CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Book of Exodus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f978c757-4864-4f83-a168-68b81e33da9a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Book_of_Exodus","wgTitle":"Book of Exodus","wgCurRevisionId":1255411511,"wgRevisionId":1255411511,"wgArticleId":9662,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with numeric Bible version references","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles needing additional references from August 2022","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with LibriVox links","Book of Exodus","6th-century BC books","5th-century BC books","Books about Egypt","Mythology books","Torah books","The Exodus"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Book_of_Exodus","wgRelevantArticleId":9662,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9190","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Book of Exodus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Book_of_Exodus rootpage-Book_of_Exodus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Book+of+Exodus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Book+of+Exodus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Book+of+Exodus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Book+of+Exodus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Textual witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Salvation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theophany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theophany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Theophany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theophany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Election of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism's_weekly_Torah_portions_in_the_Book_of_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism's_weekly_Torah_portions_in_the_Book_of_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Judaism's weekly Torah portions in the Book of Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism's_weekly_Torah_portions_in_the_Book_of_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Book of Exodus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodus_(Bybel)" title="Eksodus (Bybel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksodus (Bybel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B5_%E1%8B%98%E1%8C%B8%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ኦሪት ዘጸአት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሪት ዘጸአት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="سفر الخروج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر الخروج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodo" title="Exodo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Exodo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%A6%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܪܐ ܕܡܦܩܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xodu" title="Éxodu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éxodu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95" title="যাত্রাপুস্তক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যাত্রাপুস্তক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhut-Ai-ki%CC%8Dp-k%C3%AC" title="Chhut-Ai-ki̍p-kì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhut-Ai-ki̍p-kì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Кніга Выхад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга Выхад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Кніга Выхаду – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга Выхаду" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Изход (Библия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изход (Библия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Exodus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermaeziadeg" title="Ermaeziadeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ermaeziadeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88xode" title="Èxode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Èxode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basahon_sa_Eksodo" title="Basahon sa Eksodo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Basahon sa Eksodo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exodus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodo" title="Eksodo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Eksodo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Exodus" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr_Exodus" title="Llyfr Exodus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr Exodus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anden_Mosebog" title="Anden Mosebog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anden Mosebog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(Bibel)" title="Exodus (Bibel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exodus (Bibel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_Moosese_raamat" title="Teine Moosese raamat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine Moosese raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7)" title="Έξοδος (Παλαιά Διαθήκη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έξοδος (Παλαιά Διαθήκη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xodo" title="Éxodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éxodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliro" title="Eliro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eliro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irteera_(Biblia)" title="Irteera (Biblia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irteera (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="سفر خروج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سفر خروج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_de_l%27Exode" title="Livre de l'Exode – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre de l'Exode" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(bibelboek)" title="Exodus (bibelboek) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Exodus (bibelboek)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_di_Esodi" title="Libri di Esodi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Libri di Esodi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eacsadas" title="Eacsadas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eacsadas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecsodus" title="Ecsodus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ecsodus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89xodo" title="Éxodo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Éxodo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thama" title="Thama – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Thama" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="सुटका चें पुस्तक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सुटका चें पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhut-%C3%A2i-khi%CC%8Dp-ki" title="Chhut-âi-khi̍p-ki – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhut-âi-khi̍p-ki" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%9C%EC%95%A0%EA%B5%BD%EA%B8%B0" title="출애굽기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="출애굽기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Ելք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पलायन की किताब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पलायन की किताब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodus" title="Eksodus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Eksodus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga_Izlaska" title="Knjiga Izlaska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knjiga Izlaska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_di_Exodo" title="Libro di Exodo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libro di Exodo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Keluaran" title="Kitab Keluaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Keluaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodo" title="Exodo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Exodo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exode" title="Exode – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Exode" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodus" title="Eksodus – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Eksodus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodusi" title="Eksodusi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Eksodusi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._M%C3%B3seb%C3%B3k" title="2. Mósebók – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="2. Mósebók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_dell%27Esodo" title="Libro dell'Esodo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro dell'Esodo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שמות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Pangentasan" title="Kitab Pangentasan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kitab Pangentasan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="წიგნი გამოსვლათა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიგნი გამოსვლათა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%A9ga_Wi%C5%84dzeni%C3%B4" title="Knéga Wińdzeniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Knéga Wińdzeniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodus" title="Eksodus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Eksodus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo_cyo_Kuva" title="Igitabo cyo Kuva – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo cyo Kuva" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutoka_(Biblia)" title="Kutoka (Biblia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kutoka (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shemot" title="Shemot – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Shemot" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Exodus" title="Liber Exodus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber Exodus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izce%C4%BCo%C5%A1anas_gr%C4%81mata" title="Izceļošanas grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izceļošanas grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1%C4%97jimo_knyga" title="Išėjimo knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išėjimo knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Exodus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esodo" title="Esodo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Esodo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3zes_m%C3%A1sodik_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Mózes második könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mózes második könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Исход (библиска книга) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исход (библиска книга)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokin%27_ny_Eks%C3%B4d%C3%B4sy" title="Bokin' ny Eksôdôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bokin' ny Eksôdôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="പുറപ്പാട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുറപ്പാട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="स्थलांतराचे