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We investigated the time to spontaneous clearance and predictors among participants with acute HCV using Cox proportional hazards analyses. Data for this analysis were drawn from an international collaboration of nine prospective cohorts evaluating outcomes after acute HCV infection. Among 632 participants with acute HCV, 35% were female, 82% were Caucasian, 49% had interleukin-28 (IL28)B CC genotype (rs12979860), 96% had injected drugs ever, 47% were infected with HCV genotype 1, and 7% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Twenty-eight percent were HCV antibody negative/RNA positive at the time of acute HCV detection (early acute HCV). During follow-up, spontaneous clearance occurred in 173 of 632, and at 1 year after infection, 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21, 29) had cleared virus. Among those with clearance, the median time to clearance was 16.5 weeks (IQR: 10.5, 33.4), with 34%, 67%, and 83% demonstrating clearance at 3, 6, and 12 months. Adjusting for age, factors independently associated with time to spontaneous clearance included female sex (adjusted hazards ratio [AHR]: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.48, 3.18), IL28B CC genotype (versus CT/TT; AHR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.52, 3.34), and HCV genotype 1 (versus non-genotype 1; AHR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.30). The effect of IL28B genotype and HCV genotype on spontaneous clearance was greater among females, compared to males. Conclusions: Female sex, favorable IL28B genotype, and HCV genotype 1 are independent predictors of spontaneous clearance. Further research is required to elucidate the observed sex-based differences in HCV control. (HEPATOLOGY","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"46052716"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The effects of female sex, viral genotype, and IL28B genotype on spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus infection","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [31554299]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":46052716,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The effects of female sex, viral genotype, and IL28B genotype on spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus infection”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/46052716/mini_magick20220710-27050-1mt0c6v.png?1657475269" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The effects of female sex, viral genotype, and IL28B genotype on spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus infection</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31554299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PageKimberly"><img alt="Profile image of Kimberly Page" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/31554299/9851389/10980186/s65_kimberly.page.jpg" />Kimberly Page</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">12 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 12609561; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Although 20%-40% of persons with acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection demonstrate spontaneous clearance, the time course and factors associated with clearance remain poorly understood. We investigated the time to spontaneous clearance and predictors among participants with acute HCV using Cox proportional hazards analyses. Data for this analysis were drawn from an international collaboration of nine prospective cohorts evaluating outcomes after acute HCV infection. Among 632 participants with acute HCV, 35% were female, 82% were Caucasian, 49% had interleukin-28 (IL28)B CC genotype (rs12979860), 96% had injected drugs ever, 47% were infected with HCV genotype 1, and 7% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. Twenty-eight percent were HCV antibody negative/RNA positive at the time of acute HCV detection (early acute HCV). During follow-up, spontaneous clearance occurred in 173 of 632, and at 1 year after infection, 25% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21, 29) had cleared virus. Among those with clearance, the median time to clearance was 16.5 weeks (IQR: 10.5, 33.4), with 34%, 67%, and 83% demonstrating clearance at 3, 6, and 12 months. Adjusting for age, factors independently associated with time to spontaneous clearance included female sex (adjusted hazards ratio [AHR]: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.48, 3.18), IL28B CC genotype (versus CT/TT; AHR, 2.26; 95% CI: 1.52, 3.34), and HCV genotype 1 (versus non-genotype 1; AHR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.30). The effect of IL28B genotype and HCV genotype on spontaneous clearance was greater among females, compared to males. Conclusions: Female sex, favorable IL28B genotype, and HCV genotype 1 are independent predictors of spontaneous clearance. Further research is required to elucidate the observed sex-based differences in HCV control. (HEPATOLOGY</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":46052716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12609561/The_effects_of_female_sex_viral_genotype_and_IL28B_genotype_on_spontaneous_clearance_of_acute_hepatitis_C_virus_infection"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":46052716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/12609561/The_effects_of_female_sex_viral_genotype_and_IL28B_genotype_on_spontaneous_clearance_of_acute_hepatitis_C_virus_infection"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Consequently, these studies are subject to bias, which can potentially lead to biased rates of viral clearance and risk estimates. We evaluated determinants of spontaneous HCV clearance among HCV seroconverters identified in a unique community-based cohort.