipstream</a> exposure, leading to the aircraft inverting and rapidly descending into terrain. It was destroyed in the crash, which also resulted in the death of the navigator, Smurthwaite.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The horn balances were later deleted from the design and were not on production aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Refinement of the Wellington's design was influenced by the issuing of Specifications B.3/34 and B.1/35, the latter of which led a larger bomber aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">Vickers Warwick</a><sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_10_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7_10-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With detail design work on both being done at same time and both aircraft using geodetic-inspired construction there was commonality in components. The production model Wellington was a complete redesign, resulting in a lengthened nose for turret and bomb aimer's position, a reshaped elevator and deepened fuselage which accommodated a larger bombload and the increased crew from four to five members.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other changes made included the adoption of a retractable tailwheel and <a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">constant-speed propellers</a>; the Air Ministry also requested the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Nash_%26_Thompson" title="Nash & Thompson">Nash & Thompson</a>-design ventral turret in place of the Vickers design.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 December 1937, the first production <i>Wellington Mk I</i>, <i>L4212</i>, conducted its first flight, followed by an intensive flight programme.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_10_11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_10_11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight trials with <i>L4212</i> confirmed the aerodynamic stability initially encountered by <i>K4049</i>, but also revealed the aircraft to be nose-heavy during dives, which was attributed to the redesigned elevator. Modifications, including the linking of the <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> and the elevator <a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">trim tabs</a>, were tested on <i>L4212</i> and resolved the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg/170px-See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg/255px-See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg/340px-See_How_Your_Salvage_Helps_a_Bomber_Art.IWMPST14695.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Wartime poster using a cutaway of Wellington to illustrate how scrap and salvage was recycled for use in the production of war <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1936, an initial order for 180 <i>Wellington Mk I</i> aircraft, powered by a pair of 1,050 hp (780 kW) Bristol Pegasus <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a>, was received by Vickers; it had been placed so rapidly that the order occurred prior to the first meeting intended to decide the details of the production aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_3_4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_3_4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1937, an order was placed with <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company" title="Gloster Aircraft Company">Gloster Aircraft Company</a> for production of 100 Wellington Mk Is to be followed by 100 Wellington Mk II aircraft with <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin X</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another order was placed for 64 Wellingtons to be produced by <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Aircraft" title="Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft">Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft</a> at Coventry With this flurry of order and production having been assured by the end of 1937, Vickers set about simplifying the manufacturing process of the aircraft and announced a target of building one Wellington per day.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X,_HE239_%27NA-Y%27,_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_(April_1943).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png/220px-Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png/330px-Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png/440px-Vickers_Wellington_Mark_X%2C_HE239_%27NA-Y%27%2C_of_No._428_Squadron_RCAF_%28April_1943%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Wellington Mark X <i>HE239</i> of <a href="/wiki/No._428_Squadron_RCAF" title="No. 428 Squadron RCAF">No.428 Sqn.</a> RCAF. It completed its bomb run despite losing the rear gunner and turret and then flew back home for a landing with its bomb bay doors stuck open due to lack of hydraulic power</figcaption></figure> <p>The geodetic design took longer to build than comparable aircraft using the more conventional <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> approach, leading to some criticism of the Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition it was difficult to cut holes in the fuselage for access or equipment fixtures; to aid manufacturing, the <a href="/wiki/Leigh_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a> was deployed through the mounting for the absent <a href="/wiki/Nash_%26_Thompson" title="Nash & Thompson">FN9 ventral turret</a>. </p><p>The Gloster and AWA contracts were transferred to <a href="/wiki/British_shadow_factories" title="British shadow factories">Shadow factories</a> in the north-west. In the late 1930s, Vickers built Wellingtons at a rate of one per day at <a href="/wiki/Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a> and 50 a month at <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Airport" title="Hawarden Airport">Broughton</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4_5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the employees on the production lines were only semi-skilled and new to aircraft construction.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peak wartime production in 1942 saw monthly rates of 70 at Weybridge, 130 at Broughton and 102 at <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a>. Shadow factories were set up to produce parts for the Wellington all over the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1943, as a propaganda and morale-boosting exercise, workers at Broughton gave up their weekend to build <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington_LN514" title="Vickers Wellington LN514">Wellington number LN514</a> rushed by the clock. The bomber was assembled in 23 hours 50 minutes, and took off after 24 hours 48 minutes, beating the record of 48 hours set by a factory in California. Each Wellington was usually built within 60 hours. It was filmed for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> <i>Worker's Week-End</i>, and was broadcast in both Britain and America.<sup id="cite_ref-beeb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beeb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time in aviation history that an aircraft manufacturer anywhere in the world had attempted such a feat with a metal aircraft of this scale.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 180 Wellington Mk I aircraft were built; 150 for the RAF and 30 for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> (RNZAF) (which were transferred to the RAF on the outbreak of war and used by <a href="/wiki/No._75_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 75 Squadron RAF">75 Squadron</a>). In October 1938, the Mk I entered service with <a href="/wiki/No._9_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 9 Squadron RAF">9 Squadron</a>. The Wellington was initially outnumbered by the <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Handley Page Hampden</a> (also ordered by the Ministry to B.9/32) and the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Armstrong Whitworth Whitley</a> (to B.34/3 for a 'night' bomber) but outlasted both rival aircraft in service. The Wellington went on to be built in 16 variants and two post-war <a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">training</a> conversions. The number of Wellingtons built totalled 11,462 of all versions, a greater quantity produced than any other British bomber.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 October 1945, the last Wellington to be produced rolled out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development">Further development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wellington Mk I was quickly superseded by improved variants. Improvements to the turrets and the strengthening of the <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">undercarriage</a> quickly resulted in the <i>Wellington Mk IA</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_11_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mk IA was specified to be based on the Merlin X engined Wellington Mk II design and was in theory to be able to be fitted with either Merlins or Pegasus but in practice only radials were fitted. The Mark IA was stressed to the Mark II 28,000 lb and had stronger undercarriage with larger wheels and Frazer-Nash turrets. </p><p>Due to difficulties with performance of the Vickers turrets on the Mark I that left the Wellington with weaker than intended defences, production of Wellington Mk IB with Frazer Nash armament was proposed for trials but since the Frazer-Nash turrets were already being accepted for the Mark IA, the Mark IB may not have been built or if built re-designated as Mark IA.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_11_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further development of various aspects of the aircraft, using knowledge learned was incorporated into the airframe at Weybridge by executive decision. Redesigned <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a> and 24 volt electrical systems, along with a replacement of the ventral turret gun with two beam machine guns (either .303 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_K_machine_gun" title="Vickers K machine gun">Vickers K</a>, or <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun#Browning_.303_Mark_II" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">Browning</a>), was designated Wellington Mk IC and a Type number generated after the fact.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_11_12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_11_12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1938, design work on what would become the <i>Wellington Mk II</i> formally commenced. The principal change on this model was the adoption of the Merlin engine in place of the Pegasus XVIII; other modifications included hydraulic and oxygen system revisions along with the installation of cabin heating and an <a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">astrodome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_12_13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_12_13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March 1939, <i>L4250</i>, the prototype Mk II, performed its maiden flight; this had been delayed due to production delays of its Merlin X engines.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stability and balance problems were encountered during flight tests of the prototype, resulting in further changes such as the enlargement of the tailplane. By late 1939, the Mk II was capable of delivering superior performance to the Mk IC, such as higher cruising and top speeds, increased all-up weight or alternatively greater range and a raised ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg/220px-Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg/330px-Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg/440px-Wellington_tail_turret_1942_IWM_CH_13880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The tail turret of a Wellington, 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vickers Wellington was a twin-engined long-range <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bomber</a>, initially powered by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Pegasus" title="Bristol Pegasus">Bristol Pegasus</a> radial engines, which drove a pair of <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Propellers" title="De Havilland Propellers">de Havilland</a> <a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">two-pitch</a> propellers. Various engines and propeller combinations were used on variants of the aircraft, which included models of the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hercules" title="Bristol Hercules">Bristol Hercules</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engines.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognisable characteristics of the Wellington include the high <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)" title="Aspect ratio (aeronautics)">aspect ratio</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)#Tapered_wing" title="Chord (aeronautics)">tapered wing</a>, the depth of its fuselage and the use of a tall single <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">fin</a> on its tail unit, which reportedly aided in recognition of the type.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_10_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wellington typically had a crew of five, the bomb-aimer being located in the aircraft's nose.