पुस्तक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्थलांतराचे पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="سفر الخروج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفر الخروج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Keluaran" title="Kitab Keluaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitab Keluaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3k_A%C4%AD-g%C4%ADk_G%C3%A9" title="Chók Aĭ-gĭk Gé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chók Aĭ-gĭk Gé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89isodo" title="Éisodo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Éisodo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Гэтлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэтлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ထွက်မြောက်ရာကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထွက်မြောက်ရာကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(boek)" title="Exodus (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exodus (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E8%A8%98" title="出エジプト記 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="出エジプト記" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Mosebok" title="Andre Mosebok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre Mosebok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_mosebok" title="Andre mosebok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andre mosebok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_de_l%27Ex%C3%B2de" title="Libre de l'Exòde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libre de l'Exòde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodus" title="Eksodus – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Eksodus" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oshiwambo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="کتاب خروج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب خروج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzode" title="Egzode – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Egzode" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99ga_Wyj%C5%9Bcia" title="Księga Wyjścia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księga Wyjścia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_do_%C3%8Axodo" title="Livro do Êxodo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro do Êxodo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartea_Exodului" title="Cartea Exodului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartea Exodului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seguond_cudesch_da_Moses" title="Seguond cudesch da Moses – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Seguond cudesch da Moses" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puririchiy" title="Puririchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puririchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Книга Исход – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга Исход" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Барыы битигэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Барыы битигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_le_Esoto_o_le_tusi_e_lua_a_Mose" title="O le Esoto o le tusi e lua a Mose – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="O le Esoto o le tusi e lua a Mose" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_i_Eksodit" title="Libri i Eksodit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libri i Eksodit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sudu" title="Èsudu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Èsudu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Exodus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_(Biblia)" title="Exodus (Biblia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Exodus (Biblia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Mojzesova_knjiga" title="2. Mojzesova knjiga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="2. Mojzesova knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="دەرچوون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەرچوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Књига изласка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига изласка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga_Izlaska" title="Knjiga Izlaska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga Izlaska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_Mooseksen_kirja" title="Toinen Mooseksen kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen Mooseksen kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_Moseboken" title="Andra Moseboken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra Moseboken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat_ng_Exodo" title="Aklat ng Exodo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat ng Exodo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="விடுதலைப் பயணம் (நூல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விடுதலைப் பயணம் (நூல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9E" title="หนังสืออพยพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสืออพยพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1k%C4%B1%C5%9F_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Çıkış Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çıkış Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus" title="Exodus – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Exodus" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaa%CC%B1mbwat_Ghwut" title="Kwaa̱mbwat Ghwut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwaa̱mbwat Ghwut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Книга Вихід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга Вихід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="کتاب خروج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب خروج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%87%D8%B3" title="ئېكسودۇس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېكسودۇس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Moisejan_kirj" title="2. Moisejan kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="2. Moisejan kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_Xu%E1%BA%A5t_H%C3%A0nh" title="Sách Xuất Hành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách Xuất Hành" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basah%C3%A1n_han_Exodo" title="Basahán han Exodo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Basahán han Exodo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%AE%B0" title="出埃及记 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="出埃及记" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ספר שמות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספר שמות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9_%E1%BA%B8%CC%81ks%C3%B3d%C3%B9" title="Ìwé Ẹ́ksódù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé Ẹ́ksódù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%A8%98" title="出埃及記 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="出埃及記" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veciyay%C4%B1%C5%9F_(Tewrate)" title="Veciyayış (Tewrate) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Veciyayış (Tewrate)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%A8%98" title="出埃及記 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="出埃及記" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_2_Musa" title="Buku 2 Musa – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Buku 2 Musa" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9190#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Book_of_Exodus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Book_of_Exodus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Book_of_Exodus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&oldid=1255411511" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Book_of_Exodus&id=1255411511&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBook_of_Exodus"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBook_of_Exodus"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Book_of_Exodus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Exodus_(Bible)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9190" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second book of the Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the second book of the Torah and the Old Testament. For the Israelite migration narrative, see <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Exodus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Exodus (disambiguation)">Exodus</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Exodus 4" redirects here. For the single, see <a href="/wiki/Exodus_%2704" title="Exodus '04">Exodus '04</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex"><img alt="Joshua 1:1 as recorded in the Aleppo Codex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/220px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/330px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/440px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></i> <span class="nobold">(Judaism)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Torah</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Instruction)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:11.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bereshit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exodus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Wayiqra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Bemidbar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Devarim</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Book of Exodus</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἔξοδος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Éxodos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Hebrew language">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <span lang="hbo" dir="rtl">שְׁמוֹת</span> <i>Šəmōṯ</i>, 'Names'; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Liber Exodus</i>) is the second book of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> leaving <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Biblical Egypt</a> through the strength of their <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> named <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, who according to the story <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chose them</a> as his people. The Israelites then journey with the <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, where Yahweh gives the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> and they enter into a <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">covenant</a> with Yahweh, who promises to make them a "<a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">holy nation</a>, and a kingdom of priests" on condition of their faithfulness. He gives them their laws and instructions to build the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, the means by which he will come from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and dwell with them and lead them in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> to conquer <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>"), which has earlier, according to the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth of Genesis">myth of Genesis</a>, been promised to the "seed" of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, the legendary patriarch of the Israelites. </p><p>Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">ascribed to Moses</a> himself, modern scholars see its initial composition as a product of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a> (6th century BCE), based on earlier written sources and oral traditions, with final revisions in the <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Persian post-exilic period</a> (5th century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">biblical scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Meyers" title="Carol Meyers">Carol Meyers</a>, in her commentary on Exodus, suggests that it is arguably the most important book in the Bible, as it presents the defining features of Israel's identity—memories of a past marked by hardship and escape, a binding covenant with their <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, who chooses Israel, and the establishment of the life of the community and the guidelines for sustaining it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of modern scholars is that the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a> does not give an accurate account of the origins of the Israelites, who appear instead to have formed as an entity in the central highlands of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> in the late second millennium BCE (around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>) from the indigenous Canaanite culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers20056–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers20056–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English name <i>Exodus</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἔξοδος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">éxodos</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'way out', from <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐξ-</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ex-</i></span>, 'out' and <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ὁδός</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hodós</i></span>, 'path', 'road'. In Hebrew the book's title is שְׁמוֹת, <i>shemōt</i>, "Names", from the <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">beginning words of the text</a>: "These are the names of the sons of Israel" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמֹות בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman20091_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman20091-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels of the Exodus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg/220px-Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg/330px-Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg/440px-Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_1075_-_British_Library_Papyrus_2053_recto_-_Book_of_Exodus_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus">Papyrus Oxyrhynchus</a> 1075, a 3rd or 4th century CE manuscript showing part of <a href="/wiki/Exodus_40" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus 40">Exodus 40</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most mainstream scholars do not accept the biblical Exodus account as historical for a number of reasons. It is generally agreed that the Exodus stories were written centuries after the apparent setting of the stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Neil Asher Silberman</a> argue that archaeology has not found evidence for even a small band of wandering Israelites living in the Sinai: "The conclusion – that Exodus did not happen at the time and in the manner described in the Bible – seems irrefutable [...] repeated excavations and surveys throughout the entire area have not provided even the slightest evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200263_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200263-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they argue how modern archaeology suggests continuity between Canaanite and Israelite settlements, indicating a heavily Canaanite origin for Israel, with little suggestion that a group of foreigners from Egypt comprised early Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarmash20154_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarmash20154-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002313_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002313-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a majority of scholars believe that the story has an historical core,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedmount200187_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedmount200187-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though disagreeing widely about what that historical kernel might have been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraty201555_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraty201555-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenton Sparks refers to it as "charter myth" and "mythologized history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks201073_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks201073-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_I._Davies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham I. Davies (page does not exist)">Graham I. Davies</a> notes that several literary texts from Ancient Egypt document the presence of Semitic peoples working for building projects under the <a href="/wiki/19th_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Dynasty of Egypt">19th Dynasty of Egypt</a>, suggesting a possible historical basis for the account of Israelite servitude to the Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2020152_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2020152-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is an increasing trend among scholars to see the biblical exodus traditions as the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian exile">exilic</a> and post-exilic Jewish community, with little to no historical basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell200911_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200911-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no unanimous agreement among scholars on the structure of Exodus. One strong possibility is that it is a <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a> (i.e., divided into two parts), with the division between parts 1 and 2 at the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing of the Red Sea">crossing of the Red Sea</a> or at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> (appearance of God) in chapter 19.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this plan, the first part tells of God's rescue of his people from Egypt and their journey under his care to Sinai (chapters 1–19) and the second tells of the covenant between them (chapters 20–40).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:326px;max-width:326px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exodus_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Exodus_map.jpg/150px-Exodus_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Exodus_map.jpg/225px-Exodus_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Exodus_map.jpg/300px-Exodus_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1585 map</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg/168px-Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg/252px-Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg/336px-Wanderings_in_the_desert_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1641 map</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Historical representations of the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Stations of the Exodus</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The text of the Book of Exodus begins after the events at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> where <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>'s sons and their families joined their brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which Joseph had saved from famine. It is 400 years later and Egypt's new <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_of_the_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaoh of the Exodus">Pharaoh</a>, who does not remember Joseph, is fearful that the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> and now numerous <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> could become a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>. He hardens their labor and orders the killing of all newborn boys. A <a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levite</a> woman named <a href="/wiki/Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Jochebed</a> saves her baby by <a href="/wiki/Finding_of_Moses" title="Finding of Moses">setting him adrift</a> on the Nile in an <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">ark of bulrushes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bithiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithiah">Pharaoh's daughter</a> finds the child, names him <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, and brings him up as her own. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg/220px-Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg/330px-Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg/440px-Dura_Europos_fresco_Moses_from_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Finding_of_Moses" title="Finding of Moses">Finding of Moses</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue" title="Dura-Europos synagogue">Dura-Europos synagogue</a>, c. 244</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, a grown Moses goes out to see his kinsmen. He witnesses the abuse of a Hebrew slave by an Egyptian overseer. Angered, Moses kills him and flees into <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a> to escape punishment. There, he marries <a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jethro (Bible)">Jethro</a>, a Midianite priest. While tending Jethro's flock, Moses encounters God in a <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a>. Moses asks God for his name, to which God replies with three words, often translated as "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a>." This is the book's explanation for the origin of the name <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, as God is thereafter known. God tells Moses to return to Egypt, free the Hebrews from slavery and lead them into <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, the land promised to the seed of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> in Genesis. On the journey back to Egypt, God seeks to kill Moses. Zipporah <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcises</a> their son and the attack stops. <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Zipporah_at_the_inn" title="Zipporah at the inn">Zipporah at the inn</a>.)