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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Classic book</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="ধ্ৰুপদী গ্ৰন্থ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধ্ৰুপদী গ্ৰন্থ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassiker" title="Klassiker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klassiker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کتاب کلاسیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب کلاسیک" 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href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcydzie%C5%82o_literackie" title="Arcydzieło literackie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arcydzieło literackie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Классическая литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классическая литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassiker_(litteratur)" title="Klassiker (litteratur) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klassiker (litteratur)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Адабиёти классикӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адабиёти классикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Класична література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Класична література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 1px solid #9999CC"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Reading_(process)" title="Category:Reading (process)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/125px-Big_Book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/188px-Big_Book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/250px-Big_Book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning to read">Learning to read</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reading_readiness" title="Reading readiness">Reading readiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_development" title="Vocabulary development">Vocabulary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_learning" title="Vocabulary learning">Vocabulary learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientific theories and models</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-route_hypothesis_to_reading_aloud" title="Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud">Dual route theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_view_of_reading" title="Simple view of reading">Simple view of reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_reading" title="Science of reading">Science of reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough%27s_Reading_Rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough's Reading Rope">Scarborough's Reading Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading#The_active_view_of_reading_model" title="Reading">The active view of reading model</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Cognitive processes</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">Comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonemic_awareness" title="Phonemic awareness">Phonemic awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_awareness" title="Phonological awareness">Phonological awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvocalization" title="Subvocalization">Subvocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_recognition" title="Word recognition">Word recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reading#Teaching_reading" title="Reading">Reading instruction</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_phonics" title="Analytic phonics">Analytic phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_reader" title="Basal reader">Basal reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept-Oriented_Reading_Instruction" title="Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_listening_and_thinking_activity" title="Directed listening and thinking activity">Directed listening and thinking activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_reading" title="Guided reading">Guided reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_reading" title="Independent reading">Independent reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_circle" title="Literature circle">Literature circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">Phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching" title="Reciprocal teaching">Reciprocal teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_Word_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Word Inquiry">Structured word inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_silent_reading" title="Sustained silent reading">Sustained silent reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_phonics" title="Synthetic phonics">Synthetic phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Reading rate</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">Fluency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_reading" title="Slow reading">Slow reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_reading" title="Speed reading">Speed reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_per_minute#Reading_and_comprehension" title="Words per minute">Words per minute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">Readability</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_readability_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic readability assessment">Automatic assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">Legibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readability_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Readability test">Readability test</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Reading differences and disabilities</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">Hyperlexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_disability" title="Reading disability">Reading disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_for_special_needs" title="Reading for special needs">Reading for special needs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_principle" title="Alphabetic principle">Alphabetic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolch_word_list" title="Dolch word list">Dolch word list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">Morpheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_word" title="Sight word">Sight word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">Written language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_reading" title="Critical reading">Critical reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">Close reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_literacy" title="Family literacy">Family literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">Functional illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great books">Great books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reading" title="Template:Reading"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reading" title="Template talk:Reading"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reading" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reading"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg/220px-Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg/330px-Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg/440px-Moby-Dick_FE_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, an example of a "classic book"</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>classic</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> accepted as being exemplary or particularly noteworthy. What makes a book "classic" is a concern that has occurred to various authors ranging from <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> and the related questions of "Why Read the Classics?" and "What Is a Classic?" have been essayed by authors from different genres and eras (including Calvino, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</a>). The ability of a classic book to be reinterpreted, to seemingly be renewed in the interests of generations of readers succeeding its creation, is a theme that is seen in the writings of literary critics including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dirda" title="Michael Dirda">Michael Dirda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, and Sainte-Beuve. These books can be published as a collection such as <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a> or presented as a list, such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>'s list of books that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term is often associated with the Western canon, it can be applied to works of literature from all traditions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> or the Indian <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>. </p><p>Many universities incorporate these readings into their curricula, such as "The Reading List" at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stjohnscollege.