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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminolog%C3%ADa_del_atletismo" title="Terminología del atletismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Terminología del atletismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atletismoaren_terminologia" title="Atletismoaren terminologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atletismoaren terminologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اختصارات دو و میدانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختصارات دو و میدانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%EC%83%81_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B8%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%BD%EC%96%B4" title="육상 경기의 약어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="육상 경기의 약어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations" title="Athletics abbreviations – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Athletics abbreviations" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87" title="ॲथलेटिक्स संक्षिप्तरुपे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲथलेटिक्स संक्षिप्तरुपे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Glossary of terms in the sport of athletics</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spc._Benard_Keter-_3,000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games,_Tokyo,_Japan_(51352006723).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Spc._Benard_Keter-_3%2C000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_%2851352006723%29.jpg/220px-Spc._Benard_Keter-_3%2C000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_%2851352006723%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Spc._Benard_Keter-_3%2C000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_%2851352006723%29.jpg/330px-Spc._Benard_Keter-_3%2C000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_%2851352006723%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Spc._Benard_Keter-_3%2C000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_%2851352006723%29.jpg/440px-Spc._Benard_Keter-_3%2C000m_steeplechase_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympic_Games%2C_Tokyo%2C_Japan_%2851352006723%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The sports under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>, use a variety of statistics. In order to report that information efficiently, numerous abbreviations have grown to be common in the sport. Starting in 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Bert_Nelson_(publisher)" title="Bert Nelson (publisher)">Bert Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cordner_Nelson" title="Cordner Nelson">Cordner Nelson</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Track_%26_Field_News" title="Track & Field News">Track & Field News</a></i> became the leader in creating and defining abbreviations in this field. These abbreviations have also been adopted by, among others: <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a>, the world governing body; various domestic governing bodies; the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Track_and_Field_Statisticians" title="Association of Track and Field Statisticians">Association of Track and Field Statisticians</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Road_Racing_Statisticians" title="Association of Road Racing Statisticians">Association of Road Racing Statisticians</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>; and individual media outlets who receive their reports. These abbreviations also appear in Wikipedia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Times_and_marks">Times and marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Times and marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all races record a time. Evolving since experiments in the 1930s, to their official use at the <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a> and official acceptance in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Fully_automatic_time" title="Fully automatic time">fully automatic times</a> have become common. As this evolution has occurred, the rare early times were specified as FAT times. As they are now commonplace, automatic times are now expressed using the hundredths of a second. Hand times (watches operated by human beings) are not regarded as accurate and thus are only accepted to the accuracy of a tenth of a second even when the watch displays greater accuracy. If the mark was set before 1977, a converted time to the tenth was recorded for record purposes, because they did not have a system to compare between the timing methods. Frequently in those cases there is a mark to the 100th retained for that race. Over this period of evolution, some reports show hand times also followed with an "h" or "ht" to distinguish hand times. </p><p>With two different timing methods came the inevitable desire to compare times. <i>Track and Field News</i> initiated adding .24 to hand times as a conversion factor. Many electronic hand stopwatches display times to the hundredth. Frequently those readings are recorded, but are not accepted as valid (leading to confused results). Some low level meets have even hand timed runners and have switched places according to the time displayed on the stopwatch. All of this is, of course, wrong. Hand times are not accurate enough to be accepted for record purposes for short races. <a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Human reaction time</a> is not perfectly identical between different human beings. Hand times involve human beings reacting, pushing the stopwatch button when they see the smoke or hear the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">starting pistol</a>, then reacting (possibly anticipating) the runner crossing the finish line. The proper procedure for converting hand times would be to round any hundredths up to the next higher even tenth of a second and then add the .24 to get a time for comparison purposes only.