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<li id="toc-RAF_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RAF_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>RAF concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RAF_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SREB,_UB.109T" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SREB,_UB.109T"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>SREB, UB.109T</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SREB,_UB.109T-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancellation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancellation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cancellation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancellation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoy_missile_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoy_missile_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Decoy missile use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoy_missile_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> UB.109T </span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radio_guided" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio guided">radio guided</a> <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designed</th><td class="infobox-data">1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers-Armstrong">Vickers-Armstrong</a> (Aircraft) Ltd</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Warhead</th><td class="infobox-data">various up to 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Operational<br />range</div></th><td class="infobox-data">400 nautical miles (740 km; 460 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Flight ceiling</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 ft</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Maximum speed of vehicle or missile">Maximum speed </span></th><td class="infobox-data">600 mph (970 km/h)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Guidance<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data">radio</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Steering<br />system</div></th><td class="infobox-data">control surfaces</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><div style="line-height:1.25em">Launch<br />platform</div></th><td class="infobox-data">launching ramp</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>UB.109T</b>, better known as <b>Red Rapier</b>, was a British <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> project calling for a system able to deliver a 5,000 lb (2.27 tonne) conventional warhead within 100 yards<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of its target at over 400 nautical miles (740 km; 460 mi) range while travelling at 600 mph (970 km/h) at 50,000 ft (15,000 m). </p><p>The concept dates to an October 1950 study for a <b>Short Range Expendable Bomber</b>, essentially an updated <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) bomber fleet was propeller driven and not expected to be able to survive encounters with Soviet jet fighters. Looking for a way to make pinpoint tactical attacks, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment" title="Telecommunications Research Establishment">Telecommunications Research Establishment</a> (TRE) developed a new <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a> system that provided the required accuracy. To reach the desired range, the V-1's <a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">pulsejet</a> was replaced with small <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojets</a>. Proposals from Bristol and Vickers appeared interesting and received development contracts under the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow code">rainbow code</a> names "Blue Rapier" and "Red Rapier" respectively. </p><p>That year, intelligence reports suggested the Soviets were contemplating an attack on <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> around 1953. On returning to power in 1951, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> gave the project "super priority", and Red Rapier was selected to move forward. Air launches from <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Washington</a> bombers over <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera</a> began in 1954. By this time the threat of imminent Soviet attack had passed and the RAF's new jet bombers were entering service. These had the performance to carry out the daytime precision role. The project was cancelled on 30 September 1954. Several of the testing systems developed for the program were shared with Vickers <a href="/wiki/Blue_Boar_(bomb)" title="Blue Boar (bomb)">Blue Boar</a> project, which was cancelled around the same time. </p><p>After the project ended, there was some interest in using the Blue Rapier design as a <a href="/wiki/Decoy_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoy missile">decoy missile</a> to aid the <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber</a> force penetrate Soviet defences, but this was abandoned in favour of improved <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic countermeasures">electronic countermeasures</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RAF_concerns">RAF concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: RAF concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first specifications for jet powered <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bombers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s (RAF) emerged in 1946 and several proposals were selected for development. By 1949 these were still years off, and the RAF's primary <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bomber</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lincoln" title="Avro Lincoln">Avro Lincoln</a>, an updated version of the mid-war <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a>. As these lacked the range to easily attack Russia, an order for 88 <a href="/wiki/B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29 Superfortress">B-29 Superfortresses</a> was placed and entered RAF service as the "Washington". This was strictly a stopgap move while they awaited the arrival of the jets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegell1998111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegell1998111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> publicly introduced the <a href="/wiki/Tu-4_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-4 Bull">Tu-4 Bull</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse engineered">reverse engineered</a> version of the B-29. In 1948, the RAF carried out a series of tests against the Washingtons to develop interception tactics against the Tu-4. The <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a> fighters proved to be able to attack the bombers with relative ease.