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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Railway projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Railway_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Railway projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Railway_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Addis_Ababa–Djibouti_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addis_Ababa–Djibouti_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addis_Ababa–Djibouti_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Northern Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awash–Weldiya_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awash–Weldiya_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Awash–Weldiya Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awash–Weldiya_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weldiya–Mekelle_Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weldiya–Mekelle_Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weldiya–Mekelle_Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potash,_Ports_and_Peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potash,_Ports_and_Peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Potash, Ports and Peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potash,_Ports_and_Peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debt_management_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_management_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Debt management issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_management_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_project_cancellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_project_cancellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Railway project cancellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_project_cancellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public-private_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public-private_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Public-private partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-private_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Railway network</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Railway_network-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Railway network subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Railway_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_gauge_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_gauge_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Standard gauge railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_gauge_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Railway specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_railway_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_railway_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Major railway infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_railway_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Railway stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metre_gauge_railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metre_gauge_railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metre gauge railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metre_gauge_railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Railway status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_stations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_stations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Railway stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_stations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rolling stock</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Passenger cars (coaches)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_cars_(coaches)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goods_wagons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goods_wagons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Goods wagons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goods_wagons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pia_vas%C3%BAti_k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9se" title="Etiópia vasúti közlekedése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etiópia vasúti közlekedése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="エチオピアの鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチオピアの鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernbane_i_Etiopia" title="Jernbane i Etiopia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernbane i Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_kolejowy_w_Etiopii" title="Transport kolejowy w Etiopii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transport kolejowy w Etiopii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportul_feroviar_%C3%AEn_Etiopia" title="Transportul feroviar în Etiopia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transportul feroviar în Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Железнодорожный транспорт в Эфиопии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железнодорожный транспорт в Эфиопии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiens_j%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4gsn%C3%A4t" title="Etiopiens järnvägsnät – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etiopiens järnvägsnät" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ethiopia</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Operation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major operators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Railway_Corporation" title="Ethiopian Railway Corporation">Ethiopian Railway Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">System length</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">2,185 kilometres (1,358 mi) doublelength=</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Electrified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,401 kilometres (871 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,401 kilometres (871 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">1,000 mm</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">3 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">784 kilometres (487 mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> 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on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Train_topics" title="Template:Train topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Train_topics" title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Rail transport in Ethiopia</b> is done within the <b>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</b>, which currently consists of three electrified <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> lines: the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</a>. Other lines are still in the planning phase. There is also an urban light rail system in the country's capital, the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Light_Rail" title="Addis Ababa Light Rail">Addis Ababa Light Rail</a>. </p><p>All railways in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> are owned and operated by an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Railway_Corporation" title="Ethiopian Railway Corporation">Ethiopian Railway Corporation</a> (ERC). A planned legislation opens rail transport to the private sector, from the construction of rail infrastructure to the operation of the same infrastructure and on to the operation of privately owned trains.<sup id="cite_ref-outofsteam_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-outsource_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsource-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liberalization_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For more than a century, Ethiopia was served by an international <a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge_railway" title="Metre-gauge railway">metre gauge</a> railway, from <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>. The privately built railway primarily served economic purposes. That century-old railway, built from 1897 to 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio-Djibouti Railway</a> and its decades-old rolling stock eventually lacked spare parts and was partially closed down over a number of years after the end of the 20th century. Addis Ababa lost its access to the Red Sea in 2004. </p><p>The original plans from the beginning of the 20th foresaw an extension of the railway from Addis Ababa to the <a href="/wiki/Didessa_River" title="Didessa River">Didessa River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a> to have full access to the main <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>-producing areas of Ethiopia, but that plan was scrapped already more than 10 years before the railway finally reached Addis Ababa in 1917. In the late 1930s, during the period when <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia was under Italian rule</a>, the Italian administration proposed the construction of several new railways: the <i>Addis Ababa–<a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a>–<a href="/wiki/Massaua" class="mw-redirect" title="Massaua">Massaua</a> Railway</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>–Dessie–<a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a> Railway</i> and the <i>Addis Ababa–<a href="/wiki/Dolo,_Ethiopia" title="Dolo, Ethiopia">Dollo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> Railway</i>. These railways would cement the Italian colonial rule in Ethiopia, and economically justified operation was not foreseen. The projects were abandoned due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when Ethiopia regained its sovereignty. </p><p>In the 1960s, when only the already ageing metre gauge railway between the Port of Djibouti and Addis Ababa did exist, an economically justified railway network project was proposed. External experts from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> proposed an extension for the existing metre gauge railway starting in <a href="/wiki/Adama" title="Adama">Adama</a> and going to <a href="/wiki/Dila,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dila, Ethiopia">Dilla</a>. All studies at that time supported the economic viability of the extension line and France then offered a loan to construct the railway line between Adama and Dilla.