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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>European Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Representation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Representation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Representation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Members of the cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Members of the House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_of_the_Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_the_Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Members of the Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_the_Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Organisational structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linked_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linked_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Linked organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linked_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>International organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox-Protestant_(pillarised)_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox-Protestant_(pillarised)_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Orthodox-Protestant (pillarised) organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox-Protestant_(pillarised)_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_to_other_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_to_other_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Relationships to other parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_to_other_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Union (Netherlands)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A_(%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="الاتحاد المسيحي (هولندا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد المسيحي (هولندا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Хрысціянскі саюз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянскі саюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Cristiana_(Pa%C3%AFsos_Baixos)" title="Unió Cristiana (Països Baixos) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió Cristiana (Països Baixos)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%A1_unie_(Nizozemsko)" title="Křesťanská unie (Nizozemsko) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanská unie (Nizozemsko)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Χριστιανική Ένωση (Ολλανδία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανική Ένωση (Ολλανδία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Cristiana" title="Unión Cristiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_de_Kristanoj" title="Unio de Kristanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unio de Kristanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristau_Batasuna_(Herbehereak)" title="Kristau Batasuna (Herbehereak) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristau Batasuna (Herbehereak)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_chr%C3%A9tienne_(Pays-Bas)" title="Union chrétienne (Pays-Bas) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union chrétienne (Pays-Bas)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/KristenUny" title="KristenUny – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="KristenUny" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EB%8B%B9" title="기독교연합당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교연합당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniKristen" title="UniKristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="UniKristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Cristiana" title="Unione Cristiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Cristiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9ny_Uni%C3%B3_(Hollandia)" title="Keresztény Unió (Hollandia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztény Unió (Hollandia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88" title="キリスト教連合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教連合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ska_(Holandia)" title="Unia Chrześcijańska (Holandia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia Chrześcijańska (Holandia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%A3_(Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos)" title="União Cristã (Países Baixos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Cristã (Países Baixos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Христианский Союз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианский Союз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Union" title="Christian Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christian Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChristenUnie" title="ChristenUnie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ChristenUnie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="สหภาพคริสเตียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพคริสเตียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyan_Birlik_(Hollanda)" title="Hristiyan Birlik (Hollanda) – Turkish" lang="tr" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #00A7EB; border-bottom:2px solid #00A7EB; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Christian Union</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">ChristenUnie</span></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristenUnie_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ChristenUnie_logo.svg/250px-ChristenUnie_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ChristenUnie_logo.svg/375px-ChristenUnie_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ChristenUnie_logo.svg/500px-ChristenUnie_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">CU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mirjam_Bikker" title="Mirjam Bikker">Mirjam Bikker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Christian_Union" title="Leader of the Christian Union">list</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankie_van_Tatenhove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankie van Tatenhove (page does not exist)">Ankie van Tatenhove</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Leader in the Senate</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tineke_Huizinga" title="Tineke Huizinga">Tineke Huizinga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Leader in the House of Representatives</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mirjam_Bikker" title="Mirjam Bikker">Mirjam Bikker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Leader in the European Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Anja_Haga" title="Anja Haga">Anja Haga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">22 January 2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000-01-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Political Alliance">Reformed Political Alliance</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Reformatory_Political_Federation" title="Reformatory Political Federation">Reformatory Political Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Partijbureau ChristenUnie<br />Johan van Oldebarneveltlaan 46, <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/PerspectieF" title="PerspectieF">PerspectieF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Think tank</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mr._G._Groen_van_Prinsterer_Stichting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mr. G. Groen van Prinsterer Stichting (page does not exist)">Mr. G. Groen van Prinsterer Stichting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(January 2024)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24,709<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-PEE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-PEE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><b>Fiscal</b>: <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Social</b>: <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">Centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Orthodox Protestant</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">European Parliament group</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> (2009–2019)<br /><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a> (2019–2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> group</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Christian Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a7eb; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">Sky blue</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#072e65; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue (colour)">Dark blue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Geef geloof een stem</i><br />(Give faith a voice/vote)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 75</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A7EB; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 150</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A7EB; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_council_(Netherlands)" title="Provincial council (Netherlands)">Provincial councils</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">21 / 570</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A7EB; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Commissioner">King's Commissioners</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A7EB; color:inherit; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 21</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #00A7EB; color:inherit; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christenunie.nl">www<wbr />.christenunie<wbr />.nl</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #00A7EB;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Christian Union</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">ChristenUnie</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌkrɪstənˈyni,<span class="wrap"> </span>-təˈʔy-]</a></span>; <b>CU</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">political party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The CU is a centrist party, maintaining more <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> stances on economic, immigration and environmental issues<sup id="cite_ref-Koopmans2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koopmans2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while holding more <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> positions on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>. The party describes itself as "social Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-ChristenUnie_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristenUnie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CU was founded in 2000 as a merger of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_League" title="Reformed Political League">Reformed Political League</a> (GPV) and <a href="/wiki/Reformatory_Political_Federation" title="Reformatory Political Federation">Reformatory Political Federation</a> (RPF).