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OISEAUX - Encyclopædia Universalis

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class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="OISEAUX, Anatomie et physiologie" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/"> 1. Anatomie et physiologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="OISEAUX, Développement et reproduction" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/2-developpement-et-reproduction/"> 2. Développement et reproduction </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="OISEAUX, Biologie" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/3-biologie/"> 3. Biologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="OISEAUX, Écologie" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/4-ecologie/"> 4. Écologie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="OISEAUX, Les oiseaux et l&#039;homme" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/5-les-oiseaux-et-l-homme/"> 5. Les oiseaux et l'homme </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="OISEAUX, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/6-bibliographie/"> 6. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>OISEAUX</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072407_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072407_0"></i><p> On connaît plus de 9 800 espèces d&#039;oiseaux vivants. Les spécialistes ne sont pas d&#039;accord sur la classification des oiseaux les plus évolués, les passereaux. En effet, en raison du très petit nombre de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu&#039;à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l&#039;histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l&#039;Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc..." title="Article : FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/">fossiles</a> et des grandes ressemblances entre espèces, on n&#039;est pas encore parvenu à établir un arrangement qui fasse l&#039;unanimité. On trouvera ici le système adopté par Peters et revu par Fisher (cf. tableau). La classification des oiseaux ne peut donc être considérée comme définitivement établie et cette situation est très ancienne ; parmi les systèmes qui eurent le plus de succès autrefois, mais dont les insuffisances sont dues à leur simplicité même, il faut citer celui de Cuvier qui divisait les oiseaux en six groupes : échassiers, palmipèdes, rapaces, gallinacés, grimpeurs et passereaux.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="V160822" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles" href="/media/ordres-doiseaux-vivants-et-fossiles-v160822/"><img id="V160822" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/5/csm_v160822_044bcd682e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Tableaux des 29 ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et des 6 ordres d'Oiseaux fossiles reconnus dans la séquence adoptée" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1185" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et fossiles </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="V160823" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles" href="/media/ordres-doiseaux-vivants-et-fossiles-v160823/"><img id="V160823" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/f/csm_v160823_8a042a2775.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Tableaux des 29 ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et des 6 ordres d'Oiseaux fossiles reconnus dans la séquence adoptée par Peters et revus par Fisher (les ordres et familles fossiles sont signalés par un astérisque)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1273" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et fossiles </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>Les oiseaux sont des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le monde animal , les Vertébrés appartiennent au phylum (embranchement) des Cordés caractérisés comme métazoaires, triploblastiques, cœlomates, deutérostomiens à symétrie bilatérale, épineuriens, qui possèdent, à l&#039;état embryonnaire au moins, superposés dans le plan de symétrie bilatérale, des organes dits axiaux : tube nerveux dorsal, corde, tube digestif ventral dont ..." title="Article : VERTÉBRÉS" href="/encyclopedie/vertebres/">vertébrés</a> couverts de plumes, aux <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La plupart des animaux dotés d&#039;une symétrie bilatérale possèdent des expansions paires du corps, placées latéralement de chaque côté de la région postcéphalique. Ces expansions, de nombre et de structure très variables, sont fonctionnellement associées à la locomotion. Dans son acception la plus large, le terme de membre pourrait correspondre à toutes ces structures. Ainsi délim..." title="Article : MEMBRES" href="/encyclopedie/membres/">membres</a> antérieurs transformés en ailes (fonctionnelles ou non) et dont les membres postérieurs, seuls, servent normalement à la progression sur le sol ou dans l&#039;eau. En outre, et sauf exceptions, ils sont homéothermes. Tous sont ovipares, c&#039;est-à-dire pondent des œufs entourés d&#039;une coquille dure. Leurs mâchoires sont revêtues d&#039;une enveloppe cornée, le bec.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH990958" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Aigle" href="/media/aigle-ph990958/"><img id="PH990958" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph990958_9bea6acdb1.