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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultural context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicity_and_sources_of_the_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity_and_sources_of_the_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historicity and sources of the narratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity_and_sources_of_the_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theology and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations_and_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations_and_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Celebrations and devotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations_and_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Virgin birth of Jesus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ولادة عذرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولادة عذرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakir%C9%99_M%C9%99ry%C9%99min_vilad%C9%99ti" title="Bakirə Məryəmin viladəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakirə Məryəmin viladəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="যিশুর কুমারীগর্ভে জন্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যিশুর কুমারীগর্ভে জন্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бязгрэшнае зачацце Ісуса Хрыста – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бязгрэшнае зачацце Ісуса Хрыста" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Непорочно зачатие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Непорочно зачатие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naixement_virginal" title="Naixement virginal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Naixement virginal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panensk%C3%A9_po%C4%8Det%C3%AD_Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Krista" title="Panenské početí Ježíše Krista – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panenské početí Ježíše Krista" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genedigaeth_wyryfol" title="Genedigaeth wyryfol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Genedigaeth wyryfol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomfruf%C3%B8dsel" title="Jomfrufødsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jomfrufødsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungfrauengeburt" title="Jungfrauengeburt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jungfrauengeburt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacimiento_virginal_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Nacimiento virginal de Jesús – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacimiento virginal de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgeco_de_Maria" title="Virgeco de Maria – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Virgeco de Maria" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تولد عیسی از باکره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولد عیسی از باکره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_virginale" title="Conception virginale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conception virginale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%95%EB%85%80_%ED%83%84%EC%83%9D" title="예수의 동정녀 탄생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예수의 동정녀 탄생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isusovo_djevi%C4%8Dansko_ro%C4%91enje" title="Isusovo djevičansko rođenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Isusovo djevičansko rođenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahiran_Yesus_dari_perawan" title="Kelahiran Yesus dari perawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelahiran Yesus dari perawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verginit%C3%A0_di_Maria" title="Verginità di Maria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Verginità di Maria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesu_kuzaliwa_na_Bikira" title="Yesu kuzaliwa na Bikira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yesu kuzaliwa na Bikira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongfra_Maria" title="Jongfra Maria – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jongfra Maria" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteraham-birijiny" title="Fiteraham-birijiny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteraham-birijiny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="യേശുവിന്റെ കന്യാജനനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യേശുവിന്റെ കന്യാജനനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9" title="الولاده العذريه ليسوع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الولاده العذريه ليسوع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagdelijke_geboorte" title="Maagdelijke geboorte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maagdelijke geboorte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%87%90%E8%83%8E" title="処女懐胎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="処女懐胎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomfruf%C3%B8dsel" title="Jomfrufødsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jomfrufødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziewictwo_Marii_z_Nazaretu" title="Dziewictwo Marii z Nazaretu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziewictwo Marii z Nazaretu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nascimento_virginal_de_Jesus" title="Nascimento virginal de Jesus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nascimento virginal de Jesus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Непорочное зачатие Иисуса Христа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Непорочное зачатие Иисуса Христа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virgin birth of Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B9" title="لەدایکبوونی پاکیزانەی یەسووع – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لەدایکبوونی پاکیزانەی یەسووع" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungfruf%C3%B6delse" title="Jungfrufödelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jungfrufödelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இயேசுவின் கன்னிப்பிறப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயேசுவின் கன்னிப்பிறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sa%27n%C4%B1n_bakireden_do%C4%9Fu%C5%9Fu" title="İsa'nın bakireden doğuşu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsa'nın bakireden doğuşu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Непорочне зачаття Ісуса Христа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Непорочне зачаття Ісуса Христа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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href="/wiki/File:GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg/170px-GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg/255px-GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg/340px-GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, 1621</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>virgin birth of Jesus</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> teaching that Jesus was conceived by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, through the power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">without sexual intercourse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> regard the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> as an explanation of the mixture of the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">human and divine natures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Orthodox Churches accept the doctrine as authoritative by reason of its inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Catholic Church holds it authoritative for faith through the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> as well as the Nicene. Nevertheless, there are many contemporary churches in which it is considered <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> to accept the virgin birth but not <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">deny it</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay199855_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199855-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the narrative appears only in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#1:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 1:18–25</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#1:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 1:26–38</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the modern scholarly consensus is that it rests on slender historical foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruner200437_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruner200437-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient world did not possess a thoroughly modern understanding that male <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> and female <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a> were both needed to form an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this cultural <a href="/wiki/Milieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu">milieu</a> was conducive to <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous birth">miraculous birth</a> stories,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tales of virgin birth and the impregnation of mortal women by deities were well known in the 1st-century Greco-Roman world and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> Jewish works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs19876_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19876-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1991152_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> asserts the virgin birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>, deriving its narrative from the 2nd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2012110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2012110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rejects the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarian</a> interpretation of the Christian account, emphasising that Jesus was a human messenger of God rather than divine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament_narratives:_Matthew_and_Luke">New Testament narratives: Matthew and Luke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" 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gospels</a></small></small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Life of Jesus"><img alt="Life of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/255px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/383px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/510px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Early life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning the Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Temple cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second coming prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete promised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Kiss of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Sanhedrin trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocking_of_Jesus" title="Mocking of Jesus">Mocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_at_Herod%27s_court" title="Jesus at Herod's court">Herod's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Crown of Thorns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Appearances</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus_appearance" title="Road to Emmaus appearance">Road to Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">NT</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Road to Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">John's vision</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> Portals: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_Jesus" title="Template:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_Jesus" title="Template talk:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matthew_1:18-25">Matthew 1:18-25</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Matthew 1:18-25"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></div> <blockquote> <p>18: Now the birth of Jesus the Messiah took place in this way. When his mother Mary had been engaged to Joseph, but before they lived together, she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit.<br /> 19: Her husband Joseph, being a righteous man and unwilling to expose her to public disgrace, planned to dismiss her quietly.<br /> 20: But just when he had resolved to do this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, "Joseph, son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary as your wife, for the child conceived in her is from the Holy Spirit.<br /> 21: She will bear a son, and you are to name him Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins."<br /> 22: All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet:<br /> 23: "Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall name him Emmanuel," which means, "God is with us."<br /> 24: When Joseph awoke from sleep, he did as the angel of the Lord commanded him; he took her as his wife,<br /> 25: but had no marital relations with her until she had borne a son; and he named him Jesus. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luke_1:26-38">Luke 1:26-38</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Luke 1:26-38"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></div> <blockquote> <p>26: In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent by God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth,<br /> 27: to a virgin engaged to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. The virgin's name was Mary.<br /> 28: And he came to her and said, "Greetings, favored one! The Lord is with you."<br /> 29: But she was much perplexed by his words and pondered what sort of greeting this might be.<br /> 30: The angel said to her, "Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God.<br /> 31: And now, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you will name him Jesus.<br /> 32: He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High, and the Lord God will give to him the throne of his ancestor David.<br /> 33: He will reign over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end."<br /> 34: Mary said to the angel, "How can this be, since I am a virgin?"<br /> 35: The angel said to her, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be holy; he will be called Son of God.<br /> 36: And now, your relative Elizabeth in her old age has also conceived a son; and this is the sixth month for her who was said to be barren.<br /> 37: For nothing will be impossible with God."<br /> 38: Then Mary said, "Here am I, the servant of the Lord; let it be with me according to your word." Then the angel departed from her. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the entire Christian corpus, the virgin birth is found only in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two agree that Mary's husband was named Joseph, that he was of the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>, and that he played no role in Jesus's divine conception, but beyond this they are very different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln201399_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201399-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew has no <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">census</a>, shepherds, or <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">presentation in the temple</a>, and implies that Joseph and Mary are living in Bethlehem at the time of the birth, while Luke has no <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">magi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">massacre of the infants</a>, and states that Joseph lives in Nazareth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthew underlines the virginity of Mary by references to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> and by his narrative statement that Joseph had no sexual relations with her until after the birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199231–32_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199231–32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke introduces Mary as a virgin, describes her puzzlement at being told she will bear a child despite her lack of sexual experience, and informs the reader that this pregnancy is to be effected through God's <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll201239_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll201239-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a serious debate as to whether Luke's nativity story is an original part of his gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZervos201978_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZervos201978-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapters 1 and 2 are written in a style quite different from the rest of the gospel, and the dependence of the birth narrative on the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> is absent from the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are strong Lukan motifs in Luke 1–2, but differences are equally striking—Jesus's identity as "son of David", for example, is a prominent theme of the birth narrative, but not in the rest of the gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003341–343_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003341–343-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early part of the 2nd century, the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> produced a version of Luke lacking these two chapters, and although he is generally accused of having cut them out of a longer text more like our own, genealogies and birth narratives are also absent from Mark and John.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_context">Cultural context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_births" title="Miraculous births">Miraculous births</a></div> <p>Matthew 1:18 says that Mary was <a href="/wiki/Betrothed" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothed">betrothed</a> to Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a216_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a216-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She would have been twelve years old or a little less at the time of events described in the gospels, as under Jewish law betrothal was only possible for minors, which for girls meant aged under twelve or prior to <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">the first menses</a>, whichever came first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a72,_216_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a72,_216-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to custom the wedding would take place twelve months later, after which the groom would take his bride from her father's house to his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A betrothed girl who had sex with a man other than her husband-to-be was considered an adulteress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If tried before a tribunal, both she and the young man would be stoned to death, but it was possible for her betrothed husband to issue a document of repudiation, and this, according to Matthew, was the course Joseph wished to take prior to the visitation by the angel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b73_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b73-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most likely cultural context for both Matthew and Luke is <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> or mixed <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentile Christian">Gentile</a>/Jewish-Christian circles rooted in Jewish tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005328_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005328-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These readers would have known that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> had declared <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> a god and his successor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to be <i>divi filius</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> before he became a god himself on his death in AD 14; this remained the pattern for later emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforth2014688_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforth2014688-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imperial divinity was accompanied by suitable miraculous birth stories, with Augustus being fathered by the god Apollo while his human mother slept, and her human husband being granted a dream in which he saw the sun rise from her womb, and inscriptions even described the news of the divine imperial birth as <i>evangelia</i>, the gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg201141–42_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg201141–42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virgin birth of Jesus was thus a direct challenge to a central claim of Roman imperial theology, namely the divine conception and descent of the emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg201141_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg201141-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthew's genealogy, tracing Jesus's Davidic descent, was intended for Jews, while his virgin birth story was intended for a Greco-Roman audience familiar with virgin birth stories and stories of women impregnated by gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs19875–6_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19875–6-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient world had no understanding that male semen and female ovum were both needed to form a fetus; instead they thought that the male contribution in reproduction consisted of some sort of formative or generative principle, while Mary's bodily fluids would provide all the matter that was needed for Jesus's bodily form, including his male sex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cultural milieu was conducive to miraculous birth stories – they were common in biblical tradition going back to <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> (and the conception of <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such stories are less frequent in Judaism, but there too was a widespread belief in angels and divine intervention in births.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1991152_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologically, the two accounts mark the moment when Jesus becomes the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>, i.e., at his birth, in distinction to Mark, for whom the Sonship dates from <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus's baptism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> and the pre-Pauline Christians for whom Jesus becomes the Son only at the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> or even the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tales of virgin birth and the impregnation of mortal women by deities were well known in the 1st-century Greco-Roman world,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs19876_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19876-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> Jewish works were also capable of producing accounts of the appearances of <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> and miraculous births for ancient heroes such as <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1991152_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luke's virgin birth story is a standard plot from the Jewish scriptures, as for example in the annunciation scenes for Isaac and for <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>, in which an angel appears and causes apprehension, the angel gives reassurance and announces the coming birth, the mother raises an objection, and the angel gives a sign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKodell1992939_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKodell1992939-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, "plausible sources that tell of virgin birth in areas convincingly close to the gospels' own probable origins have proven extremely hard to demonstrate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, while