<sup id="cite_ref-Koopmans2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koopmans2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After doubling its seat tally in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Dutch_general_election" title="2006 Dutch general election">2006 Dutch general election</a>, it became the smallest member of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Balkenende_cabinet" title="Fourth Balkenende cabinet">fourth Balkenende cabinet</a>, and since that time has been likewise part of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Rutte_cabinet" title="Third Rutte cabinet">third Rutte cabinet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Rutte_cabinet" title="Fourth Rutte cabinet">fourth Rutte cabinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Koopmans2015_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koopmans2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some elections it forms <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_%E2%80%93_Reformed_Political_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Union – Reformed Political Party">an alliance</a> with the Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a> (SGP), which, unlike the CU, is a <a href="/wiki/Testimonial_party" title="Testimonial party">testimonial party</a>. </p><p>Primarily a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> party, the CU bases its policies on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, and takes the theological principles of <a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">charity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">stewardship</a> as bases for its support for <a href="/wiki/Public_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public expenditure">public expenditure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>. It seeks for government to uphold Christian morality, but supports <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">sphere sovereignty</a>. The party is moderately Eurosceptic; it was formerly in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> (ECR) and <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">European People's Party group</a> (EPP). It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_(1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_%281996%29.svg/130px-Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_%281996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_%281996%29.svg/195px-Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_%281996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_%281996%29.svg/260px-Gereformeerd_Politiek_Verbond_logo_%281996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_(1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_%281992%29.svg/120px-Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_%281992%29.svg/180px-Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_%281992%29.svg/240px-Reformatorische_Politieke_Federatie_logo_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The predecessors of the CU. the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_League" title="Reformed Political League">Reformed Political League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformatory_Political_Federation" title="Reformatory Political Federation">Reformatory Political Federation</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Along with the larger <a href="/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party" title="Anti-Revolutionary Party">Anti-Revolutionary Party</a> (ARP), the Netherlands has a long tradition of small orthodox or conservative Protestant (i.e., mostly <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>) parties in parliament, including the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a> (SGP), founded in 1918. After a group of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches</a> members formed the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands_(Liberated)" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)">Reformed Churches (Liberated)</a> over a religious disagreement, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Political Alliance">Reformed Political Alliance</a> (GPV) split off from the ARP in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-rd_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rd-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took until <a href="/wiki/1963_Dutch_general_election" title="1963 Dutch general election">1963</a> for the party to enter parliament. In the <a href="/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election" title="1981 Dutch general election">1981 election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformatory_Political_Federation" title="Reformatory Political Federation">Reformatory Political Federation</a> (RPF) entered parliament. It had split off from the ARP six years earlier over the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a> (CDA). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/150px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/225px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/300px-State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_for_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Charter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wet_Algemene_Bepalingen" title="Wet Algemene Bepalingen">Wet Algemene Bepalingen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Netherlands" title="Human rights in the Netherlands">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">King</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands">Council of Ministers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_(Netherlands)" title="Minister Plenipotentiary (Netherlands)">Ministers Plenipotentiary</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Aruba" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Aruba">Aruba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_Plenipotentiary_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Minister Plenipotentiary of Sint Maarten">St. Maarten</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Cabinet</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Ministers</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fleur_Agema" title="Fleur Agema">Fleur Agema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Hermans" title="Sophie Hermans">Sophie Hermans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eddy_van_Hijum" title="Eddy van Hijum">Eddy van Hijum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mona_Keijzer" title="Mona Keijzer">Mona Keijzer</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_Netherlands" title="Ministries of the Netherlands">Ministries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Netherlands)" title="President of the Senate (Netherlands)">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Anthonie_Bruijn" title="Jan Anthonie Bruijn">Jan Anthonie Bruijn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%932027" title="List of members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027">Current membership</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_composition_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands">Historic composition</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bosma" title="Martin Bosma">Martin Bosma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present" title="List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present">Current membership</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Historic_composition_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands" title="Historic composition of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands">Historic composition</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_committee_of_the_Dutch_parliament" title="Parliamentary committee of the Dutch parliament">Parliamentary committees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Netherlands" title="Judiciary of the Netherlands">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Netherlands)" title="High Council of State (Netherlands)">High Councils of State</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Council of State">Council of State</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Court_of_Audit" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Court of Audit">Court of Audit</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Ombudsman" title="National Ombudsman">National Ombudsman</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2017_Dutch_general_election" title="2017 Dutch general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election" title="2021 Dutch general election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Dutch_general_election" title="Next Dutch general election"><i>Next</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Provincial: <a href="/wiki/2011_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2011 Dutch provincial elections">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2015 Dutch provincial elections">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2019 Dutch provincial elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2023 Dutch provincial elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2010 Dutch municipal elections">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2014 Dutch municipal elections">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2018 Dutch municipal elections">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2022 Dutch municipal elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>European: <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2024 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Referendums</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/2005_Dutch_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dutch_Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement_referendum" title="2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Dutch_Intelligence_and_Security_Services_Act_referendum" title="2018 Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendum">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_politicians" title="Category:Dutch politicians">Politicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Local government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_politics_in_the_Netherlands" title="Provincial politics in the Netherlands">Provincial politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_board_(Netherlands)" title="Water board (Netherlands)">Water boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_politics_in_the_Netherlands" title="Municipal politics in the Netherlands">Municipal politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BES_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="BES islands">BES islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Veldkamp" title="Caspar Veldkamp">Caspar Veldkamp</a><hr /></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Netherlands">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_passport" title="Dutch passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Dutch_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Dutch citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_in_the_Caribbean" title="Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean">Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Corruption in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Law of the Netherlands">Law of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1900%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Netherlands (1900–present)">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Republicanism in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_Economic_Council" title="Social and Economic Council">Social and Economic Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The RPF explicitly stated in its manifesto of principles that it sought to unite all reformed parties in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-rd_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rd-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the GPV and SGP were somewhat less receptive. The GPV was only open to a specific current in reformed Protestantism, namely the Reformed Churches (Liberated), and did not wish to cooperate with non-'liberated' reformed: it had rejected on religious grounds the entry of the group that in the 1970s was to become the RPF. The SGP had rejected cooperation with these parties because they had female members; the SGP consistently rejected female suffrage until 2006. The RPF, GPV and SGP were <a href="/wiki/Testimonial_party" title="Testimonial party">testimonial parties</a>, which chose to voice their concerns about government policy, while acknowledging that they were not big enough to force their opinion upon others. </p><p>In 1984, however, the three parties cooperated in the <a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="1984 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">European election</a> and presented a common list in order to enter the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1989_Dutch_general_election" title="1989 Dutch general election">1989 general election</a> they formed an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliance</a> in order to enhance their chances of obtaining seats. In 1995 informal talks were opened between the three parties. The GPV had opened itself to non-liberated members, but the SGP not to women. The discussions with the SGP were broken off and the GPV and RPF continued together. For a long time the GPV was not willing to enter a major internal debate with the RPF, which also performed better electorally; it had won three seats in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Dutch_general_election" title="1998 Dutch general election">1998 election</a>, while the GPV received only two. From 1998 the two parliamentary parties cooperated with each other, held common meetings and appointed common spokespersons. In 1999 a group called "Transformatie" (Transformation) was set up by young people from both parties in reaction to the slow cooperation process: they tried to intensify the debate about cooperation. In the same year the cooperation talks were formalised and intensified, leading to the foundation of the Christian Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg/220px-Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg/330px-Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg/440px-Vicepremier-en-minister-Andr%C3%A9-Rouvoet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouvoet" title="André Rouvoet">André Rouvoet</a>, Leader of the Christian Union from 2002 to 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian Union was founded in January 2000 as an alliance between the RPF and GPV. Later in that year, their youth organisations, GPJC and RPFJ, fused completely, presenting an example to their mother organisations. In 2001, they formed a common <a href="/wiki/Fractie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractie">parliamentary party</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a>. In <a href="/wiki/2002_Dutch_general_election" title="2002 Dutch general election">2002</a> the alliance entered the election for the first time. The party obtained four seats, one seat less than in the 1998 election when they campaigned separately. It had polled much better, with some polling stations predicting seven or eight seats. The party's leader <a href="/wiki/Kars_Veling" title="Kars Veling">Kars Veling</a> stepped down. He had been good at keeping the peace internally in a party still somewhat divided between the old GPV and RPF memberships, but had not appealed well enough to the population at large. With <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">preference votes</a> a woman, <a href="/wiki/Tineke_Huizinga" title="Tineke Huizinga">Tineke Huizinga</a> (positioned seventh on the CU candidate list) was elected into parliament for the CU, becoming the first woman to enter parliament for the party or its predecessors. Because of her election, prominent party figure <a href="/wiki/Eimert_van_Middelkoop" title="Eimert van Middelkoop">Eimert van Middelkoop</a>, who was no. 4 on the candidate-list, had to leave parliament. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2003_Dutch_general_election" title="2003 Dutch general election">2003 general election</a> the party lost an additional seat, and was left with three seats. Again Huizinga (now no. 4 on the list) was elected with preference votes and this time former RPF leader <a href="/wiki/Leen_van_Dijke" title="Leen van Dijke">Leen van Dijke</a> (no. 3) had to leave parliament. The decline of the CU in 2003 was probably due to party supporters voting for the Christian democratic CDA, which was competing with the social democratic <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a> (PvdA), to become the largest party. The Christian Union was heavily involved in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_Balkenende" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cabinet Balkenende">second cabinet Balkenende</a>, along with the SGP. However, the liberal <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a> (VVD) vetoed the formation of a cabinet that included the two conservative Reformed parties, and so the progressive liberal <a href="/wiki/D%2766" class="mw-redirect" title="D'66">D66</a> became a part of the governing alliance instead. In 2004 the two organisations RPF and GPV officially ceased to exist, making final the fusion into the CU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_participation">Cabinet participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cabinet participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Dutch_general_election" title="2006 Dutch general election">2006 election</a> the party doubled its seat count and joined the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Balkenende_cabinet" title="Fourth Balkenende cabinet">fourth Balkenende cabinet</a>. CU leader <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouvoet" title="André Rouvoet">André Rouvoet</a> became <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">family and youth</a>, while Middelkoop became Minister of Defence and Huizinga junior minister (<i>staatssecretaris</i>) of Transport and Water management. Since the party has entered government, there has been some controversy about the conservative Christian ethical views of some of its members. In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Lont" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvette Lont">Yvette Lont</a>, a CU municipal council member for <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, expressed the view that homosexuals should not be admitted to representative functions within the party. Also in 2007, municipal council member Monique Heger decided to resign from office, because she had recently discovered that she was a lesbian, and she and her (female) partner moved in together. </p><p>After the collapse of the Balkenende cabinet, the Christian Union no longer had representatives in government; Rouvoet returned to parliament as leader of the CU parliamentary group until he left politics in April/May 2011. Arie Slob succeeded him as the party leader. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gert-Jan_Segers_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="3326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gert-Jan_Segers" title="Gert-Jan Segers">Gert-Jan Segers</a> Leader of the Christian Union from 2015 to 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Rutte_cabinet" title="Second Rutte cabinet">second Rutte cabinet</a> (VVD and PvdA), lacking a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a>, reached a budgetary agreement with the CU, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a> (SGP) and the <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a> (D66). This occasional coalition was nicknamed "purple with the Bible" (<i>Paars met de Bijbel</i>) as it included the secular parties VVD, PvdA and D66 plus the religiously-oriented parties Christian Union and SGP. The term "purple with the Bible" had already been used in February that year, when the same parties reached an agreement on modernising the housing market. Although the cabinet was quite unpopular and the VVD and PvdA lost many municipal seats during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2014 Dutch municipal elections">municipal elections of 19 March 2014</a>, the parties that provided tactical support to the government won many seats. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2017_Dutch_general_election" title="2017 Dutch general election">2017 general election</a>, the Christian Union became part of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Rutte_cabinet" title="Third Rutte cabinet">third Rutte cabinet</a>, as a minor coalition partner to the VVD, CDA and D66. The party has three representatives in the current cabinet: minister <a href="/wiki/Carola_Schouten" title="Carola Schouten">Carola Schouten</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arie_Slob" title="Arie Slob">Arie Slob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Minister for Primary Education, Secondary Education and Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blokhuis" title="Paul Blokhuis">Paul Blokhuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)">State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sports</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2019 European Parliament election</a>, the Christian Union left the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (of which it had been a founding member) arguing that the ECR was moving too far to the right by including MEPs of far-right parties such as the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democracy" title="Forum for Democracy">Forum for Democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>. The party instead joined the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>. </p><p>In January 2023, <a href="/wiki/Mirjam_Bikker" title="Mirjam Bikker">Mirjam Bikker</a> succeeded Segers as the party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">2023 Dutch general election</a> the Christian Union lost two of their five seats, getting 2% of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CU describes itself as a Christian social party. The party has its roots in orthodox Protestant (i.e. mostly <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>) parties, often referred to as the "small right". It combines a conservative point of view on ethical and foreign policy issues, with more <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> ideas on economic, asylum, social and environmental issues. Its conservative reformed ideals are reflected in its program of principles. It believes that the state is the <a href="/wiki/Swordmaiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Swordmaiden">swordmaiden</a> of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. It bases its politics directly on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. However, it sees separate duties for the state and the church in public life: the church should spread the Word of God, while the state should merely uphold public morality. The state should respect the religion of its citizens. Other Christian principles, like <a href="/wiki/Neighbourly_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourly love">neighbourly love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a> for the Earth, however have given the CU's political program a centre-left orientation. </p><p>Some of CU's <a href="/wiki/Socially_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially conservative">socially conservative</a> policies include:<sup id="cite_ref-CUS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Facilitation by government of a one-earner model, allowing one parent, usually the wife, to stay at home and take care of the children.</li> <li>Society should cherish its collective moments of rest, and preferably leave <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Christianity" title="Sabbath in Christianity">Sunday</a> a day of rest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>-practices should be reduced and eventually replaced by alternatives, such as care of women with unwanted pregnancies and <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a>.</li> <li>The Dutch policy of <a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">toleration of soft drugs</a> should be abandoned.</li> <li>Combatting <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">prostitution</a>.</li> <li>Defending the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_education" title="Freedom of education">freedom of education</a> (that is, to found religious schools), because of <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">sphere sovereignty</a>.</li> <li>The Netherlands should remain an independent political entity within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.</li> <li>Limiting the use of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic manipulation">genetic manipulation</a>.</li></ul> <p>More centre-left policies include: </p> <ul><li>Public services of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> and social security should remain state run, but on a smaller scale than is presently the case.</li> <li>Increased budgets for <a href="/wiki/Development_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Development cooperation">development cooperation</a> in order to address the <a href="/wiki/Third_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Third world">poverty in the global south</a>.</li> <li>A more open policy towards <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a>, especially those who are persecuted for religious reasons.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>. Based on its electoral promises on investment in <a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a>, the Dutch branch of <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> termed CU the greenest political party in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-lansingerland.christenunie.nl_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lansingerland.christenunie.nl-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CU describes itself as "Christelijk-sociaal" <i>(Social Christian)</i> and explicitly distance themselves from the labels <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Andeweg,_R_p.49_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andeweg,_R_p.49-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PEE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Social Christian" describes a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> ideology that is more right-wing than Christian socialism and more left-wing than the Christian right and social conservatism. Described as <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Orthodox Protestant</a>, it has an emphasis on the community, social solidarity, support for a welfare state, and support for some regulation of market forces but is more conservative on some social issues opposition to <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, and some elements of <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">the EU</a>. The party is left of centre on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a>, green <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristenUnie_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristenUnie-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party supports Dutch membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> to ensure peace and prosperity, and to counter the influence of Russia and China, while simultaneously being critical of several EU policies which it claims are undemocratic and "mainly benefits large companies and the upper middle classes." The CU instead calls for more transparency within the EU, for domestic decision making of EU member states to be respected and wants reforms made to the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. The CU is also against the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">accession of Turkey to the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a> </th> <th>List </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2002_Dutch_general_election" title="2002 Dutch general election">2002</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kars_Veling" title="Kars Veling">Kars Veling</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2002_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2002 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>240,953 </td> <td>2.54 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 2.6666666666667%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">4 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2003_Dutch_general_election" title="2003 Dutch general election">2003</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouvoet" title="André Rouvoet">André Rouvoet</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2003_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2003 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>204,649 </td> <td>2.12 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">3 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2006_Dutch_general_election" title="2006 Dutch general election">2006</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2006_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2006 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>390,969 </td> <td>3.97 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">6 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_general_election" title="2010 Dutch general election">2010</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2010_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2010 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>305,094 </td> <td>3.24 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">5 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2012_Dutch_general_election" title="2012 Dutch general election">2012</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Arie_Slob" title="Arie Slob">Arie Slob</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2012_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2012 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>294,586 </td> <td>3.13 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">5 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2017_Dutch_general_election" title="2017 Dutch general election">2017</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gert-Jan_Segers" title="Gert-Jan Segers">Gert-Jan Segers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2017_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2017 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>356,271 </td> <td>3.39 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">5 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election" title="2021 Dutch general election">2021</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2021_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2021 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>350,523 </td> <td>3.37 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">5 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Coalition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_general_election" title="2023 Dutch general election">2023</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mirjam_Bikker" title="Mirjam Bikker">Mirjam Bikker</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Union_candidates_in_the_2023_Dutch_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Union candidates in the 2023 Dutch general election">List</a> </td> <td>212,532 </td> <td>2.04 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">3 / 150</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate">Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Dutch_Senate_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 Dutch Senate election (page does not exist)">1999</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 5.