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wellington could be fitted with dual flight controls, and specialised dual-control conversion sets were developed for the purpose of performing training upon the type.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cockpit also contained provisions for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental control system (aircraft)">heating</a> and <a href="/wiki/De-ice" class="mw-redirect" title="De-ice">de-icing</a> equipment, which was introduced on later models of the Wellington.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wellington Mk I had a maximum offensive bomb load of 4,500 lb (2,000 kg), more than one-fifth of the aircraft's 21,000 lb (9,500 kg) all-up weight.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional munitions and an expanded bombing capacity were changes in many of the wartime variants of the Wellington, including the carrying of larger bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_12_13_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_12_13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1939-1941._CH478.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1939-1941._CH478.jpg/220px-Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1939-1941._CH478.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1939-1941._CH478.jpg/330px-Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1939-1941._CH478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1939-1941._CH478.jpg/440px-Vickers_Wellington_-_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1939-1941._CH478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>A crew member inside rear of Wellington fuselage</figcaption></figure> <p>Defensive armament comprised the forward and tail turret gun positions, along with a retractable revolving ventral turret. Due to the high cruising speeds of the Wellington, it had been realised that fully enclosed turrets, as opposed to semi-enclosed or exposed turrets, would be necessary; the turrets were also power-operated to traverse with the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to keep up with the new generations of opposing fighter aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vickers design put the gunner in a fixed seat behind the guns (a pair of <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 in (7.7 mm)</a> Browning machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) which were mounted on a pillar with a <a href="/wiki/Nash_%26_Thompson" title="Nash & Thompson">Nash & Thompson</a> control unit, and fired through a moving slot in the framed canopy. Although roomy, there were problems with malfunctions and poor gunnery and Vickers were given a directive by the Air Staff to replace them. At the same time a development contract was placed with Nash & Thompson for a turret that could be used for both front and rear positions. The resulting FN.5 was also used on <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Avro Manchester</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the specialised nature of increasingly advanced turrets, these were treated as ancillary equipment, being designed and supplied independently and replacing Vickers' own turrets developed for the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_4_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vickers-built ventral turret of the Mk I was replaced by a Nash & Thompson-built FN.25 counterpart as standard.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_11_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squadrons were critical of the ventral turrets; when extended they slowed the aircraft by 10 mph, the single narrow window pane limited visibility and sometimes froze in place and had to be jettisoned. The ventral turrets were not fitted after the first batch of Wellington IA<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg/170px-Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg/255px-Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg/340px-Vickers_wellington_frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Vickers Wellington fuselage during restoration showing its geodetic airframe</figcaption></figure> <p>A novelty of the Wellington was its <a href="/wiki/Geodesic_airframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geodesic airframe">geodetic</a> construction, devised by aircraft designer and inventor Barnes Wallis. The <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> was built from 1,650 elements, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Duralumin" title="Duralumin">duralumin</a> <a href="/wiki/I-beam" title="I-beam">W-beams</a> which formed into a metal framework. Wooden <a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">battens</a> were screwed to the beams and were covered with <a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a>; the linen, treated with layers of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">dope</a>, formed the outer skin of the aircraft. The construction proved to be compatible with significant adaptations and alterations including greater all-up weight, larger bombs, tropicalisation and long-range fuel tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The metal lattice gave the structure considerable strength, with any <a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">stringer</a> able to support a portion of load from the opposite side of the aircraft. Damaged or destroyed beams on one side could still leave the aircraft structure viable; as a result, Wellingtons with huge areas of framework missing were often able to return when other types would not have survived, leading to stories of the aircraft's "invulnerability".<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_5_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect was enhanced by the fabric skin occasionally burning off leaving the naked frames exposed. A further advantage of the geodetic construction of the wings was its enabling of a unique method for housing the fuel, with each wing containing three fuel tanks within the unobstructed space provided between the front and rear <a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">spars</a> outboard of the engines.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_7_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage of the geodetic fuselage structure was its insufficient lengthwise stiffness: when fitted with attachment for towing cargo gliders, its structure "gave" and stretched slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwi_wellington_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dwi_wellington_front.jpg/220px-Dwi_wellington_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dwi_wellington_front.jpg/330px-Dwi_wellington_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dwi_wellington_front.jpg/440px-Dwi_wellington_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>The 48 ft diameter magnetic coil on a Wellington DWI Mark II was used to detonate <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 September 1939, the same day the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">United Kingdom declared war on Germany</a> in response to the invasion of Poland, <a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group</a> Bomber Command based in East Anglia comprised six front line squadrons (<a href="/wiki/No._9_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 9 Squadron RAF">No. 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._37_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 37 Squadron RAF">No. 37</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._38_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 38 Squadron RAF">No. 38</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._99_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 99 Squadron RAF">No. 99</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._115_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 115 Squadron RAF">No. 115</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._149_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 149 Squadron RAF">No. 149 Squadrons</a>) and two reserve squadrons (<a href="/wiki/No._214_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 214 Squadron RAF">No. 214</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._215_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 215 Squadron RAF">No. 215 squadrons</a>), all equipped with a mixture of Wellington Mk I and Mk IA aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 September 1939, less than 24 hours after the commencement of hostilities, a total of 14 Wellingtons of No. 9 and No. 149 Squadrons, alongside a number of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheim</a> aircraft, performed the first RAF bombing raid of the war, against German shipping at <a href="/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel" title="Brunsbüttel">Brunsbüttel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombing of the harbour had not been permitted by Chamberlain's <a href="/wiki/War_cabinet#Chamberlain_War_Cabinet" title="War cabinet">War Cabinet</a> for fear of injuring civilians. The effectiveness of the raid was diminished by poor weather and high amounts of anti-aircraft fire. A pair of Wellingtons became the first aircraft to be lost on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 December 1939, 24 Wellingtons of No. 38, No. 115 and No. 147 Squadrons attacked the German fleet moored at <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a>. The bombing commenced from high altitude and, while results of the bombing itself proved negligible, the ability of a formation of Wellingtons to penetrate strongly defended hostile airspace was validated.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 December 1939, 12 Wellingtons of No. 99 Squadron conducted a low-level raid upon German shipping at the <a href="/wiki/Schillig_Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Schillig Roads">Schillig Roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>. Encountering enemy fire from warships, <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">flak</a>, and <i>Luftwaffe</i> aircraft, the Wellington formation lost five aircraft, along with another that crashed near its base, while only one enemy fighter was shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_13_14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_13_14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 December 1939, 24 Wellingtons of No. 9, No. 37 and No. 149 Squadrons participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">Battle of the Heligoland Bight</a> against the German fleet and naval bases in both the Schillig Roads and Wilhelmshaven. The Wellingtons were unable to drop their bombs as all vessels were in harbour, thus restrictions on endangering civilians prevented their engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been alerted by <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <i>Luftwaffe</i> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> intercepted the incoming bombers near to Heligoland and attacked the formation for much of the way home. Twelve of the bombers were destroyed and a further three were badly damaged. The Wellingtons shot down four aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_14_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards_v1_p46_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_v1_p46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg/220px-Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg/330px-Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg/440px-Wellington_GR_Mk_XIII_IWM_CNA_3535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Wellington GR Mk XIII showing anti-submarine radar masts</figcaption></figure> <p>The action at Heligoland highlighted the Wellington's vulnerability to attacking fighters, possessing neither self-sealing fuel tanks nor sufficient defensive armament. The nose and tail turrets protected against attacks from the front and rear, the Wellington had no defences against attacks from the beam and above, as it had not been believed that such attacks were possible owing to the high speed of aircraft involved and the deflection shooting required.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_14_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards_v1_p46_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_v1_p46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unescorted day bombing was abandoned and Bomber Command decided to use the Wellington force to attack German communications and industrial targets instead.