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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorizing_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Authorizing legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorizing_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authorizing legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authorizing_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_Law_480_(1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Law_480_(1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Public Law 480 (1954)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Law_480_(1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kennedy_era_and_Food_for_Peace_Act_(1966)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_era_and_Food_for_Peace_Act_(1966)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kennedy era and Food for Peace Act (1966)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_era_and_Food_for_Peace_Act_(1966)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_(1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_(1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act (1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_(1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_for_Peace_Act_(2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_for_Peace_Act_(2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Food for Peace Act (2008)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_for_Peace_Act_(2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_I:_Economic_Assistance_and_Food_Security_(USDA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_I:_Economic_Assistance_and_Food_Security_(USDA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Title I: Economic Assistance and Food Security (USDA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_I:_Economic_Assistance_and_Food_Security_(USDA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_II:_Emergency_and_Development_Food_Assistance_Programs_(USAID)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_II:_Emergency_and_Development_Food_Assistance_Programs_(USAID)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Title II: Emergency and Development Food Assistance Programs (USAID)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_II:_Emergency_and_Development_Food_Assistance_Programs_(USAID)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_III:_Food_for_Development_(USAID)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_III:_Food_for_Development_(USAID)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Title III: Food for Development (USAID)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_III:_Food_for_Development_(USAID)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_IV:_General_Authorities_and_Requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IV:_General_Authorities_and_Requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Title IV: General Authorities and Requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IV:_General_Authorities_and_Requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_V:_John_Ogonowski_and_Doug_Bereuter_Farmer-to-Farmer_(F2F)_Program_(USAID)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_V:_John_Ogonowski_and_Doug_Bereuter_Farmer-to-Farmer_(F2F)_Program_(USAID)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Title V: John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program (USAID)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_V:_John_Ogonowski_and_Doug_Bereuter_Farmer-to-Farmer_(F2F)_Program_(USAID)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VI:_Enterprise_for_the_America's_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VI:_Enterprise_for_the_America's_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.6</span> <span>Title VI: Enterprise for the America's Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VI:_Enterprise_for_the_America's_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_for_Peace_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_for_Peace_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Food for Peace programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food_for_Peace_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food for Peace programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food_for_Peace_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergency_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Emergency programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Development programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_Food_Relief_Partnership_(IFRP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Food_Relief_Partnership_(IFRP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>International Food Relief Partnership (IFRP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Food_Relief_Partnership_(IFRP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network_(FEWS_NET)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network_(FEWS_NET)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network_(FEWS_NET)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States food distribution program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Too_few_opinions plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-too_few_opinions" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">include all significant viewpoints</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit">improve the article</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talk:Food_for_Peace" title="Talk:Food for Peace">discuss the issue</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> In different administrative and organizational forms, the <b>Food for Peace</b> program of the United States has provided food assistance around the world for more than 60 years. Approximately 3 billion people in 150 countries have benefited directly from U.S. food assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance</b> within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a> (USAID) is the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Government of the United States">U.S. Government's</a> largest provider of overseas food assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food assistance programming is funded primarily through the Food for Peace Act. The Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance also receives International Disaster Assistance Funds through the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a> (FAA) that can be used in emergency settings (more information below). </p><p>While U.S. food aid started out in the 1950s by donating surplus U.S. commodities to nations in need, the U.S. now purchases food for donation directly from American farmers through a competitive process. The Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance identifies need in close consultation with the host government requesting the assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2010s the program underwent