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But many meets displayed the converted marks accurate to the hundredth making the results look like they were taken with fully automatic timing. In these cases, some meets have displayed a 4 or a 0 in the hundredths column for all races. When detected, reports of these times are followed by a "c" or ' to indicate converted times. </p><p>Road race times are only considered accurate to a full second. To distinguish a full second time with hours, from a minute time with hundredths of a second, colons are used to separate hours from minutes, and minutes from seconds. A period is used to separate seconds from hundredths of a second. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transponder_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Transponder timing">Transponder timing</a> is becoming more common. The RFID detection system times the transponder chip, usually located on a runner's shoe as opposed to the official timing of the torso. Accurate to a full second, this is not significant, but in breaking microscopic ties, the data does not correspond to timing rules. Most road races cannot fit all participants onto the start line. Depending on the size of the field, some athletes could be several city blocks away from the start line and in the large crowd, could take minutes to get across the line. Results frequently indicate two times, the "gun time" would be the official time from the firing of the <a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">starting pistol</a>, but the mat time shows the time the shoe crossed a sensing mat at the start line to the time the shoe crossed the sensing mat at the finish line. </p><p>Occasionally, when breaking ties using <a href="/wiki/Photo_finish" title="Photo finish">photo finish</a>, times are displayed to the thousandth of a second. These times to the thousandth are not used for record purposes but times to the thousandth can be used to break ties between adjacent heats. Rules specify if a tie is broken this way, that all heats involved are recorded with the same timing system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most records are subject to ratification by the governing body for that record. On the world level, that is <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a>. Each body has their own procedure for ratifying the records: for example, <a href="/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field" title="USA Track & Field">USA Track & Field</a> (USATF), the governing body for the United States, only ratifies records once a year at their annual meeting at the beginning of December. </p><p>Until a record is ratified, it is regarded as "Pending" which is sometimes indicated by a following <b>P</b>. </p> <ul><li><b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sport_records_icon_WR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World Record"><img alt="World Record" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sport_records_icon_WR.svg/22px-Sport_records_icon_WR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sport_records_icon_WR.svg/33px-Sport_records_icon_WR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sport_records_icon_WR.svg/44px-Sport_records_icon_WR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics" title="List of world records in athletics">world record</a></li> <li><b>OR</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Olympic records in athletics">olympic record</a></li> <li><b>CR</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Athletics_Championships_records" title="List of World Athletics Championships records">championship record</a></li> <li><b>CR</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Athletics_Championships_records" title="List of World Athletics Championships records">course record</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>)</li> <li><b>CR</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_collegiate_records_in_track_and_field" title="List of United States collegiate records in track and field">US collegiate record</a></li> <li><b>GR</b> – games record</li> <li><b>PR</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Paralympic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Paralympic records in athletics">paralympic games record</a></li> <li><b>AR</b> – area (or continental) record</li> <li><b>ER</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_records_in_athletics" title="List of European records in athletics">European record</a></li> <li><b>NR</b> – <a href="/wiki/National_records_in_athletics" title="National records in athletics">national record</a> (for a specific country)</li> <li><b>MR</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_meet_records_in_athletics" title="List of meet records in athletics">meet record</a> (meeting record)</li> <li><b>DLR</b> – <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Diamond_League" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF Diamond League">diamond league record</a></li> <li><b>#</b> – the performance has not been accepted as a record, or there is some sort of irregularity with the result</li> <li><b>X</b> – the athlete has been disqualified after the performance (usually, this is for taking <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">performance-enhancing substance</a>)</li> <li><b>U20</b> (formerly <b>J</b> for Junior) – for an athlete under 20 years of age before the end of the calendar year of the competition. If no age-specific infix is added, the athlete is considered senior. <ul><li><b>WU20R</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_under-20_records_in_athletics" title="List of world under-20 records in athletics">world under-20 record</a> (formerly <b>WJR</b> – world junior record)</li> <li><b>AU20R</b> – area (or continental) under-20 record (formerly <b>AJR</b> – area junior record)</li> <li><b>NU20R</b> – national under-20 record (for a specific country) (formerly <b>NJR</b> – national junior record)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bests">Bests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some records are ratified or tracked, but they are not to the same standard of quality or accuracy as a record. The term is "bests." World Athletics lists bests for the Youth