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">4 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2003_Dutch_Senate_election" title="2003 Dutch Senate election">2003</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 2.6666666666667%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">2 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Dutch_Senate_election" title="2007 Dutch Senate election">2007</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 5.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">4 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2011_Dutch_Senate_election" title="2011 Dutch Senate election">2011</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 2.6666666666667%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">2 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2015_Dutch_Senate_election" title="2015 Dutch Senate election">2015</a> </th> <td>32 </td> <td> </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">3 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Dutch_Senate_election" title="2019 Dutch Senate election">2019</a> </th> <td>33 </td> <td>5.03 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 5.3333333333333%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">4 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_Senate_election" title="2023 Dutch Senate election">2023</a> </th> <td>23 </td> <td>3.73 </td> <td><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">3 / 75</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Parliament">European Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>List </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>EP Group </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2004</a><sup id="cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGP-CU-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_lists_in_the_2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands#Christian_Union-SGP" class="mw-redirect" title="Party lists in the 2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">List</a> </td> <td>279,880 </td> <td>5.87 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.7037037037037%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">1 / 27</span></div> </td> <td>New </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independence/Democracy" title="Independence/Democracy">IND/DEM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2009</a><sup id="cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGP-CU-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party_lists_in_the_2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands#Christian_Union-SGP" class="mw-redirect" title="Party lists in the 2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">List</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">310,540 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.82 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">1 / 25</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">ECR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.8461538461538%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">1 / 26</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2014</a><sup id="cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGP-CU-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_lists_in_the_2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands#Christian_Union-SGP" class="mw-redirect" title="Party lists in the 2014 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">List</a> </td> <td>364,843 </td> <td>7.67 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.8461538461538%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">1 / 26</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2019</a><sup id="cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGP-CU-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Party_lists_in_the_2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands#Christian_Union-SGP" class="mw-redirect" title="Party lists in the 2019 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">List</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">375,660 </td> <td rowspan="2">6.83 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.8461538461538%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">1 / 26</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 3.448275862069%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">1 / 29</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2024 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2024</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_lists_in_the_2024_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands#Christian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Party lists in the 2024 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">List</a> </td> <td>180,060 </td> <td>2.89 </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><div role="img" class="nowrap" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 100px; text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;"><div style="position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #c0c0c0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: #f0f0f0;"><div style="background-color:#00A7EB; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div><span style="position: relative; margin: 0 0.3em;">0 / 31</span></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SGP-CU-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGP-CU_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In a joint list with <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation">Representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_the_cabinet">Members of the cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Members of the cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg/220px-Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg/330px-Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg/440px-Bewindslieden_ChristenUnie_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="3572" /></a><figcaption>Christian Union members in <a href="/wiki/Third_Rutte_cabinet" title="Third Rutte cabinet">third Rutte cabinet</a>. left to right: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blokhuis" title="Paul Blokhuis">Paul Blokhuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carola_Schouten" title="Carola Schouten">Carola Schouten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arie_Slob" title="Arie Slob">Arie Slob</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 2007 to 2010 the CU supplied two ministers and one state secretary in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Balkenende_cabinet" title="Fourth Balkenende cabinet">fourth Balkenende cabinet</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouvoet" title="André Rouvoet">André Rouvoet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">Youth and Family Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eimert_van_Middelkoop" title="Eimert van Middelkoop">Eimert van Middelkoop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tineke_Huizinga" title="Tineke Huizinga">Tineke Huizinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing,_Spatial_Planning_and_the_Environment_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)">State Secretary and Minister of Environment and Spatial Planning</a></li></ul> <p>Starting in 2017, the CU has once again supplied two ministers and one state secretary in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Rutte_cabinet" title="Third Rutte cabinet">third Rutte cabinet</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carola_Schouten" title="Carola Schouten">Carola Schouten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Nature_and_Food_Quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality">Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Slob" title="Arie Slob">Arie Slob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)">Minister for Primary Education, Secondary Education and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blokhuis" title="Paul Blokhuis">Paul Blokhuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport" title="Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport">State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sports</a></li></ul> <p>The following CU members served in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Rutte_cabinet" title="Fourth Rutte cabinet">fourth Rutte cabinet</a> between 2021 and 2024: </p> <ul><li>Carola Schouten, Deputy Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Social_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Social Affairs of the Netherlands">Minister for Social Affairs and Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Staghouwer" title="Henk Staghouwer">Henk Staghouwer</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Agriculture_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Agriculture of the Netherlands">Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Adema" title="Piet Adema">Piet Adema</a>, Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_van_Ooijen" title="Maarten van Ooijen">Maarten van Ooijen</a>, State Secretary of Health, Welfare and Sport</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives">Members of the House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Members of the House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Netherlands,_2023%E2%80%93present" title="List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present">List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_of_the_Senate">Members of the Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Members of the Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Netherlands_for_Christian_Union" title="List of members of the Senate of the Netherlands for Christian Union">List of members of the Senate of the Netherlands for Christian Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electorate">Electorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CU was supported by orthodox <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> of many denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Churches" title="Christian Reformed Churches">Christian Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_the_Netherlands_(Liberated)" title="Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)">Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>. But members of newer churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Church and the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> community also supported this party. The electorate is concentrated in the smaller rural districts in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt_(Netherlands)" title="Bible Belt (Netherlands)">Bible Belt</a>" an area of more conservative Christian municipalities that reaches from <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biesbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Biesbos">Biesbos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>. The party also draws support from Christians with an immigrant background, who are mostly located in the large cities. </p><p>The party is