revisions offered by in the Administration's Fiscal Year 2014 budget<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These revisions would change the program to provide cash donations rather than American grown and delivered food. On April 24, 2013, the chairman of <a href="/wiki/USA_Maritime" title="USA Maritime">USA Maritime</a>, a coalition of carriers and maritime unions, wrote a statement which discussed the efficacy of the program and specifically the importance of the U.S. Merchant Marine in delivering the U.S. food aid to people who are undernourished around the world. Henry cited the fact that USAID's own data actually revealed that the traditional efforts to deliver food as opposed to cash transfers for countries to buy their own food is actually 78 percent cheaper per ton of food. Henry offers that this is a significant fact in the effort to address global hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history_of_United_States_food_assistance">Early history of United States food assistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history of United States food assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>America's food assistance programs began in 1812 when <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> sent emergency aid to earthquake victims in Venezuela. As director of the <a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a>, Herbert Hoover led a $20 million feeding program in Russia during the 1920s under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a>. In 1948, the United States launched the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, which provided dollars for Europeans to purchase American food exports. The Marshall Plan helped rejuvenate and unite Europe while laying the foundations for a permanent U.S. food assistance program. Many of the European countries the U.S. Government helped at that time have since become major food exporters and important international donors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorizing_legislation">Authorizing legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorizing legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Law_480_(1954)"><span id="Public_Law_480_.281954.29"></span>Public Law 480 (1954)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public Law 480 (1954)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minnesota Senator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, a leading liberal Democrat, promoted a food for peace program that would give away surplus crops owned by the U.S. government as an instrument of foreign policy in the Cold War. It appealed to conservative Republicans from farm states (but was opposed by Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>On July 10, 1954, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act</a> — or Public Law (P.L.) 480 — an action which simultaneously created the Office of Food for Peace. By signing this legislation, the President laid "the basis for a permanent expansion of our exports of agricultural products with lasting benefits to ourselves and peoples of other lands." The bill, a solution for food deficient, cash-poor countries, created a secondary foreign market by allowing food-deficient countries to pay for American food imports in their own currencies instead of in U.S. dollars. These currencies were, for the most part, worthless outside their issuing countries. The U.S. used these currencies to pay for economic development projects inside those countries.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law's original purpose was to expand international trade, to promote the economic stability of American agriculture, to make maximum use of surplus agricultural commodities in the furtherance of foreign policy, and to stimulate the expansion of foreign trade in agricultural commodities produced in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics view the law as "a means of disposing of costly domestic agricultural surpluses."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law was originally drafted by future <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a> (FAS) administrator <a href="/wiki/Gwynn_Garnett" title="Gwynn Garnett">Gwynn Garnett</a> after returning from a trip to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1950. The bill is unusual in that it gave the FAS the ability to conclude agreements with foreign governments without the approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> limited the PL-480 grain shipments for critical famine aid to India, to pressure it into toning down its criticism on the US involvement in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">the Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedy_era_and_Food_for_Peace_Act_(1966)"><span id="Kennedy_era_and_Food_for_Peace_Act_.281966.29"></span>Kennedy era and Food for Peace Act (1966)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kennedy era and Food for Peace Act (1966)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg/220px-JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg/330px-JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg/440px-JFKennedy_GeorgeMcGovern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>George McGovern as Food for Peace director in 1961, with President John F. Kennedy</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> termed the law "Food for Peace," stating, "Food is strength, and food is peace, and food is freedom, and food is a helping hand to people around the world whose good will and friendship we want."<sup id="cite_ref-JFK_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFK-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through new amendments, the law switched its focus from disposing of surplus agricultural commodities to addressing humanitarian needs and responding to growing food crisis demands. In signing the extension of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act in 1959, President Eisenhower criticized the shortcomings of the amendment. He specifically referred to the extension as the Food for Peace program. Although Kennedy may have expanded the program, he was not the first to refer to the program as Food for Peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former U.S. Representative from South Dakota <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> was picked to become a Special Assistant to the President and first director of Kennedy's high-priority Food for Peace program, which realized what McGovern had been advocating in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-cby-266_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cby-266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGovern assumed the post on January 21, 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-jfk-let_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfk-let-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As director, McGovern urged the greater use of food to enable foreign economic development, saying, "We should thank God that we have a food abundance and use the over-supply among the under-privileged at home and abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-mitn-61_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-mitn-61-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found space for the program in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Executive_Office_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Executive Office Building">Executive Office Building</a> rather than be subservient to either the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> or <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McGovern worked with deputy director <a href="/wiki/James_W._Symington" title="James W. Symington">James W. Symington</a> and Kennedy advisor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.