it is widely accepted that there is a connection with <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> sources underlying Matthew's story of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> (the wise men from the East) and the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a>, a wider claim that Zoroastrianism formed the background to the infancy narratives has not achieved acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historicity_and_sources_of_the_narratives">Historicity and sources of the narratives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historicity and sources of the narratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus"><img alt="Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/200px-JesusYeshua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/300px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/JesusYeshua.svg/400px-JesusYeshua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">Places</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation_of_Christ" title="Humiliation of Christ">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Heavenly Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Apparitions and visions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_Quran" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the Quran">Names and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27s_death" title="Islamic views on Jesus's death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Isa" title="Islamic eschatology">End times</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background to the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language spoken by Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Jesus's race</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health of Jesus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus in history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Reliability of the Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Perspectives on Jesus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Bar-Serapion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus in culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus" title="Template:Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus" title="Template talk:Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The modern scholarly consensus is that the doctrine of the virgin birth rests on very slender historical foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruner200437_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruner200437-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Matthew and Luke are late and anonymous compositions dating from the period AD 80–100.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen20087_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen20087-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a> stated plainly, "I (and most mainline scholars) do not see these stories as historically factual."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest Christian writings, the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, do not contain any mention of a virgin birth and assume Jesus's full humanity, stating that he was "born of a woman" like any other human being and "born under the law" like any Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln201321_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201321-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, dating from around AD 70, we read of Jesus saying that "prophets are not without honour, except in their home town, and among their own kin, and in their own house" – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%206:4&version=nrsv">Mark 6:4</a>, which suggests that Mark was not aware of any tradition of special circumstances surrounding Jesus' birth, and while the author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> is confident that Jesus is more than human he makes no reference to a virgin birth to prove his point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln201323_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201323-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John in fact refers twice to Jesus as the "son of Joseph," the first time from the lips of the disciple Philip ("We have found him about whom Moses in the law and also the prophets wrote, Jesus, son of Joseph from Nazareth" – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:45&version=nrsv">John 1:45</a>), the second from the unbelieving Jews ("Is this not Jesus, the son of Joseph, whose mother and father we know?" – John <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%206:42&version=nrsv">6:42</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln201324_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201324-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These quotations, incidentally, are in direct opposition to the suggestion that Jesus was, or was believed to be, illegitimate: Philip and the Jews knew that Jesus had a human father, and that father was Joseph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln201329_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201329-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This raises the question of where the authors of Matthew and Luke found their stories. It is almost certain that neither was the work of an eyewitness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock200912_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoringCraddock200912-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReddish201113_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReddish201113-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the many inconsistencies between them neither is likely to derive from the other, nor did they share a common source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> suggested in 1973 that Joseph was the source of Matthew's account and Mary of Luke's, but modern scholars consider this "highly unlikely" given that the stories emerged so late.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013144-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It follows that the two narratives were created by the two writers, drawing on ideas in circulation at least a decade before the gospels were composed, to perhaps 65-75 or even earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318–319,_325_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318–319,_325-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matthew presents the ministry of Jesus as largely the fulfilment of prophecies from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker2001490_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2001490-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Matthew 1:22-23, "All this took place to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet: 'Look, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son...<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", is a reference to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_7:14" title="Isaiah 7:14">Isaiah 7:14</a>, "...the Lord himself shall give you a sign: the maiden is with child and she will bear a son..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeney1996161_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney1996161-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Isaiah had been <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">translated into Greek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker2001490_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2001490-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from this translation, Matthew uses the Greek word <span title="Biblical Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">παρθένος</span></span> (<i>parthenos</i>), which does mean virgin, for the Hebrew <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עַלְמָה</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Almah" title="Almah">almah</a></i>), which scholars agree signifies a girl of childbearing age without reference to virginity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeney1996161_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeney1996161-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mistranslation gave the author of Matthew the opportunity to interpret Jesus as the prophesied <i><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></i>, "God is with us", the divine representative on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini20011007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">R. T. France</a>, the inclusion of Isaiah 7:14 was an explanatory addition to Matthew's birth narrative, albeit not the inspiration for it.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Goodacre" title="Mark Goodacre">Mark Goodacre</a>, the Gospel of Matthew did not base the virgin birth on a mistranslation of Isaiah.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative scholars argue that despite the uncertainty of the details, the gospel birth narratives trace back to historical, or at least much earlier pre-gospel traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005319_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005319-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, according to <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What we find in Matthew and Luke is not the story of… a [god] descending to earth and, in the guise of a man, mating with a human woman, but rather the story of a miraculous conception without the aid of any man, divine or otherwise. As such, this story is without precedent either in Jewish or pagan literature.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology_and_development">Theology and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theology and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matthew and Luke use the virgin birth (or more accurately the divine conception that precedes it) to mark the moment when Jesus becomes the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a notable development over Mark, for whom the Sonship dates from <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Jesus's baptism</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9–13&version=nrsv">Mark 1:9–13</a> and the earlier Christianity of Paul and the pre-Pauline Christians for whom Jesus becomes the Son at the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> or even the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> sect, saw Jesus as fully human, rejected the virgin birth, and preferred to translate <i>almah</i> as "young woman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget2010351_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget2010351-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd century gnostic theologian <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a> likewise rejected the virgin birth, but regarded Jesus as descended fully formed from heaven and having only the appearance of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2017152_fn.153_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2017152_fn.153-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about AD 180 Jews were telling how Jesus had been illegitimately conceived by a Roman soldier named <a href="/wiki/Panthera_(Jesus%27s_father)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera (Jesus's father)">Pantera</a> or Pandera, whose name is likely a pun on <i>parthenos</i>, virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoorst2000117_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoorst2000117-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story was still current in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in satirical parody of the Christian gospels called the <a href="/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu" title="Toledot Yeshu">Toledot Yeshu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2011unpaginated_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2011unpaginated-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans1998450_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1998450-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Toledot Yeshu contains little historical material, and was probably created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2011unpaginated_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2011unpaginated-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kärkkäinen, the virgin birth in relation to the incarnation was seen as proof of the divinity of Christ but that the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> offered a full-scale rebuttal of the doctrine, and that the only way for classical liberals to continue believing the virgin birth was to resort to the notion of myth, though this elicited a vigorous reaction from conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen2009175_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen2009175-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division remains in place, although some national synods of the Catholic Church have replaced a biological understanding with the idea of "theological truth," and some <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> theologians hold it to be marginal rather than indispensable to the Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen2009175_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKärkkäinen2009175-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the traditional doctrine of the virgin birth is still defended by conservative theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrations_and_devotions">Celebrations and devotions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Celebrations and devotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg/170px-Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg/255px-Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg/340px-Ellenrieder_Maria_1833.