<sup id="cite_ref-Crozet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crozet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This metre gauge railway network, however, did never materialize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 2010, the Ethiopian government proposed a new railway network, <i>The National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i>. Some, if not most, of the proposed new railway lines were already planned decades before for the metre gauge railway (see the outline above). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png/220px-National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png/330px-National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png/440px-National_Railway_Network_of_Ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Map of the planned National Railway Network of Ethiopia with its different corridors</figcaption></figure> <p>The new <i>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i> was considered to serve a strategic goal to allow Ethiopia a sustainable and stable <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> appeared favourable – if compared to <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a> – in terms of volume, costs, safety and speed of transportation for both <a href="/wiki/Imports" class="mw-redirect" title="Imports">imports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exports" class="mw-redirect" title="Exports">exports</a>. The network's primary purpose is then both to connect <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world market</a> by ensuring seamless access to one or several <a href="/wiki/Sea_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea port">sea ports</a> and to include Ethiopia's economically most relevant regions. The primary port for Ethiopia is Djibouti. More than 95% of Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> passes through Djibouti.<sup id="cite_ref-ap2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-signature1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signature1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodities for export are mainly produced in the southern, southwestern and western parts of Ethiopia. In the <i>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i>, the <i>main line</i>, (ERC routes 1 & parts of route 2, see the map and the table below) runs from the Port of Djibouti into this area, where 50% of all Ethiopian cities with a population of at least 80000 inhabitants are in immediate reach. </p><p>Apart from the <i>main line</i>, a number of auxiliary railways made up the planned railway network. A part of the financial budget required to construct some of the routes was considered to arrive through revenues from the ever-expanding railway network. Considered were also several extensions into neighboring countries, in particular into <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. At an advanced planning stage is a strategic extension into Kenya. Kenya also set up a railway network program, called the <i><a href="/wiki/LAPSSET" class="mw-redirect" title="LAPSSET">LAPSSET</a> corridor</i> (also known as the <i>Lamu corridor</i>), which foresees joining an Ethiopian rail network at the border between both countries near <a href="/wiki/Moyale_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyale (Ethiopia)">Moyale</a>. That interconnection would allow Ethiopia to gain strategic access to two more ports in addition to the port of Djibouti, the ports of <a href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> in Kenya. </p><p>The ERC split up the <i>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i> into eight railway routes.<sup id="cite_ref-erc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway routes as presented by the ERC are ordered for their expected economic impact, those with the highest expected economic potential having the lowest numbers and coming first: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>ERC-Route<br />Nr.</th> <th>Link</th> <th>Status<br />2018</th> <th>Course</th> <th>Branches</th> <th>Total<br />Length </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a> </td> <td align="center">operational </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sebeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebeta">Sebeta</a>–Addis Ababa–<a href="/wiki/Mojo,_Ethiopia" title="Mojo, Ethiopia">Modjo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Awash,_Ethiopia" title="Awash, Ethiopia">Awash</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Port_of_Doraleh" title="Port of Doraleh">Port of Doraleh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">759 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">planned </td> <td>Modjo–<a href="/wiki/Shashamane" title="Shashamane">Shashamane</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arba_Minch" title="Arba Minch">Arba Minch</a>–<a href="/wiki/Konso" title="Konso">Konso</a>–<a href="/wiki/Weito_River" title="Weito River">Weito</a> </td> <td>Shashamane–<a href="/wiki/Hawassa" title="Hawassa">Hawassa</a><br />Konso–<a href="/wiki/Moyale_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyale (Ethiopia)">Moyale</a> </td> <td align="center">905 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">planned </td> <td>Addis Ababa–<a href="/wiki/Ambo,_Ethiopia" title="Ambo, Ethiopia">Ambo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bedele" title="Bedele">Bedele</a> </td> <td>Jimma–<a href="/wiki/Guraferda" title="Guraferda">Guraferda</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dimma_(woreda)" title="Dimma (woreda)">Dimma</a> </td> <td align="center">700 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">planned </td> <td>Ambo–<a href="/wiki/Nekemte" title="Nekemte">Nekemte</a>–<a href="/wiki/Asosa" title="Asosa">Asosa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kurmuk,_Ethiopia" title="Kurmuk, Ethiopia">Kurmuk</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">520 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya Railway</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</a> </p> </td> <td align="center">under<br />construction </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Awash,_Ethiopia" title="Awash, Ethiopia">Awash</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kombolcha" title="Kombolcha">Kombolcha</a>–<a href="/wiki/Weldiya" title="Weldiya">Weldiya</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a> </td> <td>Mekelle–<a href="/wiki/Shire,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire, Ethiopia">Shire</a> (planned)<br /><a href="/wiki/Megale_(woreda)" title="Megale (woreda)">Meisha</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dallol_(ghost_town)" title="Dallol (ghost town)">Dallol</a> (planned) </td> <td align="center">757 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">planned </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finote_Selam" title="Finote Selam">Finote Selam</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bahir_Dar" title="Bahir Dar">Bahir Dar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wereta" title="Wereta">Wereta</a>–<a href="/wiki/Weldya" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldya">Weldya</a>–Weldiya–<a href="/wiki/Semera" title="Semera">Semera</a>–<a href="/wiki/Elidar" title="Elidar">Elidar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">734 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">planned </td> <td>Wereta–<a href="/wiki/Gondar_Airport" title="Gondar Airport">Azezo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Metemma" title="Metemma">Metemma</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">244 km </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">planned </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adama" title="Adama">Adama</a>–<a href="/wiki/Iteya" title="Iteya">Iteya</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gasera_(woreda)" title="Gasera (woreda)">Gasera</a> </td> <td>Iteya–<a href="/wiki/Asella" title="Asella">Asella</a> </td> <td align="center">248 km </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_Tigray_War">Impact of Tigray War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact of Tigray War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2021 it was reported that during the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a> armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a> had looted or destroyed most of the construction equipment in Kombolcha. They also damaged part of the almost-finished railway infrastructure, such as tunnels and bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disruption has thrown several thousand railway workers out of work. As of July 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the construction site in Kombolcha was used as a camp for <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>. Nevertheless, the Ethiopian government still sees the project as a priority and intends to resume construction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railway_projects">Railway projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Railway projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_Railways.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ethiopian_Railways.png/220px-Ethiopian_Railways.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ethiopian_Railways.png/330px-Ethiopian_Railways.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ethiopian_Railways.png/440px-Ethiopian_Railways.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Existing railways in Ethiopia in 2018:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:red solid 4px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:yellow solid 4px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle</a> Railways</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:darkgreen solid 2px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio–Djibouti Railway</a> (sections operational)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addis_Ababa–Djibouti_Railway"><span id="Addis_Ababa.E2.80.93Djibouti_Railway"></span>Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a></div> <p>In 2011, one year after finalizing the plans on the national railway network, financing was secured for ERC-Route 1 (the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a>) and construction was awarded to Chinese <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> firms.