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_14_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg/170px-9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg/255px-9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg/340px-9_Squadron_in_Formation_1939-45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Vickers Wellingtons of 9 Squadron flying in formation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Wellington was converted for night operations; on 25 August 1940, the type participated in the first night raid on <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">First 1,000 bomber raid</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> on 30 May 1942, 599 out of 1,046 RAF aircraft dispatched were Wellingtons; of these, 101 were flown by <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Forces_in_France_and_Great_Britain" title="Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain">Polish</a> aircrew. During operations under Bomber Command, Wellingtons flew 47,409 operations, dropped 41,823 tons (37,941 tonnes) of bombs and lost 1,332 aircraft in action. </p><p>In one incident, a German <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a> night-fighter attacked a Wellington returning from an attack on <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, causing a fire at the rear of the starboard engine. The second pilot, Sergeant <a href="/wiki/James_Allen_Ward" title="James Allen Ward">James Allen Ward</a> (<a href="/wiki/RNZAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZAF">RNZAF</a>) climbed out of the fuselage, kicked holes in the doped fabric of the wing for foot and hand holds to reach the starboard engine and smothered the burning upper wing covering. He and the aircraft returned home safely and Ward was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_Hardest_p115_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_Hardest_p115-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unique feat for the type occurred on 23 December 1944 when a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Me 163 Komet</a> was shot down by rear gunner Gerry Elsyon, who was awarded the DFM.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg/220px-De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg/330px-De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg/440px-De_Vickers_Wellington_met_het_serienummer_L7788_en_de_rompcode_KX-E_2189-01-21-005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption>A captured Wellington <i>L7788</i> in Luftwaffe service, 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1942 the Wellington was adapted to conduct night anti-shipping torpedo attacks against German and Italian shipping in the Mediterranean. The torpedo-carrying Wellington was nicknamed the "Fishington",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the radar equipped Wellingtons that guided the torpedo carrying aircraft onto their target were dubbed the "Snoopington".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 38 Squadron, based in Shallufah, Egypt had a detachment of Wellingtons operating from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Luqa" title="RAF Luqa">RAF Luqa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> conducting anti-shipping operations with torpedoes during 1942. </p><p>The Wellington was also adopted by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a>, in which it contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_14_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mark IC in Coastal had a endurance of over ten hours at a cruising speed of 125 knots carrying 1,500 lb of bombs or depth charges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1953412_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953412-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used for anti-submarine operations; on 6 July 1942, a Wellington sank its first enemy vessel. In 1944, Wellingtons of Coastal Command were sent to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and performed various support duties during the British intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>. A few Wellingtons were operated by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a>. </p><p>While the Wellington was superseded in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre">European Theatre</a> as more four engined bombers arrived in service, it remained in operational service for much of the war in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and still formed a key part of the RAF's Mediterranean forces as the allies moved into <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a>, with some still serving in March 1945 carrying out bombing raids and dropping supplies to partisans across Southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Wellingtons based in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> became the RAF's first long-range bombers operating in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/No._99_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 99 Squadron RAF">99</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._215_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 215 Squadron RAF">215</a> Squadrons RAF,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing much needed bombing support for the next two years before being withdrawn and replaced by Liberators in the summer of 1944. Wellingtons were also used for maritime patrols over the Indian Ocean by <a href="/wiki/No._36_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 36 Squadron RAF">36</a>, and later, <a href="/wiki/No._203_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 203 Squadron RAF">203</a> Squadrons RAF.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wellington also served in anti-submarine duties off the African cost with <a href="/wiki/26_Squadron_SAAF" title="26 Squadron SAAF">26 Squadron SAAF</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Takoradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Takoradi">Takoradi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>), and the Free French <a href="/wiki/No._344_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 344 Squadron RAF">344 Squadron</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mine_clearance">Mine clearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mine clearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialised "Directional Wireless Installation" (DWI), a cover story for the true purpose of the hoop variants, fitted with a 48 ft (15 m) diameter metal hoop, were used for exploding German <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic mine">magnetic mines</a> by generating a powerful magnetic field as it passed over them.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_14_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first successful mine detonation occurred on 8 January 1940 followed by a second on 13 January. In the latter the aircraft flew below the safe 35 ft altitude and was caught in the explosive blast though remained flyable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay_1985_p23_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay_1985_p23-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hoop was an aluminium coil in an aerodynamic balsa case; turrets were faired over and unnecessary equipment removed to reduce weight. The first mine detonation unit No. 1 GRU at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Manston" title="RAF Manston">RAF Manston</a> was joined by a second (No. 2 GRU) at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bircham_Newton" title="RAF Bircham Newton">RAF Bircham Newton</a>. To protect the unarmed Wellingtons, Bristol Blenheims of <a href="/wiki/No._600_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 600 Squadron RAF">No. 600 Squadron RAF</a> flew escort during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. One DWI was detached to the Middle East to act as the pattern for conversion of Wellingtons there. They were used for clearing the Suez Canal Zone and, later during the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa campaign">North Africa campaign</a>, ports along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay_1985_p23_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay_1985_p23-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-submarine">Anti-submarine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the development of what became the Leigh light, squadron leader Leigh fitted a 24-inch search light in the 'dustbin' turret of a DWI Wellington testing it from January 1941. This prototype substituted batteries for the engine and generator setup to reduce weight and this carried forward into production Leigh light-equipped Wellingtons <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201154–55_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201154–55-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with accurate radar altimeters, Wellingtons could fly safely down to 50 ft, illuminating the target submarine at around half a mile away just as the air-to-surface-vessel (ASV) radar lost the target among returns from the water's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201155_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201155-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airborne_radar">Airborne radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Airborne radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1944, a radar-equipped Wellington XIV from 407 Sqn. RCAF was modified for use by the RAF's <a href="/wiki/Fighter_Interception_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter Interception Unit">Fighter Interception Unit</a> as what would now be described as an <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">airborne early warning and control</a> aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-bga_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bga-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operated at an altitude of 4,000 ft (1,200 m) over the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to control a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Beaufighter" title="Bristol Beaufighter">Bristol Beaufighter</a> fighter intercepting <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> bombers flying from <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> airbases and carrying out airborne launches of the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>. The FIU operators on the Wellington would search for the He 111 aircraft climbing to launch altitude, then direct the Beaufighter to attack the bomber, while the Mosquito would attempt to intercept the V-1 if it was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bomber_variants">Bomber variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bomber variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png/220px-British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png/330px-British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png/440px-British_WW2_medium_bombers_comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Scale <a href="/wiki/Comparison_diagram" title="Comparison diagram">comparison diagram</a> of the trio of British twin-engined medium bombers at the outbreak of the Second World War: Wellington (blue), <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Handley Page Hampden</a> (yellow) and <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Armstrong Whitworth Whitley</a> (pink).</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Type 271</dt> <dd>The first Wellington bomber prototype.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 285 Wellington Mark I</dt> <dd>One pre-production prototype. Powered by two <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Pegasus" title="Bristol Pegasus">Bristol Pegasus</a> X radial piston engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 290 Wellington Mark I</dt> <dd>The first production version. Powered by two 1,000 hp (750 kW) Bristol Pegasus XVIII radial piston engines. Fitted with Vickers gun turrets, 183 built at Weybridge and Broughton in Flintshire.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_16_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 408 Wellington Mark IA</dt> <dd>Production version built to B Mark II specifications with provision for either Pegasus or <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engines, although only 1,000 hp (750 kW) Pegasus XVIII engines were used in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main landing gear moved forward 3 in (8 cm). Fitted with <a href="/wiki/Nash_%26_Thompson" title="Nash & Thompson">Nash & Thompson</a> gun turrets. 187 built at Weybridge and Broughton in Flintshire.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_16_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 416 Wellington Mark IC</dt> <dd>The first main production variant was the <b>Mark IC</b> which added waist guns to the Mark IA. A total of 2,685 were produced. The Mark IC had a crew of six: a pilot, radio operator, navigator/bomb aimer, observer/nose gunner, tail gunner and waist gunner. A total of 2,685 were built at Weybridge, Broughton in Flintshire and Blackpool.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_16_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg/220px-Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg/330px-Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg/440px-Vickers_Wellington_Mk2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Merlin-engined Wellington Mark II of <a href="/wiki/No._104_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 104 Squadron RAF">No. 104 Sqn.</a> The criss-cross geodetic construction can be seen through the perspex panels in the side of the fuselage.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Type 406 Wellington Mark II</dt> <dd>The <b>B Mark II</b> was identical to the Mark IC with the exception of the powerplant; using the 1,145 hp (855 kW) <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> X engine instead. A total of 401 were produced at Weybridge.