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Aigle - crédits : Wayne Christensen/ Pexels.com" data-description="Le pygargue à tête blanche (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), aigle pêcheur devenu l'emblème des États-Unis." data-copyright="Wayne Christensen/ Pexels.com" width="1024" height="805" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Aigle </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Wayne Christensen/ Pexels.com </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>La faculté de voler sépare radicalement les oiseaux des autres vertébrés – les chauves-souris mises à part – et c&#039;est chez eux qu&#039;elle atteint son plus haut degré de perfection. En fait, l&#039;anatomie et la physiologie des oiseaux tendent à favoriser au maximum le vol : absence de vessie, d&#039;ovaire droit fonctionnel, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La peau est un organe à multiples facettes. C&#039;est un organe frontière essentiel à la protection du corps face aux agressions de l&#039;environnement ; c&#039;est un organe de contact sensoriel et d&#039;échanges thermiques, hydriques, essentiels au maintien de l&#039; homéostasie . Il participe à la communication sociale ; c&#039;est un organe miroir au niveau duquel se manifestent non seulement la plupart des mal..." title="Article : PEAU" href="/encyclopedie/peau/">peau</a> dépourvue de glandes, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme « digestion » désigne l’ensemble des transformations, d&#039;ordre mécanique ou chimique, subies par les aliments dans le tube digestif avant de parvenir à l&#039;état sous lequel ils sont assimilables par les cellules ( T résor de la langue française informatisé ).. Les aliments absorbés sont presque invariablement complexes, ils doivent être décomposés en molécules plus simple..." title="Article : DIGESTION" href="/encyclopedie/digestion/">digestion</a> rapide, métabolisme très actif, homéothermie, allégement du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le squelette varie considérablement, chez les végétaux comme chez les animaux, tant par sa nature physico-chimique que par son mode de formation et par ses relations avec les éléments cellulaires ou tissulaires. Pourtant, il constitue toujours la partie de l&#039;organisme qui assure la rigidité du corps. En ce sens, il est bien plus facile de définir le squelette par sa fonction essentielle –..." title="Article : SQUELETTE" href="/encyclopedie/squelette/">squelette</a>. On distingue le vol battu, au cours duquel l&#039;oiseau avance dans l&#039;espace en battant des ailes, du vol plané, qui est une glissade sur les ailes étendues une fois que la vitesse acquise par le vol battu est suffisante, et du vol à voile, celui des grands rapaces et des marabouts qui s&#039;élèvent grâce aux courants d&#039;air chaud. Le maintien dans l&#039;air est assuré non seulement par les mouvements des ailes mais aussi et surtout par les différences de pression qui existent entre les deux faces de l&#039;aile dont l&#039;angle d&#039;attaque est plus ou moins prononcé. La propulsion dépend surtout du mouvement d&#039;abaissement des ailes. Le vol battu est d&#039;autant plus rapide que l&#039;oiseau a des ailes étroites et allongées. Les plus grandes vitesses enregistrées dans des conditions où le vent était nul sont de 280 km/h ( faucon pèlerin en piqué) et 90 km/h ( pigeon). Quelques oiseaux sont incapables de voler (autruche, casoars, émeu, nandous, aptéryx ou kiwis, divers râles, tous les manchots).</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="swiper-container" data-thumbs="3" data-loaded="false"><div class="swiper-wrapper"><div class="swiper-slide"><figure class="figure text-center" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH00A092" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " href="/media/autruche-ph00a092/"><img id="PH00A092" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/b/csm_ph00a092_10959d9273.webp" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded media_resized" data-description="Oiseau coureur infatigable, l&#039;autruche (&lt;em&gt;Struthio camelus&lt;/em&gt;) est nomade : toujours en quête de nourriture, elle parcourt à travers les régions arides d&#039;Afrique jusqu&#039;à 40 kilomètres par jour. Elle peut atteindre une vitesse de 50 km/h. Ses pattes longues et puissamment musclées se terminent par deux doigts, dont l&#039;un est muni d&#039;une redoutable griffe." data-copyright="Manoj Shah/ Getty Images" alt="Autruche" width="1024" height="808"></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Autruche </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Manoj Shah/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="swiper-slide"><figure class="figure text-center" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH00I197" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " href="/media/emeu-ph00i197/"><img id="PH00I197" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/8/csm_ph00i197_5904e55fcc.webp" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded swiper-lazy media_resized media-reference-cop" alt="Émeu" data-description="Exclusivement australien, l'émeu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) a su tirer profit des exploitations agricoles : grâce aux nombreux points d'eau installés pour le bétail, il peut accéder aux zones les plus arides. Il envahit les cultures céréalières dont il est friand, et des clotûres doivent être installées le long de sa route de migration." data-copyright="Alexander Ludwig/ Panther Media/ Age Fotostock" width="1024" height="683"><div class="swiper-lazy-preloader"></div></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Émeu </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Alexander Ludwig/ Panther Media/ Age Fotostock </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="swiper-slide"><figure class="figure text-center" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH00I150" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " href="/media/nandou-ph00i150/"><img id="PH00I150" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/c/csm_ph00i150_f40112dab0.webp" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded swiper-lazy media_resized media-reference-cop" alt="Nandou" data-description="Le nandou (Rhea americana) vit dans les pampas sud-américaines. Ce sont les mâles qui préparent le nid, couvent les œufs pondus par plusieurs femelles et prennent soin des petits pendant plus de six mois." data-copyright="Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes/ Flickr ; CC-BY 2,0" width="724" height="1024"><div class="swiper-lazy-preloader"></div></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Nandou </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Wagner Machado Carlos Lemes/ Flickr ; CC-BY 2,0 </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="swiper-slide"><figure class="figure text-center" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH050405" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " href="/media/kiwi-ph050405/"><img id="PH050405" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/2/csm_ph050405_85ec4b13c8.webp" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded swiper-lazy media_resized media-reference-cop" alt="Kiwi" data-description="Jeune kiwi (Apteryx australis)." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="753"><div class="swiper-lazy-preloader"></div></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kiwi </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="swiper-slide"><figure class="figure text-center" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH990975" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " href="/media/manchots-royaux-ph990975/"><img id="PH990975" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABCAQAAAC1HAwCAAAAC0lEQVR42mNkYAAAAAYAAjCB0C8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" data-src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/b/csm_ph990975_24acceabcf.webp" class="figure-img img-fluid rounded swiper-lazy media_resized media-reference-cop" alt="Manchots royaux" data-description="Les manchots royaux (Aptenodytes patagonicus) sont des oiseaux marins adaptés à la vie aquatique et peuplant les îles subantarctiques." data-copyright="Martin Zwick/ REDA&CO/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="712"><div class="swiper-lazy-preloader"></div></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Manchots royaux </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Martin Zwick/ REDA&CO/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="swiper-pagination"></div><div class="swiper-button-prev"></div><div class="swiper-button-next"></div></div><p>L&#039;étude de l&#039;anatomie comparée donne de nombreux renseignements qui permettent de penser que les oiseaux descendent de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les Reptiles actuels sont des Vertébrés terrestres poïkilothermes au corps allongé recouvert d&#039;une peau écailleuse, souvent ornée ou brillamment colorée, qui n&#039;empêche pas cependant les échanges avec le milieu extérieur ; des mues ont lieu pendant la croissance. À l&#039;exception des Tortues qui possèdent un bec corné, tous les Reptiles ont des dents coniques, aux deux mâchoires...." title="Article : REPTILES" href="/encyclopedie/reptiles/">reptiles</a> appelés pseudosuchiens, qui vivaient au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Mésozoïque, longtemps appelé ère secondaire, est une période des temps géologiques qui débute il y a 251 millions d&#039;années (Ma) et se termine à — 65,5 Ma. D&#039;une durée de 185,5 Ma, il est compris entre le Paléozoïque et le Cénozoïque . Ces trois ères constituent le Phanérozoïque, c&#039;est-à-dire l&#039;ensemble des temps géologiques caractérisés par la fréquence des ..." title="Article : MÉSOZOÏQUE ou ÈRE SECONDAIRE" href="/encyclopedie/mesozoique-ere-secondaire/">Mésozoïque</a> (Trias). Parmi les principaux caractères qui autorisent ce rapprochement, il faut signaler : la présence d&#039;un seul condyle pour l&#039;articulation du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L &#039;ambiguïté de la notion de crâne traduit bien la dualité anatomique du squelette céphalique humain. Souffrir de névralgie faciale ou se plaindre de douleurs crâniennes (céphalées) ne prête guère à confusion : massif facial et boîte crânienne réagissent différemment. Cependant, cet objet composite dont la souffrance sépare les deux parties est couramment désigné dans sa gl..." title="Article : CRÂNE" href="/encyclopedie/crane/">crâne</a>, celle d&#039;un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Seuls constituants du corps des vertébrés qui soient normalement préservés après la mort grâce à leur minéralisation élevée, les tissus du squelette (os, dents, cartilages) ont été longtemps considérés comme formant la charpente inerte de l&#039;organisme. Toute l&#039;évolution de la biologie s&#039;inscrit en faux contre cette manière de voir superficielle. Actuellement, le squelette appar..." title="Article : OS" href="/encyclopedie/os/">os</a> carré qui relie la mandibule au crâne, l&#039;existence d&#039;un seul osselet dans l&#039;oreille moyenne (la columelle) ; en outre, la présence d&#039;un « peigne » dans le globe oculaire, d&#039;un noyau dans les globules rouges du sang et la quasi-absence de glandes dans la peau (exception faite de la glande uropygienne, sur le croupion) sont également des caractères communs aux reptiles et aux oiseaux ; il en est de même de l&#039;oviparité.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072407_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC072407_1"></i><h2> Anatomie et physiologie</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC072407_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072407_1_0"></i><h3>Squelette</h3><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="V160824A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Pigeon : squelette" href="/media/pigeon-squelette-v160824a/"><img id="V160824A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/0/csm_v160824a_da98a19926.