</a> in visiting South America to discuss surplus grain distribution, and attended meetings of the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cby-266_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cby-266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the close of 1961, the Food for Peace program was operating in a dozen countries,<sup id="cite_ref-cby-266_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cby-266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 10 million more people had been fed with American surplus than the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1962, McGovern visited India and oversaw a greatly expanded <a href="/wiki/School_lunch" class="mw-redirect" title="School lunch">school lunch</a> program thanks to Food for Peace; subsequently one in five Indian schoolchildren would be fed from it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by mid-1962, 35 million children around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000107_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an audience in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> warmly praised McGovern's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000114–115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000114–115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McGovern resigned his post on July 18, 1962, wanting to resume his electoral political career.<sup id="cite_ref-cby-266_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cby-266-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jfk-let_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfk-let-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy said that under McGovern, the program had "become a vital force in the world", improving living conditions and economies of allies and creating "a powerful barrier to the spread of Communism".<sup id="cite_ref-jfk-let_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfk-let-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columnist <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</a> wrote that it was one of the "most spectacular achievements of the young Kennedy administration,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000107_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000107-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Schlesinger would later write that Food for Peace had been "the greatest unseen weapon of Kennedy's third-world policy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnson,_McGovern1972110–113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McGovern was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Reuter" title="Richard W. Reuter">Richard W. Reuter</a>, who had been the executive director of <a href="/wiki/CARE" class="mw-redirect" title="CARE">CARE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson administration</a>, the program was folded into the State Department under Secretary <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-rwr-obit_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-rwr-obit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later Reuther resigned his retitled position of Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Food for Peace, reportedly dismayed by the direction the food program had taken.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-rwr-obit_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-rwr-obit-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Food for Peace Act of 1966, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-80/pdf/STATUTE-80-Pg1526.pdf">P.L. 89-808</a>, 80 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-1526">1526</a>, revised the basic structure of the programs and placed the emphasis clearly on the humanitarian goals of the program. The policy statement shifted from surplus disposal to planned production for export to meet world food needs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_(1990)"><span id="Food.2C_Agriculture.2C_Conservation.2C_and_Trade_Act_.281990.29"></span>Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act (1990)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act (1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Food_for_Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Food for Peace">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed, and President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> signed into law the first comprehensive restatement and reorganization of P.L. 480 in the <a href="/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990" title="Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990">Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act</a> (the 1990 Farm Bill). This bill made a significant change in the overall focus of P.L. 480. Once seen as simply an aspect of foreign policy, P.L. 480 now has food security as a primary goal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_for_Peace_Act_(2008)"><span id="Food_for_Peace_Act_.282008.29"></span>Food for Peace Act (2008)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food for Peace Act (2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Food_for_Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Food for Peace">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2008, the Food for Peace Act, (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/246?link-type=html">110–246 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/246?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>) formally replaced the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Programs are authorized, along with all U.S. agricultural programs, through the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Farm_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Farm Bill">Farm Bill</a> which Congress typically amends and reauthorizes every five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions">Provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Food_for_Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Food for Peace">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The purpose of the Food for Peace Act is to: </p> <ul><li>Combat world hunger and malnutrition and their causes</li> <li>Promote broad-based, equitable and sustainable development, including agricultural development</li> <li>Expand international trade</li> <li>Foster and encourage the development of private enterprise and democratic participation in developing countries</li> <li>Prevent conflicts</li></ul> <p>The Food for Peace Act includes four sections, referred to as titles, which regulate food aid commodities and development and relief support. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA) manages Title I, while USAID manages Titles II, III and V. </p> <ul><li><b>Title I: Economic Assistance and Food Security</b>—governs concessional sales of U.S. agricultural commodities to developing countries and private entities</li> <li><b>Title II: Emergency and Private Assistance Programs</b>—provide for the direct donation of U.S. agricultural commodities for emergency relief and development programs</li> <li><b>Title III: Food for Development</b>—provides government-to-government grants of agricultural commodities, which are tied to policy reform</li> <li><b>Title IV: General Authorities and Requirements</b> – establishes prohibited uses including no aid to human rights violators, no aid to military, and no competition with U.S. producers</li> <li><b>Title V: John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer (FTF) Program</b>—-provides voluntary technical assistance to farmers, farm groups, and agribusinesses.</li> <li><b>Title VI: Enterprise for the America's Initiative</b> – official debt relief linking Food for Peace and AID debt owed to the United States to the promulgation of structural adjustment and open investment policies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_I:_Economic_Assistance_and_Food_Security_(USDA)"><span id="Title_I:_Economic_Assistance_and_Food_Security_.28USDA.29"></span>Title I: Economic Assistance and Food Security (USDA)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Title I: Economic Assistance and Food Security (USDA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Title I authority of the Food for Peace Act is administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and provides funding for a concessional sales program and the Food for Progress grant program. </p><p>The concessional sales program supports trade and development. The primary objective of the concessional sales component is to provide food assistance to targeted developing countries to promote economic growth. The 1996 Farm Bill modified Title I concessional loans to allow USDA to enter into loan agreements with private entities in addition to its government-to-government mandate. As a result, the new goal of the Title I program was to prioritize areas that had the potential to become commercial markets for U.S. agricultural commodities. </p><p>Food for Progress authorizes the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Credit_Corporation" title="Commodity Credit Corporation">Commodity Credit Corporation</a> (CCC) to finance the sale and export of agricultural commodities to development countries and emerging democracies on credit terms, or on a grant basis, to support developing countries and countries that are emerging democracies and have made commitments to introduce or expand free enterprise elements into their agricultural economies. </p><p>Since fiscal year 2006, new funding has not been requested because demand for food assistance using credit financing has fallen or grant programs have been a more appropriate tool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_II:_Emergency_and_Development_Food_Assistance_Programs_(USAID)"><span id="Title_II:_Emergency_and_Development_Food_Assistance_Programs_.28USAID.29"></span>Title II: Emergency and Development Food Assistance Programs (USAID)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Title II: Emergency and Development Food Assistance Programs (USAID)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title II is administered by the USAID Office of Food for Peace as authorized in the Food for Peace Act which states </p> <blockquote><p>the Administrator may provide agricultural commodities to meet emergency food needs under this title through governments and public or private agencies […] The Administrator may provide agricultural commodities for nonemergency assistance under this title through eligible organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_for_Peace_Act_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_for_Peace_Act-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It authorizes use of U.S. agricultural commodities for both emergency and development food assistance programs to: </p> <ul><li>Address famine or other urgent relief requirements</li> <li>Combat malnutrition</li> <li>Alleviate the causes of hunger, mortality, and morbidity</li> <li>Promote economic and community development</li> <li>Promote sound environmental practices</li> <li>Carry out feeding programs</li></ul> <p>Title II emergency and development programs have provided more than 106 million metric tons of commodities to more than 3 billion people in 150 countries. Title II programs respond to emergencies and focus on reducing food insecurity in vulnerable populations as well as improving resilience to shocks, by incorporating many activities to strengthen local capacity to prevent and respond to natural disasters. </p><p>Since 2011, the Office of Food for Peace has begun work to reformulate its food commodities to make them more nutritious. These reformulated products are used for both emergency and development programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_III:_Food_for_Development_(USAID)"><span id="Title_III:_Food_for_Development_.28USAID.29"></span>Title III: Food for Development (USAID)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Title III: Food for Development (USAID)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Food for Peace Title III program is a USAID-administered tool for enhancing food security and supporting long-term economic development in the least-developed countries. When funded, the USG donates agricultural commodities to the recipient country and funds their transportation to the point of entry in the recipient country. These commodities are sold on the domestic market and the revenue generated from their sale is used to support and implement economic development and food security programs. </p><p>Funds were last requested or appropriated for Title III before 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_IV:_General_Authorities_and_Requirements">Title IV: General Authorities and Requirements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Title IV: General Authorities and Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title IV of the Food for Peace Act authorizes active participation of the private sector in storage, marketing, transport and distribution. It requires multi-year agreements and an annual report to Congress. Title IV also contains debt forgiveness provisions and