division and for <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road-racing</a> records such as the <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>. It also tracks athlete personal achievements as bests. </p> <ul><li><b>WB</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_athletics#Best_performances_in_non-WA_World_Record_events" title="List of world records in athletics">world best</a> (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)</li> <li><b>WBP</b> – world best performance (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)</li> <li><b>AB</b> – area (or continental) best (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)</li> <li><b>NB</b> – national best (the best mark recorded for a non-national federation record event)</li> <li><b>NBP</b> – national best performance (the best mark recorded for a non-IAAF world record event)</li> <li><b>PB</b> – <a href="/wiki/Personal_record" title="Personal record">personal best</a> (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level)</li> <li><b>SB</b> – season's best (the best mark achieved by an athlete on a personal level within a given season)</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="World_lead"></span> <b>WL</b> – world leading (the best mark achieved worldwide within a given season)</li> <li><b>EL</b> – European leading (Europe leading) (the best mark achieved throughout Europe within a given season)</li> <li><b>CL</b> – Collegiate leading (the best mark achieved throughout US American universities and colleges within a given season)</li> <li><b>U18</b> (formerly <b>Y</b> for Youth) – for athletes under 18 years of age at the end of the calendar year of the competition. <ul><li><b>WU18B</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_under-18_bests_in_athletics" title="List of world under-18 bests in athletics">world under-18 best</a> (formerly <b>WYB</b> – world youth best)</li> <li><b>AU18B</b> – area (or continental) under-18 best (formerly <b>AYB</b> – area youth best)</li> <li><b>NU18B</b> – national under-18 best (for a specific country) (formerly <b>NYB</b> – national youth best)</li></ul></li> <li><b>U23</b> – for athletes under 23 years of age at the end of the calendar year of the competition. <ul><li><b>WU23B</b> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_under-23_bests_in_athletics" title="List of world under-23 bests in athletics">world under-23 best</a></li> <li><b>AU23B</b> – area (or continental) under-23 best</li> <li><b>NU23B</b> – national under-23 best (for a specific country)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumstances_and_conditions">Circumstances and conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Circumstances and conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>+</b> – time was taken at an intermediate distance in a longer race</li> <li><b>A</b> – mark set at <a href="/wiki/1968_in_the_sport_of_athletics#Altitude" title="1968 in the sport of athletics">altitude</a></li> <li><b>a</b> – (in a road race) assisted, course not record-eligible according to <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> rule 260.28</li> <li><b>AC</b> – also competed</li> <li><b>b</b> – <a href="/wiki/Banked_turn" title="Banked turn">banked</a> track</li> <li><b>c</b> – converted mark</li> <li><b>dh</b> – downhill</li> <li><b>e</b> – estimated mark</li> <li><b>F</b> – finals<sup id="cite_ref-oly24_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oly24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>DNF</b> – did not finish</li> <li><b>DNS</b> – did not start</li> <li><b>DNC</b> – did not compete<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>DQ</b> – disqualified</li> <li><b>h</b> – hand timed <i>or</i> heats<sup id="cite_ref-oly24_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oly24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>i</b> – indoors</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="INT"></span><b>INT</b> – international team (used in <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay</a> results where athletes are from different countries)</li> <li><b>IRM</b> – irregular measurement</li> <li><b>Mx</b> – mixed-gender race</li> <li><b>n</b> – non-winning time</li> <li><b>ND</b> – no distance<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>NT</b> – no time</li> <li><b>NWI</b> – no wind information (or no wind instrument)</li> <li><b>NWJ</b> – no water jump (in <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Steeplechase running">steeplechase running</a> events)</li> <li><b>OT</b> – oversized track</li> <li><b>Q</b> – automatic qualifier in a major competition (see <a href="/wiki/Qualifying_standards_in_athletics" title="Qualifying standards in athletics">qualifying standards in athletics</a>)</li> <li><b>q</b> – secondary qualifier, by next best time or distance to complete the prescribed field size, rather than achieving a place or measurement goal</li> <li><b>qJ</b> – advanced to the next round by jury appeal</li> <li><b>qR</b> – advanced to the next round by referee</li> <li><b>Re</b> – <a href="/wiki/Repechage" title="Repechage">repechage</a></li> <li><b>S</b> – straight track<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>sf</b> – semi-finals<sup id="cite_ref-oly24_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oly24-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>sh</b> – short track, including "indoors" but also allowing for outdoor 200 metres tracks</li> <li><b>w</b> – mark of <a href="/wiki/Wind_assistance" title="Wind assistance">wind assistance</a>. For events where wind assistance is a factor (outdoor races 200 metres or less, <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">triple jump</a>), the wind reading is usually reported in metres per second (m/s).