<sup id="cite_ref-signature1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signature1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2016 and January 2017, the railway was completed and inaugurated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The railway of 759 kilometres (472 mi) length was considered to cost around US$3.5b (US$4m per km of railway) while the <a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a> facilitated a package, that resulted in loans of about US$2.5b in total for the Ethiopian section of the railway plus another US$500m for the Djiboutian section.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later survey revealed that the actual costs were around US$5.2m per km of railway, around 30% more than planned, resulting in total costs of around US$4.5b.<sup id="cite_ref-benchmarking_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the loans came from China, most contractors were from China. The construction was an <a href="/wiki/Engineering,_procurement,_and_construction" title="Engineering, procurement, and construction">EPC/Turnkey</a> project (<a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a>). </p><p>In January 2018, the railway became operational. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Railways">Northern Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Northern Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contradicting expectation, no contract and no financing was awarded to ERC-Route 2, so that neither the completion of the <i>main line</i> nor the link to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Lamu_Port_and_Lamu-Southern_Sudan-Ethiopia_Transport_Corridor" title="Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor">LAPSSET corridor</a> or other railways in the economically interesting south and southwest could be started. Instead, ERC-Route 5 (split into the <a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</a>) were awarded to contractors in 2012, both railway lines running northwards from the town of <a href="/wiki/Awash,_Ethiopia" title="Awash, Ethiopia">Awash</a> to <a href="/wiki/Weldiya" title="Weldiya">Weldiya</a> and then from Weldiya to <a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a>. It then took more than two years, until 2014, before financing was secured so that construction of both railways could start in February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their construction were started as <a href="/wiki/Engineering,_procurement,_and_construction" title="Engineering, procurement, and construction">EPC/Turnkey</a> projects (<a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Awash–Weldiya_Railway"><span id="Awash.E2.80.93Weldiya_Railway"></span>Awash–Weldiya Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awash–Weldiya Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya Railway</a></div> <p>The 392 km Awash–Weldiya Railway clearly is of strategic significance. It connects the whole north of Ethiopia, with almost 1/3rd of the Ethiopian population, with the <i>main line</i> and additionally through the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway with Ethiopia's lifeline, the port of Djibouti. Also, several large cities of <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a> are directly served by the railway and the railway will connect Ethiopian industrial centers like <a href="/wiki/Kombolcha" title="Kombolcha">Kombolcha</a> with the world. The main ERC facilities (maintenance workshops etc. at Kombolcha) will be located there. These facilities add to the 392 kilometres (244 mi) of the main railway, making a total of 428 kilometres (266 mi) of rails. For this railway, the ERC was able to secure almost as much external funding per km of railway as for the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway (loans of US$1.165b at total costs of US$1.7b), except that not from Chinese, but European investors facilitated through <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>. Funding was provided by a consortium of lenders, including <a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency#List_of_export_credit_agencies" title="Export credit agency">Türk Eximbank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Export_Credits_Guarantee_Board_(Sweden)" title="National Export Credits Guarantee Board (Sweden)">Swedish National Export Credits Guarantee Board</a>, <a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency#List_of_export_credit_agencies" title="Export credit agency">Denmark's Export Credit Board</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency#List_of_export_credit_agencies" title="Export credit agency">Swiss Export Risk Insurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Molinari2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinari2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish company <a href="/wiki/Yap%C4%B1_Merkezi" title="Yapı Merkezi">Yapı Merkezi</a> and its European subcontractors were chosen to perform the work. Substantial revenues are to be expected from this railway after completion. </p><p>The construction contract assumes costs per km of railway to be US$3.8m, which is surprisingly low for a challenging terrain with 56 bridges and 12 tunnels (tunnels: 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) length); theoretical calculations led to US$7m per km in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weldiya–Mekelle_Railway"><span id="Weldiya.E2.80.93Mekelle_Railway"></span>Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Weldiya–Mekelle Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</a></div> <p>The 216 km Weldiya–Mekelle Railway (with a total length of 241 km of rails) did not receive any known loan from foreign institutions (there have been several and always contradictory reports but a look at the balance sheet provides the numbers<sup id="cite_ref-outofsteam_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Given the total construction budget of US$1.5b, expected costs were US$6.2m per km of rails. Without loans in place for buffering the investment, the ERC had to allocate more own budget for the construction of these 241 km of rails than for the in total ~1300 km of rails of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway and of the Awash–Weldiya Railway altogether. The <a href="/wiki/China_Communications_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="China Communications Construction">China Communications Construction Company</a> became the prime contractor for the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potash,_Ports_and_Peace"><span id="Potash.2C_Ports_and_Peace"></span>Potash, Ports and Peace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Potash, Ports and Peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the Weldiya–Mekelle Railway was to be joined by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hara_Gebeya%E2%80%93Tadjoura_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hara Gebeya–Tadjoura Railway (page does not exist)">Weldiya–Tadjoura Railway</a>, which was to be constructed at the same time as the other railway. The rationale behind that was <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> transport from <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a> to the port of <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Tadjoura</a>. The Dallol site is undeveloped, but has the third-largest potash reserves worldwide (>2 billion tonnes in <i>K<sub>2</sub>O</i> equivalents), the production costs would be US$38 per tonne, the lowest production costs worldwide for decades to come.<sup id="cite_ref-potash_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-potash-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass commodities like potash are usually best transported by railways to keep operating costs low. While the <i>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i> was in the planning stage, potash prices on the world market fluctuated between below US$200 and US$875 per tonne, but were rather in the upper half of that range, which made railway construction an interesting precondition for large revenues from potash exports (with a good share of between 25 and 30% going to the Ethiopian government through taxes). As seaport for exports foreseen was the <a href="/wiki/Tadjoura" title="Tadjoura">Port of Tadjoura</a> in Djibouti, which was expanded from 2012 on with potash transports in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port was finally opened in July 2017, dedicated to 4m tonnes of potash exports annually.