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Revolution</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civil war fought in Ecuador</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_(%2BGalapagos).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_%28%2BGalapagos%29.svg/254px-Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_%28%2BGalapagos%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="254" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_%28%2BGalapagos%29.svg/381px-Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_%28%2BGalapagos%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_%28%2BGalapagos%29.svg/507px-Esmeraldas_in_Ecuador_%28%2BGalapagos%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A map of Esmeraldas Province, where most of the fighting took place.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ecuadorian Civil War of 1913–1916</b>, or <b>Concha Revolution</b>, was a civil war fought in <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> in the 1910s. It began in 1913, when the <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province" title="Esmeraldas Province">Esmeraldas Province</a> rose up against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3nidas_Plaza" title="Leónidas Plaza">Leónidas Plaza</a>. Ultimately, the government was able to re-assert control, though much of the province was destroyed in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Civil_War">The Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuadorian_Civil_War_of_1913%E2%80%931916&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The civil war was an outcome of the assassination of liberal <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecuadorian">Ecuadorian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Eloy_Alfaro" title="Eloy Alfaro">Eloy Alfaro</a> -- responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1895" title="Liberal Revolution of 1895">Liberal Revolution of 1895</a> -- on January 28, 1912, in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north of Ecuador, the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Esmeraldas,_Ecuador" title="Esmeraldas, Ecuador">Esmeraldas</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Afro-Esmeraldans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Esmeraldans">Afro-Esmeraldans</a>, were loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">liberal cause</a> and the ensuing struggle left many of the poorly armed blacks dead at the hands of government troops.<br /> This uprising in support of Alfaro was against a more conservative wing of the Liberal party. Ecuadorian blacks contributed notably to the military effort and even formed the bulk of Alfaro’s army in the region. The Esmeraldan rebel army was led and funded by Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Concha_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Concha Torres (page does not exist)">Carlos Concha Torres</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Concha_Torres" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos Concha Torres">es</a>]</span> (1864–1919). This civil war left a bitter legacy in the region. </p><p>While the authors of <i>Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007</i> state that the war ended in 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Henderson states that it ended in 1916, when Carlos Concha was captured and held prisoner in Quito until his death in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecuadorian_Civil_War_of_1913%E2%80%931916&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarkeesWayman2010" class="citation book cs1">Sarkees, Meredith Reid; Wayman, Frank Whelon (2010-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ"><i>Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007</i></a>. CQ Press. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780872894341" title="Special:BookSources/9780872894341"><bdi>9780872894341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resort+to+war%3A+a+data+guide+to+inter-state%2C+extra-state%2C+intra-state%2C+and+non-state+wars%2C+1816-2007&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.isbn=9780872894341&rft.aulast=Sarkees&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Reid&rft.au=Wayman%2C+Frank+Whelon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvooAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuadorian+Civil+War+of+1913%E2%80%931916" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maloney, Gerardo F. (1995), “El negro y la cuestión negro”, <i>Nueva historia del Ecuador</i>; Editor, Enrique Ayala Mora; 13 vols; Quito, Ecuador: Grijalbo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foote, Nicola (2008), Entry: “Esmeraldas”, <i>Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture</i>, Vol 1; Editor, <a href="/wiki/Carole_Boyce_Davies" title="Carole Boyce Davies">Carole Boyce Davies</a>; Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO; pp. 422–423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Paul (1997). "Cocoa, Finance and the State in Ecuador, 1895-1925". <i>Bulletin of Latin American Research</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1470-9856.1997.tb00049.x">10.1111/j.1470-9856.1997.tb00049.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3050">0261-3050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3339105">3339105</a>. <q>in a nation-state as fragile as Ecuador, insurrections, border disputes and even civil war (1912-1916) were not uncommon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Cocoa%2C+Finance+and+the+State+in+Ecuador%2C+1895-1925&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0261-3050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3339105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1470-9856.1997.tb00049.x&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcuadorian+Civil+War+of+1913%E2%80%931916" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ecuador_topics" title="Template:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ecuador_topics" title="Template talk:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ecuador_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ecuador topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecuador_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ecuador-related_articles" title="Index of Ecuador-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Real Audiencia of Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_territorial_dispute" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute">Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1830%E2%80%931860)" title="History of Ecuador (1830–1860)">1830–1860</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_Revolution_(Ecuador)" title="March Revolution (Ecuador)">March Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War_(1857%E2%80%931860)" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1860%E2%80%931895)" title="History of Ecuador (1860–1895)">1860–1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1895" title="Liberal Revolution of 1895">Liberal Revolution of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1895%E2%80%931925)" title="History of Ecuador (1895–1925)">1895–1925</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concha_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Concha Revolution">Concha Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Guayaquil_general_strike" title="1922 Guayaquil general strike">1922 general strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1925%E2%80%931944)" title="History of Ecuador (1925–1944)">1925–1944</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1944%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Ecuador (1944–1960)">1944–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1960%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ecuador (1960–1990)">1960–1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Military_Junta_of_1963" title="Ecuadorian Military Junta of 1963">Military Junta of 1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carnavalazo" title="El Carnavalazo">El Carnavalazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Government" title="Supreme Council of Government">Supreme Council of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paquisha_War" title="Paquisha War">Paquisha War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Ecuador (1990–present)">1990–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs_in_Ecuador" title="War on drugs in Ecuador">War on drugs in Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenepa_War" title="Cenepa War">Cenepa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Ecuadorian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état">2000 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Ecuador_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Ecuador crisis">2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ecuadorian_conflict" title="2024 Ecuadorian conflict">2024 Ecuadorian conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador" title="Coat of arms of Ecuador"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ecuador_original_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador" title="Geography of Ecuador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Ecuador" title="List of birds of Ecuador">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ecuador" title="List of cities in Ecuador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ecuador" title="Climate of Ecuador">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ecuador" title="List of earthquakes in Ecuador">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Ecuador" title="Environment of Ecuador">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Ecuador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Ecuador" title="List of mammals of Ecuador">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ecuador" title="List of mountains in Ecuador">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Ecuador" title="List of national parks in Ecuador">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ecuador" title="Provinces of Ecuador">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ecuador" title="List of rivers of Ecuador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ecuador" title="List of volcanoes in Ecuador">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador" title="Politics of Ecuador">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ecuador" title="Foreign relations of Ecuador">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ecuador" title="Armed Forces of Ecuador">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Ecuador)" title="National Assembly (Ecuador)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_(Ecuador)" title="National Congress (Ecuador)">National Congress <span style="font-size:85%;">(former)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ecuador" title="List of political parties in Ecuador">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ecuador" title="President of Ecuador">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ecuador" title="List of presidents of Ecuador">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ecuador" title="Vice President of Ecuador">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Ecuador" title="Banking in Ecuador">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ecuador" title="Central Bank of Ecuador">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ecuador" title="Coffee production in Ecuador">Coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Ecuador" title="Currency of Ecuador">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Ecuador_economic_crisis" title="1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis">1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ecuador" title="Mining in Ecuador">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ecuador" title="Tourism in Ecuador">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ecuador" title="Trade unions in Ecuador">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ecuador" title="Transport in Ecuador">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ecuador" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ecuador" title="Category:Society of Ecuador">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ecuador" title="Crime in Ecuador">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ecuador" title="Demographics of Ecuador">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorians" title="Ecuadorians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ecuador" title="Health in Ecuador">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Social class in Ecuador">Social class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ecuador" title="Culture of Ecuador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ecuador" title="Flag of Ecuador">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Ecuador" title="List of newspapers in Ecuador">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecuadorians" title="List of Ecuadorians">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ecuador" title="Public holidays in Ecuador">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ecuador" title="Sport in Ecuador">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ecuador" title="Smoking in Ecuador">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Ecuador" title="Television in Ecuador">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" 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