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was already well known that the Soviets were introducing jet fighters of their own, which suggested the RAF's bombers would soon be at equal risk. While the new jet powered bombers would address this problem, they were still not expected to be available in numbers until the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1950, there was growing alarm that the Soviets would attempt some sort of attack on <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in the next three years. If this occurred during the critical period before the switch to jet power, the RAF would have limited ability to counter the Soviet forces by air. Whilst the strategic mission could still be carried out at night with relative impunity,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the long-range daytime tactical role appeared extremely dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008271_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008271-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests in 1952 concluded that it would be "extremely difficult for Bomber Command to devise any tactics which would reduce these losses within acceptable limits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SREB,_UB.109T"><span id="SREB.2C_UB.109T"></span>SREB, UB.109T</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SREB, UB.109T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> felt the only possible solution that might be available in a short time was an unmanned expendable bomber, an updated <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>. The V-1 was a low-accuracy weapon designed to attack cities. To replace bombers in the day role, where attacks would be against point targets like bridges and railway yards, accuracy would have to be greatly improved. The concept was known as the "Short Range Expendable Bomber", or SREB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial call for proposals was sent in October 1950 under the name UB.109T, for "unmanned bomb". It was initially sent to <a href="/wiki/Avro" title="Avro">Avro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Aeroplane">Bristol Aeroplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers-Armstrong_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers-Armstrong Ltd">Vickers-Armstrong Ltd</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation_Company" title="Fairey Aviation Company">Fairey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company" title="Gloster Aircraft Company">Gloster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders-Roe</a> were added, along with an unsolicited entry by <a href="/wiki/Boulton_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton Paul">Boulton Paul</a>. Of these, the Bristol and Vickers entries seemed interesting enough to send out operational requirement OR.1097 on 17 December 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bristol's entry, the Type 182, was based on the swept wing planform from the <a href="/wiki/Folland_Gnat" title="Folland Gnat">Folland Gnat</a>, with a plastic<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fuselage and a <a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a>. It would be powered by a new <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley" title="Bristol Siddeley">Bristol Siddeley</a> engine, the BE.17 of about 3,000 pounds-force (13,000 N). This entry was assigned the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow code">rainbow code</a> "Blue Rapier".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vickers entry, returned on 18 January 1951, was much more like the original V-1 with straight wings and a conventional three-part tail control section. It would be powered by three <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Soar" title="Rolls-Royce Soar">Rolls-Royce Soar</a> engines of 1,750 pounds-force (7,800 N), one each at the tip of the three tail control surfaces. This was assigned the code name "Red Rapier".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008273_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008273-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the guidance system, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Research_Establishment" title="Telecommunications Research Establishment">Telecommunications Research Establishment</a> (TRE) proposed an updated version of the war-era <a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">Oboe blind-bombing system</a> in which two ground-based radar-like systems would simultaneously take distance measurements to determine the location of the missile in flight, calculate any needed corrections, and then send them to the missile's <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a>. They originally called the system "feed back Oboe", but later named it "TRAMP".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s return to power after <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">the October 1951 general election</a>, he was apprised of the issues that led to SREB. He ordered the project be given "super priority".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a number of detail changes, Vickers learned they were going to be declared the winner of the contract. This would be the company's first entry into the guided weapon market. They proposed to build a dozen <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span>-scale versions as the Vickers Type 719 for air-launch tests from the Washingtons to test flight and guidance. The full-scale version would be known as the Type 725.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the missile airframe was entirely conventional, the company was able to begin development using their own funding while <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce" title="Rolls-Royce">Rolls-Royce</a> did the same for the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Soar" title="Rolls-Royce Soar">Soar</a> engines. The guidance system was entirely new, and the company would not be able to afford to develop it on its own. At a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cockburn_(physicist)" title="Robert Cockburn (physicist)">Robert Cockburn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> (MoS) in July 1952, it was agreed to begin the development of the missile while the MoS would supply funding for the development of the guidance systems. This led to the formation of a new Guided Weapons Department at Vickers <a href="/wiki/Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a>. The funding was slow in coming, with an actual agreement not reached until August 1953, and the final contract for £450,000 on 30 October 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While they waited for funding of the guidance system, Vickers began airframe development and drop tests of the sub-scale 719's. Development of the new Range AI