</li> <li><b>Wo</b> – women-only race</li> <li><b>y</b> – race measurement in yards</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_events">Field events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Field events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>o</b> – a cleared height in high jump or pole vault</li> <li><b>x</b> – a missed height in high jump or pole vault</li> <li><b>r</b> – athlete retired from competition</li> <li><b>NH</b> – no height</li> <li><b>NM</b> – no mark</li> <li><b>-</b> (formerly <b>P</b>) – athlete passed their attempt</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disqualifications">Disqualifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disqualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athlete disqualifications often reference the IAAF rule number under which the athlete was disqualified. </p><p>This is typically written in the format (false start as example): <b>DQ R162.7</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>40.1</b> – Doping violation during or in connection with the championships</li> <li><b>40.8</b> – Prior doping violation leading to suspension during the period of the championships</li> <li><b>41.1</b> – Doping violation by one or more relay team members</li> <li><b>142.4</b> – Failure to participate honestly with bona fide effort</li> <li><b>144.2</b> – Giving or receiving assistance (e.g. pacing, use of electronic devices)</li> <li><b>145.2</b> – Acting in an unsporting or improper manner (<a href="/wiki/Unsportsmanlike_conduct" title="Unsportsmanlike conduct">unsportsmanlike conduct</a>)</li> <li><b>149</b> - Entry to championships on the grounds of invalid performances</li> <li><b>162.7</b> – False start</li> <li><b>163.2</b> – Jostling or obstructing another athlete on the track</li> <li><b>163.3</b> – Running out of lane</li> <li><b>163.5</b> – Running out of lane (before 800 m, alley start or relay breakline)</li> <li><b>168.6</b> – Knocking down hurdle out of lane</li> <li><b>168.7</b> – Illegal hurdle clearance or deliberately knocking down hurdle</li> <li><b>170.6</b> – Baton not carried by hand; gloves or substances worn to give a better grip of the baton</li> <li><b>170.6c</b> – Dropped baton not retrieved by the athlete who dropped it</li> <li><b>170.7</b> – Baton not passed within take-over zone</li> <li><b>170.8</b> – Obstructing another team by athlete without baton</li> <li><b>170.9</b> – Illegal change of waiting place by athletes on third or fourth legs of 4x400m relay</li> <li><b>170.11</b> – Unverified team composition or running order</li> <li><b>170.17</b> – Outgoing runner in <span class="nowrap">4 × 400 m</span> relay begins running or breaks from lane too early</li> <li><b>218.4</b> – Illegal change of position by waiting relay runner (indoor events)</li> <li><b>230.6a</b> – Failure to comply with definition of race walking according to three different judges</li> <li><b>240.8e</b> – Illegal action by person authorised to hand refreshment to athlete</li> <li><b>240.8f</b> – More than two team officials stationed behind drinks table or running beside an athlete while taking on refreshment or water</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initialisms">Initialisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Initialisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organising_bodies">Organising bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organising bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">organizing bodies</a> of the sport are abbreviated into <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_soup_(linguistics)" title="Alphabet soup (linguistics)">alphabet soup</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>AAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Association_of_England" title="Amateur Athletic Association of England">Amateur Athletic Association of England</a> – England</li> <li><b>AAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Asian_Athletics_Association" title="Asian Athletics Association">Asian Athletics Association</a></li> <li><b>AAU</b> – <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union" title="Amateur Athletic Union">Amateur Athletic Union</a> USA amateur sports umbrella governing body formed 1887 until broken up in 1979 – USA</li> <li><b>AFI</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_Federation_of_India" title="Athletics Federation of India">Athletics Federation of India</a> - India</li> <li><b>AK</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_Kenya" title="Athletics Kenya">Athletics Kenya</a> – Kenya</li> <li><b>ANA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Authorised_Neutral_Athletes" title="Authorised Neutral Athletes">Authorised Neutral Athletes</a></li> <li><b>ANZ</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_New_Zealand" title="Athletics New Zealand">Athletics New Zealand</a> – New Zealand</li> <li><b>APA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Panamerican_Athletics" title="Association of Panamerican Athletics">Association of Panamerican Athletics</a> – North and South America</li> <li><b>ARAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_Athletic_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Russia Athletic Federation">All-Russia Athletic Federation</a> – Russia</li> <li><b>ART</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athlete_Refugee_Team" title="Athlete Refugee Team">Athlete Refugee Team</a> — Refugees</li> <li><b>BAAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Bahamas_Association_of_Athletic_Associations" title="Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations">Bahamas Association of Athletic Associations</a> – Bahamas</li> <li><b>BFLA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Athletic_Federation" title="Belarus Athletic Federation">Belarus Athletic Federation</a> – Belarus</li> <li><b>CAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Athletics" title="Confederation of African Athletics">Confederation of African Athletics</a></li> <li><b>CACAC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Athletic_Confederation" title="Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation">Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation</a> – Central America and Caribbean</li> <li><b>CBAt</b> – <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Athletics_Confederation" title="Brazilian Athletics Confederation">Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo</a> – Brasil</li> <li><b>CISM</b> – <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Sports_Council" title="International