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Mary writing the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Ellenrieder" title="Marie Ellenrieder">Marie Ellenrieder</a>, 1833</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_in_Christian_art" title="Annunciation in Christian art">Annunciation in Christian art</a></div> <p>Some Christians celebrate the conception of Jesus on 25 March and his birth on 25 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENothaft2014564_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENothaft2014564-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">These dates</a> are traditional; no one knows for certain when Jesus was born.) The <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>, based on Luke 1:46-55 is one of four well known Gospel <a href="/wiki/Canticle" title="Canticle">canticles</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(canticle)" title="Benedictus (canticle)">Benedictus</a> and the Magnificat in the first chapter, and the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_Excelsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria in Excelsis">Gloria in Excelsis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a> in the second chapter of Luke, which are now an integral part of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpler1990396_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpler1990396-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Annunciation became an element of <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a> in medieval times, and by the 13th century direct references to it were widespread in French lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan200514–15_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan200514–15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the title "Ever Virgin Mary" as a key element of its Marian veneration, and as part of the <a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathists</a> hymns to Mary which are an integral part of its liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltomaa2001127_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltomaa2001127-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine is often represented in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">annunciation</a> to Mary by the Archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God, and in <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> scenes that include the figure of <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a>. The Annunciation is one of the most frequently depicted scenes in Western art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2004183_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2004183-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annunciation scenes also amount to the most frequent appearances of Gabriel in medieval art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199699_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199699-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depiction of Joseph turning away in some <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity scenes</a> is a discreet reference to the fatherhood of the Holy Spirit and the virgin birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar1968130_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar1968130-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam#Virgin_birth" title="Mary in Islam">Mary in Islam § Virgin birth</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> follows the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal gospels">apocryphal gospels</a>, and especially in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a>, in its accounts of the miraculous births of both Mary and her son Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2012110_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2012110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but while it affirms the virgin birth of Jesus it denies the Trinitarian implications of the gospel story (Jesus is a messenger of God but also a human being and not the second person of the Christian Trinity).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Surah Al Imran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=35">3:35-36</a>, for example, follows the Protoevangelium closely when describing how the pregnant "wife of Imran" (that is, Mary's mother) dedicates her unborn child to God, Mary's secluded upbringing within the Temple, and the angels who bring her food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds201855–56_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds201855–56-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Doors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Doors, Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt, 12th century"><img alt="Holy Doors, Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/73px-Holy_Doors.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/110px-Holy_Doors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/146px-Holy_Doors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Doors, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> on Mount Sinai in Egypt, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandro Botticelli (1489–90)"><img alt="Sandro Botticelli (1489–90)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg/120px-Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg/180px-Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg/240px-Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a> (1489–90)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annunciation_nesterov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Nesterov, Russia, 19th century"><img alt="Mikhail Nesterov, Russia, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/91px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/136px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/182px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a>, Russia, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern Orthodox Nativity depiction little changed in more than a millennium"><img alt="Eastern Orthodox Nativity depiction little changed in more than a millennium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/120px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/180px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/240px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern Orthodox Nativity depiction little changed in more than a millennium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giotto (1267–1337): Nativity with an uninvolved Joseph but without Salome"><img alt="Giotto (1267–1337): Nativity with an uninvolved Joseph but without Salome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/118px-Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/176px-Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/235px-Birth_of_Jesus_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="2412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> (1267–1337): Nativity with an uninvolved Joseph but without Salome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval miniature of the Nativity, c. 1350"><img alt="Medieval miniature of the Nativity, c. 1350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg/110px-Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg/165px-Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg/220px-Meister_von_Hohenfurth_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medieval miniature of the Nativity, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almah" title="Almah">Almah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> of Mary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation (Christianity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_7:14" title="Isaiah 7:14">Isaiah 7:14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrigan20001359_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrigan2000">Carrigan 2000</a>, p. 1359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWare1993unpaginated_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWare1993">Ware 1993</a>, p. unpaginated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarclay199855-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarclay199855_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarclay1998">Barclay 1998</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005318_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruner200437-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruner200437_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruner200437_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruner2004">Bruner 2004</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln2013195–196,_258_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2013">Lincoln 2013</a>, pp. 195–196, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchowalter1993790_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchowalter1993">Schowalter 1993</a>, p. 790.