</i> </p><p>Moses reunites with his brother <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a> and, returning to Egypt, convenes the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> elders, preparing them to go into the wilderness to worship God. Pharaoh refuses to release the Israelites from their work for the festival, and so God curses the Egyptians with <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">ten terrible plagues</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#1._Turning_water_to_blood:_Ex._7:14–24" title="Plagues of Egypt">river of blood</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plague of frogs">outbreak of frogs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt#9._Darkness_for_three_days:_Ex._10:21–29" title="Plagues of Egypt">thick darkness</a>. Moses is commanded by God to fix the spring month of <a href="/wiki/Aviv" title="Aviv">Aviv</a> at the head of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>. The Israelites are to take a lamb on the 10th day of the month, <a href="/wiki/Korban_Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Korban Pesach">sacrifice the lamb</a> on the 14th day, daub its blood on their <a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">mezuzot—doorposts</a> and lintels, and to observe the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> meal that night, during the full moon. The <a href="/wiki/10th_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="10th plague">10th plague</a> comes that night, causing the death of all Egyptian firstborn sons, prompting Pharaoh to expel the Israelites. Regretting his decision, Pharaoh commands his chariot army after the Israelites, who appear trapped at the <a href="/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Red Sea</a>. God <a href="/wiki/Parting_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Parting of the Red Sea">parts the sea</a>, allowing the Israelites to pass through, before drowning Pharaoh's pursuing forces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg/220px-ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg/330px-ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg/440px-ISS035-E-007148_Nile_-_Sinai_-_Dead_Sea_-_Wide_Angle_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Geography of the Book of Exodus, with the Nile River and its delta, left, the Red Sea and Sinai desert, center, and the land of Israel, upper right</figcaption></figure> <p>As desert life proves arduous, the Israelites complain and long for Egypt, but God miraculously provides <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> for them to eat and <a href="/wiki/Meribah" class="mw-redirect" title="Meribah">water</a> to drink. The Israelites arrive at the mountain of God, where Moses's father-in-law Jethro visits Moses; at his suggestion, Moses appoints <a href="/wiki/Biblical_judges" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical judges">judges</a> over Israel. God asks whether they will agree to be his people – They accept. The people gather at the foot of the mountain, and with thunder and lightning, fire and clouds of smoke, the sound of trumpets, and the trembling of the mountain, <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">God appears</a> on the peak, and the people see the cloud and hear the voice (or possibly sound) of God. God tells Moses to ascend the mountain. God pronounces the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_Decalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical Decalogue">Ethical Decalogue</a>) in the hearing of all Israel. Moses goes up the mountain into the <a href="/wiki/Presence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Presence of God">presence of God</a>, who pronounces the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a> of ritual and civil law and promises <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> to them if they obey. Moses comes down from the mountain and writes down God's words, and the people agree to keep them. God calls Moses up the mountain again, where he remains for forty days and forty nights, after which he returns, bearing the set of stone <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(religious)" title="Tablet (religious)">tablets</a>. </p><p>God gives Moses instructions for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabernacle (Judaism)">tabernacle</a> so that God may dwell permanently among his <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a>, along with instructions for the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)" title="Priestly robe (Judaism)">priestly vestments</a>, the altar and its appurtenances, procedures for the <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> of priests, and the daily <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> offerings. Aaron becomes the first <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">hereditary high priest</a>. God gives Moses the two tablets of stone containing the words of the ten commandments, written with the <a href="/wiki/Finger_of_God_(Commandments)" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger of God (Commandments)">"finger of God"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg/220px-Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg/330px-Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg/440px-Gerrit_de_Wet_-_The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf_-_WGA25563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>The Adoration of the Golden Calf</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_de_Wet" title="Gerrit de Wet">Gerrit de Wet</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>While Moses is with God, Aaron casts a <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a>, which the people worship. God informs Moses of their <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> and threatens to kill them all, but relents when Moses pleads for them. Moses comes down from the mountain, smashes the stone tablets in anger, and commands the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> to massacre the unfaithful Israelites. God commands Moses to construct two new tablets. Moses ascends the mountain again, where God dictates the <a href="/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ten Commandments</a> for Moses to write on the tablets. </p><p>Moses descends from the mountain with a <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(religion)" title="Transfiguration (religion)">transformed face</a>; from that time onwards he must hide his face with a <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a>. Moses assembles the Hebrews and repeats to them the commandments he has received from God, which are to keep the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> and to construct the Tabernacle. The Israelites do as they are commanded. From that time God dwells in the Tabernacle and orders the travels of the Hebrews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg/400px-1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg/600px-1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg/800px-1867_Edward_Poynter_-_Israel_in_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><i>Israel in Egypt</i> (1867 painting by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish and Christian tradition viewed <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Moses as the author of Exodus</a> and the entire <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, but by the end of the 19th century the increasing awareness of discrepancies, inconsistencies, repetitions and other features of the Pentateuch had led scholars to abandon this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers200516_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers200516-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In approximate round dates, the process which produced Exodus and the Pentateuch probably began around 600 BCE when existing oral and written traditions were brought together to form books recognizable as those we know, reaching their final form as unchangeable sacred texts around 400 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Book_of_Exodus##" title="Talk:Book of Exodus">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although patent mythical elements are not so prominent in Exodus as in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, ancient legends may have an influence on the book's form or content: for example, the story of the infant Moses's salvation from the Nile is argued to be based on an earlier legend of king <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, while the story of the <a href="/wiki/Parting_of_the_Red_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Parting of the Red Sea">parting of the Red Sea</a> may trade on Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation mythology</a>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a> (the law code in Exodus 20:22–23:33) has some similarities in both content and structure with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Hammurabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of Hammurabi">Laws of Hammurabi</a>. These potential influences serve to reinforce the conclusion that the Book of Exodus originated in the exiled Jewish community of 6th-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, but not all the potential sources are Mesopotamian: the story of Moses's flight to Midian following the murder of the Egyptian overseer may draw on the Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe" title="Story of Sinuhe">Story of Sinuhe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuglerHartin200974_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuglerHartin200974-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_witnesses">Textual witnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Textual witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="Textual variants in the Book of Exodus">Textual variants in the Book of Exodus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg/300px-David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg/450px-David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg/600px-David_Roberts-IsraelitesLeavingEgypt_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9447" data-file-height="6825" /></a><figcaption><i>Departure of the Israelites</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> (1829)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Salvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biblical scholars describe the Bible's theologically motivated history writing as "<a href="/wiki/Salvation_history" title="Salvation history">salvation history</a>", meaning a history of God's saving actions that give identity to Israel – the promise of offspring and land to the ancestors, <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> from Egypt (in which God saves Israel from slavery), the wilderness wandering, the revelation at Sinai, and the hope for the future life in the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dozeman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dozeman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theophany">Theophany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theophany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> is a manifestation (appearance) of a god – in the Bible, an appearance of the God of Israel, accompanied by storms – the earth trembles, the mountains quake, the heavens pour rain, thunder peals and lightning flashes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theophany in Exodus begins "the third day" from their arrival at Sinai in chapter 19: Yahweh and the people meet at the mountain, God appears in the storm and converses with Moses, giving him the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> while the people listen. The theophany is therefore a public experience of divine law.