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stjohnscollege.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rci.rutgers.edu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rci.rutgers.edu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of these classic texts both allows and encourages students to become familiar with some of the most revered authors throughout history. This is meant to equip students and newly found scholars with a plethora of resources to utilize throughout their studies and beyond. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</a> (1804–1869)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated his answer to the question "What is a Classic?" ("Qu'est-ce qu'un classique?"):<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The idea of a classic implies something that has continuance and consistence, and which produces unity and tradition, fashions and transmits itself, and endures.... A true classic, as I should like to hear it defined, is an author who has enriched the human mind, increased its treasure, and caused it to advance a step; who has discovered some moral and not equivocal truth, or revealed some eternal passion in that heart where all seemed known and discovered; who has expressed his thought, observation, or invention, in no matter what form, only provided it be broad and great, refined and sensible, sane and beautiful in itself; who has spoken to all in his own peculiar style, a style which is found to be also that of the whole world, a style new without <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a>, new and old, easily contemporary with all time.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte-Beuve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sainte-Beuve.jpg/220px-Sainte-Beuve.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sainte-Beuve.jpg/330px-Sainte-Beuve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sainte-Beuve.jpg/440px-Sainte-Beuve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</figcaption></figure> <p>In this same essay, Sainte-Beuve quoted <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> (referring to the "classics" concept): "Ancient works are classical not because they are old, but because they are powerful, fresh, and healthy."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of 'the classic' was a theme of <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s literary criticism as well. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Wood_(T._S._Eliot)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sacred Wood (T. S. Eliot)">The Sacred Wood</a></i> he thought that one of the reasons "Dante is a classic, and Blake only a poet of genius" was because of "the concentration resulting from a framework of mythology and theology and philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In commenting about Eliot's influence, Professor Jan Gorak stated that "the idea of a canon has become intertwined with the idea of the classic, an idea that T.S. Eliot tried to revitalize for the 'modern experiment'".)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In echoes of Sainte-Beuve, Eliot gave a speech to the Virgil Society concerning himself with the very same question of "What is a Classic?"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his opinion, there was only one author who was 'classic': "No modern language can hope to produce a classic, in the sense I have called Virgil a classic. Our classic, the classic of all Europe, is Virgil."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this instance, though, Eliot said that the word had different meanings in different surroundings and that his concern was with "one meaning in one context". He states his focus is to define only "one kind of art" and that it does not have to be "better...than another kind". His opening paragraph makes a clear distinction between his particular meaning of classic having Virgil as the classic of all literature and the alternate meaning of classic as "a standard author".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literary figures from different eras have also weighed in on the matter. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, the modern English playwright and author, said that "Definition of a classic: a book everyone is assumed to have read and often thinks they have read themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professor and poet, is quoted by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Trelease" title="Jim Trelease">Jim Trelease</a> (in his library-monograph <i>Classic Picture Books All Children Should Experience</i>) as saying that "A classic is any book that stays in print".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in his "Disappearance of Literature" speech given in 1900, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> said (referring to a learned academic's lofty opinion of Milton's <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i>) that the work met the Professor's definition of a classic as "something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, Fannie M. Clark, a teacher at the Rozelle School in East Cleveland, Ohio, attempted to answer the question of what makes a book a "classic" in her article "Teaching Children to Choose" in <i>The <a href="/wiki/English_Journal" title="English Journal">English Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-clark136_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark136-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of her essay, Clark considers the question of what makes a piece of literature a classic and why the idea of "the classics" is important to society as a whole. Clark says that "teachers of English have been so long trained in the 'classics' that these 'classics' have become to them very much like the Bible, for the safety of which the rise of modern science causes such unnecessary fears."<sup id="cite_ref-clark136_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark136-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She goes on to say that among the sources she consulted was a group of eighth-graders when she asked them the question: "What do you understand by the classics in literature?" Two of the answers Clark received were "Classics are books your fathers give you and you keep them to give to your children" and "Classics are those great pieces of literature considered worthy to be studied in English classes of high school or college". Calvino agrees with the Ohio educator when he states "Schools and universities ought to help us understand that no book that talks about a book says more than the book in question, but instead they do their level best to make us think the opposite." Clark and Calvino come to a similar conclusion that when a literary work is analyzed for what makes it 'classic', that in just the act of analysis or as Clark says "the anatomical dissection",<sup id="cite_ref-clark136_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark136-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reader can end up destroying the unique pleasure that mere enjoyment a work of literature can hold. </p><p>Classics are often defined in terms of their lasting freshness. <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Fadiman" title="Clifton Fadiman">Clifton Fadiman</a> thought that the works that become classic books have their start in childhood, saying that "If you wish to live long in the memory of men, you should not write for them at all. You should write what their children will enjoy."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, the works we now judge to be classics are "great starters". Fadiman unites classic books through the ages in a continuum (and concurs with Goethe's thoughts on the vigour and relevance of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>), when he states that classic books share a "quality of beginningness" with the legendary writer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> in his own tome on reading, <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_of_Reading" title="ABC of Reading">ABC of Reading</a></i>, gave his opinion when he stated, "A classic is classic not because it conforms to certain structural rule, or fits certain definitions (of which its author had quite probably never heard). It is classic because of a certain eternal and irrepressible freshness."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dirda" title="Michael Dirda">Michael Dirda</a>, the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winning critic, concurred with Pound's view regarding the vitality of a classic when he wrote that "...one of the true elements of a classic" was that "they can be read again and again with ever-deepening pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> said in his essay "Why Read the Classics?" that "a classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say" and comes to the crux of personal choice in this matter when he says (italics in the original translation): "<em>Your</em> classic author is the one you cannot feel indifferent to, who helps you define yourself in relation to him, even in dispute with him."