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, in 2012, potash from Dallol was expected to be transported by road over 180 km to a railway site near Mekelle first. After that, rail transport was foreseen all the way to Tadjoura. In 2013, after a final feasibility study (completed in February 2013), it was considered to transport potash rather by road over 330 kilometres (210 mi) from Dallol to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdo (page does not exist)">Serdo</a> northeast of <a href="/wiki/Semera" title="Semera">Semera</a>, followed by rail transport from Serdo to Tadjoura; this railway line between Serdo and Tadjoura was to be constructed almost immediately. In addition, a new railway for the 330 kilometres (210 mi) between Serdo and Dallol was proposed as well, a railway line, that was not formerly considered for the <i>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this development, the section of the Weldiya–Tadjoura Railway between Weldiya and Serdo was dropped from any plans. For the construction of the remaining section between Serdo and Tadjoura, the ERC secured US$300m funding<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from India in 2013 and published a tender in August 2014, but only to postpone it in January 2015 indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A privately built railway was then considered instead if the annual potash production at the Dallol site would exceed 5m tonnes. That was an outcome of a pre-feasibility study from June 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any start of potash mining however requires the development of the Dallol site. Such a development was foreseen to require <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investments</a> of more than US$2b. All that however was difficult given one major roadblock: the decades-old frozen and sometimes flaring-up war with Eritrea (for example during the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a>) at one of the most dangerous borders in the world. The Dallol potash reserves are shared between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and the Ethiopian concession areas are in part surrounded on two sides by Eritrean territory. Peace between Ethiopia and Eritrea – unlikely for decades – may however boost the potash business development. The word <i>Peace</i> was first used by the Ethiopian Prime Minister in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-cancellation_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancellation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peace would serve both the Ethiopian and Eritrean economy and it would serve not only the potash business development in both countries but would also open a new rail transport corridor through both countries. On the Eritrean side, an old, now disbanded, and nearly 75 kilometres (47 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">colonial era</a> railway, the <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Fatma%E2%80%93Colulli_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersa Fatma–Colulli Railway">Mersa Fatma–Colulli Railway</a> served early potash transports in the 20th century. It did connect the Dallol potash site to the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> Red Sea coast at the port town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mersa_Fatma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mersa Fatma (page does not exist)">Mersa Fatma</a>, only 80 kilometres (50 mi) away. As the terrain is flat lowlands with a total elevation difference below 100 meters, a railway construction between Dallol and Mersa Fatma would pose no challenges. Economically (and also environmentally), such a short railway line would be very much favorable over <a href="/wiki/Haul_truck" title="Haul truck">haul trucking</a> of hundreds of trucks daily on haul roads over 550 kilometres (340 mi) to the Port of Tadjoura in Djibouti. A Dallol–Mersa Fatma Railway could then be expanded within Ethiopia to a junction with the Weldiya–Mekelle Railway. That would connect the Railway to the national railway grid and would provide Ethiopia a strategically much wanted second port at Mersa Fatma for the Ethiopian rail network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt_management_issues">Debt management issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Debt management issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the announcement of the two northern railways in 2012, the ERC was not able to secure loans and enough funding for the construction of other new railway line projects or even parts of them. That mostly affected the southern and western parts of Ethiopia and therefore the areas with expected economic prospects. Even apparent success stories did not hold. In May 2015, the Prime Minister laid the foundation stone for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Jimma_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addis Ababa–Jimma Railway (page does not exist)">Addis Ababa–Jimma Railway</a> between Addis Ababa and <a href="/wiki/Jimma" title="Jimma">Jimma</a>, with an extension to <a href="/wiki/Bedele" title="Bedele">Bedele</a> being foreseen. The ERC was considered to have secured a Brazilian loan of US$1b from the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Development_Bank" title="Brazilian Development Bank">Brazilian Development Bank</a>. The prime contractor would have been <a href="/wiki/Andrade_Gutierrez" title="Andrade Gutierrez">Andrade Gutierrez</a>. However, the funding was cancelled shortly after and the construction did not commence.<sup id="cite_ref-Molinari2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinari2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> warned about the lack of a medium-term debt management strategy and lack of debt monitoring and issued concern about Ethiopia's public debt sustainability while explicitly mentioning the ERC and the two northern railways. At that time, the external debt of the ERC was at 6% of Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, due to a lack of exports and an increasing external debt level of Ethiopia, the IMF raised a yellow flag and increased the debt sustainability risk from "low" to "moderate".<sup id="cite_ref-anxiety_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anxiety-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the IMF asked to reduce the recent pace of increase in external indebtedness, which were considered to be not sustainable over the medium term. A "high" risk was assigned to that part. The IMF asked for intensified efforts to reduce the external imbalance, and to increase and to diversify exports which would yield the highest economic growth dividend over the medium term.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lack of exports means a lack of revenues to balance the increasing external debt (in US $). ERC planning issues contributed to that situation. The railway between Addis Ababa and Djibouti was officially constructed "as cheap as possible", lacking trunk lines, some operational infrastructure and the infrastructure for freight handling all the way down between Addis Ababa and Djibouti.<sup id="cite_ref-easy-quick_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easy-quick-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuelabsence_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuelabsence-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That did not go well and did not allow traffic on the railway in the fiscal year 2016–17. This again did not result in immediate revenues – but expenses. The now-missing infrastructure (such as <a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">dry ports</a> for freight handling) had to be quickly planned and constructed. That did not arrive without additional costs, that were neglected during the construction phase of the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-easy-quick_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-easy-quick-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2016, the external ERC debt was at 95.7 billion <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr</a>, which translated into US$4.16b. That was a debt originating from the different loans (US$2.5b for loans facilitated by the Chinese Exim-Bank for the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway, US$1.165b for loans facilitated by Credit Suisse for the Awash–Weldiya Railway, and US$500m for loans for the Addis Ababa Light Rail). The number also indicated, that there were almost no revenues from previous years to balance the debt. In July 2016, the ERC had to start to pay interest – and at the beginning of 2017, the external ERC debt started to rise, indicating, that all loans had been used up and that for the first time own Ethiopian money (in US $) from external revenues had to be used for the ongoing construction works of the railways.<sup id="cite_ref-outofsteam_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debt level of the ERC arrived at 120 billion Birr (US$5.2b) in June 2017 and at ~7.5% of Ethiopia's 2016 <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-liberalization_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberalization-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was expected, that the ERC would arrive at an external debt level of US$7.2b or 8.2% of the GDP in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-outofsteam_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMF2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbers make it difficult to consider starting new railway construction projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_project_cancellations">Railway project cancellations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Railway project cancellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government officials started to discuss <a href="/wiki/Exit_strategy" title="Exit strategy">exit strategies</a> and openly discussed the possibility to partially sell the ERC or the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway to private investors to balance the debt burden of the ERC.<sup id="cite_ref-outsource_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsource-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the Weldiya-Mekelle Railway was stopped temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-outofsteam_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outofsteam-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the ERC resigned from his post.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam Desalegn</a> in April 2017 announced the cancellation of planned and future railway projects in mountainous northern and northwestern Ethiopia, in particular in Tigray.<sup id="cite_ref-cancellation_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancellation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons given for the cancellations were the costs of US$7–8m per km railway in rugged mountains instead of US$4m per km in flat lowlands or costs of roads of just US$1m per km. The Prime Minister stated, that a successful start of operations on the existing railways had priority for the foreseeable future. However, he also noted that peace with Eritrea, in particular, would make railways in the area likely again.