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second half of Exodus marks the point at which, and describes the process through which, God's theophany becomes a permanent presence for Israel via the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>. That so much of the book (chapters 25–31, 35–40) describes the plans of the Tabernacle demonstrates the importance it played in the perception of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> at the time of the text's redaction by the Priestly writers: the Tabernacle is the place where God is physically present, where, through the priesthood, Israel could be in direct, literal communion with him.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant">Covenant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg/300px-The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg/450px-The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg/600px-The_Crossing_of_The_Red_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><i>Crossing of the Red Sea</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The heart of Exodus is the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Sinaitic covenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A covenant is a legal document binding two parties to take on certain obligations towards each other.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several covenants in the Bible, and in each case they exhibit at least some of the elements in real-life treaties of the ancient Middle East: a preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, deposition and reading, list of witnesses, blessings and curses, and ratification by animal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biblical covenants, in contrast to Eastern covenants in general, are between a god, Yahweh, and a people, Israel, instead of between a strong ruler and a weaker vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_Israel">Election of Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Election of Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>God elects Israel for salvation because the "sons of Israel" are "the firstborn son" of the God of Israel, descended through Shem and Abraham to the chosen line of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> whose name is changed to Israel. The goal of the divine plan in Exodus is a return to humanity's state in <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a>, so that God can dwell with the Israelites as he had with <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> through the Ark and Tabernacle, which together form a model of the universe; in later <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religions</a> Israel becomes the guardian of God's plan for humanity, to bring "God's creation blessing to mankind" begun in Adam.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism's_weekly_Torah_portions_in_the_Book_of_Exodus"><span id="Judaism.27s_weekly_Torah_portions_in_the_Book_of_Exodus"></span>Judaism's weekly Torah portions in the Book of Exodus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judaism's weekly Torah portions in the Book of Exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly Torah portion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/170px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/255px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/340px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_Breaking_the_Tablets_of_the_Law" title="Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law">Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (1659)</figcaption></figure> <p>List of Torah portions in the Book of Exodus:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">Shemot</a>, on Exodus 1–5: Affliction in Egypt, discovery of baby Moses, Pharaoh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">Va'eira</a>, on Exodus 6–9: Plagues 1 to 7 of Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Bo</a>, on Exodus 10–13: Last plagues of Egypt, first Passover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">Beshalach</a>, on Exodus 13–17: Parting the Sea, water, manna, Amalek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">Yitro</a>, on Exodus 18–20: Jethro's advice, The Ten Commandments</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a>, on Exodus 21–24: The Covenant Code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">Terumah</a>, on Exodus 25–27: God's instructions on the Tabernacle and furnishings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a>, on Exodus 27–30: God's instructions on the first priests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a>, on Exodus 30–34: Census, anointing oil, golden calf, stone tablets, Moses radiant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">Vayakhel</a>, on Exodus 35–38: Israelites collect gifts, make the Tabernacle and furnishings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">Pekudei</a>, on Exodus 38–40: Setting up and filling of The Tabernacle</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_the_Bible#Moses_(Exodus_-_Deuteronomy)" title="List of films based on the Bible">Film adaptations of the Book of Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt#Ancient_times" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">History of the Jews in Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_from_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="List of individuals from the Book of Exodus">List of individuals from the Book of Exodus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnstone200372_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnstone2003">Johnstone 2003</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200268_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe201736_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2017">Grabbe 2017</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers20056–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers20056–7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers2005">Meyers 2005</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMooreKelle201181_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreKelle2011">Moore & Kelle 2011</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman20091-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman20091_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDozeman2009">Dozeman 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200263-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman200263_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarmash20154-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarmash20154_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarmash2015">Barmash 2015</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002313-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002313_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2002">Shaw 2002</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaust2015476_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaust2015">Faust 2015</a>, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedmount200187-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedmount200187_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedmount2001">Redmount 2001</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeraty201555-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeraty201555_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeraty2015">Geraty 2015</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks201073-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks201073_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparks2010">Sparks 2010</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2020152-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2020152_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2020">Davies 2020</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell200911-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell200911_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2009">Russell 2009</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2031:18&version=nrsv">Exodus 31:18</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#9:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 9:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers200516-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyers200516_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyers2005">Meyers 2005</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEntire20088_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEntire2008">McEntire 2008</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuglerHartin200974-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuglerHartin200974_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuglerHartin2009">Kugler & Hartin 2009</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dozeman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dozeman_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dozeman, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dozeman, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dozeman, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dempster, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenham, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyers, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dempster, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alephbeta.org/weekly-torah-portion">Weekly Torah Portions</a>. Alephbeta</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarmash2015" class="citation book cs1">Barmash, Pamela (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jKYlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Out of the Mists of History: The Exaltation of the Exodus in the Bible"</a>. In Barmash, Pamela; Nelson, W. David (eds.). <i>Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations</i>. Lexington Books. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498502931" title="Special:BookSources/9781498502931"><bdi>9781498502931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Mists+of+History%3A+The+Exaltation+of+the+Exodus+in+the+Bible&rft.btitle=Exodus+in+the+Jewish+Experience%3A+Echoes+and+Reverberations&rft.pages=1-22&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781498502931&rft.aulast=Barmash&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjKYlCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds1979" class="citation book cs1">Childs, Brevard S (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7sKWo7FRAgC"><i>The Book of Exodus</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664229689" title="Special:BookSources/9780664229689"><bdi>9780664229689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Exodus&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780664229689&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Brevard+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7sKWo7FRAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2005" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqClWOhqso0C&q=%22collective+memory%22&pg=PA45"><i>The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802828927" title="Special:BookSources/9780802828927"><bdi>9780802828927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+After+Babel%3A+Historical+Criticism+in+a+Postmodern+Age&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780802828927&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyqClWOhqso0C%26q%3D%2522collective%2Bmemory%2522%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Graham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yM_X2yzRLx4C&pg=PA23">"Was There an Exodus?"</a>. In Day, John (ed.). <i>In Search of Pre-exilic Israel: Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar</i>. Continuum. pp. 23–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567082060" title="Special:BookSources/9780567082060"><bdi>9780567082060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Was+There+an+Exodus%3F&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Pre-exilic+Israel%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Oxford+Old+Testament+Seminar&rft.pages=23-40&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780567082060&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyM_X2yzRLx4C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2020" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Graham I. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkzODwAAQBAJ"><i>Exodus 1-18: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary: Volume 1: Chapters 1-10</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Critical_Commentary" title="International Critical Commentary">International Critical Commentary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68869-9"><bdi>978-0-567-68869-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus+1-18%3A+A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary%3A+Volume+1%3A+Chapters+1-10&rft.series=International+Critical+Commentary&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68869-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Graham+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkzODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2020b" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Graham I. (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-zJDwAAQBAJ"><i>Exodus 1-18: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary: Volume 2: Chapters 11-18</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Critical_Commentary" title="International Critical Commentary">International Critical Commentary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68872-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-68872-9"><bdi>978-0-567-68872-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus+1-18%3A+A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary%3A+Volume+2%3A+Chapters+11-18&rft.series=International+Critical+Commentary&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-567-68872-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Graham+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-zJDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempster2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dempster" title="Stephen Dempster">Dempster, Stephen G</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G329hmhyBa8C"><i>Dominion and Dynasty</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830826155" title="Special:BookSources/9780830826155"><bdi>9780830826155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominion+and+Dynasty&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780830826155&rft.aulast=Dempster&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG329hmhyBa8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Dozeman, Thomas B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRXjfa6RWPwC"><i>Commentary on Exodus</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802826176" title="Special:BookSources/9780802826176"><bdi>9780802826176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Exodus&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780802826176&rft.aulast=Dozeman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRXjfa6RWPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozeman2000" class="citation book cs1">Dozeman, Thomas B (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC">"Exodus, Book of"</a>. In David Noel, Freedman; Allen C., Myers (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Dozeman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDozeman2010" class="citation book cs1">Dozeman, Thomas B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiqF7sVqDQcC&pg=PA73"><i>Methods for Exodus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139487382" title="Special:BookSources/9781139487382"><bdi>9781139487382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methods+for+Exodus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139487382&rft.aulast=Dozeman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCiqF7sVqDQcC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Faust" title="Avraham Faust">Faust, Avraham</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11906343">"The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus"</a>. In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H.C. Propp (eds.). <i>Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3"><bdi>978-3-319-04768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Iron+Age+Israel%3A+On+Origins+and+Habitus&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Exodus+in+Transdisciplinary+Perspective%3A+Text%2C+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+and+Geoscience&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04768-3&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11906343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Israel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Silberman, Neil Asher</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC"><i>The Bible Unearthed</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743223386" title="Special:BookSources/9780743223386"><bdi>9780743223386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780743223386&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFretheim1991" class="citation book cs1">Fretheim, Terence E (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exodus0000fret"><i>Exodus</i></a></span>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664237349" title="Special:BookSources/9780664237349"><bdi>9780664237349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780664237349&rft.aulast=Fretheim&rft.aufirst=Terence+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexodus0000fret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraty2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Geraty" title="Larry Geraty">Geraty, Lawrence T.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">"Exodus Dates and Theories"</a>. In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H.C. Propp (eds.). <i>Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience</i>. Springer. pp. 55–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3"><bdi>978-3-319-04768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus+Dates+and+Theories&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Exodus+in+Transdisciplinary+Perspective%3A+Text%2C+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+and+Geoscience&rft.pages=55-64&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04768-3&rft.aulast=Geraty&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxpe1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2017" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lzyDQAAQBAJ"><i>Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-67043-4"><bdi>978-0-567-67043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Israel%3A+What+Do+We+Know+and+How+Do+We+Know+It%3F&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-567-67043-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lzyDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston1998" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Walter J (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&pg=PA67">"Exodus"</a>. In John Barton (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordbiblecomme0000unse"><i>Oxford Bible Commentary</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198755005" title="Special:BookSources/9780198755005"><bdi>9780198755005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780198755005&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Walter+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3surkLVdw3UC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2003" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, William D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA72">"Exodus"</a>. In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). <i>Eerdmans Bible Commentary</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exodus&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuglerHartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC"><i>An Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846365" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846365"><bdi>9780802846365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780802846365&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hartin%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8WbXbPjxpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levy, Thomas E., Thomas Schneider, William H.C. Propp. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpe1BwAAQBAJ">"Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience"</a>. Springer International Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEntire2008" class="citation book cs1">McEntire, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&pg=PA87"><i>Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881461015" title="Special:BookSources/9780881461015"><bdi>9780881461015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+with+God%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780881461015&rft.aulast=McEntire&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwOs9f1FpmsC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Meyers" title="Carol Meyers">Meyers, Carol</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QHHITXsyskC"><i>Exodus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521002912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521002912"><bdi>9780521002912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521002912&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QHHITXsyskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKelle2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA81"><i>Biblical History and Israel's Past</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862600" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862600"><bdi>9780802862600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+History+and+Israel%27s+Past&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802862600&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Megan+Bishop&rft.au=Kelle%2C+Brad+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjkz_8EMoaUC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoonan2016" class="citation book cs1">Noonan, Benjamin J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1DULEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49">"Egyptian Loanwords as Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus and Wilderness Traditions"</a>. In Hoffmeier, James K.; Millard, Alan R.; Rendsburg, Gary A. (eds.). <i>"Did I Not Bring Israel Out of Egypt?": Biblical, Archaeological, and Egyptological Perspectives on the Exodus Narratives</i>. Penn State Press. pp. 49–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-430-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-430-7"><bdi>978-1-57506-430-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Loanwords+as+Evidence+for+the+Authenticity+of+the+Exodus+and+Wilderness+Traditions&rft.btitle=%22Did+I+Not+Bring+Israel+Out+of+Egypt%3F%22%3A+Biblical%2C+Archaeological%2C+and+Egyptological+Perspectives+on+the+Exodus+Narratives&rft.pages=49-67&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-430-7&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1DULEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Plaut" title="Gunther Plaut">Plaut, Gunther</a>. <i>The Torah: A Modern Commentary</i> (1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8074-0055-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8074-0055-6">0-8074-0055-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmount2001" class="citation book cs1">Redmount, Carol A. (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DVHJRFW3mYC&pg=PA59">"Bitter Lives: Israel In And Out of Egypt"</a>. In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. OUP. pp. 58–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199881482" title="Special:BookSources/9780199881482"><bdi>9780199881482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bitter+Lives%3A+Israel+In+And+Out+of+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=58-89&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780199881482&rft.aulast=Redmount&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DVHJRFW3mYC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2009" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Stephen C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMISLh2ZC08C"><i>Images of Egypt in Early Biblical Literature</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110221718" title="Special:BookSources/9783110221718"><bdi>9783110221718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Egypt+in+Early+Biblical+Literature&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783110221718&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMISLh2ZC08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA313">"Israel, Israelites"</a>. In Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (eds.). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631235835" title="Special:BookSources/9780631235835"><bdi>9780631235835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel%2C+Israelites&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780631235835&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmvNogJO2ZgC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2010" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Kenton L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CiqF7sVqDQcC&pg=PA73">"Genre Criticism"</a>. In Dozeman, Thomas B. (ed.). <i>Methods for Exodus</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139487382" title="Special:BookSources/9781139487382"><bdi>9781139487382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genre+Criticism&rft.btitle=Methods+for+Exodus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139487382&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Kenton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCiqF7sVqDQcC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2006" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Douglas K (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H9E00e5PSwC"><i>Exodus</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805401028" title="Special:BookSources/9780805401028"><bdi>9780805401028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exodus&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780805401028&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Douglas+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H9E00e5PSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenham1979" class="citation book cs1">Wenham, Gordon (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newinternational0000unse_y8f6"><i>The Book of Leviticus</i></a></span>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825223" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825223"><bdi>9780802825223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Leviticus&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780802825223&rft.aulast=Wenham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewinternational0000unse_y8f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook+of+Exodus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Book_of_Exodus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Exodus_(Bible)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Exodus (Bible)">Exodus (Bible)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Book_of_Exodus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%201&version=ESV">Exodus</a> at <a href="/wiki/BibleGateway.com" class="mw-redirect" title="BibleGateway.com">BibleGateway.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0201.htm">Exodus at Mechon-Mamre</a> (Jewish Publication Society translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=2&CHAPTER=1">Exodus (The Living Torah)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610052209/http://bible.ort.org/books/pentd2.asp?ACTION=displaypage&BOOK=2&CHAPTER=1">Archived</a> 2011-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>'s translation and commentary at Ort.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?aid=8161">Shemot—Exodus (Judaica Press)</a> translation (with <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>'s commentary) at Chabad.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0201.htm"><i>Shmot</i></a> (Original <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>—English at Mechon-Mamre.org)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Exodus&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Exodus</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>—Various versions</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Book of Exodus </div><div><b> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ten_Commandments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_Commandments" title="Template:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_Commandments" title="Template talk:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_Commandments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten Commandments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ten_Commandments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Finger_of_God" title="Finger of God">Finger of God</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ritual_Decalogue" title="Ritual Decalogue">Ritual Decalogue</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_the_Lord_thy_God" title="I am the Lord thy God">I am the Lord thy God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_have_no_other_gods_before_me" title="Thou shalt have no other gods before me">Thou shalt have no other gods before me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_take_the_name_of_the_Lord_thy_God_in_vain" title="Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain">Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour_thy_father_and_thy_mother" title="Honour thy father and thy mother">Honour thy father and thy mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">Thou shalt not kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery" title="Thou shalt not commit adultery">Thou shalt not commit adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_steal" title="Thou shalt not steal">Thou shalt not steal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour" title="Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour">Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_covet" title="Thou shalt not covet">Thou shalt not covet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Biblical Mount Sinai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">lid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_Mount_Sinai_(Sistine_Chapel)" title="Descent from Mount Sinai (Sistine Chapel)"><i>Descent from Mount Sinai</i> (Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)"><i>Moses</i> (c. 1513–1515 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_and_his_Ethiopian_wife_Zipporah" title="Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah"><i>Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah</i> (c. 1645-1650 painting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Breaking_the_Tablets_of_the_Law" title="Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law"><i>Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law</i> (1659 painting)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Total_Abstinence_Union_Fountain" title="Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain">Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Moses_(University_of_Notre_Dame)" title="Statue of Moses (University of Notre Dame)"><i>Moses</i> (1962 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_(1968)" title="Moses (1968)"><i>Moses</i> (1968 sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_(3/3)" title="Moses (3/3)">3/3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1923 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (1956 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dix_Commandements_(musical)" title="Les Dix Commandements (musical)"><i>Les Dix Commandements</i> (2000 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Musical" title="The Ten Commandments: The Musical"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2004 musical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(miniseries)" title="The Ten Commandments (miniseries)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(film)" title="The Ten (film)"><i>The Ten</i> (2007 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(2007_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (2007 film)"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2007 film) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_(2010_American_drama_film)" title="I Am (2010 American drama film)"><i>I