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19876-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs19876_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs19876_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLachs1987">Lachs 1987</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1991152-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1991152_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1991152_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1991152_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey1991">Casey 1991</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2012110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2012110_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2012110_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBell2012">Bell 2012</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulmes1993640_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulmes1993">Hulmes 1993</a>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2009111_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson2009">Robinson 2009</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln201399-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln201399_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2013">Lincoln 2013</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris199231–32-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris199231–32_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1992">Morris 1992</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll201239-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll201239_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2012">Carroll 2012</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZervos201978-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZervos201978_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZervos2019">Zervos 2019</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2015170_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeDuhn2015">BeDuhn 2015</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2003341–343-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2003341–343_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn2003">Dunn 2003</a>, pp. 341–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a216-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a216_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2006a">Vermes 2006a</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a72,_216-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006a72,_216_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2006a">Vermes 2006a</a>, pp. 72, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b72_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2006b">Vermes 2006b</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b73-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes2006b73_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2006b">Vermes 2006b</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005328-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005328_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforth2014688-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornblowerSpawforth2014688_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornblowerSpawforth2014">Hornblower & Spawforth 2014</a>, p. 688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg201141–42-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg201141–42_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg2011">Borg 2011</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorg201141-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorg201141_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorg2011">Borg 2011</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs19875–6-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs19875–6_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLachs1987">Lachs 1987</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:9–13&version=nrsv">Mark 1:9–13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewe1996184_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoewe1996">Loewe 1996</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKodell1992939-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKodell1992939_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKodell1992">Kodell 1992</a>, p. 939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelburn20082_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelburn2008">Welburn 2008</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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France</a> (2008), Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary, p.81-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" title="Craig Blomberg">Craig Blomberg</a> (2nd Ed. 2009), Jesus and the Gospels, p. 243-244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005319-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005319_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. 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T. Wright)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=History%2C+scepticism%2C+and+the+question+of+the+virgin+birth+%28N.+T.+Wright%29&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fnt-wright-history-scepticism-and-virgin-birth%2F13686186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._T._France" title="R. T. France">R. T. France</a> (2008), Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary, p.81-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Blomberg" title="Craig Blomberg">Craig Blomberg</a> (2nd Ed. 2009), Jesus and the Gospels, p. 243-244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENothaft2014564-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENothaft2014564_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNothaft2014">Nothaft 2014</a>, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpler1990396-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpler1990396_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpler1990">Simpler 1990</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan200514–15-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan200514–15_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan2005">O'Sullivan 2005</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeltomaa2001127-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeltomaa2001127_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeltomaa2001">Peltomaa 2001</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley2004183-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley2004183_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiley2004">Guiley 2004</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss199699-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss199699_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1996">Ross 1996</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabar1968130-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabar1968130_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabar1968">Grabar 1968</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds201855–56-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds201855–56_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2018">Reynolds 2018</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_birth_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1998" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOqGJc6tpcC&pg=PA55"><i>The Apostles' Creed</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781250088703" title="Special:BookSources/9781250088703"><bdi>9781250088703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostles%27+Creed&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781250088703&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBOqGJc6tpcC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2001" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Margaret (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=margaret+barker+Isaiah&pg=PA490">"Isaiah"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isaiah&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26q%3Dmargaret%2Bbarker%2BIsaiah%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeDuhn2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_BeDuhn" title="Jason BeDuhn">BeDuhn, Jason</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525073815/http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf">"The New Marcion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum</i>. <b>3</b> (Fall 2015): 163–179. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum&rft.atitle=The+New+Marcion&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=Fall+2015&rft.pages=163-179&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=BeDuhn&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westarinstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FForum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2012" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5srBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136260674" title="Special:BookSources/9781136260674"><bdi>9781136260674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Islam+in+Its+Christian+Environment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136260674&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5srBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorg2011" class="citation book cs1">Borg, Marcus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WmpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41"><i>Jesus</i></a>. SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281066063" title="Special:BookSources/9780281066063"><bdi>9780281066063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780281066063&rft.aulast=Borg&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WmpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1973" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0Ik5DuD01cC&q=%22family+tradition%22&pg=PA61"><i>The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809117680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809117680"><bdi>978-0809117680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virginal+Conception+and+Bodily+Resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0809117680&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0Ik5DuD01cC%26q%3D%2522family%2Btradition%2522%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_1ZAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300140088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300140088"><bdi>978-0300140088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Messiah%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Infancy+Narratives+in+the+Gospels+of+Matthew+and+Luke&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0300140088&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_1ZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoringCraddock2009" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene; Craddock, Fred B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VC1rzAtgFsC"><i>The People's New Testament Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664235925" title="Special:BookSources/9780664235925"><bdi>9780664235925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+New+Testament+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780664235925&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft.au=Craddock%2C+Fred+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VC1rzAtgFsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruner2004" class="citation book cs1">Bruner, Frederick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jZlfg1yxIEC&pg=PA37"><i>Matthew 1-12</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802811189" title="Special:BookSources/9780802811189"><bdi>9780802811189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+1-12&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780802811189&rft.aulast=Bruner&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jZlfg1yxIEC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrigan2000" class="citation book cs1">Carrigan, Henry L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA1359">"Virgin Birth"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgin+Birth&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Carrigan&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA1359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2000" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA422">"Eschatology"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eschatology&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2012" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krRY23eR55IC&pg=PA39"><i>Luke: A Commentary</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664221065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664221065"><bdi>978-0664221065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0664221065&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrRY23eR55IC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey1991" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Maurice (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynQmwvLppFQC&pg=PA152"><i>From Jewish Prophet to Gentile God: The Origins and Development of New Testament Christology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227654" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227654"><bdi>9780664227654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jewish+Prophet+to+Gentile+God%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+New+Testament+Christology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780664227654&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DynQmwvLppFQC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilds2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brevard_Childs" title="Brevard Childs">Childs, Brevard