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School </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_of_the_Holy_Cross_and_Yale_Law_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early legal career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 District of Columbia Court of Appeals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nomination to the Supreme Court </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nomination to the Supreme Court subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anita_Hill_accusations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anita_Hill_accusations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Anita Hill accusations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anita_Hill_accusations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Second hearing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_votes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_votes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Senate votes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_votes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Supreme Court of the United States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supreme Court of the United States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_powers_and_legal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_powers_and_legal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Government powers and legal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_powers_and_legal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_precedent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_precedent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Court precedent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_precedent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Executive power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalism_and_states'_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism_and_states'_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Federalism and states' rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalism_and_states'_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Individual rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 First Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Second Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Fourth Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Sixth Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Eighth Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourteenth_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourteenth_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Fourteenth Amendment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourteenth_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_and_family_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_and_family_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Abortion and family planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_and_family_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBTQ_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBTQ_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 LGBTQ rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBTQ_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oral arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Literary influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moira_Smith_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moira_Smith_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Moira Smith allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moira_Smith_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nondisclosure_of_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nondisclosure_of_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Nondisclosure of finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nondisclosure_of_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honors and recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Biographical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Clarence Thomas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كلارنس توماس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلارنس توماس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarens_Tomas" title="Klarens Tomas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klarens Tomas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کلارنس توماس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلارنس توماس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%EB%9F%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="클래런스 토머스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클래런스 토머스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1" title="קלרנס תומאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלרנס תומאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="क्लॅरेन्स थॉमस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लॅरेन्स थॉमस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="كلارنس توماس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلارنس توماس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="クラレンス・トーマス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラレンス・トーマス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Томас, Кларенс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томас, Кларенс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کلارنس تۆماس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلارنس تۆماس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кларенс Томас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кларенс Томас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Clarence Thomas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кларенс Томас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кларенс Томас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="کلیرنس تھامس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیرنس تھامس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Clarence Thomas, see <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Clarence Thomas (disambiguation)">Clarence Thomas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Clarence Thomas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/220px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/330px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg/440px-Clarence_Thomas_official_SCOTUS_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3300" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2007</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office October 23, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 12, 1990 – October 23, 1991</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judith_W._Rogers" title="Judith W. Rogers">Judith W. Rogers</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 6, 1982 – March 8, 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Kemp" title="Evan Kemp">Evan Kemp</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Civil_Rights" title="Office for Civil Rights">Assistant Secretary of Education for the Office for Civil Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 26, 1981 – May 6, 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Cynthia Brown<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Harry Singleton<a href="#cite_note-singleton-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1948-06-23) June 23, 1948 (age 76) <a href="/wiki/Pin_Point,_Georgia" title="Pin Point, Georgia">Pin Point, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Kathy Ambush</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1971; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1984)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Virginia Lamp</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1987)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clarence Thomas's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg/128px-Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg/192px-Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg/256px-Clarence_Thomas%27_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="100" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Jones_v._Hendrix.ogg" title="File:Clarence Thomas delivers the opinion of the Court in Jones v. Hendrix.ogg">Clarence Thomas's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="197" data-mwtitle="Clarence_Thomas_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Jones_v._Hendrix.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Clarence_Thomas_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Jones_v._Hendrix.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Clarence_Thomas_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Jones_v._Hendrix.ogg/Clarence_Thomas_delivers_the_opinion_of_the_Court_in_Jones_v._Hendrix.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Clarence Thomas delivers the opinion of the Court in <a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Hendrix" title="Jones v. Hendrix">Jones v. Hendrix</a> Recorded June 22, 2023</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> since 1991. <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">He was nominated</a> by the U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in 1990 to succeed <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>. After Marshall, Thomas is the second <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> to serve on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> and has been its longest-serving member since <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>'s retirement in 2018. Since <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>'s retirement in 2022, he is also the Court's oldest member. Thomas was born in <a href="/wiki/Pin_Point,_Georgia" title="Pin Point, Georgia">Pin Point</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. After his father abandoned the family, he was raised by his grandfather in a poor <a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a> community near <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>. Growing up as a devout Catholic, Thomas originally intended to be a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, but he was frustrated by what he viewed as the church's insufficient attempts to combat racism. He abandoned his aspiration of becoming a clergyman and graduated from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, where he was influenced by a number of conservative authors, especially <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a>. Upon graduating, he was appointed as an <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">assistant attorney general</a> in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and later entered private practice there. He became a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_assistant" title="Legislative assistant">legislative assistant</a> to U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a> in 1979, and was made Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a> in 1981. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appointed Thomas as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC) the next year. President George H. W. Bush nominated Thomas to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> in 1990. He served in that role for 19 months before filling Marshall's seat on the Supreme Court. Thomas's confirmation hearings were bitter and intensely fought, centering on an accusation that he had sexually harassed <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>, a subordinate at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education</a> and the EEOC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander_Jr.1997378-5">[5]</a> The Senate confirmed Thomas by a vote of 52–48, the narrowest margin in a century.<a href="#cite_note-Senate.gov-6">[6]</a> Since the death of <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, Thomas has been the Court's foremost <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalist</a>, stressing the <a href="/wiki/Original_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Original meaning">original meaning</a> in interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab20222-7">[7]</a> In contrast to Scalia—who had been the only other consistent originalist—he pursues a more <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classically liberal</a> variety of originalism.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Thomas was known for his silence during most oral arguments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017215-9">[9]</a> though has since begun asking more questions to counsel.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> He is notable for his majority opinions in <a href="/wiki/Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a> (determining the freedom of religious speech in relation to the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>) and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Rifle_%26_Pistol_Association,_Inc._v._Bruen" title="New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen">New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen</a> (affirming the individual <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to bear arms</a> outside the home), as well as his dissent in <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a> (arguing that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> may not <a href="/wiki/Criminalize" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminalize">criminalize</a> the private cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical cannabis</a>). He is widely considered to be the Court's <a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">most conservative member</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Thomas was born on June 23, 1948, in his parents' wooden shack in <a href="/wiki/Pin_Point,_Georgia" title="Pin Point, Georgia">Pin Point, Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200450-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199432–33-12">[12]</a> Pin Point was a small community near <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200447-13">[13]</a> He was the second of three children of M.C. Thomas, a farm worker, and Leola Williams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200450-11">[11]</a> Williams had been born out of wedlock; after her mother's death, she was sent from <a href="/wiki/Liberty_County,_Georgia" title="Liberty County, Georgia">Liberty County, Georgia</a>, to live with an aunt in Pin Point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200446-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-oyez.org-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200812-16">[16]</a> The family were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved people</a> and spoke <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gullah-17">[17]</a> Thomas's earliest known ancestors were slaves named Sandy and Peggy, who were born in the late 18th century and owned by wealthy <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planter</a> Josiah Wilson of Liberty County.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200422–23-18">[18]</a> Thomas's older sister, Emma, was born in 1946, and his younger brother, Myers, in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200450–51-19">[19]</a> Upon becoming pregnant with Thomas's older sister, Leola was expelled from her <a href="/wiki/Baptist_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist church">Baptist church</a> and dropped out of high school after the 10th grade; her father ordered her to marry M.C. in January 1947. After three years of marriage, M.C. sued for divorce, claiming that Leola neglected the children, and a judge granted the request in March 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200450–51-19">[19]</a> After the divorce, M.C. moved to <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> and later Pennsylvania, visiting his children only once. Leola went to work as a maid in Savannah during the week and returned to Pin Point on the weekends. Custody of the children was awarded to Leola's aunt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200453-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-emm-21">[21]</a> When her aunt's house burned down in 1955, Leola took her children to live with her in the room she rented in a tenement with an outdoor toilet in Savannah, leaving her daughter with the aunt in Pin Point. She asked her father, Myers Anderson, for help. He initially refused but agreed after his wife threatened to throw him out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199437-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher200857-23">[23]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/332px-1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/442px-1967_Clarence_Thomas_yearbook_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Thomas's 1967 high school yearbook picture</figcaption></figure>Thomas and his brother went to live with Anderson, his maternal grandfather, in 1955 and experienced amenities such as <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">indoor plumbing</a> and regular meals for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher200854–55-24">[24]</a> Despite having little formal education, Anderson had built a successful business delivering coal, oil, and ice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199437-22">[22]</a> When racial unrest led to widespread protest and marches in Savannah from 1960 to 1963, Anderson used his wealth to bail out demonstrators and took his grandchildren to meetings promoted by the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200454–55-25">[25]</a> Thomas has described his grandfather as the person who has influenced his life the most.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber200211-26">[26]</a> Anderson converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and sent Thomas to be educated at a series of Catholic schools. Thomas attended the predominantly black St. Pius X High School in <a href="/wiki/Chatham_County,_Georgia" title="Chatham County, Georgia">Chatham County</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> for two years before transferring to St. John Vianney's Minor Seminary on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Hope,_Georgia" title="Isle of Hope, Georgia">Isle of Hope</a>, where he was the segregated <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a>'s first black student.<a href="#cite_note-businessweek-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Though he experienced <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>, he performed well academically.<a href="#cite_note-oyez.org-15">[15]</a> He spent many hours at the <a href="/wiki/East_Henry_Street_Carnegie_Library" title="East Henry Street Carnegie Library">Carnegie Library</a>, the only library for Blacks in Savannah before libraries were desegregated in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher200853-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-alger-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[a]</a> When Thomas was ten years old, Anderson began putting his grandsons to work during the summers, helping him build a house on a plot of farmland he owned, building fences, and doing farm work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200410–11-34">[33]</a> He believed in hard work and self-reliance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200412-35">[34]</a> never showed his grandsons affection,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200410–11-34">[33]</a> beat them frequently according to Leola, and impressed the importance of a good education on them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199438–39-36">[35]</a> Anderson taught Thomas that "all of our rights as human beings came from God, not man", and that <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> was a violation of <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022126–127-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_of_the_Holy_Cross_and_Yale_Law_School">College of the Holy Cross and Yale Law School</h3></div> During his freshman year from 1967 to 1968, Thomas attended <a href="/wiki/Conception_Abbey" title="Conception Abbey">Conception Seminary College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> seminary in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, with the intent to become a priest; no one in Thomas's family had attended college before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200488–91-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-businessweek-28">[28]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.%27s_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination">Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination</a>, he overheard a fellow student say, "Good. I hope the son of a bitch dies" and "[t]hat's what they should do to all the <a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">niggers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200491-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-businessweek2-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-41">[40]</a> The display of racism moved Thomas to leave the seminary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber200212-42">[41]</a> He thought the church did not do enough to combat racism and resolved to abandon the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady201210-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200491-39">[38]</a> He left at the end of the semester.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200491-39">[38]</a> At a nun's suggestion, Thomas enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a>, an elite Catholic college in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, as a sophomore transfer student on a full academic scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt060609ct-45">[44]</a> He was one of the college's first black students, being one of twenty recruited by President <a href="/wiki/John_E._Brooks" title="John E. Brooks">John E. Brooks</a> in 1968 in a group that also included the future attorney <a href="/wiki/Ted_Wells" title="Ted Wells">Ted Wells</a>, the running back <a href="/wiki/Ed_Jenkins_(American_football)" title="Ed Jenkins (American football)">Eddie Jenkins Jr.</a>, and the novelist <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In the fall of that year, Thomas and other black students founded the college's <a href="/wiki/Black_Student_Union" title="Black Student Union">Black Student Union</a> (BSU), which became an important part of their campus identity.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Without financial support from his grandfather, he defrayed his expenses by working as a waiter and dishwasher in the college's dining hall.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Thomas later recalled, "I was 19. My only hope was Holy Cross College".<a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[48]</a> Professors at Holy Cross remembered Thomas as a determined, diligent student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher2008104–105-50">[49]</a> He kept to a strict routine of studying alone and stayed back during holidays to continue working.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994–199596-51">[50]</a> Thomas C. Lawler, an English professor at Holy Cross,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> recalled him as having "never talked very much in class. He was the kind of person you really might not notice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher2008104–105-50">[49]</a> By contrast, he was outspoken at BSU meetings, distinguishing himself as a contrarian who often feuded with Ted Wells. The future running back Ed Jenkins, a BSU member, said Thomas "could turn on a dime and reduce you to intellectual rubble".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher2008110–111-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett200499–100-54">[53]</a> Edward P. Jones, who lived across from Thomas as a sophomore, reflected that "there was a fierce determination I sensed from him [Thomas], that he was going to get as much as he could and get as far, ultimately, as he could".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-thomas-55">[54]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg/267px-HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg/401px-HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg/534px-HC_Dinand_Library_1.%2723.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Dinand Library at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a>, where Thomas studied as an undergraduate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady201292,_94-56">[55]</a></figcaption></figure> Thomas became a vocal student activist as an undergraduate. He became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Black_separatism" title="Black separatism">black separatism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Muslim_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Muslim Movement">black Muslim Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">black power movement</a>, and displayed a poster of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> in his dormitory room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199451-57">[56]</a> When some black students were disproportionately punished in comparison with white students for the same violation, he suggested a walkout in protest. The BSU adopted his idea, and Thomas, along with sixty other black students, departed campus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200843–44-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin201930-59">[58]</a> Some of the priests negotiated with the protesting black students to reenter the school.<a href="#cite_note-businessweek-28">[28]</a> When administrators granted amnesty to all protesters, Thomas returned to the college, later also to attend <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-war marches</a>. In April 1970, he participated in the violent <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_and_the_Vietnam_War#1970:_Harvard_Square_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University and the Vietnam War">1970 Harvard Square riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200844–45-60">[59]</a> He has credited his protests for his turn toward conservatism and subsequent disillusionment with leftist movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200844-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-tahnba-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-thomas-55">[54]</a> Having struggled with English as a native speaker of <a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a>, Thomas chose to major in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher2008105-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sotomayor_and_Thomas-64">[63]</a> He became a member of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Nu" title="Alpha Sigma Nu">Alpha Sigma Nu</a>, the Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honor society</a>, and the Purple Key Society, of which he was the only black member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher2008112-65">[64]</a> The college's focus on a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">liberal arts education</a> introduced him to the writings of black intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>, whose literary works Thomas sympathized with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199451-57">[56]</a> His admiration of Malcolm X led him to read <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Malcolm_X" title="The Autobiography of Malcolm X">The Autobiography of Malcolm X</a> to the point of wearing down the pages of his copy.