<sup id="cite_ref-andrew_16_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Type_417_Wellington_B_Mark_III"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Type 417 Wellington B Mark III</span></span></dt> <dd>The next significant variant was the <b>B Mark III</b> which featured the 1,375 hp (1,025 kW) <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hercules" title="Bristol Hercules">Bristol Hercules</a> III or XI engine and a four-gun tail turret, instead of two-gun. A total of 1,519 Mark IIIs were built, becoming mainstays of Bomber Command from late 1941 through into 1942, with all but the two prototypes being built at Broughton in Flintshire and at Blackpool.<sup id="cite_ref-vickp334-5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickp334-5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-delp490_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delp490-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After trials in 1942, the Wellington III was cleared to tow Hotspur, Hadrian and Horsa gliders,<sup id="cite_ref-vickp334_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickp334-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this was observed to have an adverse effect on the geodetic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-bowp47_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bowp47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wellington III was also seen over Salisbury Plain while towing Spitfires. This would have allowed Spitfire reinforcements for the defence of Malta to be towed from Gibraltar to within range of Malta before being released. Whether this was done is unconfirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-vickp334_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vickp334-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 424 Wellington B Mark IV</dt> <dd>The 220 <b>B Mark IV</b> Wellingtons used the 1,200 hp (900 kW) <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Twin_Wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp">Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp</a> engine and were flown by two <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish</a> and two <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> squadrons. A total of 220 were built at Broughton in Flintshire.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 442 Wellington B Mark VI</dt> <dd>Pressurised with a long wingspan and 1,600 hp (1,190 kW) Merlin R6SM (60-series, two-stage) engines, 63 were produced and were operated by <a href="/wiki/No._109_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 109 Squadron RAF">109 Squadron</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Gee_radio_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gee radio navigation">Gee radio navigation</a> trainers. A total of 63 were built at Weybridge. Fitted with Sperry bombsight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2011123_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2011123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The B.VI's high-altitude fuselage design optimised for pressurisation had a solid, bullet-like nose with no nose turret, and a cockpit with an astrodome-like <a href="/wiki/Bubble_canopy" title="Bubble canopy">bubble canopy</a>. The rear turret was a remotely operated FN.20 sighted from a dome in the cockpit.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the aircraft that spurred <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a> into developing the two-stage supercharged <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rolls-Royce_Merlin_variants" title="List of Rolls-Royce Merlin variants">Merlin 60-series</a> engine.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Type_440_Wellington_B_Mark_X"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Type 440 Wellington B Mark X</span></span></dt> <dd>The most widely produced variant of which 3,804 were built. It was similar to the Mark III except for the 1,675 hp (1,250 kW) Hercules XVIII powerplant. The Mark X was the basis for a number of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Command">Coastal Command</a> versions. A total of 3,803 were built at Broughton in Flintshire and Blackpool.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_Command_variants">Coastal Command variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Coastal Command variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Type 429 Wellington General Reconnaissance (GR) Mark VIII</dt> <dd>Mark IC conversion for <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Command">Coastal Command</a> service. Roles included reconnaissance, anti-submarine and anti-shipping attack. A Coastal Command Wellington was the first aircraft to be fitted with the anti-submarine <a href="/wiki/Leigh_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a>. A total of 307 were built at Weybridge, 58 fitted with the Leigh light.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 458 Wellington GR Mark XI</dt> <dd>Maritime version of B Mark X with an ordinary nose turret and mast radar <a href="/wiki/ASV_Mark_II_radar" title="ASV Mark II radar">ASV Mark II radar</a> no waist guns, 180 built at Weybridge and Blackpool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201160_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201160-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 455 Wellington GR Mark XII</dt> <dd>Maritime version of B Mark X armed with <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> (two 18-inch carried under wings). Redesigned nose to accommodate centrimetric <a href="/wiki/ASV_Mark_III_radar" title="ASV Mark III radar">ASV Mark III radar</a> which had a radome in the chin position rather use than external aerials. Twin flexible machine guns in a clear canopy replaced the front turret. Leigh light in bomb bay. Hercules VI or XVI engines. 58 built at Weybridge and Broughton in Flintshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201160_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201160-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 466 Wellington GR Mark XIII</dt> <dd>Maritime version of B Mark X with an ordinary nose turret and mast radar ASV Mark II instead of chin radome, no waist guns. Hercules XVII engines of 1,735 hp. 844 built – 2 at Weybridge and rest at Blackpool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201162-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 467 Wellington GR Mark XIV</dt> <dd>Maritime version of B Mark X with a chin radome housing the ASV Mark III <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/RP-3" title="RP-3">RP-3</a> explosive <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> rails under the wings. Hercules XVII engines 841 built at Weybridge, Broughton and Blackpool.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_variants">Transport variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transport variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Wellington C Mark XV</dt> <dd>Service conversions of the Wellington Mark IA into unarmed transport aircraft; able to carry up to 18 troops.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wellington C Mark XVI</dt> <dd>Service conversions of the Wellington Mark IC into unarmed transport aircraft; able to carry up to 18 troops.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trainer_variants">Trainer variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trainer variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Type 487 Wellington T Mark XVII</dt> <dd>Service conversion of a Wellington Mk XI bomber into nightfighter training aircraft with SCR720 Air Intercept radar in a bulbous nose and rear turret removed and faired over; powered by two Bristol Hercules XVII radial piston engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 490 Wellington T Mark XVIII</dt> <dd>Production version. For training wireless operators and navigators Powered by two Bristol Hercules XVI radial piston engines. A total of 80 were built at Blackpool, plus some conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wellington T Mark XIX</dt> <dd>Service conversions of the Wellington Mark X used for bomber crew training;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remained in use as a trainer until 1953.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 619 Wellington T Mark X</dt> <dd>Postwar conversions of the Wellington Bomber into training aircraft by <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton Paul">Boulton Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For navigation training the front turret was removed and replaced by a fairing and the interior re-equipped.<sup id="cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were sold to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Royal Hellenic Air Force</a> (6) in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experimental_and_conversion_variants">Experimental and conversion variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Experimental and conversion variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Type 298 Wellington Mark II prototype</dt> <dd>one aircraft L4250; powered by two 1,145 hp (854 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin inline piston engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 299 Wellington Mark III prototype</dt> <dd>two only.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 410 Wellington Mark IV prototype</dt> <dd>Serial R1220; powered by two Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp radial piston engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 416 Wellington (II)</dt> <dd>The original Wellington II prototype was converted with the installation of a 40 mm (1.57 in) <a href="/wiki/Vickers_S_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers S gun">Vickers S gun</a> with predictor gunsight in the dorsal position. This was the planned armament to be mounted in the nose of the Vickers Type 414 twin-engined fighter for which the Air Ministry raised specification F22.39. The armament was first flown on 25 October 1940 and test fired 8 November <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtler200443_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200443-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 418 Wellington DWI (Detonation Without Impact) Mark I</dt> <dd>Conversion of four Wellington Mark IAs to <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweeping</a> aircraft for exploding magnetic mines. Fitted with Ford V-8 petrol engine and Mawdsley <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a> to induce <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> in a 48 ft (15 m) diameter loop mounted under fuselage. They had a solid nose with a bracket supporting the loop, which was also supported under the rear fuselage and the wings, outboard of the engines. DWI was also known as "Directional Wireless Installation" – to mislead the true purpose of the loop.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 419 Wellington DWI Mark II</dt> <dd>DWI Mark I aircraft upgraded by installation of <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Six" title="De Havilland Gipsy Six">de Havilland Gipsy Six</a> engine for increased generation power. 11 aircraft were converted to this standard. They were operated by No. 1 General Reconnaissance Unit, RAF, sweeping mines in the Thames Estuary for a short time until the Royal Navy had an equivalent capability to sweep magnetic mines. The unit was transferred to Egypt for use in the Suez Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 407 and Type 421 Wellington Mark V</dt> <dd>Second and first prototypes respectively: three were built, designed for pressurised, high-altitude operations using <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharged</a> Hercules VIII engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wellington Mark VI</dt> <dd>One Wellington Mark V with Merlin 60-series engines, high-altitude prototype only.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 449 Wellington Mark VIG</dt> <dd>Production version of Type 431. Two aircraft were only built.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wellington Mark VII</dt> <dd>Single aircraft, built as a testbed for the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_40_mm_Class_S_gun" title="Vickers 40 mm Class S gun">40 mm Vickers S gun</a> turret.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 435 Wellington Mark IC</dt> <dd>conversion of one Wellington to test <a href="/wiki/Turbinlite" title="Turbinlite">Turbinlite</a> night interception searchlight.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 437 Wellington Mark IX</dt> <dd>one Mark IC conversion for troop transport.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 439 Wellington Mark II</dt> <dd>one Wellington Mark II was converted with the installation of a 40 mm Vickers S gun in the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 443 Wellington Mark V</dt> <dd>One Wellington used to test the Bristol Hercules VIII engine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 445 Wellington (I)</dt> <dd>one Wellington was used to test the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.2" title="Power Jets W.2">Whittle W2B/23</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engine, the engine was fitted in the tail of the aircraft.