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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alternative titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonical_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonical_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canonical status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canonical_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canonical status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canonical_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theological significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theological significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_in_Jewish_doctrine_and_liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_Jewish_doctrine_and_liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Influence in Jewish doctrine and liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_Jewish_doctrine_and_liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_Christian_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_Christian_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Influence in Christian doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_Christian_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianic_interpretation_by_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianic_interpretation_by_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Messianic interpretation by Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianic_interpretation_by_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_the_Book_of_Sirach_and_pre-modern_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_the_Book_of_Sirach_and_pre-modern_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References in the Book of Sirach and pre-modern texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_the_Book_of_Sirach_and_pre-modern_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References in culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Book of Sirach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wysheid_van_Ben_Sirag" title="Wysheid van Ben Sirag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wysheid van Ben Sirag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%90%E1%8D%88_%E1%88%B2%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%AD" title="መጽሐፈ ሲራክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መጽሐፈ ሲራክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="سفر يشوع بن سيراخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر يشوع بن سيراخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кніга Прамудрасць Ісуса Сірахава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга Прамудрасць Ісуса Сірахава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0,_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Премъдрост на Иисуса, син Сирахов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Премъдрост на Иисуса, син Сирахов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Sirach_(Buach)" title="Jesus Sirach (Buach) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jesus Sirach (Buach)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr_Furnez_Sirac%27h" title="Levr Furnez Sirac'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr Furnez Sirac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A0cida" title="Siràcida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Siràcida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADrachovec" title="Sírachovec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sírachovec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraks_Bog" title="Siraks Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siraks Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Sirach" title="Jesus Sirach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jesus Sirach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Σοφία Σειράχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοφία Σειράχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_la_Sabidur%C3%ADa_de_Jes%C3%BAs_ben_Sir%C3%A1" title="Libro de la Sabiduría de Jesús ben Sirá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro de la Sabiduría de Jesús ben Sirá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira%C4%A5" title="Siraĥ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Siraĥ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Siraken_Liburua" title="Ben Siraken Liburua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ben Siraken Liburua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="حکمت یشوع بن سیراخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکمت یشوع بن سیراخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siracide" title="Siracide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siracide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezus_Sirach" title="Jezus Sirach – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jezus Sirach" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar_Sh%C3%ADorach" title="Leabhar Shíorach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar Shíorach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="सिराक आचें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सिराक आचें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%ED%9A%8C%EC%84%9C" title="집회서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집회서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84_(%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84)" title="Սիրաք (գիրք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիրաք (գիրք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%9Bzus_Sirach" title="Jězus Sirach – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jězus Sirach" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga_Sirahova" title="Knjiga Sirahova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knjiga Sirahova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Yesus_bin_Sirakh" title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siracide" title="Siracide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Siracide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90" title="בן סירא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בן סירא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Yesus_bin_Sirakh" title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu_cha_Yoshua_bin_Sira" title="Kitabu cha Yoshua bin Sira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu cha Yoshua bin Sira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Ecclesiasticus" title="Liber Ecclesiasticus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber Ecclesiasticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirac" title="Sirac – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sirac" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%C3%A1k_fia_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Sirák fia könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sirák fia könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мудрост Сирахова – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мудрост Сирахова" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_ny_Ekleziastika" title="Bokin' ny Ekleziastika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' ny Ekleziastika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="സിറാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിറാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="سفر يشوع بن سيراخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر يشوع بن سيراخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Yesus_bin_Sirakh" title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Yesus bin Sirakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijsheid_van_Jezus_Sirach" title="Wijsheid van Jezus Sirach – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijsheid van Jezus Sirach" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A9%E6%9B%B8" title="シラ書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シラ書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraks_bok" title="Siraks bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Siraks bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraks_bok" title="Siraks bok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Siraks bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%27e_de_l%27Eccl%C3%A9si%C3%A2tique" title="Liv'e de l'Ecclésiâtique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Liv'e de l'Ecclésiâtique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%85dro%C5%9B%C4%87_Syracha" title="Mądrość Syracha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mądrość Syracha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclesi%C3%A1stico" title="Eclesiástico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eclesiástico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8En%C8%9Belepciunea_lui_Sirach" title="Înțelepciunea lui Sirach – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Înțelepciunea lui Sirach" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklisiyastiku" title="Iklisiyastiku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iklisiyastiku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0,_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Книга Премудрости Иисуса, сына Сирахова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга Премудрости Иисуса, сына Сирахова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirach" title="Sirach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sirach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha_Sirachovcova" title="Kniha Sirachovcova – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha Sirachovcova" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirah" title="Sirah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sirah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Премудрости Исуса сина Сирахова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Премудрости Исуса сина Сирахова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga_Sirahova" title="Knjiga Sirahova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga Sirahova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirakin_kirja" title="Sirakin kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sirakin kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Syraks_vishet" title="Jesus Syraks vishet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jesus Syraks vishet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirac" title="Sirac – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sirac" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சீராக்கின் ஞானம் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீராக்கின் ஞானம் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="หนังสือบุตรสิรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือบุตรสิรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirak" title="Sirak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sirak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Книга Премудрості Ісуса, Сина Сираха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга Премудрості Ісуса, Сина Сираха" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="کتاب یشوع بن سیراخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب یشوع بن سیراخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_Hu%E1%BA%A5n_Ca" title="Sách Huấn Ca – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Huấn Ca" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirac" title="Sirac – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sirac" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90" title="בן סירא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בן סירא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%99%BA%E8%A8%93" title="便西拉智訓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="便西拉智訓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155980#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirach&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deuterocanonical book (200 – 175 BCE)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ecclesiasticus" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the medieval text, see <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a>. 