establishes the prohibited uses of food aid, which are: </p> <ul><li>No aid to human rights violators (can be waived in emergency situations)</li> <li>No aid to military</li> <li>No competition with U.S. producers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_V:_John_Ogonowski_and_Doug_Bereuter_Farmer-to-Farmer_(F2F)_Program_(USAID)"><span id="Title_V:_John_Ogonowski_and_Doug_Bereuter_Farmer-to-Farmer_.28F2F.29_Program_.28USAID.29"></span>Title V: John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program (USAID)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Title V: John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer (F2F) Program (USAID)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title V funds the Farmer-to-Farmer Program which was authorized in the <a href="/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985" title="Food Security Act of 1985">Food Security Act of 1985</a>. The U.S. Congress authorized the FY 2008-2012 phase of the Farmer-to-Farmer Program in the 2008 Food for Peace Act, designating it the "John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program" in honor of Ogonowski, one of the pilots killed on September 11, 2001, and former Congressman Bereuter, who initially sponsored the program. </p><p>The Farmer-to-Farmer Program provides voluntary technical assistance to farmers, farm groups and agribusinesses in developing and transitional countries to promote sustainable improvements in food processing, production and marketing. The program relies on the expertise of volunteers from U.S. farms, land grant universities, cooperatives, private agribusinesses and nonprofit farm organizations to respond to the needs of host-country farmers and organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Title_VI:_Enterprise_for_the_America's_Initiative"><span id="Title_VI:_Enterprise_for_the_America.27s_Initiative"></span>Title VI: Enterprise for the America's Initiative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Title VI: Enterprise for the America's Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title VI of the Food for Peace Act authorizes official debt relief. It links Food for Peace and AID debt owed to the United States to the promulgation of structural adjustment and open investment policies. Title VI is administered by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov">Department of the Treasury</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_legislation">Related legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Related legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Food for Progress Act of 1985</b>—allows for commodity donations to be available to emerging democracies and developing countries committed to the introduction or expansion of free enterprise in their agricultural economies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Section 416 of the Agricultural Act of 1949</b>—establishes the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and Child Nutrition Program which consists of donations of U.S. agricultural products, as well as financial and technical assistance, for school feeding and maternal and child nutrition projects in low-income countries. It also provides for overseas donations of surplus food and feed grain owned by the USDA Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).</li> <li><b>Africa: Seeds of Hope Act of 1988: Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust</b>—creates a food reserve administered under the authority of the Secretary of Agriculture. This reserve is available to meet emergency humanitarian food needs in developing countries, allowing the United States to respond to unanticipated food crises. Under the 2008 Food for Peace Act, the Administrator of USAID oversees release and use of these funds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_for_Peace_programs">Food for Peace programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Food for Peace programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Food_for_Peace" title="Special:EditPage/Food for Peace">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_programs">Emergency programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emergency programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID's Office of Food for Peace manages two programs to support emergency food assistance efforts. Emergency programs authorized under Title II of the Food for Peace Act provide in-kind commodities and associated costs. Emergency programs implemented by Food for Peace using International Disaster Assistance Funds (called the Emergency Food Security Program, or EFSP) provide cash that can be used for local and regional purchase of food and other interventions such as food vouchers and cash transfers. Title II is authorized by the Food for Peace Act, while EFSP is authorized under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a> (FAA). EFSP is deployed to respond to the highest priority emergency food security needs as a complement to Title II in-kind food aid. Both programs provide emergency food assistance to address needs arising from natural disasters, such as floods or droughts, and complex emergencies, which are often characterized by insecurity and population displacement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_programs">Development programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Development programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Office of Food for Peace manages development food assistance programs through Title II of the Food for Peace Act, which target the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition, including interventions in health and nutrition, agriculture, and water and sanitation, among others. These programs focus on approximately 20 priority countries determined based on the weighted average of the country ranking under three food security indicators: </p> <ul><li>Percent of children stunted</li> <li>Percent of population living on less than $1.25 per day</li> <li>Percent of population undernourished</li></ul> <p>Additional considerations such as security conditions also factor into countries selected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_Food_Relief_Partnership_(IFRP)"><span id="International_Food_Relief_Partnership_.28IFRP.29"></span>International Food Relief Partnership (IFRP)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International Food Relief Partnership (IFRP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Food Relief Partnership (IFRP) is a sub-program of Title II food assistance. IFRP provides small grants to predominantly faith-based groups working on nutritional support programs. IFRP allows for the transportation, delivery, and distribution of shelf-stable prepackaged foods overseas and the establishment and maintenance of stockpiles of the foods in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network_(FEWS_NET)"><span id="Famine_Early_Warning_Systems_Network_.28FEWS_NET.29"></span>Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID's Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) works with other U.S. government agencies to monitor, collect, analyze and disseminate critical data and information on conditions of food availability and access in the most food insecure countries. These agencies include the U.S. Geological Survey, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and U.S. Department of Agriculture. FEWS NET provides decision-makers in the U.S. Government, host country governments, and a variety of other regional and international partners timely, unbiased, and insightful early warning and vulnerability information.