Am</i> (2010 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Movie" title="The Ten Commandments: The Movie"><i>The Ten Commandments</i> (2016 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">In Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabot" title="Tabot">Tabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_the_Ten_Commandments" title="Alternatives to the Ten Commandments">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Exodus_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Exodus" title="Template:Book of Exodus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Exodus" title="Template talk:Book of Exodus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Exodus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Exodus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Exodus_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book of Exodus</a> media</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_of_the_Red_Sea_(Sistine_Chapel)" title="The Crossing of the Red Sea (Sistine Chapel)">The Crossing of the Red Sea</a></i> (1482)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Red_Sea_(Bronzino)" title="Crossing of the Red Sea (Bronzino)">Crossing of the Red Sea</a></i> (1542)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_of_the_Red_Sea_(Poussin)" title="The Crossing of the Red Sea (Poussin)">The Crossing of the Red Sea</a></i> (1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Golden_Calf" title="The Adoration of the Golden Calf">The Adoration of the Golden Calf</a></i> (1634)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Manna_(Poussin)" title="The Manna (Poussin)">The Manna</a></i> (c. 1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Breaking_the_Tablets_of_the_Law" title="Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law"><i>Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law</i></a> (1659)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Plague_of_Egypt" title="The Fifth Plague of Egypt">The Fifth Plague of Egypt</a></i> (1800)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_O_Lord!" title="Victory O Lord!">Victory O Lord!</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_Around_the_Golden_Calf" title="Dance Around the Golden Calf">Dance Around the Golden Calf</a></i> (1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biblical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1923_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1923 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_of_Israel" title="The Moon of Israel">The Moon of Israel</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron_(film)" title="Moses und Aron (film)">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Lawgiver" title="Moses the Lawgiver">Moses the Lawgiver</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses (film)">Moses</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt" title="The Prince of Egypt">The Prince of Egypt</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus_Decoded" title="The Exodus Decoded">The Exodus Decoded</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(miniseries)" title="The Ten Commandments (miniseries)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(2007_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (2007 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus:_Gods_and_Kings" title="Exodus: Gods and Kings">Exodus: Gods and Kings</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Movie" title="The Ten Commandments: The Movie">The Ten Commandments: The Movie</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seder-Masochism" title="Seder-Masochism">Seder-Masochism</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abominable_Dr._Phibes" title="The Abominable Dr. Phibes">The Abominable Dr. Phibes</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reaping" title="The Reaping">The Reaping</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(2007_British_film)" title="Exodus (2007 British film)">Exodus</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Dix_Commandements_(musical)" title="Les Dix Commandements (musical)">Les Dix Commandements</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments:_The_Musical" title="The Ten Commandments: The Musical">The Ten Commandments: The Musical</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt_(musical)" title="The Prince of Egypt (musical)">The Prince of Egypt</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos%C3%A8_in_Egitto" title="Mosè in Egitto">Mosè in Egitto</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos%C3%A8_in_Egitto" title="Mosè in Egitto">Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la mer rouge</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_und_Aron" title="Moses und Aron">Moses und Aron</a></i> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt" title="Israel in Egypt">Israel in Egypt</a></i> (1739)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Creeping_Death" title="Creeping Death">Creeping Death</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(Andy_Hunter_album)" title="Exodus (Andy Hunter album)">Exodus</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plague_Songs" title="Plague Songs">Plague Songs</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Duke_and_the_Great_Pie_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke and the Great Pie War">Duke and the Great Pie War</a>" (2005)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Moe_and_the_Big_Exit" class="mw-redirect" title="Moe and the Big Exit">Moe and the Big Exit</a>" (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Os_Dez_Mandamentos" title="Os Dez Mandamentos">Os Dez Mandamentos</a></i> (2015 telenovela)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a></i> (10th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_of_Israel_(novel)" title="Moon of Israel (novel)">Moon of Israel</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses,_Man_of_the_Mountain" title="Moses, Man of the Mountain">Moses, Man of the Mountain</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tables_of_the_Law" title="The Tables of the Law">The Tables of the Law</a></i> (1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9190#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9190#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265859281">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173837708">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4551156012410049700003">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015988-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063137">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120082974">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120082974">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90089276">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=164783">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058031">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhkx1m04h069j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810645944105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286492305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512573706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028199294">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&oldid=1255411511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&oldid=1255411511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Exodus" title="Category:Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_books" title="Category:6th-century BC books">6th-century BC books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_books" title="Category:5th-century BC books">5th-century BC books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Egypt" title="Category:Books about Egypt">Books about Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythology_books" title="Category:Mythology books">Mythology books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Torah_books" title="Category:Torah books">Torah books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Exodus" title="Category:The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_numeric_Bible_version_references" title="Category:Pages with numeric Bible version references">Pages with numeric Bible version references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Biblical_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2022">Articles needing additional references from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 20:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Exodus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-vsv6k","wgBackendResponseTime":235,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.119","walltime":"1.394","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5588,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":280575,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4036,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":208244,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1190.020 1 -total"," 18.93% 225.300 28 Template:Cite_book"," 16.96% 201.789 1 Template:Tanakh_OT"," 13.12% 156.126 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.35% 146.997 1 Template:Tanakh"," 12.20% 145.150 7 Template:Langx"," 8.36% 99.484 19 Template:Sfn"," 8.25% 98.166 4 Template:Sidebar"," 6.77% 80.549 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.89% 70.077 3 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.703","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17055359,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarmash2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2020b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDempster2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDozeman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDozeman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDozeman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFretheim1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeraty2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouston1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuglerHartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEntire2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreKelle2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedmount2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenham1979\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 2,\n [\"Book of Exodus\"] = 1,\n [\"Books of the Bible\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Book Of Exodus\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"One source section\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tanakh OT\"] = 1,\n [\"Ten Commandments\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-xrpcw","timestamp":"20241125143033","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Book of Exodus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_Exodus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9190","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9190","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-20T00:19:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T20:44:28Z","headline":"second book of the Bible"}</script> </body> </html>