at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera</a> was underway for another Vickers project, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Boar_(bomb)" title="Blue Boar (bomb)">Blue Boar</a>, and was largely complete by 1952, so initial flight tests of the 719 would take place here while the full-scale 725 would move to a newly developed 400 kilometres (250 mi) Range E starting in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 719 tests, the airframes were slung under the rear bomb bay of the Washington on a trapeze system that required the removal of the bomb bay doors. The entire flight was carried out under radio control, and extensive <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> sent back to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To recover the system, a radio command caused three parachutes to deploy and then separate the nose section. The nose had a metal spike that dug into the ground, leaving the fuselage standing vertically above the ground where it could be easily seen. The system was successful to the point that some 719's survived up to five test flights, and the spike concept was then used to test Blue Boar as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one case the recovery command was sent in error, causing the parachutes to deploy on the still-attached portion while the nose section separated and nearly hit a nearby <a href="/wiki/P-51_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustang</a> operating cameras. The parachutes caused the B-29 pilot to be thrown forward into his seat belts, and then wrapped around the tail section of the aircraft, but the aircraft was able to land without problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancellation">Cancellation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cancellation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delayed by up to two years by the slow funding of the guidance system, tests were still being carried out in August 1954 when the whole concept was called into question by the imminent arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Valiant" title="Vickers Valiant">Vickers Valiant</a>. The Valiant started as another solution to the late arrival of the jet strategic bombers, with roughly the same performance as the original 1946 contract but carrying a smaller 15,000-pound (6,800 kg) bombload and slightly shorter range. The RAF was much more interested in manned bombers than unmanned and was perfectly happy to cancel the project. Vickers was also not particularly upset to lose the project given they won the bomber contract. Valiant would go on to be a great success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work stopped on 30 September 1954, with a formal cancellation in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final payouts on the guidance development did not occur until September 1957. Blue Boar was cancelled around the same time, leading to the closure of Woomera's Range AI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoy_missile_use">Decoy missile use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decoy missile use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around this same time, lengthy debate on the survivability of the <a href="/wiki/V_bomber" title="V bomber">V bomber</a> force in light of Soviet developments of <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a> (SAMs) led to some consideration of using the Blue Rapier design as a <a href="/wiki/Decoy_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoy missile">decoy missile</a>. The idea was to launch several of these missiles during the approach to the target, presenting too many <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> targets to allow the <a href="/wiki/Ground_controlled_interception" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground controlled interception">ground controlled interception</a> controllers to pick out the bombers. This would be combined with a <a href="/wiki/Standoff_missile" title="Standoff missile">standoff missile</a>, which emerged as <a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a>, which would allow the bombers to remain outside of the range of the Soviet SAMs. The concept was dropped in favour of an improved suite of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic countermeasures">electronic countermeasures</a>, notably systems to jam Soviet voice communications and long-range radars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonButtler2007109_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonButtler2007109-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missile">Missile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Missile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Type 725 looked like a slimmer version of the V-1, with the long pulsejet formerly on top of the fuselage replaced by three much smaller Soar engines at the tip of the vertical and horizontal control surfaces. Electrical power was provided by a <a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">ram air turbine</a> with a small inlet on the top of the fuselage. The only other notable difference with the V-1 was the additional of <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> on the wings, as opposed to the V-1's use of the rudder only. The ailerons were only used during the initial flight while under direct radio command. After starting automatic control, the autopilot made small corrections using the rudder like the V-1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To lower costs, the entire fuselage and most of the surfaces were constructed of welded <a href="/wiki/Mild_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mild steel">mild steel</a>. The fuselage was a steel sheet rolled into a tube and the wing was sheet steel over box spars. The wing interior served as the fuel tank. The leading edges of the tailplane and fin were sharply swept, but the wing was straight and held to the fuselage by bombslips for easy construction in the field. It was 13 m (42 ft 8 in) long with a 10 m (32 ft 10 in) wingspan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the V-1, the Type 725 would have been launched by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam catapult">steam catapult</a>, but one of greater power. This allowed it to use a much shorter 35-foot (11 m) long ramp, which in turn allowed the system to be mobile. On arriving at the launch site on a long <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer" title="Semi-trailer">semi-trailer</a>, a gantry was raised above the trailer and the ramp hoisted up into position at a 25 degree angle. On launch, the catapult accelerated the missile at 30 g, reaching 250 feet per second (270 km/h). It could be launched from any area with 180 feet (55 m) of clearance in front of the ramp, by which point the missile would be at 50 feet (15 m) altitude. The piston driving the missile was slowed by a