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 454 and Type 459 Wellington Mark IX</dt> <dd>prototypes with ASV Mark II, ASV Mark III radars, and powered by two Bristol Hercules VI and XVI radial piston engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 470 and Type 486 Wellington</dt> <dd>Designations of two Wellington Mark II aircraft fitted with the Whittle W2B and W2/700 jet engines respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 478 Wellington Mark X</dt> <dd>one Wellington was used to test the Bristol Hercules 100 engine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Type 602 Wellington Mark X</dt> <dd>one Wellington was fitted with two <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Dart" title="Rolls-Royce Dart">Rolls-Royce Dart</a> turboprop engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Wellington Mark III</dt> <dd>one Wellington was used for glider tug, for glider clearance for <a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-4" title="Waco CG-4">Waco Hadrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Aircraft_Hotspur" title="General Aircraft Hotspur">General Aircraft Hotspur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa" title="Airspeed Horsa">Airspeed Horsa</a> gliders.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_built">Total built</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Total built"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A total number of 11,461 aircraft is most often quoted.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some question over several aircraft, the total may be a few either side of this figure. In combination, the Wellingtons and 846 Warwicks represent over 75 per cent of the total number of aircraft built by the Vickers-Armstrong company.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vickers_Wellington_operators" title="List of Vickers Wellington operators">List of Vickers Wellington operators</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_on_display">Aircraft on display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aircraft on display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG/220px-Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG/330px-Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG/440px-Wellington_1A_N2980.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Wellington IA <i>N2980</i> on display at Brooklands</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two complete surviving Vickers Wellingtons preserved in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other substantial parts also survive.<sup id="cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wellington IA serial number N2980 is owned by <a href="/wiki/Brooklands_Museum" title="Brooklands Museum">Brooklands Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a>, Surrey. Built at Brooklands and first flown in November 1939, this aircraft took part in the RAF's daylight bombing raids on Germany early in the Second World War but later lost power during a training flight on 31 December 1940 and ditched in <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a>. All the occupants survived except the rear gunner, who was killed when his parachute failed to open. The aircraft was recovered from the bottom of Loch Ness in September 1985 and restored in the late 1980s and 1990s. A new Wellington exhibition featuring N2980 was officially opened by Robin Holmes (who led the recovery team), <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Keith" title="Penelope Keith">Penelope Keith</a> (as trustee of Brooklands Museum), Norman Parker (who worked for Vickers) and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Wallis" title="Ken Wallis">Ken Wallis</a> (who flew Wellingtons operationally) on 15 June 2011, the 75th anniversary of the first flight of the type's effective prototype in 1936. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg/220px-Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg/330px-Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg/440px-Vickers_wellington_MF628.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Vickers Wellington T.10 serial number MF628 undergoing restoration</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 September 2016, after having its outer wings removed the day before, N2980 was towed from the Bellman hangar in which it was restored and where it had been displayed for nearly 30 years. This move was the first time that 'R' for 'Robert' had moved on its undercarriage since its last flight in 1940. The aircraft was exhibited in a temporary building while the Bellman hangar was relocated and restored until taken off display and moved back into the latter building on 25 July 2017. The aeroplane is the centre-piece of the 'Brooklands Aircraft Factory' exhibition about the aircraft industry at Brooklands, which was formally opened on 13 November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wellington T.10 serial number MF628 is held by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Air Force Museum">Royal Air Force Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VW_survivor_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VW_survivor-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was delivered to RAF No.18 MU (Maintenance Unit) for storage at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tinwald_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Tinwald Downs">RAF Tinwald Downs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a>, as a Wellington B.X, on 11 May 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1948 the front gun turret was removed in its conversion to a T.10 for its role as a postwar aircrew trainer. This aircraft is the Wellington seen taking off in <a href="/wiki/The_Dam_Busters_(film)" title="The Dam Busters (film)"><i>The Dam Busters</i></a> and was also used for some air-to-air photography on the movie. </p><p>This aircraft made the last flight of a Wellington, from Aston Down to Wisley, in January 1955. The RAF Museum later refitted the front gun turret in keeping with its original build as a B.X (wartime mark numbers used Roman numerals, Arabic numerals were adopted postwar).<sup id="cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VW_survivor_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VW_survivor-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Autumn 2010, this aircraft was taken to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_Cosford" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force Museum Cosford">RAF Museum's site at Cosford</a> for restoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Wellington_Mark_IC)"><span id="Specifications_.28Wellington_Mark_IC.29"></span>Specifications (Wellington Mark IC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Specifications (Wellington Mark IC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vickers_Wellington.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vickers_Wellington.svg/220px-Vickers_Wellington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vickers_Wellington.svg/330px-Vickers_Wellington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vickers_Wellington.svg/440px-Vickers_Wellington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Wellington Mark Ia 3-view drawing, with profile views of Mark I (Vickers turrets), Mark II (Merlin engines), Mark III (Hercules engines, 4-gun tail turret), GR Mark VIII (maritime Mark Ic, metric radar) and GR Mark XIV (maritime Mark X, centimetric radar)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg/220px-Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg/330px-Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg/440px-Wellington_bomb_bay_India_WWII_IWM_CF_135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Wellington bomb bay with 1000lb HE bombs and "Small Bomb Containers" of 4lb incendiaries</figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> <i>Vickers Aircraft since 1908</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_&_Morgan_p340_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews_&_Morgan_p340-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Vickers Wellington I & II</i><sup id="cite_ref-andrew_16_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrew_16-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Crew:</b> five or six</li> <li><b>Length:</b> 64 ft 7 in (19.69 m)</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 86 ft 2 in (26.26 m)</li> <li><b>Height:</b> 17 ft 5 in (5.31 m)</li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 840 sq ft (78 m<sup>2</sup>)</li> <li><b>Empty weight:</b> 18,556 lb (8,417 kg)</li> <li><b>Max takeoff weight:</b> 28,500 lb (12,927 kg)</li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 2 × <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Pegasus" title="Bristol Pegasus">Bristol Pegasus</a> Mark XVIII <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a>, 1,050 hp (780 kW) each</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Maximum speed:</b> 235 mph (378 km/h, 204 kn) at 15,500 ft (4,700 m)</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 2,550 mi (4,100 km, 2,220 nmi)</li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 18,000 ft (5,500 m)</li> <li><b>Rate of climb:</b> 1,120 ft/min (5.7 m/s)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Armament</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Guns:</b> 6–8× <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 (7.7 mm)</a> <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun#Browning_.303_Mark_II" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">"Browning .303 Mk II" machine guns</a>: <ul><li>2× in nose turret</li> <li>2× in tail turret<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2× in waist positions<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>Bombs:</b> 4,500 lb (2,000 kg) bombs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Wellington was nicknamed the <i>Wimpy</i> by RAF personnel, after the portly <a href="/wiki/J._Wellington_Wimpy" title="J. Wellington Wimpy">J. Wellington Wimpy</a> character from the <i><a href="/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor_(film_series)" title="Popeye the Sailor (film series)">Popeye</a></i> cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebe%C5%A1t%C3%AD_jezdci" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebeští jezdci">Nebeští jezdci</a></i> ("Riders in the Sky") (1968), about a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakian</a> bomber crew in the RAF, based on the real operations of <a href="/wiki/No._311_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 311 Squadron RAF">No. 311 Squadron RAF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_(1944_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral (1944 novel)">Pastoral</a></i> is a 1944 novel by the author <a href="/wiki/Nevil_Shute" title="Nevil Shute">Nevil Shute</a> about the crew of a Wellington</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></i> (1941), a documentary about a Wellington on a raid over Germany.</li> <li><i>Worker's Week-End</i> (1943), a documentary <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> about the construction of <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington_LN514" title="Vickers Wellington LN514">Vickers Wellington LN514</a> in record time.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_of_Our_Aircraft_is_Missing" class="mw-redirect" title="One of Our Aircraft is Missing">One of Our Aircraft is Missing</a></i> a 1942 British <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war film</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A straight on the <a href="/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit" title="Silverstone Circuit">Silverstone Circuit</a> is named the Wellington Straight in reference to the type being based at what was then named <a href="/wiki/RAF_Silverstone" title="RAF Silverstone">RAF Silverstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>G – for Genevieve</i> and <i>L for Lucy,</i> both about fictional Polish bomber crews in the RAF during World War II, by <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Meissner" title="Janusz Meissner">Janusz Meissner</a></li> <li>In Fair Stood the Wind for France by H E Bates a Wellington bomber crashes in France. The Skipper is injured and the story continues, describing the crew hiding on a farm. Romantic sequence follows. It's an excellent tale.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1942_Ruislip_Wellington_accident" title="1942 Ruislip Wellington accident">1942 Ruislip Wellington accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway_Aviation_Museum" title="Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum">Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum</a></li></ul> <p><b>Related development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">Vickers Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Vickers VC.1 Viking</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Armstrong Whitworth Whitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_17" title="Dornier Do 17">Dornier Do 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">Douglas B-18 Bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Handley Page Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4" title="Ilyushin Il-4">Ilyushin Il-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Junkers Ju 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Related lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force">List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force_and_Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal New Zealand Navy">List of aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force and Royal New Zealand Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Buttler notes that Specification B.3/34 had a higher tare weight because of the lapse of international agreement in 1934 on the weights on bombers and Vickers declined to tender to the specification because they were already scaling up the Type 271 design to where it would meet the specification<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original design included a pressurised rear turret but Parnall were not able to deliver the FN.70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Andrews & Morgan (1988); using their own data the total is 11,462.