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2018" class="citation web cs1">Schaefer, Brett (May 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/2018/05/america-overseas-food-aid-regulations-decrease-generosity/">"Reforming U.S. Food Aid Can Feed Millions More at the Same Cost"</a>. <i>National Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.atitle=Famine+Early+Warning+Systems+Network+%7C+Data+Resources&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Ffamine-early-warning-systems-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson,_McGovern1972" class="citation cs2">Anson, Robert Sam (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o_yQAAAAIAAJ"><i>McGovern: A Biography</i></a>, Dopesa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-091345-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-091345-7"><bdi>978-0-03-091345-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGovern%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Dopesa&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-03-091345-7&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do_yQAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnock,_Feeding_the_World2000" class="citation cs2">Knock, Thomas J. (2000), "Feeding the World and Thwarting Communists", in David F. Schmitz; T. Christopher Jespersen (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQYQAQAAMAAJ"><i>Architects of the American Century: Individuals and Institutions in Twentieth-century U.S. Foreign Policymaking</i></a>, Imprint Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879176-35-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879176-35-5"><bdi>978-1-879176-35-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feeding+the+World+and+Thwarting+Communists&rft.btitle=Architects+of+the+American+Century%3A+Individuals+and+Institutions+in+Twentieth-century+U.S.+Foreign+Policymaking&rft.pub=Imprint+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-879176-35-5&rft.aulast=Knock&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQYQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlberg,_Kristin_L.2008" class="citation cs2">Ahlberg, Kristin L. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qf7P5mMQdA4C"><i>Transplanting the Great Society: Lyndon Johnson and Food for Peace</i></a>, University of Missouri Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6647-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-6647-7"><bdi>978-0-8262-6647-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transplanting+the+Great+Society%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+Food+for+Peace&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-6647-7&rft.au=Ahlberg%2C+Kristin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqf7P5mMQdA4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrettMaxwell2007" class="citation cs2">Barrett, Christopher B.; Maxwell, Dan (May 7, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgGTAgAAQBAJ"><i>Food Aid After Fifty Years: Recasting its Role</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99296-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99296-5"><bdi>978-1-135-99296-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Aid+After+Fifty+Years%3A+Recasting+its+Role&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.isbn=978-1-135-99296-5&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+B.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgGTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorkman2008" class="citation cs2">Bjorkman, James Warner (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmIRkMFYvRYC&pg=PA369">"Public Law 480 and the Policies of Self-Help and Short-Tether"</a>, in Lloyd I Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (eds.), <i>Making U.S. Foreign Policy Toward South Asia: Regional Imperatives and the Imperial Presidency</i>, Indiana University Press, pp. 369–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22000-4"><bdi>978-0-253-22000-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+Law+480+and+the+Policies+of+Self-Help+and+Short-Tether&rft.btitle=Making+U.S.+Foreign+Policy+Toward+South+Asia%3A+Regional+Imperatives+and+the+Imperial+Presidency&rft.pages=369-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22000-4&rft.aulast=Bjorkman&rft.aufirst=James+Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmIRkMFYvRYC%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cochrane, Willard W. "Public Law 480 and Related Programs." <i>ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> 331.1 (1960): 14-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1034489">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroer" class="citation cs2">Schroer, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11233900"><i>Harvests of Leverage: Food for Peace and the Developing World from 1962-1967</i></a>, Academia.edu (Graduate thesis at the University of Massachusetts — Boston)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvests+of+Leverage%3A+Food+for+Peace+and+the+Developing+World+from+1962-1967&rft.pub=Academia.edu+%28Graduate+thesis+at+the+University+of+Massachusetts+%E2%80%94+Boston%29&rft.aulast=Schroer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11233900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1999" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Shalendra D. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bV4cKpPlIC&pg=PA125"><i>Development and Democracy in India</i></a>, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 125–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-810-8"><bdi>978-1-55587-810-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+Democracy+in+India&rft.pages=125-&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-810-8&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Shalendra+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4bV4cKpPlIC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2021" class="citation book cs1">Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soyinfocenter.com/pdf/268/PL48.pdf"><i>History of Food for Peace (Public Law 480) and Soybeans (1854-2021): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lafayette, CA: Soyinfo Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781948436595" title="Special:BookSources/9781948436595"><bdi>9781948436595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Food+for+Peace+%28Public+Law+480%29+and+Soybeans+%281854-2021%29%3A+Extensively+Annotated+Bibliography+and+Sourcebook&rft.place=Lafayette%2C+CA&rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781948436595&rft.aulast=Shurtleff&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Aoyagi%2C+Akiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soyinfocenter.com%2Fpdf%2F268%2FPL48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFood+for+Peace" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_for_Peace&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatictraffic.com/debate_archives.asp?ID=673">America's Food for Peace Critical During Global Food Crisis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnn.us/articles/61472.html">Food for Peace: Eisenhower's Unsung Initiative Can Be Obama's Most Powerful Tool for Peace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620003104/http://hnn.us/articles/61472.html">Archived</a> June 20, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/food-assistance">USAID's Food for Peace home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/food-assistance/quick-facts/country-fact-sheets">Where Food for Peace works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDABZ818.pdf">Celebrating Food for Peace 1954–2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/pl-480">USAID and PL–480, 1961–1969</a>, US Department of State — Office of the Historian.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merip.org/mer/mer145/public-law-480-better-bomber">Public Law 480: "Better than a bomber"</a>, Middle East Research and Information Project.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Eisenhower</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Allied Commander Europe</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a> (1945–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force#Commander_and_senior_staff" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (1943–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Military<br />career</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Motor_Transport_Corps_convoy" title="1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy">1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Maneuvers" title="Louisiana Maneuvers">Louisiana Maneuvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations United States Army">European Theater of Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6,_1944,_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)" title="Berlin Declaration (1945)">Berlin Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmed_Enemy_Forces" title="Disarmed Enemy Forces">Disarmed Enemy Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Europe" title="Supreme Allied Commander Europe">Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1957 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="February 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1954 State of the Union Address">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1955 State of the Union Address">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1956 State of the Union Address">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1957 State of the Union Address">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1958 State of the Union Address">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1959 State of the Union Address">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1960 State of the Union Address">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 12, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower%27s_farewell_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower's farewell address">Farewell address</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Dwight_David_Eisenhower/Executive_Orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Dwight David Eisenhower/Executive Orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Dwight_David_Eisenhower/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Dwight David Eisenhower/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>1953; <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_for_Peace_speech" title="Chance for Peace speech">"Chance for Peace" speech</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War#Crisis_and_escalation_(1953–62)" title="Cold War">Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Look_(policy)" title="New Look (policy)">New Look policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">1955 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1954" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1954">Atomic Energy Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace" title="Atoms for Peace">Atoms for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Data" title="Restricted Data">Restricted Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Food for Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURATOM_Cooperation_Act_of_1958" title="EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958">EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> <ul><li>1958; <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10479" title="Executive Order 10479">Executive Order 10479</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Continental_Shelf" title="Outer Continental Shelf">Outer Continental Shelf Act</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Relief_Act" title="Refugee Relief Act">Refugee Relief Act</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_Lands_Act" title="Submerged Lands Act">Submerged Lands Act</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Act of 1954">Agricultural Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Wool_Act_of_1954" title="National Wool Act of 1954">National Wool Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Milk_Program" title="Special Milk Program">Special Milk Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1954" title="Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954">Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal Revenue Code of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Watershed_Program" title="Small Watershed Program">Small Watershed Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act of 1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1956" title="Agricultural Act of 1956">Agricultural Act of 1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Bank_Act" title="Soil Bank Act">Soil Bank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Bank_Program" title="Soil Bank Program">Soil Bank Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Voting_Assistance_Program" title="Federal Voting Assistance Program">Federal Voting Assistance Program</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Trust_Fund" title="Highway Trust Fund">Highway Trust Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_to_People_Student_Ambassador_Program" title="People to People Student Ambassador Program">People to People Student Ambassador