conical spike at the front of the piston that was driven through a membrane into a tank of water at the end of the ramp. The tank was replaced between launches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After launch, the missile was invisible to the guidance radars which were located some distance away. Initial flight by the <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> was aided by a <a href="/wiki/Flux_gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flux gate">flux gate</a> <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> in the wing tip to keep it flying on a steady course while continuing to climb to its cruise altitude of 50,000 feet (15,000 m). After flying about half of its mission distance it would become visible to the ground-based radars, which then tracked it continually as it approached the target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On arrival at the target, the engines were turned off and the missile commanded into a rapid climb that bled away speed. It would then perform a "bunt", pitching over to a vertical dive. Because the autopilot's gyroscopes rotated through a large angle during this period, the entire guidance platform was mounted on a pivot to allow them to remain vertical during this maneuver. The radars continued to track the missile as it fell toward the <a href="/wiki/Radar_horizon" title="Radar horizon">radar horizon</a>, sending updates throughout. After contact was lost, generally around 20,000 feet (6,100 m) altitude, the autopilot kept it on the last course until impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two payloads were initially specified: a single 5,000-pound (2,300 kg) bomb or five 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs. An April 1953 meeting added a third with ten 500-pound (230 kg) bombs carrying VT Mk. 9 <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximity fuse">proximity fuses</a>, and late experiments in November 1954 considered <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiaries</a>. The warheads were held at the front of the missile and separated prior to impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in the program there was some consideration given to having the missile perform alternating 1G maneuvers to the left and right as it approached the target in order to make it difficult to hit by air defences. Some consideration was also given to adding armour plating in key areas to make it better able to withstand <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a>, but this added 400 pounds (180 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidance">Guidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to overwhelm local air defences, the weapon was to be used in a barrage fashion. The specifications demanded a very high salvo rate with 100 missiles in the air at once attacking up to five separate targets. The required accuracy had been met during the war using the Oboe system, but this was an intensely manual affair that could only guide a single aircraft at a time. A somewhat less accurate system, <a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a>, was aircraft mounted but would require considerable electronics to automate that would moot the low-cost requirement. To solve these contradictory problems, the TRE proposed a highly automated version of Oboe that put most of the logic on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Oboe, prior to the mission the range to the target was measured from a ground station referred to as "cat". Cat sent out periodic radio pulses, <i>interrogations</i>, to the aircraft whose <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponder</a> would respond with a similar pulse. This return pulse was received at cat and displayed on an <a href="/wiki/Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">oscilloscope</a>. The time between sending and receiving measured the range to the aircraft. Normally this would be accomplished using a scale attached to the face of the oscilloscope, but that was not accurate enough for Oboe. Instead, a highly accurate electronic delay was added to offset the aircraft's <i>blip</i> so that it would appear in the middle of the display when it was at the correct range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the flight, the operator radioed the pilot telling them to turn left or right if they strayed from the selected range. As the aircraft continued flying toward the target, the resulting series of corrections caused it to fly along the circular arc with a radius equal to the range between the cat station and the target. A second station, "mouse", produced a similar range measurement to the target prior to the flight. The intersection of the line from mouse to the target with the arc drawn by cat indicated the drop point. The operator at the mouse station would watch the aircraft fly along the curving path until it approached the target, and then send a signal to the pilot to drop at the right moment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This intensely manual process was not suitable for the UB.109T concept, the process would have to be highly automated in order to guide mass attacks. It was also not suitable for attacks against more than one target at a time unless there were multiple ground stations. A further complication was that the launches might take place only minutes after the missile arrived at its launch location. Any pre-mission setup had to be simplified as much as possible, and any site-specific measurements could not require information to be sent to the launcher. The TRAMP system solved these problems with two changes to the original Oboe concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, to deal with the problem of handling mass raids, the interrogation signals sent out from the ground station were varied in their <a href="/wiki/Pulse_repetition_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse repetition frequency">pulse repetition frequency</a> (PRF). The transponder on the missile had a <a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">delay line</a> system that allowed it to filter out any signal with different PRFs, thereby only responding to a ground station when it sent out that missile's particular PRF. The ground stations cycled through a set of sixty-four PRFs, thereby allowing any one station to control that many missiles. For launch, the crew simply selected one of the PRFs of the stations aiming at their target. With several such systems operating against separated targets, hundreds of missiles could be guided at once.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with Oboe, prior to the mission each guidance station set a delay system that represented the distance from the station to its selected target. Basic operation was the same; the missile was "interrogated" and the time between transmission and response measured the distance between the missile and station. This measured value was then electrically subtracted from the pre-selected delay in the same fashion as Oboe. The result was the "residual range".