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data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Book of Sirach</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, also known as <b>The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach</b><sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Ecclesiasticus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Gigot1913_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gigot1913-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Jewish literary work, originally written in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>. The longest extant <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">wisdom book</a> from antiquity,<sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it consists of ethical teachings, written approximately between 196 and 175 BCE by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sira" title="Ben Sira">Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira</a> (Ben Sira), a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish</a> scribe of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams1994_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ben Sira's grandson translated the text into <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and added a prologue sometime around 117 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prologue is generally considered to be the earliest witness to a <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">tripartite canon</a> of the books of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus the date of the text is the subject of intense scrutiny by <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholars</a>. The ability to precisely date the composition of Sirach within a few years provides great insight into the historical <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">development and evolution of the Jewish canon</a>. Although the Book of Sirach is not included in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, it is included in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship">Authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Sira" title="Ben Sira">Ben Sira</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg/220px-Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg/330px-Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg/440px-Fugger_Ehrenbuch_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1969" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Joshua Sirach in <i>Das Geheime Ehrenbuch der Fugger</i> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_the_Younger" title="Jörg Breu the Younger">Jörg Breu the Younger</a>, 1545–1549</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ben_Sira" title="Ben Sira">Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira</a> (Ben Sira, or—according to the Greek text—"Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem") was a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish</a> scribe of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. He wrote the Book of Sirach in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> around 180 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among all Old Testament and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> writers, Ben Sira is unique in that he is the only one to have claimed authorship of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_and_historical_setting">Date and historical setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Date and historical setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Book of Sirach is generally dated to the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. The text refers in the past tense to "the high priest, Simon son of Onias" (chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2050:1&version=nrsvae">50:1</a>). This passage almost certainly refers to <a href="/wiki/Simon_II_(High_Priest)" title="Simon II (High Priest)">Simon the High Priest</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Onias_II" title="Onias II">Onias II</a>, who died in 196 BCE. Because the struggles between Simon's successors (<a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_(High_Priest)" title="Jason (High Priest)">Jason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a>) are not alluded to in the book, nor is the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> (who acceded to the throne in 175 BCE), the book must therefore have been written between 196 and 175 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1994_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1994-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_into_Koine_Greek">Translation into Koine Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Translation into Koine Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The person who translated the Book of Sirach into <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> states in his prologue that he was the grandson of the author, and that he came to Egypt (most likely <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>) in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of "<a href="/wiki/Euergetes" title="Euergetes">Euergetes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This epithet was borne by only two of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic kings</a>. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> reigned only twenty-five years (247–222 BCE), and thus <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II</a> must be intended. Since this king dated his reign from the date of his first ascension to the throne in the year 170 BCE, the translator must therefore have gone to Egypt in 132 BCE. Ben Sira's grandson completed his translation and added the prologue circa 117 BCE, around the time of the death of Ptolemy VIII.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the usurping <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> had ousted the heirs of <a href="/wiki/Simon_II_(High_Priest)" title="Simon II (High Priest)">Simon II</a> after long struggles and was finally in control of the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priesthood</a>. A comparison of the Hebrew and Greek versions shows that he altered the prayer for Simon and broadened its application ("may He entrust to <em>us</em> his mercy") to avoid closing a work praising God's covenanted faithfulness on an unanswered prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Guillaume_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillaume-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek version of the Book of Sirach is found in many codices of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_titles">Alternative titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternative titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> translation was accepted in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> under the abbreviated name of the author: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sirakh</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Σιραχ</span></span>). Some Greek manuscripts give as the title the "Wisdom of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Iēsous</i></span> Son of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sirakh</i></span>" or in short the "Wisdom of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sirakh</i></span>". The <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Old Latin Bible</a> was based on the Septuagint, and simply transliterated the Greek title into Latin letters: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sirach</i></span>. In the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin Vulgate</a>, the book is called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sapientia Jesu Filii Sirach</i></span> ("The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers#Greek_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Greek Church Fathers</a> also called it the "All-Virtuous Wisdom", while the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers#Latin_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Latin Church Fathers</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Testimonia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testimonia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> termed it <i>Ecclesiasticus</i> because it was frequently read in churches, leading the Latin Church Fathers to call it <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Ecclesiasticus</i></span> ("Church Book"). Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">New Latin Vulgate</a> and many modern English translations of the Apocrypha use the title <i>Ecclesiasticus</i>, literally "of the Church" because of its frequent use in Christian teaching and worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Sapiential_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapiential Books">wisdom books</a>, there is no easily recognizable structure in Sirach; in many parts it is difficult to discover a logical progression of thought or to discern the principles of arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a series of six poems about the search for and attainment of wisdom (1:1–10, 4:11–19; 6:18–37; 14:20–15:10; 24:1–33; and 38:24–39:11) divide the book into something resembling chapters, although the divisions are not thematically based.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exceptions are the first two chapters, whose reflections on wisdom and fear of God provide the theological framework for what follows, and the last nine chapters, which function as a sort of climax, first in an extended praise of God's glory as manifested through creation (42:15–43:33) and second in the celebration of the heroes of ancient Israel's history dating back to before the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a> through contemporary times (see previous section).<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the lack of structure, there are certain themes running through the book which reappear at various points. The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies ten major recurring topics: </p> <ol><li>The Creation: 16:24–17:24; 18:1–14; 33:7–15; 39:12–35; and 42:15–43:33</li> <li>Death: 11:26–28; 22:11–12; 38:16–23; and 41:1–13</li> <li>Friendship: 6:5–17; 9:10–16; 19:13–17; 22:19–26; 27:16–21; and 36:23–37:15</li> <li>Happiness: 25:1–11; 30:14–25; and 40:1–30</li> <li>Honor and shame: 4:20–6:4; 10:19–11:6; and 41:14–42:8</li> <li>Money matters: 3:30–4:10; 11:7–28; 13:1–14:19; 29:1–28; and 31:1–11</li> <li>Sin: 7:1–17; 15:11–20; 16:1–17:32; 18:30–19:3; 21:1–10; 22:27–23:27; and 26:28–28:7</li> <li>Social justice: 4:1–10; 34:21–27; and 35:14–26</li> <li>Speech: 5:6, 9–15; 18:15–29; 19:4–17; 20:1–31; 23:7–15; 27:4–7, 11–15; and 28:8–26</li> <li>Women: (9:1–9; 23:22–27; 25:13–26:27; 36:26–31; and 42:9–14.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trenchard1982_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenchard1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Some scholars contend that verse 50:1 seems to have formed the original ending of the text, and that Chapters 50 (from verse 2) and 51 are later interpolations.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulder_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Ben_Sira_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Illustration_Ben_Sira_25.jpg/220px-Illustration_Ben_Sira_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Illustration_Ben_Sira_25.jpg/330px-Illustration_Ben_Sira_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Illustration_Ben_Sira_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Illustration for the Book of Sirach, circa 1751</figcaption></figure> <p>The Book of Sirach is a collection of ethical teachings that closely resembles <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a>, except that—unlike the latter—it is presented as the work of a single author and not as an anthology of <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">maxims</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> drawn from various sources. The teachings of the Book of Sirach are intended to apply to all people regardless of circumstances. Many of them are rules of courtesy and politeness, and they contain advice and instruction as to the duties of man toward himself and others, especially the poor and the oppressed, as well as toward society and the state, and most of all toward God. Wisdom, in Ben Sira's view, is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_God" title="Fear of God">submission to the will of God</a>, and sometimes is identified in the text with adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic law</a>. The question of which sayings originated with the Book of Sirach is open to debate, although scholars tend to regard Ben Sira as a compiler or anthologist.