S</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTxixTkYagoC&q=%22appear+to+be+virgins%22&pg=PA66"><i>Isaiah</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664221430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664221430"><bdi>978-0664221430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaiah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0664221430&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=Brevard+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTxixTkYagoC%26q%3D%2522appear%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bvirgins%2522%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouinard1997" class="citation cs2">Chouinard, Larry (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSuWJVwYxPAC&q=Matthew+%22feminine+pronoun%22&pg=PA44"><i>Matthew</i></a>, College Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899006284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899006284"><bdi>978-0899006284</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.pub=College+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0899006284&rft.aulast=Chouinard&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSuWJVwYxPAC%26q%3DMatthew%2B%2522feminine%2Bpronoun%2522%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinge2012" class="citation book cs1">Collinge, William J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8C3TKNdn5oC"><i>Historical Dictionary of Catholicism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879799" title="Special:BookSources/9780810879799"><bdi>9780810879799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Catholicism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780810879799&rft.aulast=Collinge&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8C3TKNdn5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle1996" class="citation cs2">Coyle, Kathleen (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5QCZlA_j3BcC&q=%22immaculate+conception%22&pg=PA36"><i>Mary in the Christian Tradition</i></a> (revised ed.), Gracewing Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0852443804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0852443804"><bdi>978-0852443804</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+in+the+Christian+Tradition&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0852443804&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5QCZlA_j3BcC%26q%3D%2522immaculate%2Bconception%2522%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2011" class="citation cs2">Cook, Michael J. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te96AkpyiKAC&q=%22Jews%27+perceptions+of+Jesus+were+predominantly+disparaging%22&pg=PT244">"Jewish Perspectives on Jesus"</a>, in Burkett, Delbert (ed.), <i>The Blackwell Companion to Jesus</i>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351750" title="Special:BookSources/9781444351750"><bdi>9781444351750</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Perspectives+on+Jesus&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Jesus&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444351750&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte96AkpyiKAC%26q%3D%2522Jews%2527%2Bperceptions%2Bof%2BJesus%2Bwere%2Bpredominantly%2Bdisparaging%2522%26pg%3DPT244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2005" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoWhptP_up0C&q=%22the+nativity+stories+found+in+Luke+and+Matthew+are+completely+absent%22&pg=PA82"><i>The Gospel Of Jesus: In Search Of His Original Teachings</i></a>. Clear Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904555148" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904555148"><bdi>978-1904555148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+Of+Jesus%3A+In+Search+Of+His+Original+Teachings&rft.pub=Clear+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1904555148&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGoWhptP_up0C%26q%3D%2522the%2Bnativity%2Bstories%2Bfound%2Bin%2BLuke%2Band%2BMatthew%2Bare%2Bcompletely%2Babsent%2522%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeiss1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Deiss" title="Lucien Deiss">Deiss, Lucien</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZLWU9zvj-4C&q=%22How+old+could+Mary+have+been%3F%22&pg=PA25"><i>Joseph, Mary, Jesus</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814622551" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814622551"><bdi>978-0814622551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph%2C+Mary%2C+Jesus&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0814622551&rft.aulast=Deiss&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZLWU9zvj-4C%26q%3D%2522How%2Bold%2Bcould%2BMary%2Bhave%2Bbeen%253F%2522%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorman1995" class="citation book cs1">Dorman, T. M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=definition+virgin+birth&pg=PA990">"Virgin Birth"</a>. In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (ed.). <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q-Z</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837844"><bdi>978-0802837844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgin+Birth&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+Q-Z&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0802837844&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OJvO2jMCr8C%26q%3Ddefinition%2Bvirgin%2Bbirth%26pg%3DPA990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4qpnvoautgC&pg=PA341"><i>Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802839312" title="Special:BookSources/9780802839312"><bdi>9780802839312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered%3A+Christianity+in+the+Making%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802839312&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4qpnvoautgC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine2009" class="citation book cs1">Erskine, Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krJF3rnhQdsC&pg=PA218"><i>A Companion to the Hellenistic World</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405154413" title="Special:BookSources/9781405154413"><bdi>9781405154413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Hellenistic+World&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781405154413&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrJF3rnhQdsC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation cs2">Evans, Craig (1998), "Jesus in non-Christian Sources", in Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJM9grxOjjMC"><i>Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004111425" title="Special:BookSources/9004111425"><bdi>9004111425</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+non-Christian+Sources&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+Evaluations+of+the+State+of+Current+Research&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004111425&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJM9grxOjjMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2007" class="citation book cs1">France, R. T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ruP6J_XPCEC&pg=PA56"><i>The Gospel of Matthew</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802825018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802825018"><bdi>978-0802825018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0802825018&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ruP6J_XPCEC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2008" class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, Paula (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDFlfjZ4Ho4C&pg=PT7"><i>From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300164107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300164107"><bdi>978-0300164107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jesus+to+Christ%3A+The+Origins+of+the+New+Testament+Images+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300164107&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDFlfjZ4Ho4C%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar1968" class="citation book cs1">Grabar, André (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTanjgEACAAJ"><i>Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710062376" title="Special:BookSources/9780710062376"><bdi>9780710062376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Iconography%3A+A+Study+of+Its+Origins&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780710062376&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTanjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2000" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, D. Larry (2000). "Docetism". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC"><i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053565032" title="Special:BookSources/9789053565032"><bdi>9789053565032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Docetism&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789053565032&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=D.+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley2004" class="citation book cs1">Guiley, Rosemary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkVwQgAACAAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of Angels</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6"><bdi>0-8160-5023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Angels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8160-5023-6&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkVwQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2017" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Andrew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGSjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152"><i>Justin against Marcion: Defining the Christian Philosophy</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506420400" title="Special:BookSources/9781506420400"><bdi>9781506420400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justin+against+Marcion%3A+Defining+the+Christian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781506420400&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZGSjDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendricksonJensonLundell2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Peter A.; Jenson, Bradley C.; Lundell, Randi H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHuoCgAAQBAJ"><i>Luther and Bach on the Magnificat</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625641205" title="Special:BookSources/9781625641205"><bdi>9781625641205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther+and+Bach+on+the+Magnificat&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781625641205&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Jenson%2C+Bradley+C.&rft.au=Lundell%2C+Randi+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHuoCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforth2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA688"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870677-9"><bdi>978-0-19-870677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870677-9&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIgdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulmes1993" class="citation cs2">Hulmes, Edward (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA640">"Quran and the Bible, The"</a>, in Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.), <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9"><bdi>978-0-19-974391-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quran+and+the+Bible%2C+The&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974391-9&rft.aulast=Hulmes&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26pg%3DPA640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation book cs1">Hurtado, Larry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k32wZRMxltUC&pg=PA318"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802831675" title="Special:BookSources/9780802831675"><bdi>9780802831675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780802831675&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk32wZRMxltUC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKärkkäinen2009" class="citation cs2">Kärkkäinen, V.