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station then sent out two new pulses on the same PRF, one immediately after the reception of the missile's signal, and a second after a delay representing the residual range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A delay line in the missile was triggered by the second pulse and then stored the third, thereby directly storing a measurement of the residual range as a time. This was converted to a voltage using <a href="/wiki/Pulse_width_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse width modulation">pulse width modulation</a>. The missile would receive and store these measurements from two stations in quick succession. During the early part of the flight, one would typically indicate a longer distance to the target than the other, depending on the launch position relative to the stations. By inverting one of these signals and combining them, the resulting voltage indicated the direction and magnitude of the difference between the two remaining distances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This result, the "error signal", was then sent into the autopilot, causing the missile to turn towards the signal that had a longer distance to go. Eventually the missile would reach a point where the two error signals were equal. This occurred anywhere along the line running over the target from a point half way along the direct line between the two stations, the "baseline".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missile would initially overshoot the line and then be guided in the other direction, but after a short time it would fly a steady path. As the missile approaches the target, both now-equal residual ranges decrease. When they reach zero, the autopilot triggers the terminal phase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system was implemented using the existing 200 MHz <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebecca/Eureka_transponding_radar" title="Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar">Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar</a> Mk. 4 units. Since the measurements from the two stations could not be taken at the same time, two delay lines were needed to store the signals for comparison. A February 1954 report considers the use of <a href="/wiki/Magnetostriction" title="Magnetostriction">magnetostriction</a> delays for this role, one of the earliest references to this technology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system had two significant problems. One was that the missiles were constantly responding to the ground station interrogations, which presented the possibility of allowing enemy receivers to triangulate the position of the missile even at very long range and prepare the defences. This was offset to some degree by the numbers of such signals that would be expected in an attack, which would overwhelm anyone trying to track a single missile. The signals would still be useful as a warning that an attack was underway. The other was that the enemy could send out spurious pulses on the same frequency and thereby upset the measurements. This was offset somewhat by the PRF filtering on the missiles which would make uncoordinated signals be rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Code" title="Rainbow Code">Rainbow Codes</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MGM-1_Matador" title="MGM-1 Matador">MGM-1 Matador</a> <span style="font-style:normal"> – (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikidata: country of origin">United States</span>)</span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later relaxed to 250 yards.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Large military exercises like <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Ardent" title="Exercise Ardent">Exercise Ardent</a> demonstrated that night attack was almost completely safe even for the Lincolns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Likely <a href="/wiki/Glass_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass reinforced plastic">glass reinforced plastic</a> but sources are not specific.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TRAMP is always capitalized, which implies it is an acronym. None of the available resources mentions what it stands for.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The residual range is not the remaining range from the missile to the target, as it is not flying directly along the line from the station to the target.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The geometry was shaped like a T, with the stations at either end of the horizontal line and the target at the base of the vertical line.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegell1998111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegell1998111_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegell1998">Segell 1998</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dMog3T3CAc"><i>Fighter Tactics Against the B-29</i></a>. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighter+Tactics+Against+the+B-29&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-dMog3T3CAc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008272_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlintham2008">Flintham 2008</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008271-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008271_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlintham2008">Flintham 2008</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunnell2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunnell2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunnell2018">Dunnell 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbat2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbat2006_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbat2006">Forbat 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008141_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlintham2008">Flintham 2008</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008273-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlintham2008273_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlintham2008">Flintham 2008</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1989182_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1989">Morton 1989</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibsonButtler2007109-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonButtler2007109_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibsonButtler2007">Gibson & Buttler 2007</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnerRoberts194714–17_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnerRoberts1947">Turner & Roberts 1947</a>, pp. 14–17.