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewsMorgan1988363_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewsMorgan1988363-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4× from Mark III onwards</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deleted from Mark III onwards</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray 2012, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121006/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%203355.html">"Remembering Rex Pierson"</a>. <i>Flight (and Aircraft Engineer)</i>. Vol. LXII, no. 2287. 21 November 1952. p. 651. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1952/1952%20-%203355.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+%28and+Aircraft+Engineer%29&rft.atitle=Remembering+Rex+Pierson&rft.volume=LXII&rft.issue=2287&rft.pages=651&rft.date=1952-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1952%2F1952%2520-%25203355.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_5_6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_5_6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_3_5_6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_5_6_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 3, 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttler, 2004. p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_6_7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_6_7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_10_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_10_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_10_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_10_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_7_10-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_7_10_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 7, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_10_11-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_10_11_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_11_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_11_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_11_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_11_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_3_4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_3_4_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_4_5-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_4_5_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beeb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beeb_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11107561">"Building a bomber plane in just a day."</a> <i>BBC News Magazine,</i> 13 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/films/workers_week.htm">"Workers weekend"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/films/flvs/workers-weekend.flv">"Workers weekend (video)"</a><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>.</i> Retrieved: 12 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_11_12-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_11_12_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_12_13-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_12_13_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_12_13_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_12_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_13-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1993" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, R. Wallace (1993). <i>British Aircraft Armament</i>. Patrick Stephens. pp. 94, 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Aircraft+Armament&rft.pages=94%2C+109&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=R.+Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke 1993 pp. 126–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/24/a4119824.shtml">"BBC – WW2 People's War – The Horsa Glider"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+WW2+People%27s+War+%E2%80%93+The+Horsa+Glider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fww2peopleswar%2Fstories%2F24%2Fa4119824.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_13_14-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andrew_13_14_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, pp. 13, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_14_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_14_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_14_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_14_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_14_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_14_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_v1_p46-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_v1_p46_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_v1_p46_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1953, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_Hardest_p115-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards_Hardest_p115_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards 1995, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1989" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin (1989). <i>Wellington The Geodetic Giant</i>. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-076-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-076-5"><bdi>1-85310-076-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellington+The+Geodetic+Giant&rft.place=Shrewsbury&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1-85310-076-5&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953412-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1953412_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1953">Richards 1953</a>, p. 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2014" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Steve (2014). <i>Wimpy</i>. London: Grub Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909808-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909808-14-0"><bdi>978-1-909808-14-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wimpy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-909808-14-0&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay_1985_p23-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_1985_p23_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_1985_p23_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackay 1985 p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201154–55-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201154–55_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2011">Bowman 2011</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201155-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201155_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2011">Bowman 2011</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bga-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bga_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson 2007, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.H. Hamilton in Perkins, L.W., ed., Flight into Yesterday – A Memory or Two from Members of the Wartime Aircrew Club of Kelowna, L.P. Laserprint, Ltd., Kelowna, B.C., 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>407 Squadron History 1941–1996 – a Narrative History, 407</i> Squadron, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andrew_16-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_16_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_16_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_16_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_16_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andrew_16_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1967, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews 1970, pp. 44–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vickp334-5-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vickp334-5_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews & Morgan 1988, pp. 334–335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delp490-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delp490_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delve 1998, pp. 49–50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vickp334-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vickp334_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vickp334_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews & Morgan 1988, p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bowp47-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bowp47_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowyer 1986, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman2011123-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman2011123_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2011">Bowman 2011</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke 1993 p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201160-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201160_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201160_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2011">Bowman 2011</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201162-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2011">Bowman 2011</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201162–63_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2011">Bowman 2011</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WV_MF628_history-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WV_MF628_history_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416155844/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/london/collections/aircraft/aircraft_histories/69-A-171%20Wellington%20X%20MF628.pdf">"Vickers Wellington X MF628/9210M: Museum Accession Number 69/A/17."</a> <i>Royal Air Force Museum.</i> Retrieved: 13 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman 2011 pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButtler200443-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButtler200443_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButtler2004">Buttler 2004</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>From Bouncing Bombs to Concorde – The Authorised Biography of Aviation Pioneer Sir George Edwards OM</i>, Robert Gardner 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750943890" title="Special:BookSources/0750943890">0750943890</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrewsMorgan1988363-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrewsMorgan1988363_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrewsMorgan1988">Andrews & Morgan 1988</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, 2012, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklandsmuseum.com/about/latest-news/spectacular-new-brooklands-aircraft-factory-and-flight-shed-opened-by-prince-michael-of-kent">"Spectacular new Brooklands Aircraft Factory and Flight Shed opened by Prince Michael of Kent"</a>. Brooklands Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spectacular+new+Brooklands+Aircraft+Factory+and+Flight+Shed+opened+by+Prince+Michael+of+Kent&rft.pub=Brooklands+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklandsmuseum.com%2Fabout%2Flatest-news%2Fspectacular-new-brooklands-aircraft-factory-and-flight-shed-opened-by-prince-michael-of-kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VW_survivor-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VW_survivor_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VW_survivor_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010542/http://www.rafmuseum.org/rafmdevelopment/london/collections/aircraft/vickers-wellington-x.cfm">"Vickers Wellington X."</a> <i>Royal Air Force Museum</i>. Retrieved: 13 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews_&_Morgan_p340-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_&_Morgan_p340_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews and Morgan 1988, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173842/http://www.wellingtonaviation.org/docs/wimpy.htm">"Wellington Aviation Museum: The Vickers Wellington"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wellingtonaviation.org/docs/wimpy.htm">the original</a> on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wellington+Aviation+Museum%3A+The+Vickers+Wellington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellingtonaviation.org%2Fdocs%2Fwimpy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kucera, Pawel. "Recreating a Wimpy". <i>Aeroplane Monthly</i>, September 2001. pp. 72–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/features/2015/7/what_s-in-a-name--the-history-behind-silverstones-iconic-corners.html">"What's in a name? The history behind Silverstone's iconic corners"</a>. Formula One World Championship Limited. 3 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+The+history+behind+Silverstone%27s+iconic+corners&rft.pub=Formula+One+World+Championship+Limited&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fen%2Flatest%2Ffeatures%2F2015%2F7%2Fwhat_s-in-a-name--the-history-behind-silverstones-iconic-corners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrews, C. F. <i>The Vickers Wellington I & II</i> (Aircraft in Profile 125). Leatherhead, Surrey: Profile Publications, 1967.