<sup id="cite_ref-cancellation_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancellation-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the high level of external debt, the Ethiopian government announced the cancellation of new railway projects in July 2017. That automatically meant that no new railways were to be built by public companies like the ERC in the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-outsource_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsource-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PPP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public-private_partnerships">Public-private partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public-private partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead, the Ethiopian government started legislation to implement <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">Public-private partnerships</a> (PPP) in all sectors of infrastructure development and also the rail transport sector and to lift a ban on private ownership on railway lines, hoping to attract foreign investors. Considered were public-private <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-outsource_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsource-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PPP_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with that, the ERC was able to sign a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> (MoU) to outsource the construction of ERC-Route 2 and its branches (the remainder of the <i>main line</i>) to a still to be named foreign company in March 2017, which will earn all revenues from the railway for an undisclosed number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-outsource_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outsource-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the company and the further conditions of the package might be revealed in October 2017, when the mentioned legislation on PPP's is considered to have passed the Ethiopian parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-PPP_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railway_network">Railway network</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Railway network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_gauge_railways">Standard gauge railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Standard gauge railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three interconnected railways between cities and the Ethiopian hinterland, which are foreseen to be the first railways of the <i>National Railway Network of Ethiopia</i>, see above. In addition, there is a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> network. These are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a> (operational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya Railway</a> (under construction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</a> (under construction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Light_Rail" title="Addis Ababa Light Rail">Addis Ababa Light Rail</a> (operational)</li></ul> <p>Of the around 1364 km of railways in January 2018, ~800 km were fully operational (the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Light_Rail" title="Addis Ababa Light Rail">Addis Ababa Light Rail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway</a> between Addis Ababa and Djibouti). Two railways are under construction, the <a href="/wiki/Awash%E2%80%93Weldiya_Railway" title="Awash–Weldiya Railway">Awash–Weldiya Railway</a> with 392 km length, and the <a href="/wiki/Weldiya%E2%80%93Mekelle_Railway" title="Weldiya–Mekelle Railway">Weldiya–Mekelle Railway</a> with 216 kilometres (134 mi) in length. The Awash–Weldiya Railway will see the first test runs on its first 270 kilometres (170 mi) between Awash and Kombolcha in Spring 2018. Two more railways are planned and are considered to be next in the pipeline: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modjo%E2%80%93Hawassa_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modjo–Hawassa Railway (page does not exist)">Modjo–Hawassa Railway</a> (planned next, an extension of the Ethiopian Main Line to the south with future extensions towards Kenya)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebeta%E2%80%93Ambo_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebeta–Ambo Railway (page does not exist)">Sebeta–Ambo Railway</a> (planned as the first common part of both the Sebeta-Ambo-Jimma and Sebeta-Ambo-Nekemte railways with future extensions to Bedele and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Sudan_border" title="Ethiopia–Sudan border">border with Sudan</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway_specifications">Railway specifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Railway specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the railway specifications are based on the Chinese National Railway Class 2 Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-benchmarking_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with explicit demand by the Ethiopian Railway Corporation, some changes were made and adapted, which do not fit the Chinese standard. </p><p>The railway characteristics were first specified and used for the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway and in many cases had to be used for other railways as well to keep the installations compatible with each other. Trains should be able to use different railways without having to switch locomotives (as an example). The most straightforward example of compatibility is, that there is no <a href="/wiki/Break-of-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-of-gauge">break-of-gauge</a>. The first railway was <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>, so all following railways also had to be standard gauge. The power supply had to be the same for all railways, the <a href="/wiki/Train_protection_system" title="Train protection system">train protection system</a> as well. </p><p>In the following, common features and specifications of all railways are shown. If there are differences between railways, this is indicated by a range given for values: </p> <ul><li>Gauge: <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">Standard gauge</a></li> <li>Couplers: <a href="/wiki/Janney_coupler" title="Janney coupler">Janney AAR</a></li> <li>Brakes: <a href="/wiki/Railway_air_brake" title="Railway air brake">Air</a></li> <li>Electrification: <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">Overhead catenary</a> <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV AC</a> / <a href="/wiki/50_Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Hz">50 Hz</a></li> <li>Target speed (passenger): 120 km/h (75 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-ShimelisAtile_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShimelisAtile-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Target speed (freight): 80–90 km/h (50–56 mph)</li> <li>Turnouts and Passing Loops: 100km/h on loop line.</li> <li>Maximum train load (freight): 3,000–3,500 tonnes (3,000–3,400 long tons; 3,300–3,900 short tons) gross <sup id="cite_ref-ShimelisAtile_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShimelisAtile-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-operationplan_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-operationplan-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wenku_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wenku-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Designed <a href="/wiki/Transport_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport capacity">transport capacity</a>: 10-20 million tonnes annually<sup id="cite_ref-benchmarking_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Length of arrival & departure track at passing loops: 850 m (dual locomotive: 880 m) [resulting max. train length ~800 m]<sup id="cite_ref-ShimelisAtile_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShimelisAtile-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rail section: UIC 54 or 60kg rails <a href="/wiki/Continuous_welded_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous welded rail">CWR</a> on concrete sleepers at 60cm spacing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum railway curve radius</a>: 800–1,200 m (2,600–3,900 ft) [600–800 m (2,000–2,600 ft) at difficult locations]<sup id="cite_ref-benchmarking_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-operationplan_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-operationplan-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum railway curve radius</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maximum <a href="/wiki/Ruling_gradient" title="Ruling gradient">(ruling) gradient</a>: 1.85-2.65 <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">%</a><sup id="cite_ref-benchmarking_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShimelisAtile_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShimelisAtile-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maximum vehicle <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> height : 5300 mm<sup id="cite_ref-ShimelisAtile_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShimelisAtile-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trains run on the: <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Railway signalling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">semi-automatic block</a><sup id="cite_ref-benchmarking_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Automatic_block_signaling" title="Automatic block signaling">automatic block</a><sup id="cite_ref-operationplan_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-operationplan-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_protection_system" title="Train protection system">Train protection system</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Train_Control_System" title="European Train Control System">ETCS-2 SIL4</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossings</a>: permitted (no full <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separation</a>)</li> <li>Formation: Double track or Single track (suitable for future doubling)</li> <li>Axle loading: 25 Tonnes</li> <li>Structure Gauge: UIC compatible</li> <li>The loading gauge width for new standard gauge railways in Africa is 3,400 mm (11 ft 2 in) the same as the original <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and copied by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg/300px-Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg/450px-Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg/600px-Rolling-Stock-Gauge-in-Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_Loading_Gauge_UIC_OSShD_Index.