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnell2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Dunnell, Ben (10 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.key.aero/article/preparing-war">"Preparing For War: Exercise 'Ardent'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Aeroplane Monthly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeroplane+Monthly&rft.atitle=Preparing+For+War%3A+Exercise+%27Ardent%27&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Dunnell&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.key.aero%2Farticle%2Fpreparing-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbat2006" class="citation book cs1">Forbat, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fO0SDQAAQBAJ"><i>The 'Secret' World of Vickers Guided Weapons</i></a>. Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752487922" title="Special:BookSources/9780752487922"><bdi>9780752487922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Secret%27+World+of+Vickers+Guided+Weapons&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780752487922&rft.aulast=Forbat&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfO0SDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonButtler2007" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Chris; Buttler, Tony (2007). <i>British Secret Projects: Hypersonics, Ramjets and Missiles</i>. Midland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857802580" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857802580"><bdi>978-1857802580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Secret+Projects%3A+Hypersonics%2C+Ramjets+and+Missiles&rft.pub=Midland+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1857802580&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Buttler%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegell1998" class="citation book cs1">Segell, Glen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euXBTIARrZIC&pg=PA111"><i>The Defence Industrial Base and Foreign Policy</i></a>. Glen Segell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781901414127" title="Special:BookSources/9781901414127"><bdi>9781901414127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+Industrial+Base+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Glen+Segell+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781901414127&rft.aulast=Segell&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuXBTIARrZIC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlintham2008" class="citation book cs1">Flintham, Vic (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PDNAwAAQBAJ"><i>High Stakes: Britain's Air Arms in Action, 1945–1990</i></a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473814936" title="Special:BookSources/9781473814936"><bdi>9781473814936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Stakes%3A+Britain%27s+Air+Arms+in+Action%2C+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781473814936&rft.aulast=Flintham&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PDNAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1989" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Peter (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J34sAAAAYAAJ"><i>Fire Across the Desert: Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project, 1946-1980</i></a>. Australian Government Publishing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780644060684" title="Special:BookSources/9780644060684"><bdi>9780644060684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Across+the+Desert%3A+Woomera+and+the+Anglo-Australian+Joint+Project%2C+1946-1980&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Publishing+Service&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780644060684&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ34sAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerRoberts1947" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, Louis; Roberts, Arthur (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.febo.com/pages/docs/RadLab/VOL_3_Radar_Beacons.pdf">"The Uses of Beacons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Roberts, Arthur (ed.). <i>Radar Beacons</i>. MIT (McGraw-Hill).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Uses+of+Beacons&rft.btitle=Radar+Beacons&rft.pub=MIT+%28McGraw-Hill%29&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.febo.com%2Fpages%2Fdocs%2FRadLab%2FVOL_3_Radar_Beacons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUB.109T" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guided_missiles_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_missiles" title="Template:UK missiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_missiles" title="Template talk:UK missiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_missiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK missiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guided_missiles_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">Guided missiles</a> of the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">Air-to-air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASRAAM" title="ASRAAM">ASRAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireflash" title="Fireflash">Fireflash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Firestreak" title="De Havilland Firestreak">Firestreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(missile)" title="Meteor (missile)">Meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dean" title="Red Dean">Red Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hebe" title="Red Hebe">Red Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Top_(missile)" title="Red Top (missile)">Red Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRAAM" title="SRAAM">SRAAM/Taildog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">Air-to-surface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALARM" title="ALARM">ALARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Boar_(bomb)" title="Blue Boar (bomb)">Blue Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimstone_(missile)" title="Brimstone (missile)">Brimstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martel_(missile)" title="Martel (missile)">Martel</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet_(missile)" title="Martlet (missile)">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Eagle_(missile)" title="Sea Eagle (missile)">Sea Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Skua" title="Sea Skua">Sea Skua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Shadow" title="Storm Shadow">Storm Shadow</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venom_(missile)" title="Sea Venom (missile)">Sea Venom</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPEAR_3" title="SPEAR 3">SPEAR 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychon_(missile)" title="Tychon (missile)">Tychon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">Surface-to-air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloodhound_(missile)" title="Bloodhound (missile)">Bloodhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowpipe_(missile)" title="Blowpipe (missile)">Blowpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMM_(missile_family)" title="CAMM (missile family)">CAMM</a> (Sea Ceptor, Land Ceptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javelin_(surface-to-air_missile)" title="Javelin (surface-to-air missile)">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_(missile)" title="Rapier (missile)">Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacat_(missile)" title="Seacat (missile)">Seacat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dart" title="Sea Dart">Sea Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)" title="Seaslug (missile)">Seaslug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAAMS" title="PAAMS">Sea Viper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Wolf_(missile)" title="Sea Wolf (missile)">Sea Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_(missile)" title="Starburst (missile)">Starburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starstreak" title="Starstreak">Starstreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacat_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Seacat missile">Tigercat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Thunderbird" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">Surface-to-surface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swingfire" title="Swingfire">Swingfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkara_(missile)" title="Malkara (missile)">Malkara</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UB.109T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Vigilant" title="Vickers Vigilant">Vigilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLAW" title="NLAW">NLAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_(missile)" title="Blue Water (missile)">Blue Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cheese_(missile)" title="Green Cheese (missile)">Green Cheese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Anglo-French<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>2</small></sup> Anglo-Australian</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War_military_projects_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UKColdWarProjects" title="Template:UKColdWarProjects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UKColdWarProjects" title="Template talk:UKColdWarProjects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UKColdWarProjects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UKColdWarProjects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War_military_projects_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> military projects of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rainbow_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rainbow Codes">list of code names used for projects (Rainbow Codes)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fireflash" title="Fireflash">Blue Sky (Fireflash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Firestreak" title="De Havilland Firestreak">Blue Jay (Firestreak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dean" title="Red Dean">Red Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hebe" title="Red Hebe">Red Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Top_(missile)" title="Red Top (missile)">Red Top</a></li> <li>Taildog/<a href="/wiki/SRAAM" title="SRAAM">SRAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">air-to-surface missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cheese_(missile)" title="Green Cheese (missile)">Green Cheese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Envoy" title="Blue Envoy">Blue Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dart" title="Sea Dart">CF.299 (Sea Dart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacat_(missile)" title="Seacat (missile)">Green Light (SeaCat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodhound_(missile)" title="Bloodhound (missile)">Red Duster (Bloodhound)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Thunderbird" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Thunderbird">Red Shoes (Thunderbird)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)" title="Seaslug (missile)">Seaslug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Friend" title="Violet Friend">Violet Friend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)" title="Seaslug (missile)">Blue Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_(missile)" title="Blue Water (missile)">Blue Water</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blue Rapier / Red Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingfire" title="Swingfire">Orange William (Swingfire)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">satellite launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(rocket)" title="Black Knight (rocket)">Black Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince_(rocket)" title="Black Prince (rocket)">Black Prince</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Explosive_Research" title="High Explosive Research">High Explosive Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_hydrogen_bomb_programme" title="British hydrogen bomb programme">British hydrogen bomb programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Danube_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)">Blue Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Peacock" title="Blue Peacock">Blue Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Herald" title="Orange Herald">Orange Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Beard_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Red Beard (nuclear weapon)">Red Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Club" title="Violet Club">Violet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sun_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)">Yellow Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ET.317" title="ET.317">ET.317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Snow" title="Red Snow">Red Snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_military_equipment_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom">Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&oldid=1255973012">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UB.109T&oldid=1255973012</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cruise_missiles_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cruise missiles of the United Kingdom">Cruise missiles of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abandoned_military_projects_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom">Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rainbow_code" title="Category:Rainbow code">Rainbow code</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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