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsMorgan1988" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, C. F.; Morgan, E. B. (1988) [1968]. <i>Vickers Aircraft since 1908</i>. London: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-815-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-815-1"><bdi>0-85177-815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vickers+Aircraft+since+1908&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85177-815-1&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bond, Steve. <i>Wimpy</i>. London, UK: Grub Street. 2014. ISBN 978-1-909808-14-0.</li> <li>Bowman, Martin. <i>Wellington, The Geodetic Giant</i>. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-076-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-076-5">1-85310-076-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin W (2011). <i>The Wellington Bomber Story</i>. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6193-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6193-9"><bdi>978-0-7524-6193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wellington+Bomber+Story&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6193-9&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Martin+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaz_Bowyer" title="Chaz Bowyer">Bowyer, Chaz</a>. <i>Wellington at War</i>. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd., 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1220-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1220-2">0-7110-1220-2</a>.</li> <li>Bowyer, Chaz. <i>Wellington Bomber</i>. London: William Kimber & Co Ltd., 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7183-0619-8">0-7183-0619-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtler2004" class="citation book cs1">Buttler, Tony (2004). <i>Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950</i>. British Secret Projects 3. Midland Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighters+and+Bombers+1935%E2%80%931950&rft.series=British+Secret+Projects+3&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Buttler&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cooksley, Peter G. <i>Wellington, Mainstay of Bomber Command</i>. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Patrick Stephens Ltd., 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-851-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-851-6">0-85059-851-6</a>.</li> <li>Cooling, Rupert. "Under Cover of Darkness... The Wellington at War". <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Enthusiast" title="Air Enthusiast">Air Enthusiast</a></i>. No. 13, August–November 1980. pp. 63–71. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450">0143-5450</a></li> <li>Crosby, Francis. <i>The World Encyclopedia of Bombers</i>. London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84477-511-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84477-511-9">1-84477-511-9</a>.</li> <li>Delve, Ken. <i>Vickers Armstrong Wellington</i>. Ramsbury, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-109-8">1-86126-109-8</a>.</li> <li>Flintham, V. <i>Air Wars and Aircraft: A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present.</i> New York: Facts on File, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-2356-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-2356-5">0-8160-2356-5</a>.</li> <li>Gilman J.D. and J. Clive. <i>KG 200</i>. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-819-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-819-4">0-85177-819-4</a>.</li> <li>Hall, Alan W. <i>Vickers Wellington, Warpaint Series No. 10</i>. Husborne Crawley, Berfordshire: Hall Park Books Ltd., 1997. No ISBN.</li> <li>Jackson, Robert. <i>Britain's Greatest Aircraft.</i> Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-383-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-383-1">978-1-84415-383-1</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Robert, ed. <i>101 Great Bombers</i>. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-3594-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-3594-8">978-1-4358-3594-8</a>.</li> <li>Lihou, Maurice. <i>Out of the Italian Night: Wellington Bomber Operations 1944–45</i>. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-405-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-84037-405-5">1-84037-405-5</a>.</li> <li>Lumsden, Alec. <i>Wellington Special</i>. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Ltd., 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0527-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-0527-3">0-7110-0527-3</a>.</li> <li>Mackay, Ron. <i>Wellington in Action, Aircraft Number 76</i>. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-183-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-183-0">0-89747-183-0</a>.</li> <li>Murray, Dr. Iain <i>Bouncing-Bomb Man: The Science of Sir Barnes Wallis</i>. Haynes, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-588-7">978-1-84425-588-7</a>.</li> <li>Murray, Dr. Iain <i>Vickers Wellington Manual</i>. Haynes, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-230-1">978-0-85733-230-1</a>.</li> <li>Ovčáčík, Michal and Karel Susa. <i>Vickers-Armstrongs Wellington Medium Bomber variants</i>. Prague, Czech Republic: 4+ Publications, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-902559-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/80-902559-7-3">80-902559-7-3</a>.</li> <li>Richards, Denis. <i>The Hardest Victory: RAF Bomber Command in the Second World War</i>. London: Coronet Books, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-61720-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-61720-9">0-340-61720-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Richards" title="Denis Richards">Richards, Denis</a> (1953). <i>Royal Air Force 1939–1945: Volume I The Fight at Odds</i>. London: HMSO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Volume+I+The+Fight+at+Odds&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobaCony2001" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roba, Jean-Louis & Cony, Christophe (October 2001). "Donnerkeil: 12 février 1942" [Operation Donnerkeil: 12 February 1942]. <i>Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire</i> (in French). No. 103. pp. 25–32. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1243-8650">1243-8650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avions%3A+Toute+l%27A%C3%A9ronautique+et+son+histoire&rft.atitle=Donnerkeil%3A+12+f%C3%A9vrier+1942&rft.issue=103&rft.pages=25-32&rft.date=2001-10&rft.issn=1243-8650&rft.aulast=Roba&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Cony%2C+Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVickers+Wellington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tarring, Trevor and Mark Joseland. <i>Archie Frazer-Nash .. Engineer</i>. London: The Frazer Nash Archives, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570351-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9570351-0-2">978-0-9570351-0-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Wellington&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vickers_Wellington" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110211014/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/vickerswellington.cfm">RAF – Vickers Wellington</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicaleye.com/WorldWar2/the-polish-pilot.html">A Polish Wellington bomber pilot recalls his war</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=oScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=0&query">Cover Illustration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006204103/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=oScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=0&query">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> August 1940 <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/items/browse?tags=Wellington">Wellington at the International Bomber Command Centre Digital Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Vickers_and_Vickers-Armstrongs_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vickers_aircraft" title="Template:Vickers aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vickers_aircraft" title="Template talk:Vickers aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vickers_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vickers aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vickers_and_Vickers-Armstrongs_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Limited" title="Vickers Limited">Vickers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrongs" title="Vickers-Armstrongs">Vickers-Armstrongs</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type<br />numbers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant_(1920)" title="Vickers Vigilant (1920)">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">58—60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">83—85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viget" title="Vickers Viget">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venture" title="Vickers Venture">94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vagabond" title="Vickers Vagabond">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wibault" title="Vickers Wibault">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vireo" title="Vickers Vireo">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_127" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers Type 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_163" title="Vickers Type 163">163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">168</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_207" title="Vickers Type 207">207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">227</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_C.26/31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers C.26/31 (page does not exist)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_C.26/31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers C.26/31 (page does not exist)">231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">246</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B9/32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B9/32 (page does not exist)">249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_253" title="Vickers Type 253">253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">267</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">270</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">277</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venom" title="Vickers Venom">279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">284</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">289</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">292</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B.12/36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B.12/36 (page does not exist)">293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">294</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">295</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">296</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">298</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B.1/35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B.1/35 (page does not exist)">400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">402</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">403</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_B.1/39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers B.1/39 (page does not exist)">405</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">406—410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">414</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">416—419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">420</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">422</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">423</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">424</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">427</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">428—431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">433</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">435—443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">444</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">447</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">448</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">449</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">451</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">453</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">454</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">457</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">458</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">462</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">465</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">466</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">469</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">470</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">474</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">475</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">478</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">480</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">485</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">486</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">488</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">493</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_559" title="Vickers