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="px300"><img alt="px300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Rail_Loading_Gauge_UIC_OSShD_Index.gif" decoding="async" width="286" height="74" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="74" /></a><figcaption>px300</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_railway_infrastructure">Major railway infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Major railway infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major pieces of infrastructure are, for example, <a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">dry ports</a> for heavy <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">containers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fuel_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel depot">fuel depots</a> for diesel and gasoline. Strategic ones have to be connected to the railway network. The following infrastructural projects are to be linked / connected to the Ethiopian railway network through <a href="/wiki/Industrial_spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial spur">industrial spurs</a> (spur lines): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mojo,_Ethiopia" title="Mojo, Ethiopia">Modjo</a> Dry Port (spur line and dry port operational, main import/export facility of Ethiopia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> Dry Port (spur line & dry port under construction in 2017, direct access to the neighboring Industrial Park and the <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dire Dawa International Airport">Dire Dawa International Airport</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombolcha" title="Kombolcha">Kombolcha</a> Dry Port (spur line & dry port under construction in 2017, direct access to the neighboring Industrial Park and the <a href="/wiki/Kombolcha_Airport" title="Kombolcha Airport">Kombolcha Airport</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek%27ele" class="mw-redirect" title="Mek'ele">Mekelle</a> Dry Port (spur line planned, dry port under construction in 2017, direct access to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mek%27ele_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mek'ele Airport">Mekelle Airport</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukem" title="Dukem">Dukem</a> Fuel Depot (spur line & depot planned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awash,_Ethiopia" title="Awash, Ethiopia">Awash</a> Fuel Depot (spur line under construction in 2017, depot operational, depot expansion works)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adama" title="Adama">Adama</a> Industrial Park (branch line in the planning stage, Industrial park under construction in 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_(woreda)" title="Ayesha (woreda)">Ayisha</a> Industrial Park (both park and spur line planned)</li></ul> <p>Directly north of Kombolcha, the railway will get a few major infrastructure elements, in particular an operations centre for the entire network. There is the ERC main depot for rolling stock, the main maintenance workshops and also the main logistics center of the whole <i>Railway Network of Ethiopia</i>. </p><p>The ERC bought a rescue train for emergency operations (e.g. a heavy rail crane for emergency operations), that will be stationed at the Kombolcha workshops. The facilities will include eight rail tracks within the operations centre which will have a size of 15000 m<sup>2</sup>. </p><p>Besides the main rail depot at Kombolcha, another depot exists in Addis Ababa (Indode) and in Dire Dawa, where <a href="/wiki/Metals_and_Engineering_Corporation" title="Metals and Engineering Corporation">METEC</a> is located, a large state-owned company which in its Dire Dawa subsidiary is dedicated to the construction and maintenance of rail goods wagons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway_stations">Railway stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Railway stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from the major railway infrastructure (freight yards, dry ports) considered to handle freight trains, the railways also feature railway stations for passenger trains. These railway stations along the railways most often have a single platform for passengers to enter or to leave trains. These platforms allow access without having the need to use stairs. Some have two platforms connected through a footbridge above the overhead catenary system. The platforms are roofed to protect passengers against sun, wind, and rain. </p><p>Railway stations for passenger trains always have a station building directly attached to the back of the principal platform. Consequently, all railway stations with a single platform have space for only one platform line and do not allow the presence of more than one train at the platform at the same time. In contrast, railway stations with two platforms have the space for two or three platform lines. All platforms are between 200 metres (660 ft) and 400 metres (1,300 ft) long. </p><p>The station buildings are used for ticketing and for refreshments and contain waiting rooms and even rooms for prayers. They have media available (at least electricity, water). The outer appearance of station buildings of the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway shows some sort of <i>architectural <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclecticism</a></i> including Ethiopian elements with some Chinese interpretation and rounded elements. The railway station buildings on the Awash–Weldiya Railway are rather functional and rectangular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metre_gauge_railway">Metre gauge railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Metre gauge railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio-Djibouti Railways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg/220px-ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg/330px-ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg/440px-ET_Addis_asv2018-01_img03_former_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6326" data-file-height="3558" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> <i>La Gare</i> train station.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg/220px-Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg/330px-Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg/440px-Dire_Dawa_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> train station.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway_status">Railway status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Railway status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 207 km long section of the old non-electrified single track <a href="/wiki/Metre_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre gauge">metre gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio–Djibouti Railway</a> from 1917 is still in operation between <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guelile" title="Guelile">Guelile</a> to the northeast of Dire Dawa. This section saw a partial rehabilitation in the six years between 2007–2012 and still sees a bi-weekly and combined freight and passenger service serving the regional economy in Eastern Ethiopia and around Dire Dawa. There are no indications that the rail transport on this railway section will cease to operate. Another 150 kilometres (93 mi) west of Dire Dawa between Dire Dawa and <a href="/wiki/Mieso" title="Mieso">Mieso</a> have been announced to be under repair in 2018 to make them operational again.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorro_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rolling stock (diesel locos, passenger coaches and goods wagons) is in operation as well. </p><p>Between Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, the railway was abandoned and in part built over by several projects between 2008 and 2014, while traffic between Dire Dawa and Djibouti was possible until spring 2014. On Djiboutian territory and beyond Guelile, the railway has been abandoned since. Therefore, of the originally 784 kilometres (487 mi) of the Ethio–Djibouti Railway, 475 kilometres (295 mi) are destroyed or abandoned while 357 kilometres (222 mi) is still in operation or are being prepared to go back into operation. Most bridges and viaducts on the abandoned parts of the railway are still intact and can be visited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway_stations_2">Railway stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Railway stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two major railway stations survived. </p> <ol><li>The Addis Ababa railway terminal, <i>La Gare</i>, is a century-old historical building. In 2008 a street project threatened it but the building survived and was not demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Dire Dawa railway terminal is even older than the Addis Ababa railway terminal. It is still in use.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolling_stock">Rolling stock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rolling stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_gauge_railways_2">Standard gauge railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Standard gauge railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To meet modern railway standards, all the rolling stock dedicated to rail transport in Ethiopia has been designed and adapted to the harsh environmental conditions of Ethiopia. Braking performance has been improved to account for the differences in altitude. As temperatures and solar radiation in the area can vary greatly between night and day and from high mountain (greater than 2,400 metres (7,900 ft)) to the sea, in order to prevent aging caused by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_shock" title="Thermal shock">thermal shock</a> and by high ultraviolet light in the plateau environment, all components – rubber, cables, and others – have been specifically designed, using laminated glass for blocking more than 90% of UV penetration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locomotives">Locomotives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All locomotives were imported from China. 