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Pigeon : squelette - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Squelette de pigeon, d'après Heilmann" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="768" height="724" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Pigeon : squelette </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Le squelette des oiseaux se caractérise par sa légèreté, due pour une bonne part à une économie de poids réalisée par la suppression de certains éléments (les dents) ou leur réduction (doigts de la main), ainsi que par l'absence de moelle osseuse remplacée par de l'air (ces os « pneumatisés » sont en<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" 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data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C072407_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="CUISIN, Michel"><a title="Auteur : Michel CUISIN" rel="author" href="/auteurs/michel-cuisin/"><strong>Michel CUISIN</strong></a> : attaché au Muséum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : OISEAUX" href="/carte-mentale/oiseaux/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072407_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Monde animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/"> Monde animal </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Cordés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/"> Cordés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Craniates" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/"> Craniates </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Vertébrés" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/"> Vertébrés </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Tétrapodes" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/tetrapodes/"> Tétrapodes </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Oiseaux"> <a title="Classification : Oiseaux" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/monde-animal/cordes/craniates/vertebres/tetrapodes/oiseaux/"> Oiseaux </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Anatomie animale"> <a title="Classification : Anatomie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/anatomie-animale/"> Anatomie animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Physiologie animale"> <a title="Classification : Physiologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/physiologie-animale/"> Physiologie animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie de la reproduction animale"> <a title="Classification : Biologie de la reproduction animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/biologie-de-la-reproduction-animale/"> Biologie de la reproduction animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Biologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/"> Biologie animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Biologie du développement animal"> <a title="Classification : Biologie du développement animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/biologie-animale/biologie-du-developpement-animal/"> Biologie du développement animal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Éthologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/"> Éthologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Comportement animal"> <a title="Classification : Comportement animal" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/ethologie/comportement-animal/"> Comportement animal </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Techniques" href="/classification/techniques/"> Techniques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Agriculture et élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/"> Agriculture et élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Élevage" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/elevage/"> Élevage </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Élevage par types d&#039;animaux" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/elevage/elevage-par-types-d-animaux/"> Élevage par types d'animaux </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Aviculture"> <a title="Classification : Aviculture" href="/classification/techniques/agriculture-et-elevage/elevage/elevage-par-types-d-animaux/aviculture/"> Aviculture </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 8"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la vie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/"> Sciences de la vie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Zoologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/"> Zoologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Évolution animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/evolution-animale/"> Évolution animale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Paléontologie animale"> <a title="Classification : Paléontologie animale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-vie/zoologie/evolution-animale/paleontologie-animale/"> Paléontologie animale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072407_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V160822" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles" href="/media/ordres-doiseaux-vivants-et-fossiles-v160822/"> <img id="V160822" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/5/csm_v160822_044bcd682e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Tableaux des 29 ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et des 6 ordres d'Oiseaux fossiles reconnus dans la séquence adoptée" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1185" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et fossiles </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V160823" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles" href="/media/ordres-doiseaux-vivants-et-fossiles-v160823/"> <img id="V160823" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/f/csm_v160823_8a042a2775.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ordres d&#039;Oiseaux vivants et fossiles - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Tableaux des 29 ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et des 6 ordres d'Oiseaux fossiles reconnus dans la séquence adoptée par Peters et revus par Fisher (les ordres et familles fossiles sont signalés par un astérisque)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1273" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ordres d'Oiseaux vivants et fossiles </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990958" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Aigle" href="/media/aigle-ph990958/"> <img id="PH990958" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph990958_9bea6acdb1.