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Female Sex and IL28B, a Synergism for Spontaneous Viral Clearance in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Seroconverters from a Community-Based Cohort","attachmentId":43657824,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23172038/Female_Sex_and_IL28B_a_Synergism_for_Spontaneous_Viral_Clearance_in_Hepatitis_C_Virus_HCV_Seroconverters_from_a_Community_Based_Cohort","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23172038/Female_Sex_and_IL28B_a_Synergism_for_Spontaneous_Viral_Clearance_in_Hepatitis_C_Virus_HCV_Seroconverters_from_a_Community_Based_Cohort"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="94597068" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94597068/Correlation_of_IL28B_rs12979860_genotype_and_gender_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_HCV_infection_a_Pakistani_cross_section_study">Correlation of IL28B rs12979860 genotype and gender with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection: a Pakistani cross-section study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="252512263" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SajjadUllah32">Sajjad Ullah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Personalized Medicine, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Aim: There is a strong correlation of IL28B rs12979860 genetic variations and gender with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Materials & methods: HCV-infected subjects were categorized into HCV spontaneous clearance (SC) group and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) group on the basis of anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA level and follow-up of 6 months. 35 subjects were classified in SC group and 165 subjects were classified in CHC group. IL28B rs12979860 genotypes were determined by allele-specific PCR. Results & conclusion: Multinominal logistic regression analyses revealed that both genders favor IL28B rs12979860 CT genotype (OR: 4.80; CI: 2.22–10.35; p = 0.0005) and (OR: 3.47; CI: 1.63–7.43; p = 0.001) for male and female, respectively, are significant in spontaneous clearance of HCV infection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Correlation of IL28B rs12979860 genotype and gender with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection: a Pakistani cross-section study","attachmentId":97010167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94597068/Correlation_of_IL28B_rs12979860_genotype_and_gender_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_HCV_infection_a_Pakistani_cross_section_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94597068/Correlation_of_IL28B_rs12979860_genotype_and_gender_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_HCV_infection_a_Pakistani_cross_section_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="123147174" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123147174/Factors_associated_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_chronic_hepatitis_C_virus_infection">Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51336172" href="https://wbiao.academia.edu/AdrianStanley">Adrian Stanley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hepatology, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background & Aims: Spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (CHC) is rare. We conducted a retrospective case control study to identify rates and factors associated with spontaneous clearance of CHC. We defined a case as an individual who spontaneously resolved CHC, and a control as an individual that remained chronically infected. We used data obtained on HCV testing between 1994 and 2013 in the West of Scotland to infer case/control status. Specifically, untreated patients with ≥ 2 sequential samples positive for HCV RNA ≥ 6 months apart followed by ≥ 1 negative test, and those with ≥ 2 positive samples ≥ 6 months apart with no subsequent negative samples were identified. Control patients were randomly selected from the second group (4/patient of interest). Case notes were reviewed and patient characteristics obtained. : 25,113 samples were positive for HCV RNA, relating to 10,318 patients. 50 cases of late spontaneous clearance were identified, contributing 241 person-years follow-up. 2518 untreated, chronically infected controls were identified, contributing 13,766 person-years follow-up, from whom 200 controls were randomly selected. Spontaneous clearance was positively associated with female gender, hepatitis B co-infection, younger age at infection and lower HCV RNA load. Spontaneous clearance was negatively associated with current intravenous drug use. The incidence rate of spontaneous clearance was 0.36/100 person-years follow-up, occurring after a median 50 months diagnosis. Conclusions: Spontaneous clearance of CHC occurs infrequently but is associated with identifiable host and viral factors. More frequent RNA monitoring may be appropriate in selected patients.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection","attachmentId":117650639,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123147174/Factors_associated_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_chronic_hepatitis_C_virus_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123147174/Factors_associated_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_chronic_hepatitis_C_virus_infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="58003848" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58003848/Spontaneous_Clearance_of_Chronic_HCV_The_Key_Ending_Left_in_the_Dark">Spontaneous Clearance of Chronic HCV: The Key Ending Left in the Dark</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80477270" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RumenTenev">Rumen Tenev</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C is the second leading cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the discovery of direct-acting agents made the disease curable, HCV elimination can be achieved solely by the host’s immunologic arsenal. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 29-year-old woman with chronic hepatitis C infection - elevated transaminases, positive serology. HCV was detectable on two occasions, and histology showed mild disease - A1F1. Upon follow up and without any treatment, the patient achieved spontaneous clearance confirmed by two consecutive undetectable HCV RNA tests. Spontaneous HCV clearance rarely occurs – 0.5% per person-year. This is sometimes accompanied by special circumstances like additional disease or medical interventions. Host factors like gender and interleukin-28B polymorphisms have been known to contribute to clearance. Viral factors like HCV RNA levels are also a factor. The characteristics of host-viral interplay – age of acquisition and...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spontaneous Clearance of Chronic HCV: The Key Ending Left in the Dark","attachmentId":72626270,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58003848/Spontaneous_Clearance_of_Chronic_HCV_The_Key_Ending_Left_in_the_Dark","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58003848/Spontaneous_Clearance_of_Chronic_HCV_The_Key_Ending_Left_in_the_Dark"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3479532" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3479532/Higher_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_in_females_compared_with_males">Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4079835" href="https://helwan.academia.edu/MohamedMostafa">Mohamed Mostafa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gut, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background and aims: According to the literature, 14-46% of subjects clear hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood after infection. Controversy exists about sex differences in HCV clearance rates. Patients and methods: We compared HCV clearance in males and females using data from a large population based study on HCV infection in Egypt. Definitions used in the paper were: cleared HCV infection (positive HCV antibody and negative HCV RNA test results) and chronic HCV infection (positive HCV antibody and positive HCV RNA test results). The study sample included 4720 village residents aged 18-65 years recruited through home based visits (n = 2425) or voluntary screening (n = 2295). Results: Overall, HCV antibody prevalence was 910/4720 (19.3% (95% confidence interval 18.2-20.4)). Of those with HCV antibodies (n = 910), 61.5% had chronic HCV infection. Compared with males, females were more likely to have cleared the virus (44.6% v 33.7%, respectively; p = 0.001). Control for age, schistosomiasis history, iatrogenic exposures, and sexual exposure to HCV did not alter the positive association between female sex and viral clearance. Conclusion: This study provides strong evidence in favour of a higher HCV clearance rate in females compared with males.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Higher clearance of hepatitis C virus infection in females compared with males","attachmentId":50267427,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3479532/Higher_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_in_females_compared_with_males","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3479532/Higher_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_in_females_compared_with_males"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="79801393" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79801393/Treatment_optimization_and_prediction_of_HCV_clearance_in_patients_with_acute_HCV_infection">Treatment optimization and prediction of HCV clearance in patients with acute HCV infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43538099" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MassimilianoCopetti">Massimiliano Copetti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hepatology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background & Aims: The lack of consensus on the optimal timing, regimen, and duration of treatment, in patients with acute HCV infection, stimulates the research on both favourable outcome predictors and individualized treatment regimens. This study aimed at investigating the impact of IL28B SNP rs12979860 alone or in combination with HLA class II alleles in both predicting spontaneous viral clearance and individualizing treatment strategies for patients with HCV persistence, after acute HCV exposure. Methods: 178 patients with AHC, consecutively treated with interferon alone or in combination with ribavirin, starting within or after 48 weeks from the diagnosis of AHC, were tested for IL28B SNPs and HLA class II alleles. Results: Spontaneous viral clearance was achieved in 28% of 169 patients available for genetic testing. Factors associated with HCV elimination were jaundice (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.31-5.77) and IL28B CC (OR 3.87, CI 1.71-8.51), but not HLA alleles. In CT/TT patients without jaundice, NPV for virus persistence was 98%. In patients with IL28B CT/TT, starting treatment 48 weeks after the onset was significantly associated with lower rates of response (28% vs. 100%, p = 0.027). By contrast, no significant differences in the rate of SVR were observed for CC carriers who started treatment later (65% vs. 85%, p = 1.0). Conclusions: In patients with acute HCV hepatitis, lack of viral clearance may be predicted by absence of jaundice and IL28B CT/TT genotype; in patients with these characteristics, treatment needs to be started immediately.