<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, the author exhibits little compassion for women and slaves. He advocates distrust of and possessiveness over women,<sup id="cite_ref-Trenchard_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trenchard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the harsh treatment of slaves (which presupposes the validity of slavery as an institution),<sup id="cite_ref-Sirach33_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirach33-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> positions which are not only difficult for modern readers, but cannot be completely reconciled with the social milieu at the time of its composition. </p><p>The Book of Sirach contains the only instance in a biblical text of explicit praise for physicians (chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2038&version=nrsvae">38</a>), though other biblical passages take for granted that medical treatment should be used when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Exodus21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exodus21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ezekiel34_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezekiel34-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a direct challenge against the idea that illness and disease were seen as penalties for sin, to be cured only by repentance.<sup id="cite_ref-Snaith1974_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snaith1974-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a>, the author exhibits two opposing tendencies: the faith and the morality of earlier times, and an <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> of modern date. Occasionally Ben Sira digresses to attack theories that he considers dangerous; for example, that man has no <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_antiquity" title="Free will in antiquity">freedom of will</a>, and that God is indifferent to the actions of mankind and does not reward virtue. Some of the refutations of these views are developed at considerable length. </p><p>Throughout the text runs the prayer of Israel imploring God to gather together his scattered children, to bring to fulfillment the predictions of the Prophets, and to have mercy upon his Temple and his people. The book concludes with a justification of God, whose wisdom and greatness are said to be revealed in all God's works as well as in the history of Israel. The book ends with the author's attestation, followed by two hymns (chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2051&version=nrsvae">51</a>), the latter a sort of alphabetical <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a>. </p><p>Of particular interest to biblical scholars are Chapters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2044–50&version=nrsvae">44–50</a>, in which Ben Sira praises "famous men, our ancestors in their generations", starting from the antediluvian <a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a> and continuing through to <a href="/wiki/Simon_I_(High_Priest)" title="Simon I (High Priest)">Simon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Onias_I" title="Onias I">Onias</a> (300–270 BCE). Within the text of these chapters, Ben Sira identifies, either directly or indirectly, each of the books of the Hebrew Bible that would eventually become canonical (all of the five books of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the eight books of the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a>, and six of the eleven books of the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a>). The only books that are not referenced are <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marttila2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marttila2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to date the composition of Sirach within a few years given the autobiographical hints of Ben Sira and his grandson (author of the introduction to the work) provides great insight regarding the historical development and evolution of the Jewish canon.<sup id="cite_ref-EBZ2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBZ2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonical_status">Canonical status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canonical status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Development of the Old Testament canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg/220px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg/330px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg/440px-Zentralbibliothek_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alle_Weissheit_ist_bey_Gott_dem_Herrn_-_000012138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="4093" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Alle Weiſsheit ist bey Gott dem Herren..."</i></span> (modern spelling: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alle Weisheit ist bei Gott dem Herrn</i></span>) (Book of Sirach, first chapter, German translation), anonymous artist 1654</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite containing the oldest known list of Jewish canonical texts, the Book of Sirach itself is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Jewish canon</a>. Some authors suggest this is due to its late authorship,<sup id="cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrington1999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the canon <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">was not yet closed</a> at the time of Ben Sira.<sup id="cite_ref-Ska2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ska2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> was included in the canon, despite the fact that its date of composition (between 168 and 164 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-Collins1984_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins1984-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grabbe1991_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabbe1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was later than that of the Book of Sirach. Others have suggested that Ben Sira's self-identification as the author precluded it from attaining canonical status, which was reserved for works that were attributed (or could be attributed) to the prophets,<sup id="cite_ref-Mulder2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulder2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that it was denied entry to the canon as a rabbinical counter-reaction to its embrace by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">nascent Christian community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulmasy2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulmasy2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Book of Sirach is accepted as part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">canon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> Christians. It was cited in some writings in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> quote from it repeatedly, as from a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γραφή</span></span> (Scripture).<sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 397</span>), Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent I">Innocent I</a> (405),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (382 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-westcott_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westcott-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a> (in 393),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> (692), and the Council of Florence (1442)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all regarded it as a canonical book, although <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufinus of Aquileia">Rufinus of Aquileia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Laodicea" title="Council of Laodicea">Council of Laodicea</a> ranked it instead as an ecclesiastical book.<sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th and 5th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> recommended the Book of Sirach among other deuterocanonical books for edification and instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid1913_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid1913-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a> (recognized by the Eastern Orthodox Church during the 5th and 6th centuries) also described "the Wisdom of the very learned Sirach" as a recommended text for teaching young people.<sup id="cite_ref-AC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-westcott_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westcott-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church then reaffirmed The Book of Sirach and the other <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> in 1546 during the fourth session of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, and attached an excommunication to the denial of their scriptural status.<sup id="cite_ref-JE1905_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trent1546_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trent1546-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic canonical recognition only extends to the Greek text.<sup id="cite_ref-JB1966_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB1966-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because it was excluded from the Jewish canon, the Book of Sirach was not counted as being canonical in <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> originating from the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, although some retained the book in an appendix to the Bible called "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> tradition considers the book (which was published with other Greek Jewish books in a separate section of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>) among the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a> as deuterocanonical books, and reads them "for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet [does] not apply them to establish any doctrine".<sup id="cite_ref-39articles_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39articles-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> Churches take a similar position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg/220px-Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg/330px-Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg/440px-Masada_casemate_room_1109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Masada casemate room 1109: Discovery site of Ben Sira scroll (MasSir)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Book of Sirach was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> and was also known as the "Proverbs of ben Sira" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">משלי בן סירא</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mišlē ben Sirā</i></span>) or the "Wisdom of ben Sira" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חכמת בן סירא</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥokhmat ben Sirā</i></span>). The book was not accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the original Hebrew text was not preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a>. However, in 1896, several scroll fragments of the original Hebrew texts of the Book of Sirach, copied in the 11th and 12th centuries, were found in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> (a synagogue storage room for damaged manuscripts).<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soskice2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soskice2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muraoka1997_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muraoka1997-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although none of these manuscripts are complete, together they provide the text for about two-thirds of the Book of Sirach.