Type 559">559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAC_TSR-2" title="BAC TSR-2">579</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Type_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Type 581 (page does not exist)">581</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_SST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers SST (page does not exist)">586</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_SST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers SST (page does not exist)">587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">601</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">614—618</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">620—628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">637</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">641—646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">654</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">672—674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">700—703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">730—732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">734—742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">744—745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">747—749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">754—757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">759—798</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_OR.323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers OR.323 (page does not exist)">799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">800—843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dean" title="Red Dean">888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">950—953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">1000—1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1100—1106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1109—1112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1150—1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">1400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Hydravion" title="Vickers Hydravion">Hydravion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-tractor_sledge" title="Air-tractor sledge">Monoplane No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_R.E.P._Type_Monoplane" title="Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane">Monoplane No.8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Tractor_Biplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Tractor Biplane (page does not exist)">Tractor Biplane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Tractor_Scout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Tractor Scout (page does not exist)">Tractor Scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">Merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_OR.323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers OR.323 (page does not exist)">OR.323 Car Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Nene Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Swallow" title="Vickers Swallow">Swallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Tay Viscount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vagabond" title="Vickers Vagabond">Vagabond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_170_Vanguard" title="Vickers Type 170 Vanguard">Vanguard (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">Vanguard (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">VC.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">VC.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">VC.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.4 (page does not exist)">VC.4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.5 (page does not exist)">VC.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.6 (page does not exist)">VC.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_V-1000" title="Vickers V-1000">VC.7/V-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.8 (page does not exist)">VC.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanguard" title="Vickers Vanguard">VC.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">VC.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">VC.11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_VC.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers VC.12 (page does not exist)">VC.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vellore" title="Vickers Vellore">Vellox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viastra" title="Vickers Viastra">Viastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viget" title="Vickers Viget">Viget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Viking (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC.1_Viking" title="Vickers VC.1 Viking">Viking (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">Vimy Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viscount" title="Vickers Viscount">Viscount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vulcan" title="Vickers Vulcan">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vulture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMA_No._1" title="HMA No. 1">HM Airship No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._9r" title="No. 9r">HM Airship No. 9r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R80_(airship)" title="R80 (airship)">R80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R100" title="R100">R100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st World War<br />Fighting Biplanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.F.B.1" title="Vickers E.F.B.1">E.F.B.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">E.F.B.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">E.F.B.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">E.F.B.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">F.B.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">F.B.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.F.B.7" title="Vickers E.F.B.7">E.F.B.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.F.B.8" title="Vickers E.F.B.8">E.F.B.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">F.B.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.11" title="Vickers F.B.11">F.B.11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.12" title="Vickers F.B.12">F.B.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.14" title="Vickers F.B.14">F.B.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.16" title="Vickers F.B.16">F.B.16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.19" title="Vickers F.B.19">F.B.19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.25" title="Vickers F.B.25">F.B.23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.24" title="Vickers F.B.24">F.B.24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.25" title="Vickers F.B.25">F.B.25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vampire" title="Vickers Vampire">F.B.26 Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">F.B.27 Vimy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_123" title="Vickers Type 123">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venom" title="Vickers Venom">279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_432" title="Vickers Type 432">432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_143" title="Vickers Type 143">Bolivian Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.19" title="Vickers F.B.19">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_161" title="Vickers Type 161">C.O.W. Gun Fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.S.1" title="Vickers E.S.1">E.S.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_E.S.1" title="Vickers E.S.1">E.S.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.5" title="Vickers F.B.5">Gunbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_F.B.16" title="Vickers F.B.16">Hart Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Jockey" title="Vickers Jockey">Jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valparaiso" title="Vickers Valparaiso">Valparaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vampire" title="Vickers Vampire">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venom" title="Vickers Venom">Venom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vireo" title="Vickers Vireo">Vireo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wibault" title="Vickers Wibault">Wibault Scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers, GP and<br />reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_163" title="Vickers Type 163">163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_207" title="Vickers Type 207">207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_253" title="Vickers Type 253">253</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vickers_Type_581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vickers Type 581 (page does not exist)">581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Bomber" title="Victory Bomber">Bomber scheme C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valentia" title="Vickers Valentia">Valentia (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_131_Valiant" title="Vickers 131 Valiant">Valiant (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">Valiant (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vanellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vanox" title="Vickers Vanox">Vanox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Venture" title="Vickers Venture">Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vespa" title="Vickers Vespa">Vespa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Bomber" title="Victory Bomber">Victory Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant_(1920)" title="Vickers Vigilant (1920)">Vigilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Viking (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">Vildebeest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vimy" title="Vickers Vimy">Vimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vildebeest" title="Vickers Vildebeest">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Virginia" title="Vickers Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">Vivid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vixen" title="Vickers Vixen">Vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Viking" title="Vickers Viking">Vulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Warwick" title="Vickers Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellesley" title="Vickers Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Windsor" title="Vickers Windsor">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Type_264_Valentia" title="Vickers Type 264 Valentia">Valentia (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valetta" title="Vickers Valetta">Valetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vernon" title="Vickers Vernon">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Victoria" title="Vickers Victoria">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">Varsity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vendace" title="Vickers Vendace">Vendace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_VIM" title="Vickers VIM">Vickers Instructional Machine (VIM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template talk:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area Bombing Directive (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">Dehousing paper (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive (1943)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Frederick "Prof" Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil targets (1940-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing of cities (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)">Battle of Berlin (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bellicose" title="Operation Bellicose"><i>Bellicose</i> (Friedrichshafen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise"><i>Chastise</i> ("Dambusters" raid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)" title="Operation Hurricane (1944)"><i>Hurricane</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II"><i>Hydra</i> (Peenemünde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Boston (Douglas DB-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">"Monica" radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">Blockbuster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">Earthquake bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">Bomber stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe" title="RAF Fighter Command">Intruder operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Master Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">Shuttle bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">No. 8 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Strike Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK" title="Template:WW2AirDefenceUK">Aerial defence of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command" title="Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command">Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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