Military Sports Council">International Military Sports Council</a> – Military athletics</li> <li><b>CONSUDATLE</b> – <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Sudamericana_de_Atletismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo">Confederación Sudamericana de Atletismo</a> – South America</li> <li><b>CTAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Athletics_Association" title="Chinese Taipei Athletics Association">Chinese Taipei Athletics Association</a> – Taiwan</li> <li><b>DAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/Danish_Athletics_Federation" title="Danish Athletics Federation">Danish Athletics Federation</a> – Denmark</li> <li><b>DLFV</b> – 1949–1990 Athletics Federation of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany_national_athletics_team" title="East Germany national athletics team">East Germany</a></li> <li><b>DLV</b> – <a href="/wiki/German_Athletics_Association" title="German Athletics Association">Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband</a> – Germany</li> <li><b>EAA</b> or <b>EA</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Athletic_Association" title="European Athletic Association">European Athletic Association</a>/European Athletics</li> <li><b>EAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Athletic_Federation" title="Egyptian Athletic Federation">Egyptian Athletic Federation</a> – Egypt</li> <li><b>EKJL</b> – <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Athletic_Association" title="Estonian Athletic Association">Eesti Kergejõustikuliit</a> – Estonia</li> <li><b>FCA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Athletics_Federation" title="Cuban Athletics Federation">Federación Cubana de Atletismo</a> – Cuba</li> <li><b>FFA</b> – <a href="/wiki/French_Athletics_Federation" title="French Athletics Federation">Fédération française d'athlétisme</a> – France</li> <li><b>FRMA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Athletics_Federation" title="Royal Moroccan Athletics Federation">Fédération Royale Marocaine d’Athlétisme</a> – Morocco</li> <li><b>FIDAL</b> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_Athletics_Federation" title="Italian Athletics Federation">Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera</a> – Italy</li> <li><b>FISU</b> – <a href="/wiki/International_University_Sports_Federation" title="International University Sports Federation">International University Sports Federation</a> – Student athletics</li> <li><b>HKAAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Association_of_Athletics_Affiliates" title="Hong Kong Association of Athletics Affiliates">Hong Kong Association of Athletics Affiliates</a> – Hong Kong. <i>Hong Kong Amateur Athletic Association</i> is sometimes used.</li> <li><b>IAAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Athletics Federations">International Association of Athletics Federations</a> 1912-2019, the former name of what is now <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> – World</li> <li><b>IAU</b> – <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Ultrarunners" title="International Association of Ultrarunners">International Association of Ultrarunners</a></li> <li><b>IOC</b> – <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> – Olympics</li> <li><b>IPC</b> – <a href="/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee" title="International Paralympic Committee">International Paralympic Committee</a> – Paralympic athletics</li> <li><b>JAAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Athletics_Administrative_Association" title="Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association">Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association</a> – Jamaica. <i>Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association</i> is sometimes used.</li> <li><b>JAAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/Japan_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" title="Japan Association of Athletics Federations">Japan Association of Athletics Federations</a> – Japan</li> <li><b>KAAF</b> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Association_of_Athletics_Federations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Association of Athletics Federations (page does not exist)">Korean Association of Athletics Federations</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="extiw" title="it:Korean Association of Athletics Federations">it</a>]</span> — South Korea</li> <li><b>KNAU</b> – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Athletics_Federation" title="Royal Dutch Athletics Federation">Royal Dutch Athletics Federation</a> – Netherlands</li> <li><b>OAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Athletics_Association" title="Oceania Athletics Association">Oceania Athletics Association</a></li> <li><b>NACAC</b> – <a href="/wiki/North_American,_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Athletic_Association" title="North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association">North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association</a> – North America</li> <li><b>NCAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> – USA Colleges and Universities</li> <li><b>NFHS</b> – <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a> – USA <a href="/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" title="High school (North America)">High Schools</a></li> <li><b>QAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Athletics_Federation" title="Qatar Athletics Federation">Qatar Athletics Federation</a> – Qatar</li> <li><b>PZLA</b> - <a href="/wiki/Polski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Lekkiej_Atletyki" class="mw-redirect" title="Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki">Polski Związek Lekkiej Atletyki</a> - Poland</li> <li><b>RFEA</b> – <a href="/wiki/Real_Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Atletismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Federación Española de Atletismo">Real Federación Española de Atletismo</a> – Spain</li> <li><b>TAC</b> – The Athletics Congress, predecessor