also drawing support from a growing number of conservative <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, dissatisfied with the less Christian policies of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a>. Roman Catholics are welcome to become a member of the party although one of the foundations of the party is the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a>, known for its staunch anti-Catholicism. During the provincial elections of 2007 the party fielded two Roman Catholic candidates on their shortlist of the province of Limburg. This process has alerted some prominent CDA politicians. CU-senator <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Schuurman" title="Egbert Schuurman">Egbert Schuurman</a> stated the CU would provide a shelter for everyone who actively believes in Jesus Christ but also said the CU will always be a Protestant party. </p><p>The party's congress, held on 13 June 2015, replaced the Heidelberg Catechism with Nicean Creed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><b>Leader in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leen_van_Dijke" title="Leen van Dijke">Leen van Dijke</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 March 2001 – 23 May 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Veling" title="Kars Veling">Kars Veling</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 2002 – 12 November 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouvoet" title="André Rouvoet">André Rouvoet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 November 2002 – 22 February 2007)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Slob" title="Arie Slob">Arie Slob</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 February 2007 – 10 June 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rouvoet" title="André Rouvoet">André Rouvoet</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 June 2010 – 28 April 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arie_Slob" title="Arie Slob">Arie Slob</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 April 2011 – 10 November 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert-Jan_Segers" title="Gert-Jan Segers">Gert-Jan Segers</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 November 2015 – 17 January 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjam_Bikker" title="Mirjam Bikker">Mirjam Bikker</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 January 2023 – present)</span></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><b>Leader in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egbert_Schuurman" title="Egbert Schuurman">Egbert Schuurman</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 March 2001 – 7 June 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roel_Kuiper" title="Roel Kuiper">Roel Kuiper</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 June 2011 – 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tineke_Huizinga" title="Tineke Huizinga">Tineke Huizinga</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019 – present)</span></li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisational_structure">Organisational structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organisational structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest body in the CU is the Union Congress, formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the candidates on the lists for elections to the Senate, House of Representatives and European Parliament and has the final say over the party program. A member congress has an important role in the formation of the CU's political direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members">Members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CU currently has 25,170 members (as of 1 January 2019). They are organised in over 200 municipal branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linked_organisations">Linked organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Linked organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The youth organisation of the party is <a href="/wiki/PerspectieF" title="PerspectieF">PerspectieF</a> which was formed as a fusion of the two youth organisations of the CU's predecessors the <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPJC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPJC (page does not exist)">GPJC</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=RPFJ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RPFJ (page does not exist)">RPFJ</a>. The party publishes the HandSchrift (HandWriting) six times a year. The party's scientific institute is the Mr. Groen van Prinsterer Foundation, which publishes the DenkWijzer (ThoughtWiser). The women's organisation is Inclusief. </p><p>The CU participates in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Multiparty_Democracy" title="Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy">Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy</a>, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organisations">International organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internationally the CU is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a>. Its MEPs were seated in the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a>. Until 2019 when the CU joined the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP Group</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox-Protestant_(pillarised)_organisations"><span id="Orthodox-Protestant_.28pillarised.29_organisations"></span>Orthodox-Protestant (pillarised) organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Orthodox-Protestant (pillarised) organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CU still has ideological strong links with so-called <a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">pillarised organisations</a>. Together with conservative <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Protestant schools</a>, papers like the <i><a href="/wiki/Nederlands_Dagblad" title="Nederlands Dagblad">Nederlands Dagblad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Reformatorisch_Dagblad" title="Reformatorisch Dagblad">Reformatorisch Dagblad</a></i>, the Protestant broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Omroep" title="Evangelische Omroep">Evangelische Omroep</a>, several Reformed churches they constitute the conservative or orthodox Reformed pillar (Dutch <i>zuil</i>). While all four of the traditional Dutch pillars (socialists, liberals, Protestants and Catholics) have broken down since the 1960s, the orthodox reformed pillar has actually strengthened in reaction to the process of secularisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_to_other_parties">Relationships to other parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relationships to other parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Christian Union had been in the opposition until 2006. It has good relations with the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a> (SGP), with which it formed a single European parliamentary party <a href="/wiki/ChristenUnie-SGP" class="mw-redirect" title="ChristenUnie-SGP">CU-SGP</a> until 2022 and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a>, with which the ChristenUnie-SGP had an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliance</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2004 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2004 European Parliament elections</a>. As an opposition party against the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkenende_cabinet" title="Second Balkenende cabinet">second Balkenende cabinet</a>, the CU has gained sympathy from the left wing parties in parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Socialist Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a>, with which it cooperates in several <a href="/wiki/Municipal_executive" title="Municipal executive">municipal executives</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2006_Dutch_municipal_elections" title="2006 Dutch municipal elections">2006 municipal elections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_comparisons">International comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland</a> is nearest to the Christian Union as a conservative Protestant party that is left wing in social matters, conservative in ethical matters and critical of the European Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Orthodox Protestantism" is a term which is used in the Netherlands to refer to conservative forms of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">liberal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">free-thinking</a> forms of Protestantism. This includes conservative branches of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> and the Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (now united in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church of the Netherlands">Protestant Church of the Netherlands</a>), but also to independent forms of Reformed Protestantism, such as the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_(Liberated)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Churches (Liberated)">Reformed Churches (Liberated)</a> or other more conservative forms of Protestantism, such as the certain branches of <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptism</a> like <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptists" title="Primitive Baptists">Primitive</a> Baptists. It is unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/research/dnpp/themas/ledentallen/ledental-2024">"Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2024"</a> [Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2024]. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a></i> (in Dutch). 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In Timo Behr; <a href="/wiki/Teija_Tiilikainen" title="Teija Tiilikainen">Teija Tiilikainen</a> (eds.). <i>Northern Europe and the Making of the EU's Mediterranean and Middle East Policies</i>. note on p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands%3A+Follow+Washington%2C+Be+a+Good+European&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe+and+the+Making+of+the+EU%27s+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East+Policies&rft.pages=note+on+p.+237&rft.au=Jort+Statema&rft.au=Paul+Aarts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsd.no/european_election_database/country/netherlands/parties.html">"Netherlands – Political parties"</a>. <i>European Election Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Centre_for_Research_Data" title="Norwegian Centre for Research Data">Norwegian Centre for Research Data</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trouw&rft.atitle=Uitersten+in+politiek+landschap+winnen+terrein&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Oomkes&rft.aufirst=Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fuitersten-in-politiek-landschap-winnen-terrein~bf8c72e9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudy_B._AndewegGalen_A._Irwin2014" class="citation book cs1">Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). <i>Governance and Politics of the Netherlands</i> (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Politics+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=74&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Rudy+B.