41 available electric locomotives are designated to haul freight trains and to perform freight handling, while only three electric locomotives serve passenger transport services. In addition, a number of diesel locomotives are to provide services off the main line. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Manufacturer –<br />Platform</th> <th>Quantity</th> <th>Serial Numbers</th> <th>Operation mode</th> <th>Max. speed<br />[km/h]</th> <th>Power<br /> [kW]</th> <th>Refs. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Electric locomotive </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a> – <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_HXD1C" title="China Railways HXD1C">HXD1C</a> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>ERP 0001 – ERP 0003<br /><small><i>(ERP: Ethiopian Railways Passenger)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">Passenger transport<br /><small><i>(main line)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">120 </td> <td align="center">7200 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Molinari2015_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinari2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-order_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-order-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elec_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elec-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-climate_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Electric locomotive </td> <td>CRRC – HXD1C </td> <td align="center">32 </td> <td>ERF 0001 – ERF 0032<br /><small><i>(ERF: Ethiopian Railways Freight)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">Freight transport<br /><small><i>(main line)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">120 </td> <td align="center">7200 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Molinari2015_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinari2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-order_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-order-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elec_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elec-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diesel locomotive </td> <td>CRRC – <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_DF4" title="China Railways DF4">DF4DH</a> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><i>(DF4D 418-0xx)</i><br /><small><i>(not owned by Ethiopian Railways)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">Freight transport<br /><small><i>(main line)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="center">2940 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Molinari2015_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinari2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dalian_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalian-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diesel locomotive </td> <td>CRRC – <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Railways_DF10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Railways DF10 (page does not exist)">DF10DDB</a><br /><small><i>(export version: CKD3A)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td>ERS 0001 – ERS 0006<br /><small><i>(ERS: Ethiopian Railways Switcher)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">Shunting<br /><small><i>(Port of Doraleh – Nagad)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">100 </td> <td align="center">1873 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-roof_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roof-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The locomotives were derived from the platforms mentioned in the table above. The electric locomotives have different liveries. The ERP locomotives come with the Ethiopian national colors (green-yellow-red), the ERF locomotives replace the green by blue (red-yellow-blue), the DF4DH-derived locomotives are sky-blue while the ERS switchers are entirely yellow with one horizontal stripe in the national colors. All locomotives have been adapted to the harsh climatic conditions of Ethiopia and provide air-conditioning built in for the engineer. </p><p>The platform data for the <a href="/wiki/China_Railways_HXD1C" title="China Railways HXD1C">HXD1C</a> indicate, that the available power of 7200 kW is also available for <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>. Two freight locos can couple and can do <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">two-locomotive train control</a> with heavy freight trains for railway slopes >0.9 %. In addition, the electric locomotives hauling passenger trains come with a dedicated power supply transformer to provide electric power for the air-conditioning / heating units of the passenger cars under the extreme climatic conditions of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diesel locomotives in particular were modified to work at different altitudes (from sea level to beyond 2400 metres) and to work under very high temperatures in excess of 50 °C in the desert areas of northeastern Ethiopia and Djibouti. They have a special computer-adjusted working mode of the diesel engine under such high temperature. In addition, the diesel locos have two different dust filters integrated in the air supply of the diesel engine in order to be able to work in especially dusty desert conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-dalian_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalian-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roof_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roof-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passenger_cars_(coaches)"><span id="Passenger_cars_.28coaches.29"></span>Passenger cars (coaches)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Passenger cars (coaches)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">Passenger coaches</a> were built on the China Railway model <a href="/w/index.php?title=25G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25G (page does not exist)">25G</a> design, decorated with national Ethiopian colors. All passenger cars based on the <i>25G</i> platform offer two toilettes, two washing dishes and heaters for hot water. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Manufacturer –<br />Platform</th> <th>Quantity</th> <th>Serial Numbers</th> <th>Travel Class</th> <th>Max. speed<br />[km/h]</th> <th>Seats / Berths</th> <th>Configuration</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coach_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (rail)">Chair car (Coach)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CRRC_Changchun_Railway_Vehicles" title="CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles">CRC</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=YZ25G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YZ25G (page does not exist)">YZ25G</a> </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td>HSC 0001 – HSC 0020<br /><small><i>(HSC: Hard Seat Car)</i></small> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Economy_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Class">Economy Class</a> </td> <td align="center">120 </td> <td align="center">118 seats </td> <td>3+2 seats per row </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Couchette_car" title="Couchette car">Couchette car</a> </td> <td>CRC – <a href="/w/index.php?title=YW25G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YW25G (page does not exist)">YW25G</a> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>HBC 0001 – HBC 0004<br /><small><i>(HBC: Hard Berth Car)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">Economy Class </td> <td align="center">120 </td> <td align="center">66 berths </td> <td>11 <a href="/wiki/Compartment_coach" title="Compartment coach">compartments</a><br /><small><i>(no doors)</i></small> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Couchette car (<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a>) </td> <td>CRC – <a href="/w/index.php?title=RW25G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RW25G (page does not exist)">RW25G</a> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>SBC 0001 – SBC 0004<br /><small><i>(SBC: Soft Berth Car)</i></small> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Business_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Class">Business Class</a> </td> <td align="center">120 </td> <td align="center">36 berths </td> <td>9 compartments<br /><small><i>(with doors)</i></small> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dining_car" title="Dining car">Dining car</a> </td> <td>CRC – <a href="/w/index.php?title=CA25G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CA25G (page does not exist)">CA25G</a> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>DPC 0001 – DPC 0002<br /><small><i>(DPC: Diner Pick Car)</i></small> </td> <td align="center">--- </td> <td align="center">120 </td> <td align="center">50 seats </td> <td>13 <a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">tables</a> + <a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">galley</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Each passenger car shows its code near the four entrance doors, consisting of three letters and a 4-digit number (for example <i>HSC 0017</i> or <i>DPC 0002</i>). <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_seat" title="Hard seat">Hard</a></i> is the most basic coach design of China Railways. A translation of <i>Hard</i> into <i>Economy Class</i> is most appropriate. Because the Ethiopian HSC cars are almost identical to the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hard_seat" title="Hard seat">Hard seat</a> cars, travelling guides for trains in China might also be helpful for Ethiopian trains.