<a href="#cite_note-abc_news-66">[65]</a> Thomas graduated on June 4, 1971, with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors" title="Latin honors">cum laude</a>, ranked ninth in his class.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> He applied to and was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2012184-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> That same year, Thomas matriculated at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> as one of twelve black students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson199458-70">[69]</a> Yale offered him the best financial aid package, and he was attracted to the civil rights activism of some of its faculty members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004118–121-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2002106-72">[71]</a> Finding it difficult to keep up with the school's expectations, he struggled to connect with other students who came from upper-class backgrounds. He enrolled in Yale's most difficult courses and became a student of the property law scholar <a href="/wiki/Quintin_Johnstone" title="Quintin Johnstone">Quintin Johnstone</a>, who became his favorite professor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004122–125-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200847–48-74">[73]</a> Johnstone remembered Thomas as having "performed very well".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2002107-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guido_Calabresi" title="Guido Calabresi">Guido Calabresi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Yale_Law_School" title="Dean of Yale Law School">dean of Yale Law School</a>, described Thomas and fellow student <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> as "both excellent students [who] had the same kind of reputation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2002107-75">[74]</a> Thomas obtained his <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> on May 20, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200850-76">[75]</a> After graduation, he sought to enter private practice as a corporate lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004129–131-77">[76]</a> He saw his experience in law school as disappointing, as law firms assumed he was accepted because of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2012217-78">[77]</a> According to Thomas, the law firms also "asked pointed questions, unsubtly suggesting that they doubted I was as smart as my grades indicated".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek-79">[78]</a> In his 2007 memoir, he wrote: "I peeled a fifteen-cent sticker off a package of cigars and stuck it on the frame of my law degree to remind myself of the mistake I'd made by going to Yale. I never did change my mind about its value."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2007143–44-80">[79]</a> Hill, Jones, and Farrington, the Savannah law firm where Thomas had interned the previous summer, offered him a job upon graduation, but he declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2002113-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994–1995100-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_legal_career">Early legal career</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_%28cropped%29.jpg/354px-441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_%28cropped%29.jpg/472px-441-G-81-136-10_Bell_Swears_in_Clarence_Thomas_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4357" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Thomas is sworn in as Assistant Secretary of Education for the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Civil_Rights" title="Office for Civil Rights">Office for Civil Rights</a> in 1981</figcaption></figure> With no job offers from major law firms, Thomas took a position as an associate with Missouri attorney general <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a>, who offered him the prospect of practicing what he liked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004131–133-83">[82]</a> Thomas moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis Missouri">Saint Louis</a> to study for <a href="/wiki/The_Missouri_Bar" title="The Missouri Bar">the Missouri bar</a>, and was admitted on September 13, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004134,_139-84">[83]</a> He remained financially destitute even after leaving Yale, trying unsuccessfully on one occasion to make money by selling his blood at a <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood bank</a>, and hoped that by working for Danforth he might later acquire a job in private practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200851-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004129,_140-86">[85]</a> From 1974 to 1977, Thomas was an assistant attorney general of Missouri—the only African-American member of Danforth's staff. He worked first in the office's criminal appeals division and later in the revenue and taxation division. Thomas conducted lawsuits independently, gaining a reputation as a fair but controversial prosecutor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004138–141-87">[86]</a> Years later, after he joined the Supreme Court, Thomas recalled his position in Missouri as "the best job I've ever had".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004147-88">[87]</a> When Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1976, Thomas left to become an attorney in <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>'s legal department in Saint Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004146–147-89">[88]</a> He found the job unsatisfying, so left to rejoin Danforth in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, as a legislative assistant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004149-90">[89]</a> From 1979 to 1981, he handled energy issues for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Commerce Committee</a>. Thomas, who had switched his party affiliation from Democratic to Republican while working for Danforth in Missouri,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013386-91">[90]</a> soon drew the attention of officials in the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Administration">Reagan Administration</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">black conservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013386-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004149–150-92">[91]</a> Pendleton James, Reagan's personnel director, offered Thomas the position of assistant secretary for civil rights at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education," class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education,">U.S. Department of Education</a>. Initially reluctant, Thomas agreed after Danforth and others pressed him to take the post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004153–156-93">[92]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas,_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights,_in_His_Office,_May_18,_1981_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights%2C_in_His_Office%2C_May_18%2C_1981_%28cropped%29.jpg/189px-441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights%2C_in_His_Office%2C_May_18%2C_1981_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights%2C_in_His_Office%2C_May_18%2C_1981_%28cropped%29.jpg/283px-441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights%2C_in_His_Office%2C_May_18%2C_1981_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights%2C_in_His_Office%2C_May_18%2C_1981_%28cropped%29.jpg/377px-441-G-81-121-3_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Assistant_Secretary_for_Civil_Rights%2C_in_His_Office%2C_May_18%2C_1981_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption>Thomas in his office on May 18, 1981</figcaption></figure>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> nominated Thomas as assistant secretary of education for the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Civil_Rights" title="Office for Civil Rights">Office for Civil Rights</a> (OCR) on May 1, 1981.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The Senate received the nomination on May 28, 1981, and Thomas was quickly confirmed before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Labor_and_Human_Resources_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee">Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee</a> on June 19, succeeding Cynthia Brown at the age of 32.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004156-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> He held the position for a brief period before James offered him a new position as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC), a promotion that Thomas believed, as with his position in the OCR, was because of his race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200854-98">[97]</a> After James consulted the President, Thomas hesitantly took up the chair with Reagan's approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004159-99">[98]</a> Thomas chaired the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> (EEOC) from 1982 to 1990. As chairman, he was tasked with enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> in an agency that had been mutually resented by both Democrats and Republicans. He announced a reorganization of the EEOC and upgraded its record-keeping under an uncompromising leadership that eschewed racial quotas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200854-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004160–161,_177-100">[99]</a> Concerned by the EEOC's limited statutory authority, Thomas sought to impose criminal penalties for employers who practiced <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a>, moving to shift funding towards agency investigators. Though he had been critical of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>, Thomas also opposed the Reagan Administration's agenda to remove affirmative action policies, believing it to be a detraction from socioeconomic issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004153,_172–175-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013386-91">[90]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg/227px-Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg/341px-Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg/454px-Ronald_Reagan_and_Clarence_Thomas_in_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2661" /></a><figcaption>Thomas with President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1986, while serving as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></figcaption></figure>During Thomas's tenure, he was credited with improving the efficiency of the EEOC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerber200213-102">[101]</a> Settlement award amounts to victims of discrimination tripled, while the number of suits filed decreased. The EEOC's lack of the use of goals and timetables drew criticism from civil rights advocates, who lobbied representatives to review the EEOC's practices; Thomas testified before Congress more than 50 times. Near the end of his final term, the EEOC came under congressional scrutiny for the mishandling of age-discrimination cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004177–178,_200–201-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013386–387-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals">District of Columbia Court of Appeals</h2></div> In early 1989, President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> expressed interest in nominating Thomas to a federal judgeship. Thomas, now at age 41, initially rejected the position, believing himself unready to make a lifetime commitment to being a judge. White House Counsel <a href="/wiki/C._Boyden_Gray" title="C. Boyden Gray">C. Boyden Gray</a> and White House Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a> advocated for his nomination, and Judge <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Silberman" title="Laurence Silberman">Laurence Silberman</a> advised Thomas to accept an appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004206–207-105">[104]</a> Anticipating Thomas's nomination, a liberal coalition—including the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Justice" title="Alliance for Justice">Alliance for Justice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (NOW)—emerged to oppose his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004208-106">[105]</a> On October 30, 1989, President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> nominated Thomas to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> to fill the seat vacated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013387-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-108">[107]</a> Thomas gained the support of other African American officials, including former transportation secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Thaddeus_Coleman_Jr." title="William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.">William Coleman</a>, and said that when meeting white <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> staffers in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, he was "struck by how easy it had become for sanctimonious whites to accuse a black man of not caring about civil rights".<a href="#cite_note-abc_news-66">[65]</a> In February 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> recommended Thomas by a vote of 12 to 1. On March 6, 1990, the Senate confirmed him to the Court of Appeals by a vote of 98 to 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004208-106">[105]</a> He developed cordial relationships during his 19 months on the federal court, including with Judge <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc_news-66">[65]</a> During his judgeship, Thomas authored 19 opinions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200859-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_to_the_Supreme_Court">Nomination to the Supreme Court</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg/240px-Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg/360px-Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg/480px-Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Thomas was nominated to replace Justice <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> (pictured), who announced his retirement on June 27, 1991, due to ill health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004257–258-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007112-111">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> When Justice <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William Brennan</a> retired from the Supreme Court in July 1990, Thomas was Bush's favorite among the five candidates on his shortlist for the position. However, Bush's advisors, including Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a>, considered Thomas inexperienced,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004209-112">[111]</a> and he instead nominated <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">First Circuit Court of Appeals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc_news-66">[65]</a> A year later, Justice <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> announced his retirement on June 27, 1991, and Bush nominated Thomas to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004210-114">[113]</a> Bush announced his selection on July 1, calling Thomas the "best qualified at this time".<a href="#cite_note-abc_news-66">[65]</a> Thornburgh cautioned Bush that replacing Marshall with any candidate who was not perceived to share Marshall's views would make confirmation difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher2008172-115">[114]</a> Liberal interest groups sought to challenge Thomas's nomination by paralleling the same strategy used against Robert Bork's confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet2005335–336-116">[115]</a> Abortion-rights groups, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Abortion_Rights_Action_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Abortion Rights Action League">National Abortion Rights Action League</a> and the NOW, were concerned that Thomas would be among those to overrule <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004214–215-117">[116]</a> Republican officials in turn emphasized his personal history and gathered support from African American interest groups, including the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETushnet2005336-118">[117]</a> Other civil rights organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a>, were convinced not to oppose Thomas, believing that he was Bush's last black nominee. On July 31, 1991, the board of directors of the NAACP voted against endorsing Thomas, announcing their opposition to his confirmation the same day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004222–223-119">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> (ABA) appraised Thomas as "qualified" for the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004224-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[b]</a> The result came in contrast to the "well qualified" rating some nominees had received previously.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> The Bush Administration anticipated that the organization would rate Thomas more poorly than it thought he deserved, so pressured the ABA for at least the mid-level qualified rating while simultaneously discrediting it as partisan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieraGross1998137-125">[123]</a> Opponents of Thomas's nomination saw the assessment as indicating that he was unfit for the Court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004225-126">[124]</a> The ABA gave Thomas its highest rankings in integrity and judicial temperament and a middle-grade in professional competence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004224–225-127">[125]</a> On September 10, 1991, formal confirmation hearings began before the Senate Judiciary Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200730-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200866-129">[127]</a> Thomas testified for 25 hours, the second-longest of any Supreme Court nominee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004229-130">[128]</a> He was reticent when answering senators' questions, recalling what had happened to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> when Bork expounded on his judicial philosophy <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">during his confirmation hearings</a> four years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200725,_31-131">[129]</a> As many of his earlier writings frequently referenced <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, his views on the legal theory became a focus of the hearings. Thomas said he regarded natural law as a "philosophical background" to the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200731-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-natural-law-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-seattle-times-natural-law-134">[132]</a> Ninety witnesses testified in favor of or against Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200870-135">[133]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A motion on September 27, 1991, to give the nomination a favorable recommendation failed 7–7, and the Judiciary Committee voted 13–1 to send it to the full Senate without recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013389-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRS-R44234-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anita_Hill_accusations">Anita Hill accusations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c5079445/user-clip-clarence-thomas-opening-statement">Clarence Thomas Opening Statement October 11, 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4981323/anita-hill-opening">Anita Hill Opening Statement October 11, 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?21974-1/thomas-hearing-day-1-part-1&event=21974&playEvent">Thomas Second Hearing Day 1, Part 1 October 11, 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?22097-1/thomas-hearing-day-1-part-2">Thomas Second Hearing Day 1, Part 2 October 11, 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> At the conclusion of the committee's confirmation hearings, the Senate was debating whether to give final approval to Thomas's nomination. An <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> interview with <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>, a former colleague of Thomas at the EEOC, was soon leaked to the press and allegations of sexual harassment followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200871–72-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992870–871-140">[138]</a> As a result, on October 8, the final vote was postponed, and the confirmation hearings were reopened. It was only the third time in the Senate's history that such an action was taken and the first since 1925, when Justice <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a>'s nomination was recommitted to the Judiciary Committee.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-R44234-138">[136]</a> Hill was raised in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and, like Thomas, graduated from Yale Law School.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> She told James Brudney, a fellow Yale alumnus, about alleged sexual advances Thomas had made, telling him that she also did not wish to testify or make the allegations public to the Senate Judiciary Committee. Hill requested to the staff of Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, the chair of the committee, that her allegations be made anonymously if she chose to testify and that Thomas not be informed of them, which Biden declined. Hill then notified Democratic staffers the day after the hearings had ended that she wished to make her allegations known to the committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004229–230,_232-142">[140]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Anita_Hill_testifying_in_front_of_the_Senate_Judiciary_Committee_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Hill testifying during the second confirmation hearings</figcaption></figure>Hill's allegations were corroborated by Susan Hoerchner, a judge in California, who also wished to remain anonymous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994238-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004230–231-144">[142]</a> Hoerchner called Harriet Grant, a chief counsel to Biden, to inform him of her allegations. She recalled that Thomas told Hill in an elevator at the EEOC that he would ruin her career if she spoke about his behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994235,_238-145">[143]</a> When Grant told Hill and Hoerchner that the FBI would be involved, they were reluctant to be investigated. Hill declined to speak with the FBI, as she feared it would misconstrue her words, so instead arranged to deliver a written statement. The statement described how Thomas pressured her to date him, and included descriptions of him speaking about sexual interests involving pornographic films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994241–243-146">[144]</a> Hill also alleged that Thomas spoke of sex at work despite her being uncomfortable with the subject, adding, "I sensed that my discomfort with his discussions only urged him on, as though my reaction of feeling ill at ease and vulnerable was what he wanted".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004233-147">[145]</a> The FBI report of its investigation was not made public. The White House announced that the FBI had found the allegations "without foundation". Congressional officials who had seen the report told the New York Times that "the bureau could not draw any conclusion because of the 'he said, she said' nature of the subject".<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The use of the FBI was contentious in the Judiciary Committee because it answers to the president, who was sponsoring Thomas. Biden used the FBI instead of the committee's investigators to avoid the appearance of partisanship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994241-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_hearing">Second hearing</h4></div> The hearings reconvened on October 11, 1991, with Thomas going first. In his opening statement, he denied that he had said or done anything to Hill "that could have been mistaken for sexual harassment". He told the Committee that he would not allow any questions about "what goes on in the most intimate parts of my private life or the sanctity of my bedroom" so as not to "provide the rope for my own lynching".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994289–290-151">[149]</a> The committee then questioned Hill for seven hours. She testified that ten years earlier Thomas had subjected her to comments of a sexual nature, calling it "behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994292–295-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Her testimony included graphic details, and some senators questioned her aggressively.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Hill accused Thomas of making two sexually offensive remarks to her: comparing his penis to that of <a href="/wiki/Long_Dong_Silver" title="Long Dong Silver">Long Dong Silver</a>, a black porn star, and saying he had discovered a pubic hair on his <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> can.<a href="#cite_note-:7-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004245–246-158">[156]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> And from my standpoint as a black American, as far as I'm concerned, [this proceeding] is a high-tech <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> for uppity blacks that in any way deign to think for themselves, to do for themselves, to have different ideas, and it is a message that unless you kowtow to the old order, this is what will happen to you. You will be lynched, destroyed, caricatured by a committee of the United States Senate rather than hung from a tree. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Thomas, testifying as part of his opening statement before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></cite> </div> In the evening, Thomas was recalled before the committee. He again denied the allegations and was prompted by Senator <a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a>'s questioning to launch a speech that criticized the proceeding as a "high-tech lynching for uppity blacks".