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Treatment optimization and prediction of HCV clearance in patients with acute HCV infection","attachmentId":86393818,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79801393/Treatment_optimization_and_prediction_of_HCV_clearance_in_patients_with_acute_HCV_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79801393/Treatment_optimization_and_prediction_of_HCV_clearance_in_patients_with_acute_HCV_infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="16544607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16544607/A_closer_look_at_hepatitis_C_clearance_in_HIV_controllers">A closer look at hepatitis C clearance in HIV controllers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35822065" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EricSeaberg">Eric Seaberg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AIDS, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A closer look at hepatitis C clearance in HIV controllers","attachmentId":42442409,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16544607/A_closer_look_at_hepatitis_C_clearance_in_HIV_controllers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16544607/A_closer_look_at_hepatitis_C_clearance_in_HIV_controllers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="76399600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76399600/Epidemiological_and_Clinical_Factors_Associated_with_Spontaneous_Clearance_of_Hepatitis_C_Virus">Epidemiological and Clinical Factors Associated with Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121166981" href="https://independent.academia.edu/wahibaguenifi">wahiba guenifi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">BACKGROUND The risk of chronicity is high after acute hepatitis C. The infection remains limited and spontaneously resolves in an average of 30% of subjects. Such subjects are considered recovered and do not require any medical care. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical factors associated with spontaneous viral clearance. METHODS We conducted a descriptive retrospective study on patients’ files managed for a positive hepatitis C serology who benefited from the research of serum viral RNA by molecular biology. RESULTS The study collected 429 usable files. The mean age of the patients was 50.21 years, and the sex ratio was 0.98. Spontaneous viral clearance was estimated at 17.2%. The univariate analysis showed that clearance was significantly greater in subjects under the age of 50 years, patients without type 2 diabetes, patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus, patients with transfusion, and those diagnosed fortuitously. Multivariate analysis confirmed the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Factors Associated with Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus","attachmentId":84120109,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76399600/Epidemiological_and_Clinical_Factors_Associated_with_Spontaneous_Clearance_of_Hepatitis_C_Virus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76399600/Epidemiological_and_Clinical_Factors_Associated_with_Spontaneous_Clearance_of_Hepatitis_C_Virus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47340788" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47340788/Spontaneous_elimination_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_a_retrospective_study_on_demographic_clinical_and_serological_correlates">Spontaneous elimination of hepatitis C virus infection: a retrospective study on demographic, clinical, and serological correlates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41650395" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GRamadori">G. Ramadori</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World journal of gastroenterology : WJG, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To find correlates to spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, this study compared individuals with self-limited and chronic infection with regard to clinical, demographic, and serological parameters. Sixty-seven anti-HCV positive and repeatedly HCV RNA negative individuals were considered to have resolved HCV infection spontaneously. To determine the viral genotype these patients had been infected with HCV serotyping was performed. For comparison reasons, 62 consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis C were enrolled. Cases and controls were compared stratified for age and sex. Retrospective analysis showed (1) a lower humoral reactivity to HCV in patients with self-limited compared to chronic HCV-infection and (2) that younger age, history of iv drug use, and acute/post-acute hepatitis A or B co-infections, but not viral genotypes, are independent correlates for spontaneous HCV clearance. The stronger humoral reactivity to HCV in patients with persistent infecti...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spontaneous elimination of hepatitis C virus infection: a retrospective study on demographic, clinical, and serological correlates","attachmentId":66484088,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47340788/Spontaneous_elimination_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_a_retrospective_study_on_demographic_clinical_and_serological_correlates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47340788/Spontaneous_elimination_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_a_retrospective_study_on_demographic_clinical_and_serological_correlates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28486779" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28486779/Acute_Hepatitis_C_in_a_Contemporary_US_Cohort_Modes_of_Acquisition_and_Factors_Influencing_Viral_Clearance">Acute Hepatitis C in a Contemporary US Cohort: Modes of Acquisition and Factors Influencing Viral Clearance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53377873" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KrantzE">Elizabeth Krantz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background. Acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often asymptomatic; thus, its epidemiology and natural history are difficult to define.