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian Railways does not offer true <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeping car</a> services nor does Ethiopian Railways offer Business Class seats or <a href="/wiki/First_class_travel" title="First class travel">First class travel</a>. But it is possible to make a reservation for a single person, which includes a whole lockable compartment in <i>Soft Berth Cars</i> (4 berths per compartment), which makes the compartment a <i>Solo soft sleeper</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goods_wagons">Goods wagons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Goods wagons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A total of 1100 goods wagons are in use on Ethiopian Railways. They were built by <i>Baotou Beifang ChuangYe Co. Ltd</i> (BFCY) in China. Half were assembled in China, and the other half were assembled by <a href="/wiki/Metals_and_Engineering_Corporation" title="Metals and Engineering Corporation">Metals and Engineering Corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>. All others were assembled in China.<sup id="cite_ref-doworld2015_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doworld2015-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The information on the wagons shown in the table below was outlined by an <i>Ethiopia Railway Assessment</i>.as part of a Logistics Capacity Assessment (LCA) by the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WFP_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFP-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Part</th> <th>Serial Numbers</th> <th>Quantity</th> <th>Goods to be transported </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flat_wagon" title="Flat wagon">Flat wagon</a> </td> <td>NW5 </td> <td>ER0391 – ER0940 </td> <td align="center">550 </td> <td>International containers of all sorts and road trailers </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Box_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Box wagon">Box wagon</a> </td> <td>PW2 </td> <td>ER0001 – ER0220 </td> <td align="center">220 </td> <td>Goods that should not be exposed to sun, rain, snow – which are boxed and bagged<br />paper products, appliance auto parts, beverages,... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gondola_(rail)" title="Gondola (rail)">Gondola</a> </td> <td>CW3<br />CW4 </td> <td>ER0221 – ER0350 </td> <td align="center">130 </td> <td>Building materials: steel, coal, core, wood, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tank_wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank wagon">Tank wagon</a> </td> <td>GW2 </td> <td>ER0951 – ER1060 </td> <td align="center">110 </td> <td>Liquids such as fuel (gasoline, diesel etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Covered_hopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Covered hopper">Covered hopper</a> </td> <td>KW2 </td> <td>ER0351 – ER0370 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td>Materials (grain, flour, fertilizer, salt, sugar, clay lime) to be weather-protected </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hopper_car" title="Hopper car">Open hopper</a> </td> <td>KW3 </td> <td>ER0371 – ER0390 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td>Bulk materials such as coal, coke, stone, sand, ores, gravel, scrap material etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flatcar" title="Flatcar">Lumber racks</a> </td> <td>NW6 </td> <td>ER1061 – ER1080 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td>Lumber and wooden building material </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flat_wagon#Car_transporters" title="Flat wagon">Car transporter</a><br /><i>(double deck)</i> </td> <td>NW7 </td> <td>ER1081 – ER1100 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td>Transporting vehicles and automobiles,<br /><a href="/wiki/Motorail" title="Motorail">motorail</a> services in connection with passenger trains </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Refrigerated_van" title="Refrigerated van">Refrigerated van</a> </td> <td>BW1 </td> <td>ER0941 – ER0950 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td>Fresh and perishable food stuffs such as fish, meat, vegetable, fruits etc. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Railway_Master_Plan" title="East African Railway Master Plan">East African Railway Master Plan</a>, railway network planned to be linked with this network.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Ethiopia" title="Railway stations in Ethiopia">Railway stations in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia#Railways" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport in Ethiopia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-outofsteam-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outofsteam_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outofsteam_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outofsteam_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outofsteam_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outofsteam_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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The 220 km electrified mixed-traffic route is being built by China Communications Construction Co under a US$1·5bn contract.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Foundation+stone+laid+for+northern+Ethiopia+line&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Ffoundation-stone-laid-for-northern-ethiopia-line.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-potash-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-potash_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-technology.com/projects/danakil-potash-project">"Danakil Potash Project, Ethiopia"</a>. <i>mining-technology.com</i>. 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Djibouti Ports Authority. 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+of+Tadjourah&rft.pub=Djibouti+Ports+Authority&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portdedjibouti.com%2Fport-of-tadjourah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineafrica.com/documents/D5%20-%20Allana%20Potash.pdf">"Feasibility Study Complete – Entering Pre-Construction Stage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Allana Corp. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpworld-doraleh.com/diesel-wagons-to-transport-cargo-as-rail-electrification-intensifies/">the original</a> on 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DP+World+Doraleh&rft.atitle=Ethiopia-Djibouti+Railway+Line+to+Start+Early+2016&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpworld-doraleh.com%2Fdiesel-wagons-to-transport-cargo-as-rail-electrification-intensifies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025325/http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/831-metec-begins-assembling-railway-carriages">"METEC begins assembling railway carriages"</a>. <i>Ethiopian News Agency</i>. 16 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.gov.et/en/index.php/economy/item/831-metec-begins-assembling-railway-carriages">the original</a> on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethiopian+News+Agency&rft.atitle=METEC+begins+assembling+railway+carriages&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ena.gov.et%2Fen%2Findex.php%2Feconomy%2Fitem%2F831-metec-begins-assembling-railway-carriages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFP-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WFP_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.4+Ethiopia+Railway+Assessment">"Ethiopia Railway Assessment"</a>. World Food Programme. 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+Railway+Assessment&rft.pub=World+Food+Programme&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlca.logcluster.org%2Fdisplay%2Fpublic%2FDLCA%2F2.4%2BEthiopia%2BRailway%2BAssessment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARail+transport+in+Ethiopia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Rail transport in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Cameroon" title="Rail transport in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Chad" title="Rail transport in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Djibouti" title="Rail transport in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ghana" title="Rail transport in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guinea" title="Rail transport in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Rail transport in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Kenya" title="Rail transport in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Lesotho" title="Rail transport in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Liberia" title="Rail transport in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Libya" title="Rail transport in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Madagascar" title="Rail transport in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Malawi" title="Rail transport in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mali" title="Rail transport in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mauritius" title="Rail transport in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Morocco" title="Rail transport in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Namibia" title="Rail transport in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Nigeria" title="Rail transport in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Rwanda" title="Rail transport in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Senegal" title="Rail transport in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Rail transport in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Somalia" title="Rail transport in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Africa" title="Rail transport in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Rail transport in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sudan" title="Rail transport in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tanzania" title="Rail transport in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Togo" title="Rail transport in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tunisia" title="Rail transport in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Zambia" title="Rail transport in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rail transport in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rail transport in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1252230312">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1252230312</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Rail transport in Ethiopia">Rail transport in Ethiopia</a></li><li><a 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