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994298–299-160">[158]</a> The speech resonated with Southern blacks and stimulated Thomas's supporters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004248-161">[159]</a> with public opinion shifting in his favor afterward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994300-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013391-163">[161]</a> Hill was the only person to publicly testify that Thomas had sexually harassed her.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Angela Wright, who worked under Thomas at the EEOC and had alleged that "Thomas had continually pressured her to date him and made sexual comments about women's bodies",<a href="#cite_note-key-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> and a corroborating witness she had named were not called to testify.<a href="#cite_note-key-165">[163]</a> Their written depositions were entered into the congressional records unrebutted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994344-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieraGross1998219-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_excerpts-169">[167]</a> Sukari Hardnett, a former Thomas assistant, wrote to the Senate committee that although Thomas had not harassed her, "If you were young, black, female and reasonably attractive, you knew full well you were being inspected and auditioned as a female."<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994134-171">[169]</a> In addition to Hill and Thomas, the committee heard other witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-R44234-138">[136]</a> A former colleague, Nancy Altman, testified that for two years she had shared an office with Thomas at the Department of Education and "heard virtually every conversation" Thomas had and never heard him make a sexist or offensive comment.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary sources needed</a>] On October 13, Hill voluntarily took and passed a <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> test, which her lawyer took as proof that she had been truthful about the harassment claims, even if the test was not admissible as evidence in court. Danforth's office then issued a statement saying that persons suffering from a delusional disorder might pass a lie detector test.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_2018_q975-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Totenberg_2018_t483-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> After the confirmation hearings ended, they became a focus of divided scholarship, with authors who revisited them reaching varying conclusions in favor of either Thomas or Hill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013391-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_votes">Senate votes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Thomas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Virginia_Thomas.JPG" decoding="async" width="197" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Thomas was sworn in as a member of the U.S. Supreme Court by Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> on October 23, 1991. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Thomas">Virginia Thomas</a>, looks on in the foreground.</figcaption></figure>On October 15, 1991, the Senate voted to confirm Thomas as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice</a>, 52–48.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-R44234-138">[136]</a> Thomas received the votes of 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats, while 46 Democrats and two Republicans voted to reject his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-NYT19911016-177">[175]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Thomas&action=edit">[update]</a>, Thomas is the most recent Supreme Court justice to be confirmed by a Senate controlled by the opposing party of the appointing president. The 99 days during which Thomas's nomination was pending in the Senate was the second-longest of the 16 nominees receiving a final vote since 1975, second only to Bork's 108 days.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-R44234-138">[136]</a> The vote to confirm Thomas was the narrowest margin for approval in more than 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992871-178">[176]</a> Thomas received his <a href="/wiki/Commission_(document)" title="Commission (document)">commission</a> on October 23 and took the prescribed constitutional and judicial oaths of office, becoming the Court's <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">106th justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992870-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[c]</a> He was sworn in by Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> in a ceremony initially scheduled for October 21, which was postponed because of the death of Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>'s wife, Natalie.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007111-184">[181]</a> His first set of law clerks included future judges <a href="/wiki/Gregory_G._Katsas" title="Gregory G. Katsas">Gregory Katsas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_E._Maggs" title="Gregory E. Maggs">Gregory Maggs</a> and U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Landau" title="Christopher Landau">Christopher Landau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#f5f5f5">Vote to confirm the Thomas nomination </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th rowspan="2">October 15, 1991 </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2">Total votes </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th style="background-color:#b0ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#ffb6b6;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 10em; background:#F5F5F5">Yea </td> <td style="width: 8em;">11 </td> <td style="width: 8em;">41 </td> <td style="width: 6em; background:#F5F5F5">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5">Nay </td> <td>46 </td> <td>02 </td> <td style="background:#F5F5F5">48 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:left;">Result: Confirmed </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States">Supreme Court of the United States</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg/220px-Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg/330px-Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg/440px-Clarence_Thomas_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait, 2004</figcaption></figure> After joining the Supreme Court, Thomas emerged as a member of the Court's <a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">conservative wing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200886-187">[184]</a> He aligned himself with Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, with whom he shared an <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalist</a> approach to constitutional interpretation, and sided with him in 92 percent of cases during his first 13 years on the bench.<a href="#cite_note-190">[d]</a> Over time, Thomas and Scalia's jurisprudence separated,<a href="#cite_note-196">[e]</a> with Thomas favoring stronger emphasis on the Constitution's original understanding and demonstrating greater willingness to overrule precedent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201312-197">[192]</a> His appointment represented a decline in the Court's liberal wing, which then comprised only Justices <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoperSullivan199759,_61–62,_70-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013385-199">[194]</a> In his early days on the Court, Thomas adopted a bold style of legal jurisprudence that alienated him from Justices Blackmun and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>. He became the subject of intense media criticism for his decisions, including from figures that supported his appointment. Having previously experienced scrutiny during his confirmation hearings, Thomas believed in producing results without regard for his public image, a characteristic embodied in his lack of questions during <a href="/wiki/Oral_Argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral Argument">oral arguments</a>. His conservative approach moved O'Connor to take liberal positions but attracted Scalia. He formed a friendship with Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a>, with whom he shared multiple interests, and found support from Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007115–124,_166-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200799-201">[196]</a> Thomas is a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Original_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Original meaning">original meaning</a>, incorporating what had been Scalia's narrower approach to the doctrine and the <a href="/wiki/Original_intent" title="Original intent">original intent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Framers_of_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers of the Constitution">Framers of the Constitution</a>, including those espoused in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. As a means to impartiality, he is an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial restraint</a> to limit judicial discretion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201317–22-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[f]</a> Thomas has been the most-willing of all justices on the Court to overrule precedent; according to Scalia, "he does not believe in <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a>, period".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004281-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022234-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[g]</a> By October 1, 2012, he had written 475 opinions, including 171 <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinions</a>, 138 concurrences, and 166 <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinions</a>—approximately 10 percent of the 1,772 cases the Court had decided since he was elevated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013214-210">[203]</a> In 2016, Thomas wrote nearly twice as many opinions as any other justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017215-9">[9]</a> Thomas has been called the most conservative member of the Supreme Court,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin200799-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbsnews.com-212">[205]</a> though others gave Scalia that designation while they served on the Court together.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> Thomas's influence, particularly among conservatives, was perceived to have significantly increased during <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s presidency,<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> and Trump appointed many of his former clerks to political positions and judgeships.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> As the Supreme Court became more conservative, Thomas and his legal views became more influential on the Court.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> This influence increased further by 2022, with Thomas authoring an opinion <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Rifle_%26_Pistol_Association,_Inc._v._Bruen" title="New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen">expanding</a> Second Amendment rights and contributing to the Court's <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">overruling</a> of Roe v. Wade. He was also the most senior associate justice by that time.<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_powers_and_legal_structure">Government powers and legal structure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Court_precedent">Court precedent</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Precedent#U.S._legal_system" title="Precedent">Stare decisis in the U.S. legal system</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg/247px-Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg/371px-Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg/494px-Supreme_Court_US_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>The Roberts Court in 2006</figcaption></figure>Thomas believes the Court should not follow erroneous precedent, a view not currently held by other justices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs20211-226">[219]</a> He has called to reconsider <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a> (1964), and criticized Roe v. Wade (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright" title="Gideon v. Wainwright">Gideon v. Wainwright</a> (1963). At a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a> dinner, Judge <a href="/wiki/Diane_S._Sykes" title="Diane S. Sykes">Diane S. Sykes</a> asked Thomas whether "stare decisis doesn't hold much force for you?" He responded, "Oh, it sure does, but not enough to keep me from going to the Constitution".<a href="#cite_note-:1-227">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> In 2019, The New York Times reported that data gathered by political scientist Stephen L. Wasby of the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY" title="University at Albany, SUNY">University at Albany</a> found that Thomas wrote "more than 250 concurring or dissenting opinions seriously questioning precedents, calling for their reconsideration or suggesting that they be overruled".<a href="#cite_note-:1-227">[220]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> In the 2010 gun regulation case <a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._City_of_Chicago" title="McDonald v. City of Chicago">McDonald v. City of Chicago</a>, Thomas sought to repeal past precedents and insisted that "stare decisis is only an 'adjunct' of our duty as judges to decide by our best lights what the Constitution means".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013129–130-229">[222]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gamble_v._United_States" title="Gamble v. United States">Gamble v. United States</a> (2019), he joined the majority opinion, which revisited an exception to the <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>, writing separately to state his position against the Court's prevailing view of multi-factor analysis regarding whether to follow precedent:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohlman20201732-230">[223]</a><blockquote>In my view, if the Court encounters a decision that is demonstrably erroneous—i.e., one that is not a permissible interpretation of the text—the Court should correct the error, regardless of whether other factors support overruling the precedent. Federal courts may (but need not) adhere to an incorrect decision as precedent, but only when traditional tools of legal interpretation show that the earlier decision adopted a textually permissible interpretation of the law. A demonstrably incorrect judicial decision, by contrast, is tantamount to making law, and adhering to it both disregards the supremacy of the Constitution and perpetuates a usurpation of the legislative power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs20212-231">[224]</a></blockquote>In <a href="/wiki/Franchise_Tax_Board_of_California_v._Hyatt_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt (2019)">Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt</a> (2019),<a href="#cite_note-232">[h]</a> Thomas wrote the 5–4 decision overruling <a href="/wiki/Nevada_v._Hall" title="Nevada v. Hall">Nevada v. Hall</a> (1979), which said states could be sued in courts of other states. In his majority opinion, he noted that stare decisis "is not an inexorable command". Thomas explicitly disavowed the concept of reliance interests as justification for adhering to precedent. In dissent from Hyatt III, Justice Breyer asked what other decisions might eventually be overruled, and suggested Roe v. Wade might be among them. Breyer stated that it is best to leave precedents alone unless they are widely seen as erroneous or become impractical.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive_power">Executive power</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas,_Akhil_Reed_Amar,_September_12,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Akhil_Reed_Amar%2C_September_12%2C_2012.jpg/287px-64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Akhil_Reed_Amar%2C_September_12%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Akhil_Reed_Amar%2C_September_12%2C_2012.jpg/431px-64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Akhil_Reed_Amar%2C_September_12%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Akhil_Reed_Amar%2C_September_12%2C_2012.jpg/574px-64-CFDA-20120912-02-024_The_Constitution_Turns_225._Justice_Clarence_Thomas%2C_Akhil_Reed_Amar%2C_September_12%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Thomas speaks with <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Reed_Amar" title="Akhil Reed Amar">Akhil Reed Amar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Accountability_Center" title="Constitutional Accountability Center">Constitutional Accountability Center</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Thomas has supported a broad interpretation of executive power and has theorized about its constitutional aspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017215-9">[9]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hamdi_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdi v. Rumsfeld">Hamdi v. Rumsfeld</a> (2004),<a href="#cite_note-234">[i]</a> he dissented from the majority opinion, arguing that courts should have had complete deference to the executive decision to determine that <a href="/wiki/Yaser_Esam_Hamdi" title="Yaser Esam Hamdi">Yaser Esam Hamdi</a> was an enemy combatant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022234–236-235">[226]</a> He wrote in Hamdi that the president does not have the singular authority to detain a citizen who was captured while in enemy service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017215–216-236">[227]</a> In addition, Thomas noted that "structural advantages [of the Presidency] are most important in the national-security and foreign-affairs contexts" and thus "the Founders intended that the President have primary responsibility—along with the necessary power—to protect the national security and to conduct the nation's foreign relations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington2016675–676-237">[228]</a> Thomas was one of three justices to dissent in <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-238">[j]</a> which concerned whether the president can establish military tribunals to try detained enemy combatants for war crimes conspiracy. As in Hamdi, he relied on <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> in proposing that the president is responsible for protecting <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017218-239">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington2016673-240">[230]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zivotofsky_v._Kerry" title="Zivotofsky v. Kerry">Zivotofsky v. Kerry</a> (2015), Thomas relied on the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> for his opinion. He wrote, "the President is not confined to those powers expressly identified in [the Constitution]", concluding that residual foreign affairs were vested in the president, not Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017216–218-241">[231]</a> Rather than finding the original intent or original understanding, Thomas wrote in the case that he sought the "understanding of executive power [that] prevailed in America" at the time of the founding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaggs2017219-242">[232]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a> case East Bay Sanctuary Covenant v. Trump (2018), which placed an injunction on the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>'s asylum policy, Thomas dissented from a denial of stay application. The Ninth Circuit imposed an injunction on the Trump administration's policy granting asylum only to refugees entering from a designated port of entry, ruling that it violated the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a>. Ninth Circuit Judge <a href="/wiki/Jay_Bybee" title="Jay Bybee">Jay Bybee</a>'s majority opinion concluded that denial of the ability to apply for asylum regardless of entry point is "the hollowest of rights that an alien must be allowed to apply for asylum regardless of whether she arrived through a port of entry if another rule makes her categorically ineligible for asylum based on precisely that fact." Gorsuch, Alito, Kavanaugh also dissented in the decision to deny a stay to the Ninth Circuit's injunction.<a href="#cite_note-243">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federalism_and_states'_rights">Federalism and states' rights</h4></div> Thomas views federalism as a foundational limit on federal power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022184-245">[235]</a> In interpreting congressional powers, he has defended <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict constructionism</a>—an approach Scalia rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022252-246">[236]</a> On September 24, 1999, Thomas delivered the Dwight D. Opperman Lecture at <a href="/wiki/Drake_University_Law_School" title="Drake University Law School">Drake University Law School</a> on "Why Federalism Matters", saying that it was an essential safeguard to protect "individual liberty and the private ordering of our lives". He also asserted that federalism enhances self-government, protects individual liberty by separating political power, and checks federal authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201332–33-247">[237]</a> According to law professor <a href="/wiki/Ann_Althouse" title="Ann Althouse">Ann Althouse</a>, the Court has yet to move toward "the broader, more principled version of federalism propounded by Justice Thomas".<a href="#cite_note-Althouse-248">[238]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Nothing in the Constitution deprives the people of each State of the power to prescribe eligibility requirements for the candidates who seek to represent them in Congress. The Constitution is simply silent on this question. And where the Constitution is silent, it raises no bar to action by the States or the people. — Thomas, dissenting in <a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a> (1995)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201382-249">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022184-245">[235]</a> </blockquote> </div> In the 1995 case <a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[k]</a> parties challenged the constitutionality of an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkansas Constitution">Arkansas Constitution</a> that added age, citizenship, and residency requirements for congressional service. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled the amendment unconstitutional, also affirming the previous rulings of both the state's trial court and the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Arkansas Supreme Court</a>; Justice Stevens wrote for the majority. Thomas—joined by Justices Rehnquist, O'Connor, and Scalia—dissented in what is to date his lengthiest opinion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201381–82-251">[240]</a> He argued that states could impose term limits on members of Congress, as state citizens are "the ultimate source of the Constitution's authority".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022184–185-252">[241]</a> That same year, Thomas concurred in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a>, which invalidated the <a href="/wiki/Gun-Free_School_Zones_Act_of_1990" title="Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990">Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990</a> for going beyond the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a>. He opined that the Court had deviated "from the original understanding of the Commerce Clause" and that the substantial effects test, "if taken to its logical extreme, would give Congress a 'police power' over all aspects of American life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201334–36-253">[242]</a> Thomas dissented in <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a> (2005), which held that the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> applies to homegrown marijuana, on the grounds of original meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201341–42-254">[243]</a> His interpretation of the interstate commerce clause differed from Scalia's, and they also held conflicting beliefs about the <a href="/wiki/General_welfare_clause" title="General welfare clause">general welfare clause</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Commerce_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Commerce Clause">Indian commerce clause</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">necessary and proper clause</a>. Scalia joined the majority opinion, but Thomas disputed the relevance of homegrown marijuana to interstate commerce, writing that if Congress can regulate it, "it can regulate virtually anything—and the Federal Government is no longer one of limited and enumerated powers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022253–254-255">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201342–43-256">[245]</a> In <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Comstock" title="United States v. Comstock">United States v. Comstock</a> (2010),<a href="#cite_note-257">[l]</a> the Supreme Court, in a majority opinion by Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, held that the <a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> allows Congress to enact a law that authorized the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) to detain a mentally ill and dangerous federal prisoner beyond the DOJ's original lawful date. Thomas's dissent, joined by Scalia, argued that the clause allows Congress only to execute <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">enumerated powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum201378–79-258">[246]</a> When the Court upheld the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a> (2012), he authored a short dissent and joined the joint dissent finding the act completely unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022129–130-259">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonny_Perdue,_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_(34145045182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sonny_Perdue%2C_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_%2834145045182%29.jpg/220px-Sonny_Perdue%2C_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_%2834145045182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sonny_Perdue%2C_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_%2834145045182%29.jpg/330px-Sonny_Perdue%2C_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_%2834145045182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sonny_Perdue%2C_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_%2834145045182%29.jpg/440px-Sonny_Perdue%2C_Mary_Perdue_and_Clarence_Thomas_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0083_%2834145045182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Swears in <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> as the 31st Secretary of Agriculture, 2017</figcaption></figure>As of 2007, Thomas was the justice most willing to exercise <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> of federal statutes but among the least likely to overturn state statutes.