Program</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Fitness,_Sports_and_Nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition">President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">U.S. Commission on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Civil_Rights_Division" title="United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division">U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Plant_Pest_Act_of_1957" title="Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957">Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine intervention</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%E2%80%93Anderson_Nuclear_Industries_Indemnity_Act" title="Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act">Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Slaughter_Act" title="Humane Slaughter Act">Humane Slaughter Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Education_Act" title="National Defense Education Act">National Defense Education Act</a> <ul><li>1958; <a href="/wiki/Federal_Perkins_Loan" title="Federal Perkins Loan">Federal Perkins Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-Use_Sustained-Yield_Act_of_1960" title="Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960">Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikes_Act" title="Sikes Act">Sikes Act</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe" title="Crusade in Europe"><i>Crusade in Europe</i> (1948)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_Eisenhower_movement" title="Draft Eisenhower movement">Draft Eisenhower movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican Party presidential primaries (1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention (1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">United States Presidential election (1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Bibliography of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Eisenhower Birthplace State Historic Site">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Presidential_Library,_Museum_and_Boyhood_Home" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home">Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Home" title="Eisenhower Home">Boyhood home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_National_Historic_Site" title="Eisenhower National Historic Site">Eisenhower National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_National_Airport" title="Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport">Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Fellowships" title="Eisenhower Fellowships">Eisenhower Fellowships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Institute">Eisenhower Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Monument" title="Eisenhower Monument">Eisenhower Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar" title="Eisenhower dollar">Eisenhower dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Eisenhower Centennial silver dollar">Eisenhower Centennial silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Army_Medical_Center" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center">Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Medical_Center" title="Eisenhower Medical Center">Eisenhower Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Trophy" title="Eisenhower Trophy">Eisenhower Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Golf_Club" title="Eisenhower Golf Club">Eisenhower Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts#Eisenhower_Theater" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Eisenhower Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)">Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Eisenhower" title="Fort Eisenhower">Fort Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Eisenhower" title="Mount Eisenhower">Mount Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places named for Dwight D. Eisenhower">Places named for Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower#Tributes_and_memorials" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Other tributes and memorials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_jacket" title="Eisenhower jacket">Eisenhower jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Tree" title="Eisenhower Tree">Eisenhower Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_in_Europe#TV_series" title="Crusade in Europe"><i>Crusade in Europe</i> (1949 television series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> (1979 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_(miniseries)" title="Ike (miniseries)"><i>Ike</i> (1979 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike:_Countdown_to_D-Day" title="Ike: Countdown to D-Day"><i>Ike: Countdown to D-Day</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_(play)" title="Pressure (play)"><i>Pressure</i> (2014 play)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Family of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower"> Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">John Eisenhower</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eisenhower" title="David Eisenhower">David Eisenhower</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Eisenhower" title="Anne Eisenhower">Anne Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Eisenhower" title="Susan Eisenhower">Susan Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jean_Eisenhower" title="Mary Jean Eisenhower">Mary Jean Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Stover_Eisenhower" title="Ida Stover Eisenhower">Ida Stover Eisenhower</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Eisenhower">Arthur Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_N._Eisenhower" title="Edgar N. Eisenhower">Edgar N. Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Eisenhower">Roy Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Eisenhower" title="Earl D. Eisenhower">Earl D. Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_S._Eisenhower" title="Milton S. Eisenhower">Milton S. Eisenhower</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_baseball_controversy" title="Eisenhower baseball controversy">Eisenhower baseball controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/And_I_don%27t_care_what_it_is" title="And I don't care what it is">And I don't care what it is</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_Award" title="Atoms for Peace Award">Atoms for Peace Award</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Slovik" title="Eddie Slovik">Eddie Slovik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Summersby" title="Kay Summersby">Kay Summersby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">← Harry S. Truman</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5465473#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5465473#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5465473#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139581570">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82146113">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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