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acute Hepatitis C in a Contemporary US Cohort: Modes of Acquisition and Factors Influencing Viral Clearance","attachmentId":48834960,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28486779/Acute_Hepatitis_C_in_a_Contemporary_US_Cohort_Modes_of_Acquisition_and_Factors_Influencing_Viral_Clearance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28486779/Acute_Hepatitis_C_in_a_Contemporary_US_Cohort_Modes_of_Acquisition_and_Factors_Influencing_Viral_Clearance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46052716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46052716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_46052716" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16382373" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16382373/The_natural_course_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_after_22_years_in_a_unique_homogenous_cohort_spontaneous_viral_clearance_and_chronic_HCV_infection">The natural course of hepatitis C virus infection after 22 years in a unique homogenous cohort: spontaneous viral clearance and chronic HCV infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12787125" href="https://msudenver.academia.edu/StephenStewart">Stephen Stewart</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gut, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The natural course of hepatitis C virus infection after 22 years in a unique homogenous cohort: spontaneous viral clearance and chronic HCV infection","attachmentId":42505704,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16382373/The_natural_course_of_hepatitis_C_virus_infection_after_22_years_in_a_unique_homogenous_cohort_spontaneous_viral_clearance_and_chronic_HCV_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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data-author-id="201438071" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RayFox12">Ray Fox</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BioMed research international, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Factors associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus in Chinese population","attachmentId":82517692,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74326461/Factors_associated_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_in_Chinese_population","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74326461/Factors_associated_with_spontaneous_clearance_of_hepatitis_C_virus_in_Chinese_population"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="79664029" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79664029/Hierarchical_assessment_of_host_factors_influencing_the_spontaneous_resolution_of_hepatitis_C_infection">Hierarchical assessment of host factors influencing the spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C infection</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="218431812" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephaneTerezaQueirozdeAndrade">Stephane Tereza Queiroz de Andrade</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hierarchical assessment of host factors influencing the spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C infection","attachmentId":86301591,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79664029/Hierarchical_assessment_of_host_factors_influencing_the_spontaneous_resolution_of_hepatitis_C_infection","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79664029/Hierarchical_assessment_of_host_factors_influencing_the_spontaneous_resolution_of_hepatitis_C_infection"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="16448723" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16448723/Predicting_spontaneous_clearance_of_acute_hepatitis_C_virus_in_a_large_cohort_of_HIV_1_infected_men">Predicting spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus in a large cohort of HIV-1-infected men</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35627879" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmmaThomson6">Emma Thomson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Gut, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Predicting spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus in a large cohort of HIV-1-infected men","attachmentId":42483384,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16448723/Predicting_spontaneous_clearance_of_acute_hepatitis_C_virus_in_a_large_cohort_of_HIV_1_infected_men","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16448723/Predicting_spontaneous_clearance_of_acute_hepatitis_C_virus_in_a_large_cohort_of_HIV_1_infected_men"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="57303979" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57303979/A_systematic_review_and_meta_analysis_of_HCV_clearance">A systematic review and meta-analysis of HCV clearance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88995598" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MeriGorgievski">Meri Gorgievski-Hrisoho</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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