<a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a> According to a New York Times editorial, "from 1994 to 2005 ... Justice Thomas voted to overturn federal laws in 34 cases and Justice Scalia in 31, compared with just 15 for Justice Stephen Breyer".<a href="#cite_note-261">[249]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Austin_Municipal_Utility_District_No._1_v._Holder" title="Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder">Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder</a>, Thomas was the sole dissenter, voting to throw out Section Five of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a>. Section Five requires states with a history of racial voter discrimination—mostly states from the <a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">old South</a>—to gain <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> clearance when revising election procedures. Congress had reauthorized Section Five in 2006 for another 25 years, but Thomas said the law was no longer necessary, stating that the rate of black voting in seven Section Five states was higher than the national average. He wrote, "the violence, intimidation and subterfuge that led Congress to pass Section 5 and this court to uphold it no longer remains."<a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a> He took this position again in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a>, voting with the majority and concurring with the reasoning that struck down Section Five.<a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_rights">Individual rights</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Amendment">First Amendment</h4></div> Thomas has generally written opinions in favor of protections for <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtman2009415-264">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022260-265">[253]</a> He has voted in favor of <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> claims in cases involving issues including <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign contributions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">commercial speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin2019134–144-266">[254]</a> A 2002 study by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Eugene Volokh</a> found Thomas to be the justice second-most likely to uphold free speech claims (tied with Souter).<a href="#cite_note-267">[255]</a> He has ruled against laws regulating <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Hate speech in the United States">hate speech</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens" title="United States v. Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a> (2010), and <a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a> (2011).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022136–137-268">[256]</a> Conversely, he has been reluctant to uphold speech deemed intimidating, as in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a> (2003).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022137-269">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin201948–50-270">[258]</a> Thomas's first opinion on free speech was the 1995 case <a href="/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[m]</a> finding that the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_america" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial america">Founding Era</a> contained the expansive use of anonymous pamphlets and columns. Although he agreed with the result of Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>'s majority opinion, he disagreed with its methodology and did not join it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtman2009425-272">[259]</a> With the announcement of McIntyre, the Court also decided Rubin v. Coors Brewing Company, in which Thomas wrote his first majority opinion concerning free speech. In Rubin, Thomas was joined unanimously in ruling unconstitutional a 1935 federal law that prohibited beer labels from disclosing alcohol content. He similarly concurred the next year in 44 Liquormart v. Rhode Island, which struck down a state law that banned the advertisement of prices of alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtman2009427-273">[260]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a> (1996), the Supreme Court ruled against the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> (FEC) to fine the Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee for running a <a href="/wiki/Political_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Political advertisement">political advertisement</a> targeting Senator <a href="/wiki/Tim_Wirth" title="Tim Wirth">Tim Wirth</a>. Thomas joined Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>'s majority opinion in the case, but wrote separately to call against the framework established in the previous campaign finance case of <a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v Valeo</a> (1976):<blockquote>I believe that contribution limits infringe as directly and as seriously upon freedom of political expression and association as do expenditure limits. The protections of the First Amendment do not depend upon so fine a line as that between spending money to support a candidate or group and giving money to the candidate or group to spend for the same purpose. In principle, people and groups give money to candidates and other groups for the same reason that they spend money in support of those candidates and groups: because they share social, economic, and political beliefs and seek to have those beliefs affect governmental policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtman2009431–432-274">[261]</a></blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg/300px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg/450px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg/600px-Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a> pictured in 2017</figcaption></figure>Thomas has made public his belief that all limits on federal campaign contributions are unconstitutional and should be struck down.<a href="#cite_note-275">[262]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a> (2010), Thomas joined the majority but dissented in part, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a>'s disclaimer and disclosure requirements were unconstitutional. He reinforced his defense of anonymous speech in <a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a> (2010), writing that the First Amendment protects "political association" by means of signing a petition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022264–265-276">[263]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>In <a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a> (1969), Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> dissented from the Court's opinion invalidating a school's policy to forbid students from wearing armbands in protest of the Vietnam War. Thomas endorsed Black's dissent in <a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a> (2007), concurring with narrowing the rationale of Tinker and arguing that Tinker be overruled as it was a constitutionally unsupported "sea change in students’ speech rights".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaab2022266-277">[264]</a> In his view, the Constitution does not govern whether public school students may be disciplined for expressive behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009650-278">[265]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a>—in which a high school punished a student for sending a profane message on social media about her school, softball team, and cheer team—Thomas was the lone dissenter, siding with the school. He criticized the majority for relying on "vague considerations" and wrote that historically schools could discipline students in similar situations.<a href="#cite_note-279">[266]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans</a>, he joined the majority opinion that Texas's decision to deny a request for a <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate Battle Flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the United States">specialty license plate</a> was constitutional.<a href="#cite_note-280">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Amendment">Second Amendment</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg/271px-64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg/407px-64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg/542px-64-CFDA_Clarence_Thomas_NARA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Thomas speaks at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in September 2012</figcaption></figure> Thomas agreed with the judgment in <a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._City_of_Chicago" title="McDonald v. City of Chicago">McDonald v. Chicago</a> (2010) that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">right to keep and bear arms</a> is applicable to state and local governments, but he wrote a separate concurrence finding that an individual's right to bear arms is fundamental as a privilege of American citizenship under the <a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities Clause</a> rather than as a fundamental right under the due process clause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin2019176-281">[268]</a> The four justices in the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality opinion">plurality opinion</a> specifically rejected incorporation under the privileges or immunities clause, "declin[ing] to disturb" the holding in the <a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a>, which, according to the plurality, had held that the clause applied only to federal matters.<a href="#cite_note-282">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[270]</a> Since 2010, Thomas has dissented from denial of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> in several Second Amendment cases. He voted to grant certiorari in Friedman v. City of Highland Park (2015), which upheld bans on certain semi-automatic rifles; Jackson v. San Francisco (2014), which upheld trigger lock ordinances similar to those struck down in Heller; <a href="/wiki/Peruta_v._San_Diego_County" title="Peruta v. San Diego County">Peruta v. San Diego County</a> (2016), which upheld restrictive <a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">concealed carry</a> licensing in California; and Silvester v. Becerra (2017), which upheld waiting periods for firearm purchasers who have already passed background checks and already own firearms. He was joined by Scalia in the first two cases, and by Gorsuch in Peruta.<a href="#cite_note-284">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[274]</a> Thomas dissented from the denial of an application for a stay presented to Chief Justice Roberts in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit case Guedes v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (2019), a case challenging the Trump administration's ban on <a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">bump stocks</a>. Only Thomas and Gorsuch publicly dissented.<a href="#cite_note-288">[275]</a> Thomas authored the majority opinion in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Rifle_%26_Pistol_Association,_Inc._v._Bruen" title="New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen">New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen</a> (2022), guaranteeing the right of law-abiding citizens to carry firearms in public. The case held: "When the Second Amendment's plain text covers an individual's conduct, the Constitution presumptively protects that conduct. The government must then justify its regulation by demonstrating that it is consistent with the Nation's historical tradition of firearm regulation. Only then may a court conclude that the individual's conduct falls outside the Second Amendment's 'unqualified command.'" Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, dissenting, wrote, "when courts interpret the Second Amendment, it is constitutionally proper, indeed often necessary, for them to consider the serious dangers and consequences of gun violence that lead States to regulate firearms."<a href="#cite_note-289">[276]</a> Thomas was the sole dissenter in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Rahimi" title="United States v. Rahimi">United States v. Rahimi</a>. In Rahimi, the Court was tasked with deciding whether 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(8) (a federal statute that prohibits people subject to a domestic restraining order from possessing guns during the time they are subject to the order and imposes up to 15 years' imprisonment for each violation) is unconstitutional on its face. The other eight justices found that the statute could be applied constitutionally, but Thomas argued that the surety, affray, and "going armed" laws the government proffered were not sufficient analogies to §922(g)(8) for many reasons, including that historical surety laws did not actually disarm people but only required them to post a bond that would be forfeited if they breached the peace, and that affray laws targeted violence that occurred in public, not private interpersonal violence within the home.<a href="#cite_note-290">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_Amendment">Fourth Amendment</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg/237px-207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg/356px-207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg/474px-207-DP-9486A_HUD_Chief_Executive_Officer_Marcella_Belt_with_Clarence_Thomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Thomas with U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a>, 2007</figcaption></figure> In cases regarding the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a>, which prohibits unreasonable <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">searches and seizures</a>, Thomas often favors police over defendants. For example, his opinion for the Court in <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_v._Earls" title="Board of Education v. Earls">Board of Education v. Earls</a> upheld drug testing for students involved in extracurricular activities, and he wrote again for the Court in <a href="/wiki/Samson_v._California" title="Samson v. California">Samson v. California</a>, permitting random searches on parolees. He dissented in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Randolph" title="Georgia v. Randolph">Georgia v. Randolph</a>, which prohibited <a href="/wiki/Warrantless_searches_in_the_United_States" title="Warrantless searches in the United States">warrantless searches</a> that one resident approves and the other opposes, arguing that the Court's decision in <a href="/wiki/Coolidge_v._New_Hampshire" title="Coolidge v. New Hampshire">Coolidge v. New Hampshire</a> controlled the case. In <a href="/wiki/City_of_Indianapolis_v._Edmond" title="City of Indianapolis v. Edmond">Indianapolis v. Edmond</a>, Thomas described the Court's extant case law as having held that "suspicionless roadblock seizures are constitutionally permissible if conducted according to a plan that limits the discretion of the officers conducting the stops." He expressed doubt that those cases were decided correctly but concluded that since the litigants in the case at bar had not briefed or argued that the earlier cases be overruled, he believed that the Court should assume their validity and rule accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-293">[280]</a> Thomas was in the majority in <a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a>, which held that the use of <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">thermal imaging</a> technology to probe a suspect's home without a warrant violated the Fourth Amendment. In cases involving schools, Thomas has advocated greater respect for the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">in loco parentis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin2019194-294">[281]</a> which he defines as "parents delegat[ing] to teachers their authority to discipline and maintain order".<a href="#cite_note-Safford-295">[282]</a> His dissent in <a href="/wiki/Safford_Unified_School_District_v._Redding" title="Safford Unified School District v. Redding">Safford Unified School District v. Redding</a> illustrates his application of this postulate in the Fourth Amendment context. School officials in the Safford case had a reasonable suspicion that 13-year-old Savana Redding was illegally distributing prescription-only drugs. All the justices concurred that it was therefore reasonable for the school officials to search Redding, and the main issue before the Court was only whether the search went too far by becoming a <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">strip search</a> or the like.<a href="#cite_note-Safford-295">[282]</a> All the justices except Thomas concluded that the search violated the Fourth Amendment. The majority required a finding of danger or reason to believe drugs were hidden in a student's underwear in order to justify a strip search. Thomas wrote, "It is a mistake for judges to assume the responsibility for deciding which school rules are important enough to allow for invasive searches and which rules are not"<a href="#cite_note-296">[283]</a> and "reasonable suspicion that Redding was in possession of drugs in violation of these policies, therefore, justified a search extending to any area where small pills could be concealed". He added, "[t]here can be no doubt that a parent would have had the authority to conduct the search."<a href="#cite_note-Safford-295">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_Amendment">Sixth Amendment</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Doggett_v._United_States" title="Doggett v. United States">Doggett v. United States</a>, the defendant had technically been a fugitive from the time he was indicted in 1980 until his arrest in 1988. The Court held that the delay between indictment and arrest violated Doggett's <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a> right to a <a href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">speedy trial</a>, finding that the government had been negligent in pursuing him and that he was unaware of the indictment.<a href="#cite_note-Doggett-297">[284]</a> Thomas dissented, arguing that the Speedy Trial Clause's purpose was to prevent "'undue and oppressive incarceration' and the 'anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation'" and that the case implicated neither.<a href="#cite_note-Doggett-297">[284]</a> He cast the case instead as "present[ing] the question [of] whether, independent of these core concerns, the Speedy Trial Clause protects an accused from two additional harms: (1) prejudice to his ability to defend himself caused by the passage of time; and (2) disruption of his life years after the alleged commission of his crime". Thomas dissented from the court's decision to, as he saw it, answer the former in the affirmative.<a href="#cite_note-Doggett-297">[284]</a> He wrote that dismissing the conviction "invites the Nation's judges to indulge in ad hoc and result-driven second guessing of the government's investigatory efforts. Our Constitution neither contemplates nor tolerates such a role".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007123-298">[285]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Garza_v._Idaho" title="Garza v. Idaho">Garza v. Idaho</a>, Thomas and Gorsuch, in dissent, suggested that <a href="/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright" title="Gideon v. Wainwright">Gideon v. Wainwright</a> (1963), which required that indigent criminal defendants be provided counsel, was wrongly decided and should be overruled.<a href="#cite_note-:1-227">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighth_Amendment">Eighth Amendment</h4></div> Thomas was among the dissenters in <a href="/wiki/Atkins_v._Virginia" title="Atkins v. Virginia">Atkins v. Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roper_v._Simmons" title="Roper v. Simmons">Roper v. Simmons</a>, which held that the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighth Amendment</a> prohibits the application of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a> to certain classes of persons. In <a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Marsh" title="Kansas v. Marsh">Kansas v. Marsh</a>, his majority opinion indicated a belief that the Constitution affords states broad procedural latitude in imposing the death penalty, provided they remain within the limits of <a href="/wiki/Furman_v._Georgia" title="Furman v. Georgia">Furman v. Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregg_v._Georgia" title="Gregg v. Georgia">Gregg v. Georgia</a>, the 1976 case in which the Court reversed its 1972 ban on death sentences if states followed procedural guidelines.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_(33918354610).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_%2833918354610%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_%2833918354610%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_%2833918354610%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_%2833918354610%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_%2833918354610%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Perdue%27s_First_Day_In_Office_20170425-OSEC-PJK-0137_%2833918354610%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Thomas speaking to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Perdue" title="Sonny Perdue">Sonny Perdue</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._McMillian" title="Hudson v. McMillian">Hudson v. McMillian</a>, a prisoner had been beaten by respondent prison guards, sustaining a cracked lip, broken dental plate, loosened teeth, cuts, and bruises. The Court held that "the use of excessive physical force against a prisoner may constitute <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">cruel and unusual punishment</a> even though the inmate does not suffer serious injury."<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-299">[286]</a> Dissenting, Thomas wrote, "a use of force that causes only insignificant harm to a prisoner may be immoral, it may be tortious, it may be criminal, and it may even be remediable under other provisions of the Federal Constitution, but it is not 'cruel and unusual punishment'. In concluding to the contrary, the Court today goes far beyond our precedents."<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-299">[286]</a> Thomas's vote—in one of his first cases after joining the Court—was an early example of his willingness to be the sole dissenter (Scalia later joined the opinion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007119-300">[287]</a> His opinion was criticized by the seven-member majority, which wrote that, by comparing physical assault to other prison conditions such as poor prison food, it ignored "the concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency that animate the Eighth Amendment".<a href="#cite_note-Hudson-299">[286]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a>, Thomas's dissent in Hudson was a "classic call for federal judicial restraint, reminiscent of views that were held by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> and John M. Harlan II a generation earlier, but editorial criticism rained down on him".<a href="#cite_note-Garrow-301">[288]</a> Thomas later responded to the accusation "that I supported the beating of prisoners in that case. Well, one must either be illiterate or fraught with malice to reach that conclusion ... no honest reading can reach such a conclusion."<a href="#cite_note-Garrow-301">[288]</a> In <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bajakajian" title="United States v. Bajakajian">United States v. Bajakajian</a>, Thomas joined with the Court's liberal justices to write the majority opinion declaring a fine unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. The fine was for failing to declare more than $300,000 in a suitcase on an international flight. Under a federal statute, <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/982">§ 982</a>(a)(1), the passenger would have had to forfeit the entire amount. Thomas noted that the case required a distinction to be made between civil forfeiture and a fine exacted with the intention of punishing the respondent. He found that the forfeiture in this case was clearly intended as a punishment at least in part, was "grossly disproportional" and violated the <a href="/wiki/Excessive_Fines_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Excessive Fines Clause">Excessive Fines Clause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[289]</a> Thomas has written that the "Cruel and Unusual Punishment" clause "contains no proportionality principle", meaning that the question whether a sentence should be rejected as "cruel and unusual" depends only on the sentence itself, not on what crime is being punished.<a href="#cite_note-303">[290]</a> He concurred with the Court's decision to reject a request for review from a petitioner who had been sentenced to 25 years to life in prison under California's "Three-Strikes" law for stealing golf clubs because the combined value of the clubs made the theft a felony and he had two previous felonies in his criminal record.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourteenth_Amendment">Fourteenth Amendment</h4></div> Thomas believes the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> forbids consideration of race, such as race-based affirmative action or preferential treatment. In <a href="/wiki/Adarand_Constructors,_Inc._v._Pe%C3%B1a" title="Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña">Adarand Constructors v. Peña</a>, he wrote, "there is a 'moral [and] constitutional equivalence' between laws designed to subjugate a race and those that distribute benefits on the basis of race in order to foster some current notion of equality. Government cannot make us equal; it can only recognize, respect, and protect us as equal before the law. That [affirmative action] programs may have been motivated, in part, by good intentions cannot provide refuge from the principle that under our Constitution, the government may not make distinctions on the basis of race."<a href="#cite_note-304">[291]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a>, Thomas wrote, "a State's use of racial discrimination in higher education admissions is categorically prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause."<a href="#cite_note-305">[292]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1" title="Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1">Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1</a>, Thomas joined the opinion of Chief Justice Roberts, who wrote that "[t]he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race."