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1958IV_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1958IV-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars including <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon" title="Frederic G. Kenyon">Frederic G. Kenyon</a>, these findings support the assertion that the book was originally written in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams1958V_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams1958V-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s, three fragments of parchment scrolls of the Book of Sirach written in Hebrew were discovered near the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>. The largest scroll, Mas1H (MasSir), was discovered in casemate room 1109 at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, the Jewish fortress destroyed by the Romans in 73 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely2022_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scroll contains Sirach 39:27–44:17.<sup id="cite_ref-Masada_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masada-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two scroll fragments were found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>. One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Psalms_Scroll" title="Great Psalms Scroll">Great Psalms Scroll</a> (11Q5 or 11QPs<sup>a</sup>), contains Sirach chapter 51 (verses 13-20, and 30).<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson1997_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson1997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other fragment, 2Q18 (2QSir), contains Sirach 6:14–15, 20–31. These early Hebrew texts are in substantial agreement with the Hebrew texts discovered in Cairo, although there are numerous minor textual variants. With these findings, scholars are now more confident that the Cairo texts are reliable witnesses to the Hebrew original.<sup id="cite_ref-Elizur2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elizur2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wenzel2008_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenzel2008-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_significance">Theological significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theological significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_Jewish_doctrine_and_liturgy">Influence in Jewish doctrine and liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence in Jewish doctrine and liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben-Sira_Hebrew_(Vienna_1814).djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ben-Sira_Hebrew_%28Vienna_1814%29.djvu/page1-220px-Ben-Sira_Hebrew_%28Vienna_1814%29.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ben-Sira_Hebrew_%28Vienna_1814%29.djvu/page1-330px-Ben-Sira_Hebrew_%28Vienna_1814%29.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ben-Sira_Hebrew_%28Vienna_1814%29.djvu/page1-440px-Ben-Sira_Hebrew_%28Vienna_1814%29.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Hebrew translation of the Book of Sirach, 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Although excluded from the Jewish canon, the Book of Sirach was well-known among Jews during the late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>. The Greek translation made by Ben Sira's grandson was included in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (the 2nd-century BCE Greek version of the Hebrew Bible), which became the foundation of the early Christian canon.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely2022_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the many manuscript fragments discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Genizah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Genizah">Cairo Genizah</a> evince its authoritative status among Egyptian Jewry until well into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington1999_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Book of Sirach was read and quoted as authoritative from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">rabbinic period</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> and other works of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> occasionally paraphrase Ben Sira (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a></i> 100b, <i><a href="/wiki/Hagigah" title="Hagigah">Hagigah</a></i> 13a, <i><a href="/wiki/Bava_Batra" title="Bava Batra">Bava Batra</a></i> 98b, <i><a href="/wiki/Niddah_(Talmud)" title="Niddah (Talmud)">Niddah</a></i> 16b, etc.), but it does not mention his name. These quotes found in the Talmud correspond very closely to those found in the three scroll fragments of the Hebrew version of the Book of Sirach found at Qumran. <i><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Tractate Sanhedrin</a></i> 100b records an unresolved debate between R'Joseph and <a href="/wiki/Abaye" title="Abaye">Abaye</a> as to whether it is forbidden to read the Book of Sirach, wherein Abaye repeatedly draws parallels between statements in Sirach cited by R'Joseph as objectionable and similar statements appearing in canonical books.<sup id="cite_ref-dtorah_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtorah-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Book of Sirach may have been used as a basis for two important parts of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahzor">Mahzor</a></i> (High Holiday prayer book), a medieval Jewish poet may have used the Book of Sirach as the basis for a poem, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar%27e_Kohen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar'e Kohen (page does not exist)">Mar'e Kohen</a></i></span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Musaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaf">musaf</a></i></span> ("additional") service for the High Holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehmann2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehmann2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yosef Tabori questioned whether this passage in the Book of Sirach is referring at all to Yom Kippur, and thus argued it cannot form the basis of this poem.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabori1996_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabori1996-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early 20th-century scholars also argued that the vocabulary and framework used by the Book of Sirach formed the basis of the most important of all Jewish prayers, the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a>, but that conclusion is disputed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Reif2002_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reif2002-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current scholarship takes a more conservative approach. On one hand, scholars find that "Ben Sira links Torah and wisdom with prayer in a manner that calls to mind the later views of the Rabbis", and that the Jewish liturgy echoes the Book of Sirach in the "use of hymns of praise, supplicatory prayers and benedictions, as well as the occurrence of [Biblical] words and phrases [that] take on special forms and meanings."<sup id="cite_ref-Reif_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reif-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they stop short of concluding a direct relationship existed; rather, what "seems likely is that the Rabbis ultimately borrowed extensively from the kinds of circles which produced Ben Sira and the Dead Sea Scrolls ....".<sup id="cite_ref-Reif_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reif-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_in_Christian_doctrine">Influence in Christian doctrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Influence in Christian doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">earliest Christian</a> writings, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, reference the Book of Sirach. For example, <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> 4:7<sup id="cite_ref-ECWDidache_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECWDidache-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Barnabas</a> 19:9<sup id="cite_ref-ECWBarnabas_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECWBarnabas-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both appear to reference Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%204:31&version=nrsvae">4:31</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington1999_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington1999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Book of Sirach is not quoted directly, there are many apparent references to it in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely2022_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scripturecatholic_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripturecatholic-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:7" title="Matthew 6:7">Matthew 6:7</a>, Jesus said "But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions", where Sirach has "Do not babble in the assembly of the elders, and do not repeat yourself when you pray".(Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%207:14&version=nrsvae">7:14</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:12" title="Matthew 6:12">Matthew 6:12</a> has "And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors", where Sirach has "Forgive your neighbor a wrong, and then, when you petition, your sins will be pardoned" (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2028:2&version=nrsvae">28:2</a>)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_7:16" title="Matthew 7:16">Matthew 7:16</a>, Jesus said "Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?", where Sirach has "Its fruit discloses the cultivation of a tree" (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2027:6&version=nrsvae">27:6</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_11:28" title="Matthew 11:28">Matthew 11:28</a>, Jesus said "Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest", where Sirach has "See with your own eyes that I have laboured but little and found for myself much serenity." (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2051:27&version=nrsvae">51:27</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> 4:5 has "Other seed fell on shallow soil with underlying rock. The seed sprouted quickly because the soil was shallow",<sup id="cite_ref-biblegatewayMark45_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblegatewayMark45-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Sirach has "The children of the ungodly won't grow many branches, and are as unhealthy roots on a sheer rock." (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2040:15&version=nrsvae">40:15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 1:52 has "He has put down the mighty from their thrones, and exalted the lowly",<sup id="cite_ref-biblegatewayLuke152_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblegatewayLuke152-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Sirach has "The Lord overthrows the thrones of rulers, and enthrones the lowly in their place." (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2010:14&version=nrsvae">10:14</a>)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Acts_20#Verse_35" title="Acts 20">Acts 20:35</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> said "It is more blessed to give than to receive", whereas Sirach has "Do not let your hand be stretched out to receive and closed when it is time to give" (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%204:31&version=nrsvae">4:31</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a> 1:19 has "Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath",<sup id="cite_ref-biblegatewayJames119_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblegatewayJames119-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Sirach has "Be quick to hear, but deliberate in answering." (Sirach <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%205:11&version=nrsvae">5:11</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messianic_interpretation_by_Christians">Messianic interpretation by Christians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Messianic interpretation by Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_148.