to <a href="/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field" title="USA Track & Field">USA Track & Field</a> 1979–1992 – USA</li> <li><b>TAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Athletic_Federation" title="Turkish Athletic Federation">Turkish Athletic Federation</a> – Turkey</li> <li><b>UKA</b> – <a href="/wiki/UK_Athletics" title="UK Athletics">UK Athletics</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><b>USATF</b> – <a href="/wiki/USA_Track_%26_Field" title="USA Track & Field">USA Track & Field</a> – USA</li> <li><b>WA</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> – World</li> <li><b>WAVA</b> – 1977–2001 <a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Athletics" title="World Masters Athletics">World Association of Veteran Athletes</a> – World Masters (athletes over age 35)</li> <li><b>WMA</b> – since 2001 <a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Athletics" title="World Masters Athletics">World Masters Athletics</a> – World Masters (athletes over age 35)</li> <li><b>WMRA</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Running_Association" title="World Mountain Running Association">World Mountain Running Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications_and_statisticians">Publications and statisticians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications and statisticians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>ARRS</b> – <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Road_Racing_Statisticians" title="Association of Road Racing Statisticians">Association of Road Racing Statisticians</a></li> <li><b>ATFS</b> – <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Track_and_Field_Statisticians" title="Association of Track and Field Statisticians">Association of Track and Field Statisticians</a></li> <li><b>AW</b> – <i><a href="/wiki/Athletics_Weekly" title="Athletics Weekly">Athletics Weekly</a></i></li> <li><b>NUTS</b> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_of_Track_Statisticians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Union of Track Statisticians (page does not exist)">National Union of Track Statisticians</a> – United Kingdom</li> <li><b>T&FN</b> – <i><a href="/wiki/Track_%26_Field_News" title="Track & Field News">Track & Field News</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the large number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_athletics_events" title="List of athletics events">athletics events</a> that are regularly contested, presentations of results and statistics often use abbreviations to refer to the events, rather than the full form. </p> <ul><li><b>CE</b> – <a href="/wiki/Combined_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined events">Combined events</a></li> <li><b>DMR</b> – <a href="/wiki/Distance_medley_relay" title="Distance medley relay">Distance medley relay</a></li> <li><b>DT</b> – <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">Discus throw</a></li> <li><b>HJ</b> – <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">High jump</a></li> <li><b>HM</b> – <a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><b>HT</b> – <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">Hammer throw</a></li> <li><b>JT</b> – <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">Javelin throw</a></li> <li><b>LJ</b> – <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">Long jump</a></li> <li><b>mh</b> or <b>mH</b> – metres hurdles (e.g. 400mh for <a href="/wiki/400_metres_hurdles" title="400 metres hurdles">400 metres hurdles</a>)</li> <li><b>PV</b> – <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">Pole vault</a></li> <li><b>SMR</b> – <a href="/wiki/Sprint_medley_relay" title="Sprint medley relay">Sprint medley relay</a></li> <li><b>SP</b> – <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">Shot put</a></li> <li><b>SC</b>, <b>st.</b> or <b>s'chase</b> – <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></li> <li><b>TJ</b> – <a href="/wiki/Triple_jump" title="Triple jump">Triple jump</a></li> <li><b>WT</b> – <a href="/wiki/Weight_throw" title="Weight throw">Weight throw</a></li> <li><b>XC</b> or <b>CC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitions">Competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>AAG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_African_Games" title="Athletics at the African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><b>AfC</b> – <a href="/wiki/African_Championships_in_Athletics" title="African Championships in Athletics">African Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li><b>AsC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Asian_Athletics_Championships" title="Asian Athletics Championships">Asian Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><b>CWG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Athletics at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><b>DL</b> – <a href="/wiki/Diamond_League" title="Diamond League">Diamond League</a></li> <li><b>EC</b> or <b>ECh</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_Championships" title="European Athletics Championships">European Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><b>ECCC</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Cross_Country_Championships" title="European Cross Country Championships">European Cross Country Championships</a></li> <li><b>EIC</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships" title="European Athletics Indoor Championships">European Athletics Indoor Championships</a></li> <li><b>EJC</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_U20_Championships" title="European Athletics U20 Championships">European Athletics Junior Championships</a></li> <li><b>EG</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><b>ETC</b> – <a href="/wiki/European_Athletics_Team_Championships" title="European Athletics Team Championships">European Team Championships</a></li> <li><b>ESAA</b> – <a href="/wiki/English_Schools%27_Athletics_Championships" title="English Schools' Athletics Championships">English Schools' Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><b>ISTAF</b> – <a