<a href="#cite_note-Parents-306">[293]</a> Concurring, Thomas wrote, "if our history has taught us anything, it has taught us to beware of elites bearing racial theories", and charged that the dissent carried "similarities" to the arguments of the segregationist litigants in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parents-306">[293]</a> Thomas joined the majority in <a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard">Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard</a>, which struck down affirmative action in college admissions. He filed a concurring opinion, which he read from the bench, a rare practice for Supreme Court justices.<a href="#cite_note-307">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abortion_and_family_planning">Abortion and family planning</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_(50546676973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676973%29.jpg/220px-The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676973%29.jpg/330px-The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676973%29.jpg/440px-The_Swearing-in_Ceremony_of_the_Honorable_Amy_Coney_Barrett_%2850546676973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>Justice Thomas administers the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> to <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> (Oct 26, 2020)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-BLP_primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> relies too much on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Misuse_of_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">primary sources</a>. Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a> or harmful. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Clarence+Thomas%22">"Clarence Thomas"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Clarence+Thomas%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Clarence+Thomas%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Clarence+Thomas%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Clarence+Thomas%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Clarence+Thomas%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Thomas has contended that the Constitution does not address abortion.<a href="#cite_note-online.wsj.com-308">[295]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a> (1992), the Court reaffirmed Roe v. Wade. Thomas and Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> joined the dissenting opinions of Rehnquist and Scalia. Rehnquist wrote, "[w]e believe Roe was wrongly decided, and that it can and should be overruled consistently with our traditional approach to stare decisis in constitutional cases."<a href="#cite_note-Casey-309">[296]</a> Scalia's opinion concluded that the right to obtain an abortion is not "a liberty protected by the Constitution of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-Casey-309">[296]</a> "[T]he Constitution says absolutely nothing about it," Scalia wrote, "and [ ] the longstanding traditions of American society have permitted it to be legally proscribed".<a href="#cite_note-Casey-309">[296]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a> (2000), the Court struck down a state ban on <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">partial-birth abortion</a>, concluding that it failed Casey's "<a href="/wiki/Undue_burden_standard" title="Undue burden standard">undue burden</a>" test. Thomas dissented, writing, "Although a State may permit abortion, nothing in the Constitution dictates that a State must do so."<a href="#cite_note-cornell-310">[297]</a> He went on to criticize the reasoning of the Casey and Stenberg majorities: "The majority's insistence on a health exception is a fig leaf barely covering its hostility to any abortion regulation by the States—a hostility that Casey purported to reject." In <a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a> (2007), the Court rejected a <a href="/wiki/Facial_challenge" title="Facial challenge">facial challenge</a> to a federal ban on partial-birth abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Carhart-311">[298]</a> Concurring, Thomas asserted that the court's abortion jurisprudence had no basis in the Constitution but that the court had accurately applied that jurisprudence in rejecting the challenge.<a href="#cite_note-Carhart-311">[298]</a> He added that the Court was not deciding the question of whether Congress had the power to outlaw partial-birth abortions: "[W]hether the Act constitutes a permissible exercise of Congress's power under the Commerce Clause is not before the Court [in this case] ... the parties did not raise or brief that issue; it is outside the question presented; and the lower courts did not address it."<a href="#cite_note-Carhart-311">[298]</a> In December 2018, Thomas dissented when the Court voted not to hear cases brought by Louisiana and Kansas to deny <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> funding to <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[299]</a> Alito and Gorsuch joined Thomas's dissent, arguing that the Court was "abdicating its judicial duty".<a href="#cite_note-313">[300]</a> In February 2019, Thomas joined three of the Court's other conservative justices in voting to reject a stay to temporarily block a law <a href="/wiki/Types_of_abortion_restrictions_in_the_United_States" title="Types of abortion restrictions in the United States">restricting abortion</a> in Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-314">[301]</a> The law that the court temporarily stayed, in a 5–4 decision, would have required that doctors performing abortions have admitting privileges in a hospital.<a href="#cite_note-315">[302]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Box_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Indiana_and_Kentucky,_Inc." title="Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.">Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.</a> (2019), a <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision">per curiam decision</a> upholding the provision of Indiana's abortion restriction regarding fetal remains disposal on rational basis scrutiny and upholding the lower court rulings striking down the provision banning race, sex, and disability, Thomas wrote a concurring opinion comparing abortion and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">birth control</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">eugenics</a>, which was practiced in the U.S. in the early 20th century and by the Nazi government in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, and comparing Box to <a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a> (1927), which upheld a forced sterilization law regarding people with mental disabilities. In his opinion, Thomas quoted <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a>'s support for contraception as a form of personal reproductive control that she considered superior to "the horrors of abortion and infanticide" (Sanger's words).<a href="#cite_note-theopinion-316">[303]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] His opinion referred several times to historian/journalist <a href="/wiki/Adam_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Adam Cohen (journalist)">Adam Cohen</a>'s book Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck; shortly afterward, Cohen published a sharply worded criticism saying that Thomas had misinterpreted his book and misunderstood the history of the eugenics movement.<a href="#cite_note-317">[304]</a> In Box, only Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and Ginsburg publicly registered their votes. Ginsburg and Sotomayor concurred in part and dissented in part, stating they would have upheld the lower court decision on striking down the race, sex, and disability ban as well as the lower court decision striking down the fetal remains disposal provision.<a href="#cite_note-theopinion-316">[303]</a> In a concurring opinion in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a> (2022), Thomas wrote that "any <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a> decision is 'demonstrably erroneous'",<a href="#cite_note-318">[305]</a> and argued that the Supreme Court should go beyond Roe vs. Wade and reconsider other substantive due process precedents, including those established in <a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a> (2003) and <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a> (2015). The overturning of these previous decisions would enable states to limit access to contraception, criminalize <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>, and criminalize <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-319">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LGBTQ_rights">LGBTQ rights</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a> (1996), Thomas joined Scalia's dissenting opinion arguing that Amendment Two to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Colorado" title="Constitution of Colorado">Colorado State Constitution</a> did not violate the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>. The Colorado amendment forbade any judicial, legislative, or executive action designed to protect persons from discrimination based on "homosexual, lesbian, or bisexual orientation, conduct, practices or relationships".<a href="#cite_note-322">[309]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a> (2003), Thomas issued a one-page dissent in which he called the Texas statute prohibiting sodomy "uncommonly silly", a phrase originally used by Justice <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>. He then said that if he were a member of the Texas legislature he would vote to repeal the law, as it was not a worthwhile use of "law enforcement resources" to police private sexual behavior. But Thomas opined that the Constitution does not contain a right to privacy and therefore did not vote to strike the statute down. He saw the issue as a matter for states to decide for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-323">[310]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia</a> (2020), Thomas joined Alito and Kavanaugh in dissenting from the decision that Title VII of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> protects employees against discrimination based on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>. (Alito wrote a dissent that Thomas joined, and Kavanaugh dissented separately.) The 6–3 ruling's majority consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>-appointed justices, Roberts and Gorsuch, along with four Democratic-appointed justices: Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan.<a href="#cite_note-324">[311]</a> In October 2020, Thomas joined the other justices in denying an appeal from <a href="/wiki/Kim_Davis" title="Kim Davis">Kim Davis</a>, a county clerk who refused to give marriage licenses to same-sex couples, but wrote a separate opinion reiterating his dissent from Obergefell v. Hodges and expressing his belief that it was wrongly decided.<a href="#cite_note-325">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[314]</a> In July 2021, he was one of three justices, with Gorsuch and Alito, who voted to hear an appeal from a Washington florist who had refused service to a same-sex couple based on her religious beliefs against same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-328">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[317]</a> In November 2021, Thomas dissented from the majority of justices in a 6–3 vote to reject an appeal from <a href="/wiki/Mercy_San_Juan_Medical_Center" title="Mercy San Juan Medical Center">Mercy San Juan Medical Center</a>, a hospital affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, which had sought to deny a <a href="/wiki/Hysterectomy" title="Hysterectomy">hysterectomy</a> to a transgender patient on religious grounds.<a href="#cite_note-331">[318]</a> Alito and Gorsuch also dissented, and the vote to reject the appeal left in place a lower court ruling in the patient's favor.<a href="#cite_note-332">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_arguments">Oral arguments</h3></div> During a 10-year period from February 2006 to February 2016, Thomas read his opinions from the bench but asked no questions during oral arguments.<a href="#cite_note-334">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[322]</a> By May 2020, he had asked questions in two oral arguments since 2006 and had spoken during 32 of the roughly 2,400 arguments since 1991.<a href="#cite_note-336">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-two-337">[324]</a> Thomas has given many reasons for his silence, including self-consciousness about how he speaks, a preference for listening to those arguing the case, and difficulty getting in a word.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Liptak_2016-02-01-338">[325]</a> He said in 2013 that it was "unnecessary in deciding cases to ask that many questions ... we should listen to lawyers who are arguing their cases, and I think we should allow the advocates to advocate."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Liptak_2016-02-01-338">[325]</a> His speaking and listening habits may have been influenced by his Gullah upbringing, during which his English was relatively unpolished.<a href="#cite_note-Gullah-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sotomayor_and_Thomas-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[326]</a> In a 2017 paper in <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Law_Review" title="Northwestern University Law Review">Northwestern University Law Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/RonNell_Andersen_Jones" title="RonNell Andersen Jones">RonNell Andersen Jones</a> and Aaron L. Nielson wrote that while asking few questions, "in many ways, [Thomas] is a model questioner."<a href="#cite_note-340">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-341">[328]</a> Thomas took a more active role in questioning when the Supreme Court shifted to holding teleconferenced arguments in May 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, in which the justices took turns asking questions in order of seniority.<a href="#cite_note-342">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-two-337">[324]</a> Since the court resumed in-person oral arguments at the beginning of the 2021 term, the justices agreed to allow Thomas to ask the first question of each lawyer following their opening statements.<a href="#cite_note-345">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day,_May_30,_1987.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day%2C_May_30%2C_1987.webp/220px-Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day%2C_May_30%2C_1987.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day%2C_May_30%2C_1987.webp/330px-Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day%2C_May_30%2C_1987.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day%2C_May_30%2C_1987.webp/440px-Virginia_and_Clarence_Thomas_wedding_day%2C_May_30%2C_1987.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Thomas and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Ginni Thomas</a>, on their wedding day in 1987</figcaption></figure> In 1971, Thomas married Kathy Grace Ambush. The couple had one child, Jamal Adeen, born in 1973, who is Thomas's sole child. Thomas and his first wife separated in 1981 and divorced in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-abc_news2-346">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[334]</a> In 1987, Thomas married <a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Virginia Lamp</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbyist</a> and aide to U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToobin2007111–12-348">[335]</a> In 1997, they took in Thomas's six-year-old great-nephew, Mark Martin Jr.,<a href="#cite_note-marches-349">[336]</a> who had lived with his mother in Savannah public housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004303-350">[337]</a> Since 1999, Thomas and his wife have traveled across the U.S. in a motorcoach between Court terms.<a href="#cite_note-351">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[339]</a> Virginia "Ginni" Thomas has remained active in <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative politics</a>, serving as a consultant to <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> and as founder and president of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Central" title="Liberty Central">Liberty Central</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[340]</a> In 2011, she stepped down from Liberty Central to open a conservative lobbying firm, touting her "experience and connections", meeting with newly elected Republican representatives and calling herself an "ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a>".<a href="#cite_note-politico-lobbying-354">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-lobbying-355">[342]</a> Also in 2011, 74 Democratic members of the House of Representatives wrote that Justice Thomas should recuse himself on cases regarding the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> because of "appearance of a conflict of interest" based on his wife's work.<a href="#cite_note-356">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported in February 2021 that Ginni Thomas apologized to a group of Thomas's former clerks on the email <a href="/wiki/Listserv" class="mw-redirect" title="Listserv">listserv</a> "Thomas Clerk World" for her role in contributing to a rift relating to "pro-Trump postings and former Thomas clerk <a href="/wiki/John_Eastman" title="John Eastman">John Eastman</a>, who spoke at the rally and represented Trump in some of his failed lawsuits filed to overturn the election results".<a href="#cite_note-:0-357">[344]</a> In March 2022, texts between Ginni Thomas and Trump's chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Mark_Meadows" title="Mark Meadows">Mark Meadows</a> from 2020 were turned over to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_the_January_6_Attack" title="United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack">Select Committee on the January 6 Attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[345]</a> The texts show Ginni Thomas repeatedly urging Meadows to overturn the election results and repeating conspiracy theories about ballot fraud.<a href="#cite_note-359">[346]</a> In response, 24 Democratic members of the House of Representatives and the Senate demanded that Thomas recuse himself from cases related to efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election and the January 6 attack at the U.S. Capitol on the grounds that Ginni Thomas's involvement in such efforts raised questions about his impartiality.<a href="#cite_note-360">[347]</a> An April 2022 <a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_University_Polling_Institute" title="Quinnipiac University Polling Institute">Quinnipiac poll</a> found that 52% of Americans agreed that, in light of Ginni Thomas's texts about overturning the results of the 2020 presidential election, Thomas should have recused himself from related cases.<a href="#cite_note-361">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> Thomas was reconciled to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-362">[349]</a> In his autobiography, he criticized the church for failing to grapple with racism in the 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, saying it was not so "adamant about ending racism then as it is about ending abortion now".<a href="#cite_note-wash_post3-363">[350]</a> As of 2021, Thomas is one of 14 practicing Catholic justices in the Court's history and one of six currently serving (along with Alito, Kavanaugh, Roberts, Sotomayor, and Barrett).<a href="#cite_note-364">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influences">Literary influences</h3></div> In 1975, when Thomas read economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Race_and_Economics" title="Race and Economics">Race and Economics</a>, he found an intellectual foundation for his philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-la_times-365">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004142–43-366">[353]</a> The book criticizes social reform by government and argues for individual action to overcome circumstances and adversity. <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s works also influenced him, particularly <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a>, and he later required his staffers to watch the 1949 <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)" title="The Fountainhead (film)">film version</a> of the novel.<a href="#cite_note-367">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wash_Post_Mag_2002-368">[355]</a> Thomas acknowledges "some very strong libertarian leanings", though he does not consider himself a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[356]</a> Thomas has said novelist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a> is the most influential writer in his life; Wright's books <a href="/wiki/Native_Son" title="Native Son">Native Son</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Boy" title="Black Boy">Black Boy</a> "capture[d] a lot of the feelings that I had inside that you learn how to repress".<a href="#cite_note-abc_news2-346">[333]</a> Native Son and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a> are Thomas's two favorite novels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin201910-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moira_Smith_allegations">Moira Smith allegations</h3></div> In 2016, Moira Smith, vice-president and general counsel of a natural gas distributor in Alaska, said that Thomas groped her buttocks at a dinner party in 1999. She was a <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship">Truman Foundation scholar</a> helping the director of the foundation set up for a dinner party honoring Thomas and <a href="/wiki/David_Adkins_(Kansas_politician)" title="David Adkins (Kansas politician)">David Adkins</a>. Smith's roommates at the time confirmed that she had told them about the incident. Thomas denied the allegation.<a href="#cite_note-370">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[358]</a> Louis Blair, who was the head of the Truman Foundation and hosted the dinner at his home, said he had "no recollection of the incident" and that he had neither seen nor heard of Smith's allegation. Blair acknowledged that he was in the kitchen most of the time so, if the incident happened, he wouldn't have seen it, but was also "skeptical that the justice and Moira would have been alone", given that there were approximately 16 people in three rooms.<a href="#cite_note-:4-372">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[360]</a> Norma Stevens, who attended the event, said that the incident "couldn't have happened" because Thomas was never alone, as he was the guest of honor.<a href="#cite_note-374">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nondisclosure_of_finances">Nondisclosure of finances</h3></div> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported that Thomas had accepted gifts from <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Crow" title="Harlan Crow">Harlan Crow</a>, a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>-based real estate investor and prominent Republican donor, including a Bible that once belonged to abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> and a bust of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[363]</a> Crow also gave Thomas a portrait of the justice and his wife, according to the painter, Sharif Tarabay. Crow's foundation gave $105,000 to <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, Thomas's alma mater, for the "Justice Thomas Portrait Fund", tax filings showed.<a href="#cite_note-propublica_2023_0406-377">[364]</a> Spousal income and connections to cases has been redacted from the Justices' ethical disclosure forms.<a href="#cite_note-378">[365]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> reported that Crow gave $500,000 to a Tea Party group founded by Thomas's wife and that Thomas had failed to report her income on his disclosure for more than a decade.<a href="#cite_note-379">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoGuide-380">[367]</a> Also that year, the advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Common_Cause" title="Common Cause">Common Cause</a> reported that between 2003 and 2007, Thomas failed to disclose $686,589 in income his wife earned from The Heritage Foundation, instead reporting "none" where "spousal noninvestment income" would be reported on his Supreme Court financial disclosure forms.<a href="#cite_note-381">[368]</a> The next week, Thomas said the disclosure of his wife's income had been "inadvertently omitted due to a misunderstanding of the filing instructions".<a href="#cite_note-382">[369]</a> He amended reports going back to 1989.<a href="#cite_note-383">[370]</a> In April 2023, <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> reported that Thomas had "accepted luxury trips virtually every year" from Crow for two decades and failed to report them. They included flights on Crow's private jet, international cruises on Crow's <a href="/wiki/Superyacht" title="Superyacht">superyacht</a>, and stays at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Topridge" title="Camp Topridge">Crow's private resort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adirondacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Adirondacks">Adirondacks</a> and the private club <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Grove" title="Bohemian Grove">Bohemian Grove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-propublica_2023_0406-377">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoGuide-380">[367]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act" title="Ethics in Government Act">Ethics in Government Act</a> requires justices, judges, members of Congress and federal officials to annually disclose gifts they receive.<a href="#cite_note-385">[372]</a> Many elected officials criticized the appearance of impropriety, given Crow's donations to conservative causes and Republican candidates, and his service on the board of trustees for the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, which have filed <a href="/wiki/Amicus_briefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus briefs">amicus briefs</a> before the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-386">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-propublica_2023_0406-377">[364]</a> In May 2023, ProPublica reported that Crow had paid for private school tuition for Thomas's grandnephew, Mark Martin, of whom Thomas had legal custody. Thomas did not report the payments on his financial disclosure forms, while ethics law experts said that they were required to be disclosed as gifts. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Paoletta" title="Mark Paoletta">Mark Paoletta</a>, a longtime friend of Thomas, said that Crow paid for one year each at Hidden Lake and <a href="/wiki/Randolph-Macon_Academy" title="Randolph-Macon Academy">Randolph-Macon Academy</a>, which ProPublica estimated to be worth around $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-387">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoGuide-380">[367]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that in January 2012 conservative judicial activist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leonard Leo</a> had Republican pollster <a href="/wiki/Kellyanne_Conway" title="Kellyanne Conway">Kellyanne Conway</a>'s polling firm bill the <a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">Judicial Education Project</a> $25,000, which her firm then paid to Ginni Thomas's firm, Liberty Consulting, for a total of $80,000 between June 2011 and June 2012. Leo instructed Conway not to mention Thomas's name on the paperwork. The documents the newspaper reviewed did not indicate the nature of the work Thomas did for the Judicial Education Project or Conway's company. In 2012 the Judicial Education Project filed a brief to the Supreme Court in a landmark voting rights case.<a href="#cite_note-388">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoGuide-380">[367]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that a friend had paid for Thomas's <a href="/wiki/Prevost_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevost Car">Prevost</a> Le Mirage XL Marathon <a href="/wiki/RV" class="mw-redirect" title="RV">RV</a>, purchased for $267,230 in 1999 (roughly equivalent to $489,000 in 2023). <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Welters" title="Anthony Welters">Anthony Welters</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/UnitedHealthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="UnitedHealthcare">UnitedHealthcare</a> executive and a close friend, lent Thomas the purchase price. In response to a Senate inquiry, Welters revealed that the loan was discharged in 2008, forgiving much of the original balance. A bank would have been unlikely to offer such a loan, given the Marathon's high capacity for customization, which can make used models difficult to appraise. Thomas had previously said that he "had scrimped and saved to afford the motor coach", according to the Times, and a friend, Armstrong Williams, said that Thomas had told him that "he saved up all his money to buy it". When the loan was forgiven, Thomas was required to disclose the money as a gift.<a href="#cite_note-389">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoGuide-380">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[379]</a> In June 2024, Thomas filed an amendment to his financial disclosure report for 2019 to include information he had "inadvertently omitted". The amendment disclosed that he had received food and lodging at a hotel in Bali and a private club in California from Harlan Crow in July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-FreeTrip-393">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-room+board-394">[381]</a> He did not report travel to and from the destinations on private jets or the nine-day cruise on Crow's <a href="/wiki/Superyacht" title="Superyacht">superyacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FreeTrip-393">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-room+board-394">[381]</a> In 2023, both the Senate Judiciary Committee and the Senate Finance Committee opened investigations into Thomas's undisclosed gifts.<a href="#cite_note-:6-395">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[383]</a> The two committees found additional undisclosed travel on Crow's private jet and superyacht, including international trips in 2010 and domestic trips in 2017, 2019, and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:6-395">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[384]</a> In 2023, in response to Thomas's nondisclosures, Senate Judiciary Committee Democrats called on Chief Justice Roberts to open an investigation into Thomas's conduct.<a href="#cite_note-398">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fix_the_Court" title="Fix the Court">Fix the Court</a> released an analysis showing that, over the 20 years beginning in 2004, Thomas had accepted gifts worth $4.2 million, based on reporting by ProPublica and others.<a href="#cite_note-:2-399">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-400">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-401">[388]</a> It estimated that over the same 20 years, the other eight justices plus the eight retired or deceased justices received gifts worth roughly $600,000 combined.<a href="#cite_note-:5-401">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_recognition">Honors and recognition</h2></div> Thomas was awarded the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Alger Award">Horatio Alger Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger_Association_of_Distinguished_Americans" title="Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans">Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[389]</a> In 2001, Thomas was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyer_Award" title="Francis Boyer Award">Francis Boyer Award</a> presented by the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[390]</a> In 2012, Thomas received an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">College of the Holy Cross</a>, his alma mater.<a href="#cite_note-404">[391]</a> He was a member of the college's board of trustees in 1990, and also from 2004 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-405">[392]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Abbey_College" title="Belmont Abbey College">Belmont Abbey College</a> awarded him the Benedict Leadership Award for his devotion to the Catholic faith and government service.<a href="#cite_note-406">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>In the 1996 film <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Maguire" title="Jerry Maguire">Jerry Maguire</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>'s character makes a pass at his employee (played by <a href="/wiki/Renee_Zellweger" class="mw-redirect" title="Renee Zellweger">Renee Zellweger</a>), he apologizes with, "I feel like Clarence Thomas."<a href="#cite_note-407">[394]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Pierce" title="Wendell Pierce">Wendell Pierce</a> portrayed Thomas in the 2016 film <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(film)" title="Confirmation (film)">Confirmation</a>.</li> <li>In May 2023, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kirk" title="Michael Kirk">Michael Kirk</a> directed a <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(American_TV_program)" title="Frontline (American TV program)">Frontline</a> documentary about Thomas's life and career, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Will_Lyman" title="Will Lyman">Will Lyman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_Frontline-408">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a>, who was interviewed for the documentary, wrote in an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> published in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> that the excerpts of his interview included in the film were only "biographical filler" and criticized the film as a whole as "a two-hour hit job on the character of Clarence Thomas".<a href="#cite_note-410">[397]</a></li> <li>On February 18, 2024, during a segment on his show <a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">Last Week Tonight</a>, comedian <a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">John Oliver</a> offered Thomas US$1 million per year <a href="/wiki/Last_Week_Tonight_with_John_Oliver#Supreme_Court" title="Last Week Tonight with John Oliver">to step down from the Supreme Court</a>. He enhanced the offer with the gift of a new <a href="/wiki/Motorhome" title="Motorhome">motor coach</a> worth an estimated $2.4 million. Oliver put a 30 day limit on the offer.<a href="#cite_note-411">[398]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/political-process/report/why-black-americans-should-look-conservative-policies">"Why Black Americans Should Look to Conservative Policies"</a>. The Heritage Lectures. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-1155">0272-1155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Lectures&rft.atitle=Why+Black+Americans+Should+Look+to+Conservative+Policies&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0272-1155&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fpolitical-process%2Freport%2Fwhy-black-americans-should-look-conservative-policies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Toward a Plain Reading of the Constitution: The Declaration of Independence in Constitutional Interpretation. An Afro-American Perspective". Howard Law Journal. 30: 983–996. 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Howard+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Plain+Reading+of+the+Constitution%3A+The+Declaration+of+Independence+in+Constitutional+Interpretation.+An+Afro-American+Perspective.&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=983-996&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=ylpr">"Affirmative Action Goals and Timetables: Too Tough? Not Tough Enough!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_%26_Policy_Review" title="Yale Law & Policy Review">Yale Law & Policy Review</a>. 5 (2): 402–411. 1987. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40239250">40239250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+%26+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action+Goals+and+Timetables%3A+Too+Tough%3F+Not+Tough+Enough%21&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=402-411&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40239250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1108%26context%3Dylpr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/hjlpp12&section=15">"The Higher Law Background of the Privileges Or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Law_and_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy">Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy</a>. 12: 63. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Higher+Law+Background+of+the+Privileges+Or+Immunities+Clause+of+the+Fourteenth+Amendment&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2Fhol-cgi-bin%2Fget_pdf.cgi%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fhjlpp12%26section%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/punishment-and-personhood-12528.html">"Punishment and Personhood"</a>. City Journal. Autumn 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031201126/https://www.city-journal.org/html/punishment-and-personhood-12528.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=Punishment+and+Personhood&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2Fpunishment-and-personhood-12528.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816031308/http://www.heritage.org/heritage25/lectures/feb98/thomas.html">Character</a>. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/heritage25/lectures/feb98/thomas.html">the original</a> on August 16, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Character&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fheritage25%2Flectures%2Ffeb98%2Fthomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regent.edu/acad/schlaw/student_life/studentorgs/lawreview/docs/issues/v12n2/12RegentULRev317.pdf">"Personal Responsibility"</a> (PDF). Regent University Law Review. 12: 317–327. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regent+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Personal+Responsibility&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=317-327&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regent.edu%2Facad%2Fschlaw%2Fstudent_life%2Fstudentorgs%2Flawreview%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2Fv12n2%2F12RegentULRev317.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawreviewdrake.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/thomas.pdf">"Why Federalism Matters (Dwight D. Opperman Lecture, Drake University Law School, September 24, 1999)"</a> (PDF). Drake Law Review. 48: 231–238. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drake+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Federalism+Matters+%28Dwight+D.+Opperman+Lecture%2C+Drake+University+Law+School%2C+September+24%2C+1999%29&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=231-238&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawreviewdrake.files.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fthomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/My_Grandfather%27s_Son" title="My Grandfather's Son">My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Harper</a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056555-8"><bdi>978-0-06-056555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Grandfather%27s+Son%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-056555-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">List of African-American jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_federal_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American federal judges">List of African-American federal judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_10)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black conservatism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> In 2001, a wing was restored with funds donated by Thomas's friends <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Crow" title="Harlan Crow">Harlan Crow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Huizenga" title="Wayne Huizenga">Wayne Huizenga</a> and, despite public protests, named after Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeridaFletcher200854-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-alger-31">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> U.S. presidents have traditionally submitted potential federal court nominees to the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> (ABA) for a <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_the_Federal_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary">confidential rating</a> of their judicial temperament, competence and integrity on a three-level scale of well qualified, qualified or unqualified.<a href="#cite_note-hall-121">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Thomas was 43 years old when he was appointed to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013221-180">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> On average, from 1994 to 2004, Scalia and Thomas had an 87% voting alignment, the highest on the court, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> (86%). In that same period, Thomas was the third-most-frequent dissenter on the Court, behind Stevens and Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-188">[185]</a> Scalia's and Thomas's agreement rate peaked in 1996 at 98%.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-188">[185]</a> By 2004, other pairs of justices were more closely aligned than Scalia and Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Thomas's close early association with Scalia came under scrutiny by critics in multiple law review articles. In November 1996, <a href="/wiki/Emerge_(magazine)" title="Emerge (magazine)">Emerge</a> magazine titled him as "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Thomas</a>: Lawn Jockey of the Far Right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013214–215-191">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Linda Greenhouse</a> observed that Thomas voted with Scalia 91% of the time during October Term 2006, and with Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> the least, 36% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Crawford" title="Jan Crawford">Jan Crawford</a> noted that Scalia often joined Thomas instead of Thomas joining Scalia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007115–26-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013216-194">[190]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Corey Robin</a> has called the idea that Thomas followed Scalia's votes a debunked myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin201910-195">[191]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Thomas's jurisprudence has also been compared to that of Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>, who "resisted the tendency to create social policy out of 'whole cloth.'" According to the same critic, Thomas generally declines to engage in judicial lawmaking, viewing the Court's constitutional role as the interpretation of law, rather than making law.<a href="#cite_note-Marzulla-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtman2009415,_419-204">[199]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> In 2005, while an assistant professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_School" title="Notre Dame Law School">Notre Dame Law School</a>, future-Justice <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a> wrote that Thomas supports statutory stare decisis. Her examples included his concurring opinion in <a href="/wiki/Fogerty_v._Fantasy,_Inc." title="Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.">Fogerty v. Fantasy</a> (1994).<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-1299_8njq.pdf">"Franchise Tax Board of California v. Hyatt"</a> (PDF). U.S. Supreme Court. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618192531/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-1299_8njq.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved June 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franchise+Tax+Board+of+California+v.+Hyatt&rft.pub=U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F18pdf%2F17-1299_8njq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamdi_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdi v. Rumsfeld">Hamdi v. Rumsfeld</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=542&page=507">542 U.S. 507 (2004). 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(October 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628193441/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/us/law-professor-accuses-thomas-of-sexual-harassment-in-1980-s.html">"Law Professor Accuses Thomas Of Sexual Harassment in 1980's"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/us/law-professor-accuses-thomas-of-sexual-harassment-in-1980-s.html">the original</a> on June 28, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Law+Professor+Accuses+Thomas+Of+Sexual+Harassment+in+1980%27s&rft.date=1991-10-07&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F07%2Fus%2Flaw-professor-accuses-thomas-of-sexual-harassment-in-1980-s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelk2018" class="citation news cs1">Selk, Avi (October 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623184211/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/02/fbis-anita-hill-investigation-quick-professional-flawed/">"How the FBI's flawed investigation of Clarence Thomas became a model for Kavanaugh's"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/02/fbis-anita-hill-investigation-quick-professional-flawed/">the original</a> on June 23, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+FBI%27s+flawed+investigation+of+Clarence+Thomas+became+a+model+for+Kavanaugh%27s&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Selk&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F10%2F02%2Ffbis-anita-hill-investigation-quick-professional-flawed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994241-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994241_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayerAbramson1994">Mayer & Abramson 1994</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994289–290-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994289–290_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayerAbramson1994">Mayer & Abramson 1994</a>, p. 289–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994292–295-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994292–295_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayerAbramson1994">Mayer & Abramson 1994</a>, p. 292–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-senate-s-hearings-on-the-thomas-nomination.html">"The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Senate's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316191918/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/12/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-senate-s-hearings-on-the-thomas-nomination.html">Archived</a> March 16, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> (1991-10-12): "Q: Professor Hill, there's a big difference between your articulating your version of events, contrasted with your statement that Judge Thomas sexually harassed you. And in the transcript of your October 7 interview, you responded to a question saying that it was sexual harassment. "A: In my opinion, based on my reading of the law, yes, it was. But later on, immediately following that response, I noted to the press that I did not raise a claim of sexual harassment in this complaint. It seems to me that the behavior has to be evaluated on its own with regard to the fitness of this individual to act as an Associate Justice. It seems to me that even if it does not rise to the level of sexual harassment, it is behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court." </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Katha_Pollitt" title="Katha Pollitt">Pollitt, Katha</a>. Subject to Debate: Sense and Dissents on Women, Politics, and Culture, page 161 (2001): "The question Hill's testimony placed before us was not whether Thomas was guilty of a legally actionable offense (she herself was unsure if his behavior added up to sexual harassment) but whether he belonged on the Supreme Court." </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegers2018" class="citation web cs1">Segers, Grace (September 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/here-are-some-of-the-questions-anita-hill-fielded-in-1991/">"Here are some of the questions Anita Hill answered in 1991"</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019234131/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/here-are-some-of-the-questions-anita-hill-fielded-in-1991/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+are+some+of+the+questions+Anita+Hill+answered+in+1991&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Segers&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhere-are-some-of-the-questions-anita-hill-fielded-in-1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2018" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Julia (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/us/politics/anita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html">"Anita Hill's Testimony and Other Key Moments From the Clarence Thomas Hearings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125124653/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/us/politics/anita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anita+Hill%27s+Testimony+and+Other+Key+Moments+From+the+Clarence+Thomas+Hearings&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fanita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-157"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1998" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWXDcHQ9GwkC&q=%22will%20not%20get%20into%20any%20discussions%20that%20I%20might%20have%20had%20about%20my%20personal%20life%22&pg=PA113">Media matters: race and gender in U.S. politics</a> (Third printing, revised ed.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 82, 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2463-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2463-1"><bdi>0-8166-2463-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=qWXDcHQ9GwkC&pg=PA113&q=%22will%20not%20get%20into%20any%20discussions%20that%20I%20might%20have%20had%20about%20my%20personal%20life%22">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020. 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Retrieved July 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=JUDGE+THOMAS%27S+EVENING+STATEMENT+TO+THE+COMMITTEE&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1991%2F10%2F12%2Fjudge-thomass-evening-statement-to-the-committee%2F9c96485a-bc34-4815-9478-ff1883317382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994298–299-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994298–299_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayerAbramson1994">Mayer & Abramson 1994</a>, p. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004248-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004248_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoskett2004">Foskett 2004</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994300-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994300_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayerAbramson1994">Mayer & Abramson 1994</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013391-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013391_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermanFriedmanIsrael2013391_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHermanFriedmanIsrael2013">Herman, Friedman & Israel 2013</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/15/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-an-interview-with-another-thomas-accuser.html">"The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From an Interview With Another Thomas Accuser"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 15, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205194858/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/15/us/the-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-an-interview-with-another-thomas-accuser.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Thomas+Nomination%3B+Excerpts+From+an+Interview+With+Another+Thomas+Accuser&rft.date=1991-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F15%2Fus%2Fthe-thomas-nomination-excerpts-from-an-interview-with-another-thomas-accuser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-key-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-key_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-key_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2018" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Julia (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/us/politics/anita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html">"Anita Hill's Testimony and Other Key Moments From the Clarence Thomas Hearings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved April 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anita+Hill%27s+Testimony+and+Other+Key+Moments+From+the+Clarence+Thomas+Hearings&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fanita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/13/us/the-thomas-nomination-on-the-hearing-schedule-eight-further-witnesses.html">"The Thomas Nomination; On the Hearing Schedule: Eight Further Witnesses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 13, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729051651/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/13/us/the-thomas-nomination-on-the-hearing-schedule-eight-further-witnesses.