-N (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&pg=PA175">"Christology"</a>, in Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.), <i>Global Dictionary of Theology</i>, InterVarsity Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830878116" title="Special:BookSources/9780830878116"><bdi>9780830878116</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christology&rft.btitle=Global+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780830878116&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rkk%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=V.-N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncqkZnDSeo4C%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodell1992" class="citation book cs1">Kodell, Jerome (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJR0wYP12ZEC&q=%22infancy+stories+were+added%22%22to+serve+as+a+prologue%22&pg=PA939">"Luke"</a>. In Karris, Robert J. (ed.). <i>The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament, NAB</i>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814622117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814622117"><bdi>978-0814622117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luke&rft.btitle=The+Collegeville+Bible+Commentary%3A+New+Testament%2C+NAB&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0814622117&rft.aulast=Kodell&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJR0wYP12ZEC%26q%3D%2522infancy%2Bstories%2Bwere%2Badded%2522%2522to%2Bserve%2Bas%2Ba%2Bprologue%2522%26pg%3DPA939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoester2000" class="citation book cs1">Koester, Helmut (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&q=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament:+History+and+literature+of+early+Christianity"><i>Introduction to the New Testament: History and literature of early Christianity</i></a>. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110149708" title="Special:BookSources/9783110149708"><bdi>9783110149708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%3A+History+and+literature+of+early+Christianity&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783110149708&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DthXUHM5udTcC%26q%3DIntroduction%2Bto%2Bthe%2BNew%2BTestament%3A%2BHistory%2Band%2Bliterature%2Bof%2Bearly%2BChristianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuglerHartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Robert; Hartin, Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC"><i>An Introduction to the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802846365" title="Special:BookSources/9780802846365"><bdi>9780802846365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780802846365&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Hartin%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL8WbXbPjxpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs1987" class="citation book cs1">Lachs, Samuel T. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qSWLVIi2xwC&pg=PA5"><i>A Rabbinic Commentary of the New Testament: the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke</i></a>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881250893" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881250893"><bdi>978-0881250893</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rabbinic+Commentary+of+the+New+Testament%3A+the+Gospels+of+Matthew%2C+Mark+and+Luke&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0881250893&rft.aulast=Lachs&rft.aufirst=Samuel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qSWLVIi2xwC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2013" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deNgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144"><i>Born of a Virgin?</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802869258" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802869258"><bdi>978-0802869258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+of+a+Virgin%3F&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0802869258&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeNgAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1996" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, William P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o7e1PCoH1dIC&q=infancy+narrative+of+Jesus&pg=PA184"><i>The College Student's Introduction to Christology</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814650189" title="Special:BookSources/9780814650189"><bdi>9780814650189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+College+Student%27s+Introduction+to+Christology&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780814650189&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do7e1PCoH1dIC%26q%3Dinfancy%2Bnarrative%2Bof%2BJesus%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshMoyise2006" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Clive; Moyise, Steve (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecHpPzDLkhcC&q=%22focuses+on+Joseph%22&pg=PA37"><i>Jesus and the Gospels</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567040732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567040732"><bdi>978-0567040732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Gospels&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0567040732&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Moyise%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecHpPzDLkhcC%26q%3D%2522focuses%2Bon%2BJoseph%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarthaler2007" class="citation book cs1">Marthaler, Berard L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TY3-aZIo9HEC"><i>The Creed: The Apostolic Faith in Contemporary Theology</i></a>. Twenty-Third Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896225374" title="Special:BookSources/9780896225374"><bdi>9780896225374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creed%3A+The+Apostolic+Faith+in+Contemporary+Theology&rft.pub=Twenty-Third+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780896225374&rft.aulast=Marthaler&rft.aufirst=Berard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTY3-aZIo9HEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2004" class="citation book cs1">McGuckin, John Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4i8jv0b7IkC&pg=PS286"><i>The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664223960" title="Special:BookSources/9780664223960"><bdi>9780664223960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Handbook+to+Patristic+Theology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780664223960&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4i8jv0b7IkC%26pg%3DPS286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51n9m5oTdrkC&q=miracle+of+christ%27s+birth+john+w.+miller&pg=PR5-IA3">"The Miracle of Christ's Birth"</a>. In Ellens, J. Harold (ed.). <i>Miracles</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275997236" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275997236"><bdi>978-0275997236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Miracle+of+Christ%27s+Birth&rft.btitle=Miracles&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0275997236&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51n9m5oTdrkC%26q%3Dmiracle%2Bof%2Bchrist%2527s%2Bbirth%2Bjohn%2Bw.%2Bmiller%26pg%3DPR5-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Leon (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pwaSKcHyEEC&q=%22standpoint+of+Joseph%22&pg=PA26"><i>The Gospel According to Matthew</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851113388" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851113388"><bdi>978-0851113388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Matthew&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0851113388&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pwaSKcHyEEC%26q%3D%2522standpoint%2Bof%2BJoseph%2522%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothaft2014" class="citation book cs1">Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fae7oAEACAAJ"><i>Medieval Latin Christian Texts on the Jewish Calendar: A Study with Five Editions and Translations</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004274129" title="Special:BookSources/9789004274129"><bdi>9789004274129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Latin+Christian+Texts+on+the+Jewish+Calendar%3A+A+Study+with+Five+Editions+and+Translations&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004274129&rft.aulast=Nothaft&rft.aufirst=C.+Philipp+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFae7oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Daniel E. (2005). <i>Marian devotion in thirteenth-century French lyric</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802038859" title="Special:BookSources/0802038859"><bdi>0802038859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marian+devotion+in+thirteenth-century+French+lyric&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0802038859&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget2010" class="citation book cs1">Paget, James Carleton (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFLJ682D9QUC&pg=PA360"><i>Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161503122" title="Special:BookSources/9783161503122"><bdi>9783161503122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Christians+and+Jewish+Christians+in+Antiquity&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783161503122&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=James+Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFLJ682D9QUC%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddish2011" class="citation book cs1">Reddish, Mitchell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hliGUOv18cQC"><i>An Introduction to The Gospels</i></a>. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426750083" title="Special:BookSources/9781426750083"><bdi>9781426750083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+The+Gospels&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781426750083&rft.aulast=Reddish&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhliGUOv18cQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltomaa2001" class="citation book cs1">Peltomaa, Leena Mari (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ED_cXouKxl8C"><i>The image of the Virgin Mary in the Akathistos hymn</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120882" title="Special:BookSources/9004120882"><bdi>9004120882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+image+of+the+Virgin+Mary+in+the+Akathistos+hymn&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004120882&rft.aulast=Peltomaa&rft.aufirst=Leena+Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DED_cXouKxl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2018" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ynVaDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and Commentary</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300181326" title="Special:BookSources/9780300181326"><bdi>9780300181326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+and+the+Bible%3A+Text+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780300181326&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DynVaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Bernard P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c_gRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"Matthew's Nativity Stories"</a>. In Corley, Jeremy (ed.). <i>New Perspectives on the Nativity</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567613790" title="Special:BookSources/9780567613790"><bdi>9780567613790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew%27s+Nativity+Stories&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Nativity&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780567613790&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc_gRBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1996" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Leslie (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-5YPoia7qwC"><i>Medieval Art: A Topical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293290" title="Special:BookSources/9780313293290"><bdi>9780313293290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Art%3A+A+Topical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780313293290&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-5YPoia7qwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldarini2001" class="citation book cs1">Saldarini, Anthony J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA1007">"Matthew"</a>. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Saldarini&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC%26pg%3DPA1007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaritoprak2014" class="citation book cs1">Saritoprak, Zeki (2014). <i>Islam's Jesus</i>. Tampa: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4940-3"><bdi>978-0-8130-4940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Jesus&rft.place=Tampa&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4940-3&rft.aulast=Saritoprak&rft.aufirst=Zeki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatlow2018" class="citation book cs1">Satlow, Michael L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQBaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>Jewish Marriage in Antiquity</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691187495" title="Special:BookSources/9780691187495"><bdi>9780691187495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Marriage+in+Antiquity&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780691187495&rft.aulast=Satlow&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQBaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1990" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, W. Thomas (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&q=%22infancy+stories+involving+Mary+are+found+only+in%22&pg=PA555">"Mary"</a>. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865543737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865543737"><bdi>978-0865543737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0865543737&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=W.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26q%3D%2522infancy%2Bstories%2Binvolving%2BMary%2Bare%2Bfound%2Bonly%2Bin%2522%26pg%3DPA555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchowalter1993" class="citation book cs1">Schowalter, Daniel N. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA790">"Virgin Birth of Christ"</a>. In Metzger, B. M.; Coogan, D. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743919" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743919"><bdi>9780199743919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgin+Birth+of+Christ&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780199743919&rft.aulast=Schowalter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26pg%3DPA790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpler1990" class="citation book cs1">Simpler, Steven (1990). "Hymn". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hymn&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780865543737&rft.aulast=Simpler&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney1996" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, Marvin A (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BdSzj9-SZv0C&q=%22scholars+agree%22%22nothing+to+do+with+whether+she+is+a+virgin%22&pg=PA161"><i>Isaiah 1–39: with an introduction to prophetic literature</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802841001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802841001"><bdi>978-0802841001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isaiah+1%E2%80%9339%3A+with+an+introduction+to+prophetic+literature&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0802841001&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Marvin+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdSzj9-SZv0C%26q%3D%2522scholars%2Bagree%2522%2522nothing%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bwith%2Bwhether%2Bshe%2Bis%2Ba%2Bvirgin%2522%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2008" class="citation book cs1">Turner, David L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8z9LSdKLUl4C"><i>Matthew</i></a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2684-3"><bdi>978-0-8010-2684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2684-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8z9LSdKLUl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2006" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, Joseph B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MU2U08v6aq0C"><i>Marcion and Luke-Acts: A Defining Struggle</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570036507" title="Special:BookSources/9781570036507"><bdi>9781570036507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcion+and+Luke-Acts%3A+A+Defining+Struggle&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781570036507&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMU2U08v6aq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006a" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2006a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6C6kxbpdO8C&pg=PT216"><i>Who's Who in the Age of Jesus</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141937557" title="Special:BookSources/9780141937557"><bdi>9780141937557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+the+Age+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780141937557&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6C6kxbpdO8C%26pg%3DPT216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2006b" class="citation book cs1">Vermes, Geza (2006b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J00OOo-3RqEC&pg=PT72"><i>The Nativity: History and Legend</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141912615" title="Special:BookSources/9780141912615"><bdi>9780141912615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nativity%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780141912615&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=Geza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ00OOo-3RqEC%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Voorst, Robert van (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC"><i>Jesus Outside the New Testament</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802843685" title="Special:BookSources/9780802843685"><bdi>9780802843685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780802843685&rft.aulast=Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlde2015" class="citation book cs1">Wahlde, Urban von (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRB0BgAAQBAJ"><i>Gnosticism, Docetism, and the Judaisms of the First Century</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567656599" title="Special:BookSources/9780567656599"><bdi>9780567656599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism%2C+Docetism%2C+and+the+Judaisms+of+the+First+Century&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780567656599&rft.aulast=Wahlde&rft.aufirst=Urban+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRB0BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Timothy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckkRoFrW_dQC"><i>The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141925004" title="Special:BookSources/9780141925004"><bdi>9780141925004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church%3A+An+Introduction+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780141925004&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckkRoFrW_dQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2008" class="citation cs2">Weaver, Rebeccah H. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g46euaF7HAsC&pg=PA351">"Jesus in early Christianity"</a>, in Benedetto, Robert; Duke, James O (eds.), <i>The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: The early, medieval, and Reformation eras</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664224165" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664224165"><bdi>978-0664224165</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+in+early+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+New+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Church+History%3A+The+early%2C+medieval%2C+and+Reformation+eras&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0664224165&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Rebeccah+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg46euaF7HAsC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelburn2008" class="citation book cs1">Welburn, Andrew J. 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTltAAAAQBAJ"><i>Faith and Practice</i></a>. Harrisburg, PA: Church Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819224576" title="Special:BookSources/9780819224576"><bdi>9780819224576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Practice&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780819224576&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTltAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZebiri2000" class="citation journal cs1">Zebiri, Kate (March 2000). "Contemporary Muslim Understanding of the Miracles of Jesus". <i>The Muslim World</i>. <b>90</b> (1–2): 71–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Muslim+Understanding+of+the+Miracles+of+Jesus&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=71-90&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2000.tb03682.x&rft.aulast=Zebiri&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZervos2019" class="citation book cs1">Zervos, George (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ky2nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>The Protevangelium of James</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567053169" title="Special:BookSources/9780567053169"><bdi>9780567053169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protevangelium+of+James&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780567053169&rft.aulast=Zervos&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dky2nDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirgin+birth+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Virgin birth of Jesus </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Gabriel announces John's<br />birth to Zechariah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><br />Events </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitation (Christian)">Mary visits Elisabeth</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFPeltomaa2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddish2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaldarini2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaritoprak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatlow2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchowalter1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpler1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2006a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoorst2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahlde2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelburn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZebiri2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZervos2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2-nb\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 6,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Virgin Birth Of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gospel Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Jesus footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Nativity of Jesus\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 81,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Virgin Mary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","26.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","13.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.8"],["?","60","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFrameTitle","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getUrl","40","3.8"],["[others]","240","23.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b4bfbf464-lb54q","timestamp":"20241126141455","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Virgin birth of Jesus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q859115","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q859115","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-11T05:15:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-16T20:17:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/GuidoReniAnnunciation.jpg","headline":"belief that Jesus was conceived in the womb of his mother Mary through the Holy Spirit without the agency of a human father and born while Mary was still a virgin"}</script> </body> </html>