+Andeweg&rft.au=Galen+A.+Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beneluxparl.eu/nl/politieke-fracties/">"Politieke fracties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benelux+Parliament&rft.atitle=Politieke+fracties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beneluxparl.eu%2Fnl%2Fpolitieke-fracties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StarkeKaasch2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_StarkeAlexandra_KaaschFranca_Van_Hooren2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA193"><i>The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-31484-0"><bdi>978-1-137-31484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welfare+State+as+Crisis+Manager%3A+Explaining+the+Diversity+of+Policy+Responses+to+Economic+Crisis&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-31484-0&rft.au=Peter+Starke&rft.au=Alexandra+Kaasch&rft.au=Franca+Van+Hooren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtMQsESYcWwC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koopmans2015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koopmans2015_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koopmans2015_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koopmans2015_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoop_W._Koopmans2015" class="citation book cs1">Joop W. Koopmans, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GU-xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5593-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-5593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5593-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGU-xCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrp8wsy/links_en_rechts">"Links en rechts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement.com">Parlement.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parlement.com&rft.atitle=Links+en+rechts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvh8lnhrp8wsy%2Flinks_en_rechts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudy_B._AndewegGalen_A._Irwin2014" class="citation book cs1">Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). <i>Governance and Politics of the Netherlands</i> (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 74, 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governance+and+Politics+of+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=74%2C+78&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Rudy+B.+Andeweg&rft.au=Galen+A.+Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristenUnie-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChristenUnie_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChristenUnie_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlement.com/9353000/1f/j9vvhy5i95k8zxl/vh8lnhrouwy9">ChristenUnie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement.com">Parlement & Politiek</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rd-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rd_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rd_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVroegindeweij2025" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vroegindeweij, Gerard (4 January 2025). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rd.nl/artikel/1090693-een-kwarteeuw-christenunie-van-de-marge-naar-de-macht-en-weer-terug">"Een kwarteeuw ChristenUnie: van de marge naar de macht en weer terug"</a></span> [A quarter century Christian Union: From the fringes to power and back]. <i><a href="/wiki/Reformatorisch_Dagblad" title="Reformatorisch Dagblad">Reformatorisch Dagblad</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reformatorisch+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Een+kwarteeuw+ChristenUnie%3A+van+de+marge+naar+de+macht+en+weer+terug&rft.date=2025-01-04&rft.aulast=Vroegindeweij&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.nl%2Fartikel%2F1090693-een-kwarteeuw-christenunie-van-de-marge-naar-de-macht-en-weer-terug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/politiek/artikel/5359143/wie-mirjam-bikker-de-opvolger-van-gert-jan-segers-bij-christenunie">"Wie is Mirjam Bikker, de nieuwe ChristenUnie-leider? 'Slim en betrouwbaar'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>RTL Nieuws</i> (in Dutch). 2023-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTL+Nieuws&rft.atitle=Wie+is+Mirjam+Bikker%2C+de+nieuwe+ChristenUnie-leider%3F+%27Slim+en+betrouwbaar%27&rft.date=2023-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtlnieuws.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fpolitiek%2Fartikel%2F5359143%2Fwie-mirjam-bikker-de-opvolger-van-gert-jan-segers-bij-christenunie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.nos.nl/nieuws/tk2023/">"NOS - Uitslagen Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023"</a>. <i>app.nos.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=app.nos.nl&rft.atitle=NOS+-+Uitslagen+Tweede+Kamerverkiezingen+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapp.nos.nl%2Fnieuws%2Ftk2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CUS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christenunie.nl/standpunten">"Standpunten"</a>. <i>ChristenUnie.nl</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChristenUnie.nl&rft.atitle=Standpunten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christenunie.nl%2Fstandpunten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lansingerland.christenunie.nl-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lansingerland.christenunie.nl_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lansingerland.christenunie.nl/k/n10584/news/view/138885/113707/ChristenUnie-op-1-in-energiebarometer-Greenpeace.html">ChristenUnie op 1 in energiebarometer Greenpeace</a> <i>Christian Union</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andeweg,_R_p.49-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andeweg,_R_p.49_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Andeweg" title="Rudy Andeweg">Andeweg, R.</a> and G. Irwin <i>Politics and Governance in the Netherlands</i>, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4500/Politiek/article/detail/1869670/2011/04/04/CU-is-niet-meer-christelijk-sociaal.dhtml">CU is niet meer 'christelijk-sociaal'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christenunie.nl/standpunt/europa">"Europa - ChristenUnie.nl"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+-+ChristenUnie.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christenunie.nl%2Fstandpunt%2Feuropa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrouwxt/tweede_kamerfractie_christenunie_cu">"Tweede Kamerfractie ChristenUnie (CU)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement.com">Parlement & Politiek</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parlement+%26+Politiek&rft.atitle=Tweede+Kamerfractie+ChristenUnie+%28CU%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvh8lnhrouwxt%2Ftweede_kamerfractie_christenunie_cu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrqlyx7/eerste_kamerfractie_christenunie_cu">"Eerste Kamerfractie ChristenUnie (CU)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlement.com">Parlement & Politiek</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parlement+%26+Politiek&rft.atitle=Eerste+Kamerfractie+ChristenUnie+%28CU%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvh8lnhrqlyx7%2Feerste_kamerfractie_christenunie_cu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Union+%28Netherlands%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Union_(Netherlands)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ChristenUnie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ChristenUnie">ChristenUnie</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christenunie.nl/en/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_the_Netherlands269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Political parties in the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Political parties in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political parties in the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_the_Netherlands269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of political parties in the Netherlands">Political parties in the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">represented in the<br />States General and/or<br />European Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/50PLUS" title="50PLUS">50PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">Democrats 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denk_(political_party)" title="Denk (political party)">Denk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Citizen_Movement" title="Farmer–Citizen Movement">Farmer–Citizen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democracy" title="Forum for Democracy">Forum for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks%E2%80%93PvdA" title="GroenLinks–PvdA">GroenLinks–PvdA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Politics_Netherlands" title="Independent Politics Netherlands">Independent Politics Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JA21" title="JA21">JA21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Social_Contract" title="New Social Contract">New Social Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">Reformed Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Netherlands" title="Volt Netherlands">Volt Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">without representation in<br />the States General and/or<br />European Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belang_van_Nederland" title="Belang van Nederland">Belang van Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIJ1" title="BIJ1">BIJ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Orange_(political_party)" title="Code Orange (political party)">Code Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nieuwe_Mens" title="De Nieuwe Mens">De Nieuwe Mens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza!_Nederland" title="Forza! Nederland">Forza! Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_for_Freedom" title="Heart for Freedom">Heart for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Krol_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Henk Krol List">Henk Krol List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezus_Leeft" title="Jezus Leeft">Jezus Leeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEF_%E2%80%93_For_the_New_Generation" title="LEF – For the New Generation">LEF – For the New Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Netherlands)">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Libertarian Party (Netherlands)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Direct_Democracy" title="More Direct Democracy">More Direct Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederland_met_een_Plan" title="Nederland met een Plan">Nederland met een Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="New Communist Party of the Netherlands">New Communist Party of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLBeter" title="NLBeter">NLBeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otten_Group" title="Otten Group">Otten Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Republic" title="Party for the Republic">Party for the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Sports" title="Party for Sports">Party for Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Pirate Party (Netherlands)">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Party_for_Basic_Income" title="Political Party for Basic Income">Political Party for Basic Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splinter_(political_party)" title="Splinter (political party)">Splinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(Netherlands)" title="The Greens (Netherlands)">The Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Future" title="Party of the Future">The Party Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Together_for_the_Netherlands" title="Together for the Netherlands">Together for the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trots_op_Nederland" title="Trots op Nederland">Trots op Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Connected_Front" title="Ubuntu Connected Front">Ubuntu Connected Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Communist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="United Communist Party (Netherlands)">United Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">European Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Wageningen" title="Connect Wageningen">Connect Wageningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CU%E2%80%93SGP" title="CU–SGP">CU–SGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Alkmaar" title="Independent Party of Alkmaar">Independent Party of Alkmaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_Eindhoven" title="Livable Eindhoven">Livable Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livable_Rotterdam" title="Livable Rotterdam">Livable Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht:_Open_Eerlijk_Democratisch" title="Maastricht: Open Eerlijk Democratisch">Maastricht: Open Eerlijk Democratisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouder-Amstel_Anders" title="Ouder-Amstel Anders">Ouder-Amstel Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_%26_Starter" title="Student & Starter">Student & Starter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_en_Stad" title="Student en Stad">Student en Stad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studenten_Techniek_In_Politiek" title="Studenten Techniek In Politiek">Studenten Techniek In Politiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Caribbean Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire_Democratic_Party" title="Bonaire Democratic Party">Bonaire Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire_Patriotic_Union" title="Bonaire Patriotic Union">Bonaire Patriotic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire_People%27s_Movement" title="Bonaire People's Movement">Bonaire People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Democratic Party (Sint Eustatius)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_21_(Bonaire)" title="Movement 21 (Bonaire)">Movement 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labour_Party_(Sint_Eustatius)" title="Progressive Labour Party (Sint Eustatius)">Progressive Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Labour_Party" title="Saba Labour Party">Saba Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands_People%27s_Movement" title="Windward Islands People's Movement">Windward Islands People's Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_National_Party" title="Frisian National Party">Frisian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groninger_Interest" title="Groninger Interest">Groninger Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Brabant" title="Local Brabant">Local Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_North" title="Party for the North">Party for the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Zeeland" title="Party for Zeeland">Party for Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Local_Drenthe" title="Strong Local Drenthe">Strong Local Drenthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water board parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Water_Board_Party" title="General Water Board Party">General Water Board Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Natuurlijk" title="Water Natuurlijk">Water Natuurlijk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Netherlands" title="Politics of the Netherlands">Politics of the Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Christian_Political_Movement313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#3356D3;color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="Template:European Christian Political Movement"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Christian_Political_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Christian Political Movement (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Christian Political Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Christian_Political_Movement313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement"><span style="color:white">European Christian Political Movement</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3356D3;color:white;width:1%">National parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Member_parties_(EU)98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3356D3;color:white;width:1%">Member parties (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><span style="color:white">EU</span></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_of_Austria" title="Christian Party of Austria">CPÖ</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/VIA,_the_Way_of_the_People" title="VIA, the Way of the People">VIA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_C_%E2%80%93_Christians_for_Germany" title="Alliance C – Christians for Germany">AUF & PBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">FAMILIE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Human_Dignity_Alliance" title="Human Dignity Alliance">HDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Action" title="Identity and Action">IDeA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Power_(Latvia)" title="Sovereign Power (Latvia)">SV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia_First" title="Latvia First">LPV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Christian_Democracy_Party" title="Lithuanian Christian Democracy Party">LKDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Lithuania)" title="Christian Union (Lithuania)">KS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ABBA_(political_party)" title="ABBA (political party)">ABBA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">CU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">SGP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Real_Politics_Union" title="Real Politics Union">UPR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right_Wing_of_the_Republic" title="Right Wing of the Republic">PR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Monarchist_Party_(Portugal)" title="People's Monarchist Party (Portugal)">PPM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Slovaks_and_Czechs_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania">UDSCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">PNȚ-CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Conservative_Party" title="Romanian National Conservative Party">PNCR</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Slovakia)" title="Christian Union (Slovakia)">KÚ</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contigo_Mas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contigo Mas (page does not exist)">Mas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valores (page does not exist)">Valores</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Values_Party_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Values Party Sweden (page does not exist)">KV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3356D3;color:white;width:1%">Associated parties (non-EU)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/11px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland">EVP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3356D3;color:white;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peeter_V%C3%B5su" title="Peeter Võsu">Peeter Võsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_%C3%96stman" title="Peter Östman">Peter Östman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branislav_%C5%A0kripek" title="Branislav Škripek">Branislav Škripek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriu_Ghile%C5%A3chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriu Ghileţchi">Valeriu Ghileţchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#3356D3;color:white;width:1%">Associate organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Youth_Network" title="European Christian Political Youth Network">European Christian Political Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Academy_for_Integrity_in_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Academy for Integrity in Leadership (page does not exist)">Political Academy for Integrity in Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%27axent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C'axent (page does not exist)">C'axent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SGP-International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SGP-International (page does not exist)">SGP-International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_International_Christian_Democratic_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation for International Christian Democratic Development (page does not exist)">Foundation for International Christian Democratic Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#3356D3;color:white"><div><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation"><span style="color:white">European political foundation</span></a>: <a href="/wiki/Sallux" title="Sallux"><span style="color:white"><i>Sallux</i></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a 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