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption><i>Jesus Ben Sirach</i>, 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a>, a Lutheran</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Christians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> regard the catalogue of famous men in the Book of Sirach as containing several <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messianic</a> references. The first occurs during the verses on <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>. Sirach 47:11 reads "The Lord took away his sins, and exalted his power for ever; he gave him the covenant of kings and a throne of glory in Israel." This references the covenant of 2 Samuel 7, which pointed toward the Messiah. "Power" (Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">qeren</i></span>) is literally translated as 'horn'. This word is often used in a messianic and Davidic sense (e.g. Ezekiel 29:21, Psalms 132:17, Zechariah 6:12, Jeremiah 33:15). It is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> ("and has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David").<sup id="cite_ref-Skehan1987_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skehan1987-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another verse (47:22) that Christians interpret messianically begins by again referencing 2 Samuel 7. This verse speaks of Solomon and goes on to say that David's line will continue forever. The verse ends stating that "he gave a remnant to Jacob, and to David a root of his stock". This references Isaiah's prophecy of the Messiah: "There shall come forth a shoot from the stump of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots"; and "In that day the root of Jesse shall stand as an ensign to the peoples; him shall the nations seek…" (Isaiah 11:1, 10).<sup id="cite_ref-Skehan528_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skehan528-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_the_Book_of_Sirach_and_pre-modern_texts">References in the Book of Sirach and pre-modern texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References in the Book of Sirach and pre-modern texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: verse numbers may vary slightly between versions. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's fable</a> of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Two_Pots" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Two Pots"><i>The Two Pots</i></a> is referenced at Sirach 13:2–3<sup id="cite_ref-Sirach132_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirach132-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JB_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satire_of_the_Trades" title="The Satire of the Trades"><i>The Egyptian Satire of the Trades</i></a> (written during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a>, between 2025 and 1700 BCE), or another work in that tradition<sup id="cite_ref-Rollston2001_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollston2001-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referenced at Sirach 38:24–39:11<sup id="cite_ref-Sirach38_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirach38-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The treatises of <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a>, Emperor of Ethiopia, on the nature and power of the Virgin Mary quotes Sirach 3:30, "Water extinguishes a burning fire and almsgiving atones for sin."<sup id="cite_ref-Haile1992_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haile1992-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a> chapter 88 quotes Sirach 15:16–17.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> quotes Ecclesiasticus 32:1 in the <i>Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The third song <i>O Tod, wie bitter bist du</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Vier_ernste_Ges%C3%A4nge" title="Vier ernste Gesänge">Vier ernste Gesänge</a></i> quotes Sirach 41:1–3.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_culture">References in culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References in culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG/220px-Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG/330px-Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG/440px-Old_Saint_Mary%27s_Cathedral_bell_tower_clock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="2282" /></a><figcaption>Quotation from Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) on <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Mary%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St. Mary's Cathedral">Old St. Mary's Cathedral</a>, San Francisco</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The opening lines of <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i>, Best Picture at the 1982 Academy Awards, is from Sirach 44:1: "Let us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us."<sup id="cite_ref-Welland2015_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welland2015-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In "<a href="/wiki/Canon_Alberic%27s_Scrap-Book" title="Canon Alberic's Scrap-Book">Canon Alberic's Scrap-Book</a>", the first ghost story in his first published collection, <a href="/wiki/M._R._James" title="M. R. James">M. R. James</a> has his protagonist, Dennistoun, quote lines from Ecclesiasticus 39:28: "Some spirits there be that are created for vengeance, and in their fury lay on sore strokes."</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Their_name_liveth_for_evermore" title="Their name liveth for evermore">Their name liveth for evermore</a>" is a phrase from the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>, forming the second half of a line in Sirach 44:14, widely inscribed on <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorials</a>.</li> <li>The title of <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_Now_Praise_Famous_Men" title="Let Us Now Praise Famous Men">Let Us Now Praise Famous Men</a></i> is taken from Sirach 44:1.</li> <li>Ecclesiasticus 43:11–26 was recited at the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">funeral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Windsor" title="Dean of Windsor">Dean of Windsor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kinneer_Patteson_Jr." title="Roy Kinneer Patteson Jr.">Roy Kinneer Patteson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kohn" title="David Kohn">David Kohn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר בן-סירא</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sēper ben-Sîrāʾ</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JE1905-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE1905_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinger1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>, ed. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishencyclopedia11sing/page/388/mode/2up">"Sirach, The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 11. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 388–397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sirach%2C+The+Wisdom+of+Jesus+the+Son+of&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=388-397&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishencyclopedia11sing%2Fpage%2F388%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gigot1913-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gigot1913_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigot1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gigot" title="Francis Gigot">Gigot, Francis Ernest Charles</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclo04commgoog/page/262/mode/2up">"Ecclesiasticus"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. V (2 ed.). New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc. pp. 263–269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiasticus&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263-269&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Gigot&rft.aufirst=Francis+Ernest+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicencyclo04commgoog%2Fpage%2F262%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRSV2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRSV2010_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael D.</a>, ed. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-new-oxford-annotated-bible-with-apocrypha-new-revised-standard-version-2018/page/1457/mode/2up">"Ecclesiasticus, or the Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach"</a></span>. <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version</i> (4 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1457–1528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195289602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195289602"><bdi>978-0195289602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiasticus%2C+or+the+Wisdom+of+Jesus%2C+Son+of+Sirach&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1457-1528&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0195289602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-new-oxford-annotated-bible-with-apocrypha-new-revised-standard-version-2018%2Fpage%2F1457%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams1994-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams1994_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams1994_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, David Salter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1535116">"The Date of Ecclesiasticus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i>. <b>44</b> (4): 563–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853394X00565">10.1163/156853394X00565</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1535116">1535116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Ecclesiasticus&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-566&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853394X00565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1535116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+Salter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1535116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fpg4DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198792499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198792499"><bdi>978-0198792499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=9-17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0198792499&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpg4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillaume-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guillaume_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume2004" class="citation journal cs1">Guillaume, Philippe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011523/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_39.pdf">"New Light on the Nebiim from Alexandria: A Chronography to Replace the Deuteronomistic History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures" title="Journal of Hebrew Scriptures">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</a></i> (5: Section: 3. The Date of Ben Sira). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_39.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Nebiim+from+Alexandria%3A+A+Chronography+to+Replace+the+Deuteronomistic+History&rft.issue=5%3A+Section%3A+3.+The+Date+of+Ben+Sira&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2FArticles%2Farticle_39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Michael E., ed. (1984). <i>Jewish Writings of the Second Temple Period: Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Qumran, sectarian writings, Philo, Josephus</i>. Van Gorcum, Assen, Netherlands, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zffXWORVUcC&pg=PA290">p. 290</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800606035" title="Special:BookSources/0800606035">0800606035</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Testimonia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Testimonia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Testimonia</i>, ii. 1; iii. 1, 35, 51, 95, <i>et passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenchard1982-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trenchard1982_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenchard1982" class="citation book cs1">Trenchard, Warren C. (1982). <i>Ben Sira's View of Woman: A Literary Analysis</i>. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Sira%27s+View+of+Woman%3A+A+Literary+Analysis&rft.place=Chico%2C+CA&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Trenchard&rft.aufirst=Warren+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulder-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mulder_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulder, p. 11. However, other scholars take the position that the Book of Sirach started with chapters 1–23 and 51, with the intermediate sections being inserted thereafter. Mulder, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trenchard-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trenchard_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g, Sirach 42:12–14, especially v. 14a ("Better the wickedness of a man than the goodness of a woman."); Sirach 22:3 ("A father is disgraced by producing an ignorant son, But a daughter is born to his loss."). For these translations, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenchard" class="citation cs2">Trenchard, <i>Ben Sira's View of Women</i>, pp. 147, 135 respectively</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Sira%27s+View+of+Women&rft.pages=147%2C+135+respectively&rft.au=Trenchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span>. The Book of Sirach also has some neutral and positive remarks about women, e.g., 7:27; 36:24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirach33-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sirach33_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Sirach 33:24–28 ("Fodder and a stick and burdens for an ass; bread and discipline and work for a servant. Set your slave to work, and you will find rest; leave his hands idle, and he will seek liberty. Yoke and thong will bow the neck, and for a wicked servant there are racks and tortures ... Set him to work, as is fitting for him, and if he does not obey, make his fetters heavy."). But see: Sir. 33:30–31 ("If you have a servant, let him be as yourself, because you have bought him with blood. If you have a servant, treat him as a brother, for as your own soul you will need him.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exodus21-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exodus21_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#19">Exodus 21:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezekiel34-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ezekiel34_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1234.htm#4">Ezekiel 34:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snaith1974-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snaith1974_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snaith, John G. (1974), <i>Ecclesiasticus, or the Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach</i>, The Cambridge Bible Commentary on the New English Bible, Cambridge University Press <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marttila2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marttila2012_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marttila, Marko. <i>Foreign Nations in the Wisdom of Ben Sira: A Jewish Sage between Opposition and Assimilation</i>, pp. 196–199 (Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110270105" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110270105">978-3110270105</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBZ2007-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBZ2007_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Perspectives on Hebrew Scriptures II, Volume 5</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Ben_Zvi" title="Ehud Ben Zvi">Ehud Ben Zvi</a> ed., pp. 179–190 (Gorgias Press LLC 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593336127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593336127">978-1593336127</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington1999-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington1999_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington1999_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrington1999_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Harrington" title="Daniel J. Harrington">Harrington, Daniel J.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invitationtoapoc0000harr/page/78/mode/2up">"Ecclesiaticus/Sirach: Fear of the Lord"</a>. <i>Invitation to the Apocrypha</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 78–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802846335" title="Special:BookSources/0802846335"><bdi>0802846335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiaticus%2FSirach%3A+Fear+of+the+Lord&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+the+Apocrypha&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=78-91&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0802846335&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvitationtoapoc0000harr%2Fpage%2F78%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ska2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ska2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSka2009" class="citation book cs1">Ska, Jean Louis (2009). "The Praise of the Fathers in Sirach (Sir 44-50) and the Canon of the Old Testament". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC"><i>The Exegesis of the Pentateuch: Exegetical Studies and Basic Questions</i></a>. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 184–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161499050" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161499050"><bdi>978-3161499050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Praise+of+the+Fathers+in+Sirach+%28Sir+44-50%29+and+the+Canon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Exegesis+of+the+Pentateuch%3A+Exegetical+Studies+and+Basic+Questions&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen%2C+Germany&rft.pages=184-195&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3161499050&rft.aulast=Ska&rft.aufirst=Jean+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7g4yqsv0S0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins1984-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins1984_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John J.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC"><i>Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature</i></a>. The Forms of the Old Testament Literature. Vol. XX. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802800206" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802800206"><bdi>978-0802800206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+With+an+Introduction+to+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.series=The+Forms+of+the+Old+Testament+Literature&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0802800206&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9r_Zs7T1nCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe2001_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA229">"A Dan(iel) For All Seasons: For Whom Was Daniel Important?"</a>. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W. (eds.). <i>The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception</i>. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum. Vol. 1. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11675-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11675-3"><bdi>90-04-11675-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Dan%28iel%29+For+All+Seasons%3A+For+Whom+Was+Daniel+Important%3F&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Daniel%3A+Composition+and+Reception&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Supplements+to+Vetus+Testamentum&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-11675-3&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAVPfTe_wkYC%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe1991-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe1991_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267150">"Maccabean Chronology: 167-164 or 168-165 BCE?"</a>. <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>110</b> (1): 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267150">10.2307/3267150</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267150">3267150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Maccabean+Chronology%3A+167-164+or+168-165+BCE%3F&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267150&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267150%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulder2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mulder2003_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mulder, Otto, <i>Simon the High Priest in Sirach 50</i>, p. 3 fn. 8 (Koninkliijke Brill nv 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004123168" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004123168">978-9004123168</a> ("The highly esteemed book of Ben Sira is not sacred Scripture [because] 'the author was known to have lived in comparatively recent times, in an age when, with the death of the last prophets, the holy spirit had departed from Israel.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulmasy2006-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sulmasy2006_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sulmasy, Daniel P. <i>The Rebirth of the Clinic: An Introduction to Spirituality in Health Care</i>, p. 45 (Georgetown Univ. Press 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589010956" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589010956">978-1589010956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/12022.htm"><i>On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8:2</i></a>. newadvent<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Christian+Doctrine+Book+II+Chapter+8%3A2&rft.pub=newadvent&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F12022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2005" class="citation book cs1">Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). <i>A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament Page 570</i> (6th ed.). Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597522392" title="Special:BookSources/1597522392"><bdi>1597522392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+general+survey+of+the+history+of+the+canon+of+the+New+Testament+Page+570&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1597522392&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Brooke+Foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm">Decretum Gelasianum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-westcott-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-westcott_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-westcott_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott2005" class="citation book cs1">Westcott, Brooke Foss (2005). <i>A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament</i> (6th ed.). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. p. 570. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59752-239-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59752-239-2"><bdi>1-59752-239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+Survey+of+the+History+of+the+Canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=570&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59752-239-2&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Brooke+Foss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html">"Canon XXIV. (Greek xxvii.)"</a>, <i>The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage</i>, Christian Classics Ethereal Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+XXIV.+%28Greek+xxvii.%29&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+217+Blessed+Fathers+who+assembled+at+Carthage&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.xv.iv.iv.xxv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3816.htm">Council of Carthage (A.D. 419) Canon 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103203301/https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">"Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM">the original</a> on 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Eccumenical+Council+of+Florence+and+Council+of+Basel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCOUNCILS%2FFLORENCE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid1913-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reid1913_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1913" class="citation book cs1">Reid, George J. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholic-encyclopedia-volum-3/page/271/mode/2up">"Canon of the Holy Scriptures"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. III (2 ed.). New York: The Encyclopedia Press, Inc. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+of+the+Holy+Scriptures&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholic-encyclopedia-volum-3%2Fpage%2F271%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffWace1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wace_(priest)" title="Henry Wace (priest)">Wace, Henry</a>, eds. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nicenepostnicene0014chaf/page/n1235/mode/2up">"The Apostolical Canons: Canon LXXXV"</a>. <i>A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>. Second. Vol. XIV. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Percival" title="Henry R. Percival">Percival, Henry</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 599–600.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apostolical+Canons%3A+Canon+LXXXV&rft.btitle=A+Select+Library+of+Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Second&rft.pages=599-600&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnicenepostnicene0014chaf%2Fpage%2Fn1235%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trent1546-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trent1546_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of Trent, Session IV, 1546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JB1966-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JB1966_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerusalem Bible (1966), <i>Introduction to Ecclesiasticus</i>, p. 1034</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39articles-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39articles_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515141030/http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/39A/iss_doctrine_39A_Arts06-08.asp">"Canon VI. Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for salvation. The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion"</a>. Church Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/39a/iss_doctrine_39A_Arts06-08.asp">the original</a> on 15 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+VI.+Of+the+Sufficiency+of+the+Holy+Scriptures+for+salvation.+The+Thirty-Nine+Articles+of+Religion.&rft.pub=Church+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchsociety.org%2Fissues_new%2Fdoctrine%2F39a%2Fiss_doctrine_39A_Arts06-08.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman2011_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanCole2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adina_Hoffman" title="Adina Hoffman">Hoffman, Adina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cole" title="Peter Cole">Cole, Peter</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hI00DAAAQBAJ"><i>Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza</i></a>. New York: Schocken Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1223-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-1223-5"><bdi>978-0-8052-1223-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Trash%3A+The+Lost+and+Found+World+of+the+Cairo+Geniza&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-1223-5&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Adina&rft.au=Cole%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhI00DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soskice2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soskice2010_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoskice2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Soskice" title="Janet Soskice">Soskice, Janet</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erQxmpOyOjUC"><i>TheSisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Discovered the Hidden Gospels</i></a>. London: Vintage Books. pp. 122–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400034741" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400034741"><bdi>978-1400034741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TheSisters+of+Sinai%3A+How+Two+Lady+Adventurers+Discovered+the+Hidden+Gospels&rft.place=London&rft.pages=122-133&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1400034741&rft.aulast=Soskice&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerQxmpOyOjUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muraoka1997-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muraoka1997_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurvitz1997" class="citation conference cs1">Hurvitz, Avi (1997). Muraoka, T; Elwolde, F (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VPtnjUwEGDIC"><i>The Linguistic Status of Ben Sira As a Link Biblical and Mishnaic Hebrew: Lexicographical Aspects</i></a>. The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Ben Sira: Proceedings of a Symposium Held at Leiden University. Vol. 26. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 72–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10820-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10820-3"><bdi>90-04-10820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Status+of+Ben+Sira+As+a+Link+Biblical+and+Mishnaic+Hebrew%3A+Lexicographical+Aspects&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=72-86&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10820-3&rft.aulast=Hurvitz&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVPtnjUwEGDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1958IV-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1958IV_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon" title="Frederic G. Kenyon">Kenyon, Frederic George</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourbibleancientm0000awad/page/83/mode/2up">"The Hebrew Old Testament"</a>. In Adams, Arthur White (ed.). <i>Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts</i>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hebrew+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Our+Bible+and+the+Ancient+Manuscripts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Frederic+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourbibleancientm0000awad%2Fpage%2F83%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1958V-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1958V_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon" title="Frederic G. Kenyon">Kenyon, Frederic George</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourbibleancientm0000awad/page/150/mode/2up">"The Ancient Versions of the Old Testament"</a>. In Adams, Arthur White (ed.). <i>Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts</i>. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. pp. 150–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Versions+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Our+Bible+and+the+Ancient+Manuscripts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=Frederic+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourbibleancientm0000awad%2Fpage%2F150%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seely2022-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seely2022_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seely2022_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seely2022_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeely2022" class="citation web cs1">Seely, David Rolph (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://byustudies.byu.edu/article/the-masada-fragments-the-qumran-scrolls-and-the-new-testament/">"The Masada Fragments, the Qumran Scrolls, and the New Testament"</a>. <i>BYU Studies</i>. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BYU+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Masada+Fragments%2C+the+Qumran+Scrolls%2C+and+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Seely&rft.aufirst=David+Rolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbyustudies.byu.edu%2Farticle%2Fthe-masada-fragments-the-qumran-scrolls-and-the-new-testament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford2000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford2000_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2000" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Sidnie White (2000). "Review of Masada VI: Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965. Final Reports". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>319</b>: 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357566">10.2307/1357566</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357566">1357566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Review+of+Masada+VI%3A+Yigael+Yadin+Excavations+1963%E2%80%931965.+Final+Reports&rft.volume=319&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357566&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Sidnie+White&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masada-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masada_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bensira.org/navigator.php?Manuscript=Masada&PageNum=8">"Full Masada Scroll"</a>. <i>The Book of Ben Sira</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Book+of+Ben+Sira&rft.atitle=Full+Masada+Scroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bensira.org%2Fnavigator.php%3FManuscript%3DMasada%26PageNum%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson1997-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson1997_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Gerald (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/43723012.pdf">"The Qumran Psalms Scroll (11QPsa) and the Canonical Psalter: Comparison of Editorial Shaping"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Catholic Biblical Quarterly</i>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43723012">43723012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Qumran+Psalms+Scroll+%2811QPsa%29+and+the+Canonical+Psalter%3A+Comparison+of+Editorial+Shaping&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43723012%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F43723012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizur2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elizur2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizur, Shulamit, "A New Fragment from the Hebrew Text of the Book of Ben Sira", <i><a href="/wiki/Tarbi%E1%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarbiẕ">Tarbiẕ</a></i> 76 (2008) 17–28 (in Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenzel2008-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wenzel2008_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egger-Wenzel, Renate "Ein neues Sira – Fragment des MS C", Biblische Notizen 138 (2008) 107–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dtorah-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dtorah_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtorah.com/otzar/shas_soncino.php?ms=Sanhedrin&df=100b">"Sanhedrin 100b Shas Soncino dTorah.com"</a>. <i>dtorah.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dtorah.com&rft.atitle=Sanhedrin+100b+Shas+Soncino+dTorah.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtorah.com%2Fotzar%2Fshas_soncino.php%3Fms%3DSanhedrin%26df%3D100b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann2000-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann2000_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehmann, M.R. (2000), "The Writings of Ben Sira, the Dead Sea Scrolls and Temple Worship in the Liturgy of Yom Kippur", in <i>Piyyut in Tradition</i>, vol. 2 (eds. B. Bar-Tikva and E. Hazan [Hebrew]; Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University), pp. 13–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabori1996-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tabori1996_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabori1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tabori, Yosef (1996). <i>Mo'ade Yiśra'el bi-teḳufat ha-Mishnah ṿeha-Talmud</i> (in Hebrew) (Mahad. 2. metuḳenet u-murḥevet. ed.). <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>, Jerusalem: Hotsa'at sefarim 'a. sh. Y.L. Magnes. p. 260 n. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652238880" title="Special:BookSources/9652238880"><bdi>9652238880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mo%27ade+Yi%C5%9Bra%27el+bi-te%E1%B8%B3ufat+ha-Mishnah+%E1%B9%BFeha-Talmud&rft.place=Hebrew+University%2C+Jerusalem&rft.pages=260+n.+4&rft.edition=Mahad.+2.+metu%E1%B8%B3enet+u-mur%E1%B8%A5evet.&rft.pub=Hotsa%27at+sefarim+%27a.+sh.+Y.L.+Magnes&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9652238880&rft.aulast=Tabori&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reif2002-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reif2002_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reif, Stefan C. <i>Prayer in Ben Sira, Qumran and Second Temple Judaism: A Comparative Overview</i>, in Ben Sira's God: Proceedings of the International Ben Sira Conference, Durham, Renate Egger-Wenzel ed., p. 322 (Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110175592" title="Special:BookSources/3110175592">3110175592</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reif-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reif_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reif_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reif, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECWDidache-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECWDidache_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-lightfoot.html">"The Didache or Teaching of the Apostles"</a>. <i>Early Christian Writings: New Testament, Apocrypha, Gnostics, Church Fathers</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lightfoot" title="J. B. Lightfoot">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber</a>. Peter Kirby. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Christian+Writings%3A+New+Testament%2C+Apocrypha%2C+Gnostics%2C+Church+Fathers&rft.atitle=The+Didache+or+Teaching+of+the+Apostles&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fdidache-lightfoot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECWBarnabas-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECWBarnabas_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/barnabas-lightfoot.html">"Epistle of Barnabas"</a>. <i>Early Christian Writings: New Testament, Apocrypha, Gnostics, Church Fathers</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lightfoot" title="J. B. Lightfoot">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber</a>. Peter Kirby. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Christian+Writings%3A+New+Testament%2C+Apocrypha%2C+Gnostics%2C+Church+Fathers&rft.atitle=Epistle+of+Barnabas&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fbarnabas-lightfoot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scripturecatholic-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scripturecatholic_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scripturecatholic.com/deuterocanonical-books-new-testament/">"Deuterocanonical Books in the New Testament"</a>. <i>Scripture Catholic</i>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scripture+Catholic&rft.atitle=Deuterocanonical+Books+in+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripturecatholic.com%2Fdeuterocanonical-books-new-testament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/sirach-27.6-matthew-7.16"><i>intertextual.bible/text/sirach-27.6-matthew-7.16</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intertextual.bible%2Ftext%2Fsirach-27.6-matthew-7.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2Fsirach-27.6-matthew-7.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblegatewayMark45-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biblegatewayMark45_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Mark%204:5">"Mark 4:5 – Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mark+4%3A5+%E2%80%93+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fverse%2Fen%2FMark%25204%3A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblegatewayLuke152-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biblegatewayLuke152_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Luke%201:52">"Luke 1:52 – Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luke+1%3A52+%E2%80%93+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fverse%2Fen%2FLuke%25201%3A52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblegatewayJames119-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biblegatewayJames119_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/James%201:19">"James 1:19 – Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+1%3A19+%E2%80%93+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fverse%2Fen%2FJames%25201%3A19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skehan1987-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skehan1987_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkehan1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._Skehan" title="Patrick W. Skehan">Skehan, Patrick</a> (1987). <i>The Wisdom of Ben Sira: a new translation with notes</i>. Series: The Anchor Bible. Vol. 39. New York: Doubleday. p. 524. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385135173" title="Special:BookSources/0385135173"><bdi>0385135173</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Ben+Sira%3A+a+new+translation+with+notes&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Series%3A+The+Anchor+Bible&rft.pages=524&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0385135173&rft.aulast=Skehan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skehan528-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skehan528_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skehan, p. 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirach132-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sirach132_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2013:2–3&version=nrsvae">Sirach 13:2–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JB-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JB_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See footnote a at Ecclesiasticus 13:2-3 in <i>The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a></i>, Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rollston2001-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rollston2001_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollston2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rollston, Chris A. (2001). "Ben Sira 38:24–39:11 and <i>The Egyptian Satire of the Trades</i>". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>120</b> (Spring): 131–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268597">10.2307/3268597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268597">3268597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Ben+Sira+38%3A24%E2%80%9339%3A11+and+The+Egyptian+Satire+of+the+Trades&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=Spring&rft.pages=131-139&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rollston&rft.aufirst=Chris+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirach38-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sirach38_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ecclesiasticus%2038:24–39:11&version=nrsvae">Sirach 38:24–39:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haile1992-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haile1992_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zärˀa Yaˁəqob. 1992. "Revelation of the Miracle of Mary according to John Son of Thunder (Raˀəyä Täˀammər)", in The Mariology of Emperor Zära Yaˁqob of Ethiopia: Texts and Translations, edited by Getatchew Haile, 70–145. Rome, Italy: Pontificium Institutum Studiorum Orientalium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welland2015-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welland2015_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelland2015" class="citation news cs1">Welland, Colin (17 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090335/http://wiscreenwritersforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Chariots-of-Fire.pdf">"Chariots of Fire Script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiscreenwritersforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Chariots-of-Fire.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chariots+of+Fire+Script&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.aulast=Welland&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiscreenwritersforum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F08%2FChariots-of-Fire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Sirach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Askin, Lindsey A. (2018) <i>Scribal Culture in Ben Sira</i> E.J. Brill, Leiden <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004372863" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004372863">978-9004372863</a></li> <li>Beentjes, Pancratius C. (1997) <i>The Book of Ben Sira in Hebrew: A Text Edition of All Extant Hebrew Manuscripts and a Synopsis of All Parallel Hebrew Ben Sira Texts</i> E.J. Brill, Leiden, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004107673" title="Special:BookSources/9004107673">9004107673</a></li> <li>Toy, Crawford Howell and Lévi, Israel (1906) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=836&letter=S&search=Ben%20Sira">"Sirach, The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of"</a> entry in the <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></li> <li><i>Amidah</i>, entry in (1972) <i>Encyclopedia Judaica Jerusalem</i>, Keter Publishing, Jerusalem, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10955972">10955972</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Sirach&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Book_of_Sirach" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Wisdom_of_Sirach" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Wisdom of Sirach">The King James Version of Wisdom of Sirach</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinvulgate.com/verse.aspx?t=0&b=26">Sirach (Ecclesiasticus)</a> – Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims version side-by-side</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://BenSira.org">BenSira.org, original Hebrew manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibledex.com/videos/sirach.html">Sirach</a> – Bibledex video overview</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalaudio.com/sirach.htm">Sirach 2012 Translation with Audio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13785-sirach-the-wisdom-of-jesus-the-son-of">The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach</a>, <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i> (1906 ed.).</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Sirach&author=Douay-Rheims&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Sirach</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> Old Testament </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Old Testament<br /></b>see <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><b> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_apocrypha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Apocrypha" title="Template:Jewish Apocrypha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Apocrypha" title="Template talk:Jewish Apocrypha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Apocrypha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Apocrypha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_apocrypha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish apocrypha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">Testament of Qahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Amram" title="Visions of Amram">Visions of Amram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Testament of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_Aseneth" title="Joseph and Aseneth">Joseph and Aseneth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Baruch">1 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">3 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_the_Book_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to the Book of Esther">Additions to the Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other apocrypha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo"> Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version 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