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Aigle - crédits : Wayne Christensen/ Pexels.com" data-description="Le pygargue à tête blanche (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), aigle pêcheur devenu l'emblème des États-Unis." data-copyright="Wayne Christensen/ Pexels.com" width="1024" height="805" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Aigle </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Wayne Christensen/ Pexels.com </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/oiseaux/"> Afficher les 38 médias de l'article <span class="rg">OISEAUX</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072407_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/origine-et-evolution-des-oiseaux/"> <span class="rg">ORIGINE ET &Eacute;VOLUTION DES OISEAUX</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Eric BUFFETAUT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 775 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ORIGINE ET &amp;Eacute;VOLUTION DES OISEAUX" href="/encyclopedie/origine-et-evolution-des-oiseaux/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Réduction du plumage des pattes au cours de l’évolution des oiseaux - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/b/csm_de200249_cb876ee8a1.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Les questions relatives à l’origine des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On connaît plus de 9 800 espèces d&#039;oiseaux vivants. Les spécialistes ne sont pas d&#039;accord sur la classification des oiseaux les plus évolués, les passereaux. En effet, en raison du très petit nombre de fossiles et des grandes ressemblances entre espèces, on n&#039;est pas encore parvenu à établir un arrangement qui fasse l&#039;unanimité. On trouvera ici le système adopté par Peters et revu..." title="Article : OISEAUX" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/">oiseaux</a> et à leur évolution se sont posées dès les débuts de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La paléontologie, terme créé en 1834 par le zoologiste français Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, a pour objet l&#039;étude des êtres (ontologie) qui ont vécu à la surface du globe terrestre avant les temps actuels ( palaios en grec signifie « ancien »). Ces êtres sont connus grâce aux fossiles (du latin fossilis , « qu&#039;on tire de la terre ») qui représentent leurs restes ou l..." title="Article : PALÉONTOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/paleontologie/">paléontologie</a> évolutionniste, au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Bien que les restes <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les êtres qui ont vécu au cours des temps géologiques ont laissé de nombreux témoignages de leur existence, sous des formes extrêmement diverses. Ce sont les fossiles . Certains animaux et végétaux ont même survécu jusqu&#039;à nos jours à travers les vicissitudes de l&#039;histoire géologique, tels les Lingules, les Limules, les Nautiles, le Cœlacanthe, le Sphénodon, l&#039;Okapi, le Ginkgo, etc..." title="Article : FOSSILES" href="/encyclopedie/fossiles/">fossiles</a> de ces animaux ne soient pas aussi rares qu’on l’a parfois pensé, les documents paléontologiques concernant...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/vol-des-premiers-oiseaux/"> <span class="rg">VOL DES PREMIERS OISEAUX</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Eric BUFFETAUT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">440 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : VOL DES PREMIERS OISEAUX" href="/encyclopedie/vol-des-premiers-oiseaux/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Plumage des premiers oiseaux - crédits : Science, 2013" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/e/csm_ph131275_6792c41462.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Les hypothèses sur l&#039;origine du vol chez les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On connaît plus de 9 800 espèces d&#039;oiseaux vivants. Les spécialistes ne sont pas d&#039;accord sur la classification des oiseaux les plus évolués, les passereaux. En effet, en raison du très petit nombre de fossiles et des grandes ressemblances entre espèces, on n&#039;est pas encore parvenu à établir un arrangement qui fasse l&#039;unanimité. On trouvera ici le système adopté par Peters et revu..." title="Article : OISEAUX" href="/encyclopedie/oiseaux/">oiseaux</a> ont pris un nouveau tournant depuis la découverte en Chine, à partir des années 1990, de petits <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les dinosaures constituent un groupe de vertébrés tétrapodes uniquement terrestres qui sont apparus et ont eu leur apogée au cours du Mésozoïque , c&#039;est-à-dire entre quelque 225 et 66 millions d&#039;années (Ma). Ils ont souvent été définis comme des « reptiles géants », mais ces termes ne sont pas adéquats car, d&#039;une part, le concept de reptile ne recouvre pas une réalité zoo..." title="Article : DINOSAURES" href="/encyclopedie/dinosaures/">dinosaures</a>, tels que <em>Microraptor</em>, pourvus de quatre ailes formées par de longues plumes portées par les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La plupart des animaux dotés d&#039;une symétrie bilatérale possèdent des expansions paires du corps, placées latéralement de chaque côté de la région postcéphalique. Ces expansions, de nombre et de structure très variables, sont fonctionnellement associées à la locomotion. Dans son acception la plus large, le terme de membre pourrait correspondre à toutes ces structures. Ainsi délim..." title="Article : MEMBRES" href="/encyclopedie/membres/">membres</a> antérieurs et postérieurs....</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/aegithalides/"> <span class="rg">AEGITHALID&Eacute;S</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">178 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AEGITHALID&amp;Eacute;S" href="/encyclopedie/aegithalides/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Mésange bleue - crédits : Erni/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/5/csm_ph160239_40fef4b470.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Famille d&#039;<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="On connaît plus de 9 800 espèces d&#039;oiseaux vivants. 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