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Thomas+Nomination%3B+On+the+Hearing+Schedule%3A+Eight+Further+Witnesses&rft.date=1991-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F13%2Fus%2Fthe-thomas-nomination-on-the-hearing-schedule-eight-further-witnesses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994344-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayerAbramson1994344_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMayerAbramson1994">Mayer & Abramson 1994</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVieraGross1998219-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVieraGross1998219_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVieraGross1998">Viera & Gross 1998</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_excerpts-169"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_excerpts_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/thomas-nomination-excerpts-judiciary-committee-s-interview-angela-wright.html">"The Thomas Nomination; Excerpts From Judiciary Committee's Interview of Angela Wright"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. October 4, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110115421/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/thomas-nomination-excerpts-judiciary-committee-s-interview-angela-wright.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/14/us/thomas-nomination-parade-witnesses-support-hill-s-story-thomas-s-integrity.html">the original</a> on March 25, 2014. 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The New York Times. Retrieved November 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Anita+Hill%27s+Testimony+and+Other+Key+Moments+From+the+Clarence+Thomas+Hearings&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fanita-hill-testimony-clarence-thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totenberg_2018_t483-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Totenberg_2018_t483_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2018" class="citation web cs1">Totenberg, Nina (September 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/09/17/648783307/from-anita-hill-to-christine-blasey-ford-the-similarities-and-differences">"Kavanaugh Allegations Recall 1991's Supreme Court Scandal, With Key Differences"</a>. NPR. Retrieved November 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Kavanaugh+Allegations+Recall+1991%27s+Supreme+Court+Scandal%2C+With+Key+Differences&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F09%2F17%2F648783307%2Ffrom-anita-hill-to-christine-blasey-ford-the-similarities-and-differences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMencimer2018" class="citation web cs1">Mencimer, Stephanie (September 21, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/09/republicans-had-27-years-to-prepare-for-another-anita-hill-moment-theyre-still-blowing-it/">"Republicans Had 27 Years to Prepare for Another Anita Hill Moment. They're Still Blowing It"</a>. Mother Jones. Retrieved November 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Republicans+Had+27+Years+to+Prepare+for+Another+Anita+Hill+Moment.+They%27re+Still+Blowing+It.&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft.aulast=Mencimer&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F09%2Frepublicans-had-27-years-to-prepare-for-another-anita-hill-moment-theyre-still-blowing-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT19911016-177"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT19911016_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/16/us/the-thomas-confirmation-how-the-senators-voted-on-thomas.html">"The Thomas Confirmation; How the Senators Voted on Thomas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York City. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. October 16, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190605225044/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/16/us/the-thomas-confirmation-how-the-senators-voted-on-thomas.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Thomas+Confirmation%3B+How+the+Senators+Voted+on+Thomas&rft.date=1991-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F16%2Fus%2Fthe-thomas-confirmation-how-the-senators-voted-on-thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992871-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992871_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZepposHall1992">Zeppos & Hall 1992</a>, p. 871. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992870-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZepposHall1992870_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZepposHall1992">Zeppos & Hall 1992</a>, p. 870. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013221-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2013221_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2013">Rossum 2013</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd1991" class="citation news cs1">Dowd, Maureen (October 19, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/us/the-thomas-swearing-in-a-festive-mood-at-thomas-swearing-in.html?sec=&spon=">"The Thomas Swearing-In; A Festive Mood at Thomas Swearing-In"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York City. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112050841/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/us/the-thomas-swearing-in-a-festive-mood-at-thomas-swearing-in.html?sec=&spon=">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Thomas+Swearing-In%3B+A+Festive+Mood+at+Thomas+Swearing-In&rft.date=1991-10-19&rft.aulast=Dowd&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F19%2Fus%2Fthe-thomas-swearing-in-a-festive-mood-at-thomas-swearing-in.html%3Fsec%3D%26spon%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Greenhouse, Linda</a> (October 24, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/us/thomas-sworn-in-as-106th-justice.html">"Thomas Sworn in as 106th Justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024032/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/24/us/thomas-sworn-in-as-106th-justice.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sworn+in+as+106th+Justice&rft.date=1991-10-24&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F24%2Fus%2Fthomas-sworn-in-as-106th-justice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007111-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007111_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenburg2007">Greenburg 2007</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/christopher-landau">"Interview with Christopher Landau"</a>. Interviews with Max Raskin. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interviews+with+Max+Raskin&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Christopher+Landau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxraskin.com%2Finterviews%2Fchristopher-landau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvard-jlpp.com/justice-thomas-joins-the-supreme-court/">"Justice Thomas Joins the Supreme Court – The Honorable Gregory G. Katsas"</a>. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. August 30, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Justice+Thomas+Joins+the+Supreme+Court+%E2%80%93+The+Honorable+Gregory+G.+Katsas&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard-jlpp.com%2Fjustice-thomas-joins-the-supreme-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox200886-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox200886_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCox2008">Cox 2008</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_188-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113154756/http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/118/Nov04/Nine_Justices_Ten_YearsFTX.pdf">"Nine Justices, Ten Years: A Statistical Retrospective"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a>, volume 118, page 513 (2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaude2004" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Baude" title="William Baude">Baude, William</a> (June 30, 2004). "Brothers in Law". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. <q>Justices Souter and Ginsburg were in complete agreement in 85 percent of the Court's decisions. Chief Justice Rehnquist agreed with Justice O'Connor in 79 percent and Justice Kennedy in 77 percent. Justices Stevens and Souter agreed 77 percent of the time; so did Justices Ginsburg and Breyer. Thomas and Scalia agreed in only 73 percent of the cases. Thomas regularly breaks with Scalia, disagreeing on points of doctrine, finding a more measured and judicial tone, and calling for the elimination of bad law. Unless he is simply a very bad yes-man, Clarence Thomas is a more independent voice than most people give him credit for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Brothers+in+Law&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft.aulast=Baude&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossum2013214–215-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossum2013214–215_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRossum2013">Rossum 2013</a>, p. 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Greenhouse" title="Linda Greenhouse">Greenhouse, Linda</a> (July 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/washington/01scotus.html">"In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court, Moved Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417081610/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/washington/01scotus.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2009. 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Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law. 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September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Clarence+Thomas%3A+The+Justice+Nobody+Knows+%E2%80%93+Supreme+Court+Justice+Gives+First+Television+Interview+To+60+Minutes&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fclarence-thomas-the-justice-nobody-knows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2008" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twQsIsMUnvsC&pg=PA79">Public Opinion and the Rehnquist Court</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791478813" title="Special:BookSources/9780791478813"><bdi>9780791478813</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103011511/http://books.google.com/books?id=twQsIsMUnvsC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014. 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Retrieved July 5, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_v._Edmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis v. Edmond">Indianapolis v. Edmond</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/99-1030.html">531 U.S. 32 (2000)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182043/http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/99-1030.html">Archived</a> July 20, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobin2019194-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobin2019194_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobin2019">Robin 2019</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-Safford-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Safford_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safford_295-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Safford_295-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Safford_Unified_School_District_v._Redding" title="Safford Unified School District v. Redding">Safford Unified School District v. Redding</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.findlaw.com/us/000/08-479.html">557 U. S. __ (2009). Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151410/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/">Archived</a> November 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=105896007&sc=fb&cc=fp">"Court Says Strip Search of Ariz. Teenager Illegal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. June 25, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Doggett-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_297-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_297-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Doggett_v._United_States" title="Doggett v. United States">Doggett v. United States</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.findlaw.com/us/505/647.html">505 U.S. 647 (1992)</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151427/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/">Archived</a> November 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Full text of opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007123-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenburg2007123_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenburg2007">Greenburg 2007</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_299-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson_299-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._McMillian" title="Hudson v. McMillian">Hudson v. 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Retrieved February 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Thomas%27s+Wife+Sets+Up+a+Conservative+Lobbying+Shop&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Lichtblau&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F05%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F05thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonmez2011" class="citation news cs1">Sonmez, Felicia (February 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103182210/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2011/02/house-democrats-say-justice-th.html">"House Democrats say Justice Thomas should recuse himself in health-care case"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2011/02/house-democrats-say-justice-th.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2014. Retrieved September 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=House+Democrats+say+Justice+Thomas+should+recuse+himself+in+health-care+case&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Sonmez&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2F44%2F2011%2F02%2Fhouse-democrats-say-justice-th.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-357"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2021" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Robert (February 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/ginni-thomas-apology-clarence-thomas-clerks-trump-rally/2021/02/02/a9818cce-6496-11eb-8c64-9595888caa15_story.html">"Ginni Thomas apologizes to husband's Supreme Court clerks after Capitol riot fallout"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203194814/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/ginni-thomas-apology-clarence-thomas-clerks-trump-rally/2021/02/02/a9818cce-6496-11eb-8c64-9595888caa15_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ginni+Thomas+apologizes+to+husband%27s+Supreme+Court+clerks+after+Capitol+riot+fallout&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcourts_law%2Fginni-thomas-apology-clarence-thomas-clerks-trump-rally%2F2021%2F02%2F02%2Fa9818cce-6496-11eb-8c64-9595888caa15_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ginni-thomas-clarence-wife-mark-meadows-texts-2020-election-overturn/">"Ginni Thomas, Justice Clarence Thomas' wife, exchanged texts with Mark Meadows about efforts to overturn the 2020 election"</a>. CBS News. March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ginni+Thomas%2C+Justice+Clarence+Thomas%27+wife%2C+exchanged+texts+with+Mark+Meadows+about+efforts+to+overturn+the+2020+election&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fginni-thomas-clarence-wife-mark-meadows-texts-2020-election-overturn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor2022" class="citation web cs1">Cantor, Matthew (March 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/24/ginni-thomas-donald-trump-mark-meadows-texts-election">"Ginni Thomas urged Trump's chief of staff to overturn election results"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved March 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ginni+Thomas+urged+Trump%27s+chief+of+staff+to+overturn+election+results&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2022%2Fmar%2F24%2Fginni-thomas-donald-trump-mark-meadows-texts-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuninger2022" class="citation web cs1">Breuninger, Kevin (March 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/29/democrats-urge-supreme-courts-clarence-thomas-to-recuse-himself-from-election-cases.html">"Democrats demand Supreme Court's Clarence Thomas recuse himself from key 2020 election, Capitol riot cases over wife's push to overturn Biden win"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved March 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democrats+demand+Supreme+Court%27s+Clarence+Thomas+recuse+himself+from+key+2020+election%2C+Capitol+riot+cases+over+wife%27s+push+to+overturn+Biden+win&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Breuninger&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F03%2F29%2Fdemocrats-urge-supreme-courts-clarence-thomas-to-recuse-himself-from-election-cases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawna_Mizelle2022" class="citation news cs1">Shawna Mizelle (April 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/06/politics/justice-clarence-thomas-wife-ginni-poll-recusal/index.html">"Quinnipiac poll: 52% of Americans say Justice Clarence Thomas should recuse himself from 2020 election cases"</a>. CNN. Retrieved April 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quinnipiac+poll%3A+52%25+of+Americans+say+Justice+Clarence+Thomas+should+recuse+himself+from+2020+election+cases&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.au=Shawna+Mizelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F04%2F06%2Fpolitics%2Fjustice-clarence-thomas-wife-ginni-poll-recusal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyerRozellGenovese2008" class="citation book cs1">Heyer, Kristin E.; Rozell, Mark J.; Genovese, Michael A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicspolitic0000kris">Catholics and Politics: The Dynamic Tension Between Faith and Power</a>. Georgetown University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicspolitic0000kris/page/167">167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-653-8"><bdi>978-1-58901-653-8</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved October 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Justice+Thomas+Lashes+Out+in+Memoir&rft.date=2007-09-29&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=M%C3%A9rida%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F09%2F28%2FAR2007092801634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscobar2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Escobar, Allyson (July 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/07/18/why-do-catholics-make-majority-supreme-court">"Why do Catholics make up a majority of the Supreme Court?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>. New York, New York: America Press (<a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052728/https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2018/07/18/why-do-catholics-make-majority-supreme-court">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=Why+do+Catholics+make+up+a+majority+of+the+Supreme+Court%3F&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Escobar&rft.aufirst=Allyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fpolitics-society%2F2018%2F07%2F18%2Fwhy-do-catholics-make-majority-supreme-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-la_times-365"><a href="#cite_ref-la_times_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTumulty1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tumulty" title="Karen Tumulty">Tumulty, Karen</a> (July 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-07-mn-3055-story.html">"Court Path Started in the Ashes: A fire launched Clarence Thomas on a path toward fierce personal drive – but not before the Supreme Court nominee journeyed through anger, self-hatred, confusion and doubt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151419/https://www.latimes.com/archives">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Path+Started+in+the+Ashes%3A+A+fire+launched+Clarence+Thomas+on+a+path+toward+fierce+personal+drive+%E2%80%93+but+not+before+the+Supreme+Court+nominee+journeyed+through+anger%2C+self-hatred%2C+confusion+and+doubt.&rft.date=1991-07-07&rft.aulast=Tumulty&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-07-07-mn-3055-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004142–43-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoskett2004142–43_366-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoskett2004">Foskett 2004</a>, pp. 142–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidinotto" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bidinotto" title="Robert Bidinotto">Bidinotto, Robert James</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldofatlasshrugged.com/rb_celebrity_ayn_rand_fans_clarence_thomas.asp">"Celebrity 'Rand Fans' – Clarence Thomas"</a>. 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(August 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020901113925/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A23641-2002Jul30.html">"Supreme Discomfort"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post Magazine">Washington Post Magazine</a>. pp. W08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2002/08/04/supreme-discomfort/82362db0-1109-42f2-9691-4adcedce2f0a/">the original</a> on September 1, 2002. Retrieved July 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post+Magazine&rft.atitle=Supreme+Discomfort&rft.pages=W08&rft.date=2002-08-04&rft.aulast=Merida&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Fmagazine%2F2002%2F08%2F04%2Fsupreme-discomfort%2F82362db0-1109-42f2-9691-4adcedce2f0a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman1987" class="citation magazine cs1">Kauffman, Bill (November 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617042123/https://reason.com/archives/1987/11/01/clarence-thomas/2/">"Clarence Thomas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a>. Los Angeles, California. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/1987/11/01/clarence-thomas/2">the original</a> on June 17, 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Clarence+Thomas&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1987-11&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F1987%2F11%2F01%2Fclarence-thomas%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2016" class="citation web cs1">Coyle, Marcia (October 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/almID/1202770918142/Young-Scholar-Now-Lawyer-Says-Clarence-Thomas-Groped-Her-in-1999/">"Young Scholar, Now Lawyer, Says Clarence Thomas Groped Her in 1999"</a>. Law.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616184133/https://www.law.com/nationallawjournal/almID/1202770918142/Young-Scholar-Now-Lawyer-Says-Clarence-Thomas-Groped-Her-in-1999/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.com&rft.atitle=Young+Scholar%2C+Now+Lawyer%2C+Says+Clarence+Thomas+Groped+Her+in+1999&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fnationallawjournal%2FalmID%2F1202770918142%2FYoung-Scholar-Now-Lawyer-Says-Clarence-Thomas-Groped-Her-in-1999%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"> Thomas, Smith said, was sitting in the middle seat of the rectangular table with his right side facing the kitchen. Alone with Thomas, "I was setting the place to his right when he reached out, sort of cupped his hand around my butt and pulled me pretty close to him," Smith said in an interview. "He said, 'Where are you sitting?' and gave me a squeeze. I said, 'I'm sitting down at the garden table.’ He said, ‘I think you should sit next to me,' giving me squeezes. I said, 'Well, Mr. Blair is pretty particular about his seating chart.' I tried to use the seating chart as a pretext for refusing. He one more time squeezed my butt and he said, 'Are you sure?' I said yes, and that was the end of it." Smith said the other guests then assembled for the dinner and she went to the garden table to take her seat. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaskill2016" class="citation news cs1">McCaskill, Nolan D. 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Retrieved March 8, 2024. <q>"If we're going to keep the bar of accountability this low, perhaps it's time to exploit that low bar the same way billionaires have successfully done for decades," Oliver said on Sunday's episode of HBO's "Last Week Tonight," before announcing the offer he had for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas: $1 million per year if he steps down from his post immediately. 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Infobase Publishing (published September 1, 2008). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604130485" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604130485"><bdi>978-1604130485</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066431209">1066431209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clarence+Thomas%3A+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.series=Black+Americans+of+Achievement&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066431209&rft.isbn=978-1604130485&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBwYOtqiCvAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemerinsky2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chemerinsky" title="Erwin Chemerinsky">Chemerinsky, Erwin</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=faculty_scholarship">"A Fixture on a Changing Court: Justice Stevens and the Establishment Clause"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Law_Review" title="Northwestern University Law Review">Northwestern University Law Review</a>. 106 (2): 587–604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=A+Fixture+on+a+Changing+Court%3A+Justice+Stevens+and+the+Establishment+Clause&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=587-604&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chemerinsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.uci.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1040%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDianne1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dianne, Rucinski (Winter 1993). 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New York, NY: Facts On File, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791013779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791013779"><bdi>978-0791013779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clarence+Thomas&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0791013779&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Susan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticesofunited0004unse_a6q5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZepposHall1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_S._Zeppos" title="Nicholas S. 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Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 870–871. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505835-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505835-2"><bdi>978-0-19-505835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas%2C+Clarence&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=870-871&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505835-2&rft.aulast=Zeppos&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+S.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Hermit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hall%2Fpage%2F871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossum2013" class="citation book cs1">Rossum, Ralph A. 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Vol. 114. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Law_Review" title="Penn State Law Review">Penn State Law Review</a>. pp. 191–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-41262-1_9">10.1007/978-1-137-41262-1_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43490-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43490-6"><bdi>978-1-137-43490-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Like+Me%3A+The+Free+Speech+Jurisprudence+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.btitle=Judging+Free+Speech&rft.pages=191-214&rft.pub=Penn+State+Law+Review&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-41262-1_9&rft.isbn=978-1-137-43490-6&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=Steven+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennstatelawreview.org%2Farticles%2F114%2520Penn%2520St.%2520L.%2520Rev.%2520415.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsovoyGarnett2017" class="citation journal cs1">Consovoy, William S.; Garnett, Nicole (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/to-help-not-to-hurt">""To Help, Not To Hurt": Justice Thomas's Equality Canon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Law_Journal" title="The Yale Law Journal">The Yale Law Journal</a>. 127: 221–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=%22To+Help%2C+Not+To+Hurt%22%3A+Justice+Thomas%27s+Equality+Canon&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=221-232&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Consovoy&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Garnett%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Fforum%2Fto-help-not-to-hurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Elbert (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/Lin_mcfqj9yj.pdf">"At the Front of the Train: Justice Thomas Reexamines the Administrative State"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Law_Journal" title="The Yale Law Journal">The Yale Law Journal</a>. 127: 182–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=At+the+Front+of+the+Train%3A+Justice+Thomas+Reexamines+the+Administrative+State&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=182-195&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Elbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Fpdf%2FLin_mcfqj9yj.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnet2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Myron_Magnet" title="Myron Magnet">Magnet, Myron</a> (May 7, 2019). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvard-jlpp.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2022/01/Fall-2021-No.-2-Gregory-E.-Maggs-Justice-Thomas-and-Stare-Decisis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Justice+Thomas+and+Stare+Decisis&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Maggs&rft.aufirst=Gregory+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvard-jlpp.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F21%2F2022%2F01%2FFall-2021-No.-2-Gregory-E.-Maggs-Justice-Thomas-and-Stare-Decisis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2002" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, Scott (2002). First Principles: The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3099-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3099-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Principles%3A+The+Jurisprudence+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3099-7&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerAbramson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Mayer" title="Jane Mayer">Mayer, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jill_Abramson" title="Jill Abramson">Abramson, Jill</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strangejusticese00maye">Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas</a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-63318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-63318-2"><bdi>978-0-395-63318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Justice%3A+The+Selling+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-395-63318-2&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrangejusticese00maye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayerAbramson1994–1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Mayer" title="Jane Mayer">Mayer, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jill_Abramson" title="Jill Abramson">Abramson, Jill</a> (1994–1995). "The Higher Education of Clarence Thomas". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Blacks in Higher Education">Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a> (6): 95–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2962477">10.2307/2962477</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2962477">2962477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Higher+Education+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=95-100&rft.date=1994%2F1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2962477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2962477%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeridaFletcher2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Merida" title="Kevin Merida">Merida, Kevin</a>; Fletcher, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Sx-mz-fNGMC">Supreme Discomfort: The Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas</a>. New York City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0767916363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0767916363"><bdi>978-0767916363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Discomfort%3A+The+Divided+Soul+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0767916363&rft.aulast=Merida&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Sx-mz-fNGMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohlman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pohlman, Zachary B. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4911&context=ndlr">"Stare Decisis and the Supreme Court(s): What States Can Learn from Gamble"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_Review" title="Notre Dame Law Review">Notre Dame Law Review</a>. 95 (4): 1731–1762.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Stare+Decisis+and+the+Supreme+Court%28s%29%3A+What+States+Can+Learn+from+Gamble&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1731-1762&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Pohlman&rft.aufirst=Zachary+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.nd.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4911%26context%3Dndlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor_Jr.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pryor Jr., William H. (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/pdf/Pryor_mhqu8jut.pdf">"Justice Thomas, Criminal Justice, and Originalism's Legitimacy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Yale_Law_Journal" title="The Yale Law Journal">The Yale Law Journal</a>. 127: 173–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Justice+Thomas%2C+Criminal+Justice%2C+and+Originalism%27s+Legitimacy&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=173-181&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Pryor+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Fpdf%2FPryor_mhqu8jut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Robin, Corey</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICRPDwAAQBAJ">The Enigma of Clarence Thomas</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627793841" title="Special:BookSources/9781627793841"><bdi>9781627793841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781627793841&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICRPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaab2022" class="citation book cs1">Staab, James B. (2022). Limits of Constraint: The Originalist Jurisprudence of Hugo Black, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv2sx9fwk">10.2307/j.ctv2sx9fwk</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700633319" title="Special:BookSources/9780700633319"><bdi>9780700633319</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1338021273">1338021273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251207098">251207098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Constraint%3A+The+Originalist+Jurisprudence+of+Hugo+Black%2C+Antonin+Scalia%2C+and+Clarence+Thomas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1338021273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251207098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv2sx9fwk&rft.isbn=9780700633319&rft.aulast=Staab&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peyton_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Peyton Thomas">Thomas, Andrew Peyton</a> (Spring 2002). "Clarence Thomas: The Law School Years". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education" title="The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education">The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a> (35): 106–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3133873">10.2307/3133873</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133873">3133873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Clarence+Thomas%3A+The+Law+School+Years&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=106-114&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3133873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3133873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Peyton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Clarence (2007). <a href="/wiki/My_Grandfather%27s_Son" title="My Grandfather's Son">My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">Harper</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056555-8"><bdi>978-0-06-056555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Grandfather%27s+Son%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-056555-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Toobin, Jeffrey</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineinsidesecret00toob">The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51640-2"><bdi>978-0-385-51640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nine%3A+Inside+the+Secret+World+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51640-2&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineinsidesecret00toob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTushnet2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tushnet" title="Mark Tushnet">Tushnet, Mark</a> (2005). A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393327571" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393327571"><bdi>978-0393327571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Court+Divided%3A+The+Rehnquist+Court+and+the+Future+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0393327571&rft.aulast=Tushnet&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieraGross1998" class="citation book cs1">Viera, Norman; Gross, Leonard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5eoFhCmFIEC&pg=PA137">Supreme Court Appointments: Judge Bork and the Politicization of Senate Confirmations</a>. Carbondale, IL: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Press" title="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809322046" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809322046"><bdi>978-0809322046</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729140442/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5eoFhCmFIEC&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Appointments%3A+Judge+Bork+and+the+Politicization+of+Senate+Confirmations&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+IL&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0809322046&rft.aulast=Viera&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Gross%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5eoFhCmFIEC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Williams" title="Juan Williams">Williams, Juan</a> (1998). Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-3299-4"><bdi>0-8129-3299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thurgood+Marshall%3A+American+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8129-3299-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Corey_Robin" title="Corey Robin">Robin, Corey</a> (2019). The Enigma of Clarence Thomas. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Books">Metropolitan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-383-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62779-383-4"><bdi>978-1-62779-383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+Clarence+Thomas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-62779-383-4&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazarus" title="Edward Lazarus">Lazarus, Edward</a> (January 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820043457/http://writ.news.findlaw.com/lazarus/20050106.html">"Will Clarence Thomas Be the Court's Next Chief Justice? Why It's Very Unlikely That Bush's Advisors Will Ultimately Recommend His Nomination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FindLaw" title="FindLaw">FindLaw</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://writ.news.findlaw.com/lazarus/20050106.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FindLaw&rft.atitle=Will+Clarence+Thomas+Be+the+Court%27s+Next+Chief+Justice%3F+Why+It%27s+Very+Unlikely+That+Bush%27s+Advisors+Will+Ultimately+Recommend+His+Nomination&rft.date=2005-01-06&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrit.news.findlaw.com%2Flazarus%2F20050106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnwuachi-Willig2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Onwuachi-Willig" title="Angela Onwuachi-Willig">Onwuachi-Willig, Angela</a> (January 2005). "Just Another Brother on the SCT?: What Justice Clarence Thomas Teaches Us About the Influence of Racial Identity". <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Law_Review" title="Iowa Law Review">Iowa Law Review</a>. 90. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa_College_of_Law" title="University of Iowa College of Law">University of Iowa College of Law</a>: 931. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=638281">638281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Just+Another+Brother+on+the+SCT%3F%3A+What+Justice+Clarence+Thomas+Teaches+Us+About+the+Influence+of+Racial+Identity&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=931&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D638281%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Onwuachi-Willig&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClarence+Thomas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 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data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11142" class="extiw" title="d:Q11142">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontheissues.org/Clarence_Thomas.htm">Issue positions and quotes</a> at <a href="/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues">On the Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1000">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical">Biographical</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/thomas.bio.html">Biographical data</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a>'s website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1388686">Clarence Thomas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Clarence_Thomas_(U.S._Supreme_Court)">Clarence Thomas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ballotpedia" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/clarence_thomas">Clarence Thomas biography</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> 1982–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Kemp" title="Evan Kemp">Evan Kemp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> 1990–1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Judith_W._Rogers" title="Judith W. Rogers">Judith W. Rogers</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1991–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ambassadors to the United States</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court since October 18, 1991 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></div>as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judicial_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clarence_Thomas_opinions" title="Template:Clarence Thomas opinions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clarence_Thomas_opinions" title="Template talk:Clarence Thomas opinions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clarence_Thomas_opinions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clarence Thomas opinions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judicial_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Judicial opinions of Clarence Thomas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a> (March 6, 1990 – October 17, 1991); by calendar year</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1991</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#EEE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> (October 18, 1991 – present); by term</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2000 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2001 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2002 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2003 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2004 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2005 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2006 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2007 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2008 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2009 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2010 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2011 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2012 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2013 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2014 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2015 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2016 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2017 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2018 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2019 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2020 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2021 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2022 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_term_United_States_Supreme_Court_opinions_of_Clarence_Thomas" title="2023 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Clarence Thomas">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11142#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273158305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3655b84a-f088-4a67-a5fa-d4b7b8abfc57">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1182296">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11906863X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/197268897">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569295">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61w3pfb">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Thomas&oldid=1259880279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Thomas&oldid=1259880279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoburg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouchardTaylor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrady2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBravin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreuninger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownBoburgO\u0026#039;Connell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantor2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrington2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChemerinsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoperSullivan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChungHurley2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClymer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsovoyGarnett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortésBreuninger2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanforth2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vogue2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_VogueDuster2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_VogueStracqualursi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDianne1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurkee2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscobar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiske1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoskett2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchsGersteinCanellos2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGans2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGass2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeiger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerstein2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenburg,_Jan_Crawford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenburg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhouse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGresko2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGresko2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreve2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakimBecker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallMcGuire2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennessey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermanFriedmanIsrael2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyerRozellGenovese2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJanet_Maslin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesNielson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesNielson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantorGonzalez2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanElliottMierjeski2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanElliottMierjeski2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKauffman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornfieldBellaWang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauren_Mechling2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazarus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazarus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLichtblau2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLichtman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLithwick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaggs2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaggs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnet2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargolick1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarimowJouvenalRaji2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarzulla2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayerAbramson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayerAbramson1994–1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCaskill2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcGurn2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillion2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMencimer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeridaFletcher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeridaFletcher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeridaFletcher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnwuachi-Willig2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaúl2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiffer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohlman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor_Jr.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReichmann2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoche2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomoser2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandefur2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegersCrawford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerranoSavage2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverino2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawna_Mizelle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonmez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaab2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToobin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotenberg2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotenbergMontanaroGonzalesCampbell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumulty1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTushnet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanSickle2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanSickle2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanSickleEder2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVieraGross1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelBresnahanCogan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogelCoganBresnahan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolokh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Drehle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZepposHall1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vogue2016\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"0\"] = 1,\n [\"African American topics\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BLP primary sources\"] = 1,\n [\"Ballotpedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 80,\n [\"Clarence Thomas opinions\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism US\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Clarence\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"FJC Bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Green\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Paragraph break\"] = 3,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 3,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-blp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 13,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-inc\"] = 1,\n [\"S-legal\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-prec\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 4,\n [\"SCOTUS Justices\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 193,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"USD\"] = 2,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Usc\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 25,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","460","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","15.8"],["dataWrapper 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