href="/wiki/Internationales_Stadionfest_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationales Stadionfest Berlin">Internationales Stadionfest Berlin</a></li> <li><b>LYG</b> – <a href="/wiki/London_Youth_Games" title="London Youth Games">London Youth Games</a></li> <li><b>OG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><b>OAC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Athletics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceania Athletics Championships">Oceania Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><b>PG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a></li> <li><b>WC</b> or <b>WCh</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships" title="World Athletics Championships">World Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li><b>WHM</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Half_Marathon_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Athletics Half Marathon Championships">World Half Marathon Championships</a></li> <li><b>WIC</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships" title="World Athletics Indoor Championships">World Indoor Championships</a></li> <li><b>WJC</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_U20_Championships" title="World Athletics U20 Championships">World Junior Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li><b>WXC</b> – <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Cross_Country_Championships" title="World Athletics Cross Country Championships">World Cross Country Championships</a></li> <li><b>WYC</b> – <a href="/wiki/IAAF_World_Youth_Championships_in_Athletics" title="IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics">IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics</a></li> <li><b>PAG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Athletics at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><b>SAG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_South_Asian_Games" title="Athletics at the South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><b>SEAG</b> – <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics at the Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401145104/http://www.ocmstrackmeet.com/fat-vs-handheld-times.html">"FAT vs Handheld Times"</a>. <i>Gordie Richardson Oakland County 7th & 8th Grade Track Meet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocmstrackmeet.com/fat-vs-handheld-times.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gordie+Richardson+Oakland+County+7th+%26+8th+Grade+Track+Meet&rft.atitle=FAT+vs+Handheld+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocmstrackmeet.com%2Ffat-vs-handheld-times.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthletics+abbreviations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oly24-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oly24_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oly24_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oly24_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trackandfieldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/24OlympicSched-3.pdf">"2024 Olympic Games Time Schedule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Track_and_Field_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and Field News">Track and Field News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Track+and+Field+News&rft.atitle=2024+Olympic+Games+Time+Schedule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrackandfieldnews.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F06%2F24OlympicSched-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthletics+abbreviations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trackandfieldnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ncaamintro.pdf">"A History Of The NCAA Men's Outdoor Track & Field Championships 1921 – 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Track_and_Field_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and Field News">Track and Field News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Track+and+Field+News&rft.atitle=A+History+Of+The+NCAA+Men%E2%80%99s+Outdoor+Track+%26+Field+Championships+1921+%E2%80%93+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrackandfieldnews.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2Fncaamintro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthletics+abbreviations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/464/what-does-nd-abbreviation-stand-for-in-athletics-results/465#465">"What does ND abbreviation stand for in athletics results"</a>. <i>Sports Stack Exchange</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=What+does+ND+abbreviation+stand+for+in+athletics+results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F464%2Fwhat-does-nd-abbreviation-stand-for-in-athletics-results%2F465%23465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthletics+abbreviations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/usa2.htm">"UNITED STATES CHAMPIONSHIPS (MEN 1943-)"</a>. <i>GBR Athletics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GBR+Athletics&rft.atitle=UNITED+STATES+CHAMPIONSHIPS+%28MEN+1943-%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbrathletics.com%2Fnc%2Fusa2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthletics+abbreviations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, Mark et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iaaf-ebooks.s3.amazonaws.com/Moscow-2013-Statistics/sources/projet/IAAF-Moscow.pdf">IAAF Statistics Book Moscow 2013</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012091910/http://iaaf-ebooks.s3.amazonaws.com/Moscow-2013-Statistics/sources/projet/IAAF-Moscow.pdf">archived</a>), p. 71. IAAF. Retrieved on 2015-07-06.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athletics_abbreviations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbrathletics.com/intro.htm">GBR Athletics abbreviations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=175739a3-b6be-4e84-914c-15d7ce791665.pdf&urlslug=Terms%20and%20abbreviations">Terms & Abbreviations</a> (World Athletics)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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