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consideration of what makes a literary work a classic is for Calvino ultimately a personal choice, and, constructing a universal definition of what constitutes a Classic Book seems to him to be an impossibility, since, as Calvino says "There is nothing for it but for all of us to invent our own ideal libraries of classics."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> While blogging on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s website in 2009, Chris Cox echoed Twain's "classic" sentiments of 1900 and Bennett's witticism about classic books when he opined that there are actually two kinds of "classic novels": </p><blockquote><p>The first are those we know we should have read, but probably have not. These are generally the books that make us burn with shame when they come up in conversation... The second kind, meanwhile, are those books that we've read five times, can quote from on any occasion, and annoyingly push on to other people with the words: "You have to read this. It's a classic."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_programs">University programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Classic Books" reading lists are used at some universities<sup id="cite_ref-Stjohnscollege.edu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stjohnscollege.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rci.rutgers.edu_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rci.rutgers.edu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been in modern vogue since at least the early part of the 20th century, with the additional impetus in 1909 of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a> publishing imprimatur having individual works chosen by outgoing <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> president <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Eliot">Charles W. Eliot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kirsch_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirsch-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "Reading Lists" have remained significant in the 21st century, with more of them being created during the past few decades (e.g. Jane Mallison's <i>Book Smart: Your Essential Reading List for Becoming a Literary Genius in 365 Days</i> (2007)).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, <a href="/wiki/John_Erskine_(educator)" title="John Erskine (educator)">John Erskine</a> taught the first course based on the "Great Books" program, titled "General Honors", at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and helped shape its core curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-faculty_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faculty-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-col_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-col-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The course, however, initially began to fail shortly after its introduction due to numerous disputes between senior faculty over the best way to conduct classes, as well as concerns about the rigor of the courses. This resulted in junior faculty, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Adler">Mortimer Adler</a> after 1923, teaching parts of the course. The course was discontinued in 1928, though later reinstated. Adler left for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1929, where he continued his work on the theme, and along with the university president, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Hutchins" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Hutchins">Robert M. Hutchins</a>, held an annual seminar of great books which he later reworked into The <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></i>. University trustee and Chicago businessman <a href="/wiki/Walter_Paepcke" title="Walter Paepcke">Walter Paepcke</a> was inspired by the seminar to found the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Institute" title="Aspen Institute">Aspen Institute</a>. In 1937, when Mark Van Doren redesigned the course, it was already being taught at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Annapolis">St. John's College, Annapolis</a>, in addition to the University of Chicago. This course was later named Humanities A for freshmen, and then subsequently evolved into Literature Humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-col_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-col-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Core_Curriculum_(Columbia_College)" title="Core Curriculum (Columbia College)">Columbia's Core Curriculum</a>, the Common Core at Chicago, and the Core Curriculum at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, each heavily focused on the "great books" of the Western canon, are prominent examples of Classic Books programs that the majority of enrolled students participate. Fordham University's Honors Program at Rose Hill incorporates the Great Books curriculum into a rigorous first four semesters in the program. Loyola University Chicago's Honors Program combines a Great Books curriculum with additional elective classes on subjects not covered in traditional Western thought over a rigorous four-year program.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 100 institutions of higher learning in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_programs_in_Canada" title="Great Books programs in Canada">Canada</a>, and Europe maintain some version of a Great Books Program as an option for students.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, a handful of colleges offer a major whose pedagogy is structured around the Great Books. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>'s Program of Liberal Studies, established in 1950, and housed in the College of Liberals Arts, the Integral Program<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California" title="Saint Mary's College of California">Saint Mary's College of California</a> (1955), and the Bachelor of Humanities program offered by the College of the Humanities at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> in Ottawa (1995) are three such examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_books_colleges">Great books colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great books colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the prevalence of Great Books style courses and majors at a number of universities, there are only a few colleges that teach their curriculum exclusively through the Great Books model. These schools, with their dates either of founding or move to a Great Books model include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)#Great_Books_program" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College</a>, Annapolis, Maryland (1937) and Santa Fe (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimer_Great_Books_School" title="Shimer Great Books School">Shimer Great Books School</a> (1950) - merged into <a href="/wiki/North_Central_College" title="North Central College">North Central College</a> in 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_College" title="Thomas Aquinas College">Thomas Aquinas College</a>, Santa Paula, California (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukiah,_California" title="Ukiah, California">Ukiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1976) - first Great Books college offering studies combining Eastern and Western classics.<sup id="cite_ref-drbu.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drbu.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_College_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Thomas More College of Liberal Arts">Thomas More College of Liberal Arts</a>, Merrimack, New Hampshire (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Saint_Andrews_College" title="New Saint Andrews College">New Saint Andrews College</a>, Moscow, Idaho (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_College" title="Gutenberg College">Gutenberg College</a>, Eugene, Oregon (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Middleton_University" title="Harrison Middleton University">Harrison Middleton University</a>, Tempe, Arizona (1998) - online distance-learning and graduate and doctoral only.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Catholic_College" title="Wyoming Catholic College">Wyoming Catholic College</a>, Lander, Wyoming (2005)</li></ul> <p>In recent years, at least one Great Books college has closed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College_of_the_Liberal_Arts" title="Magdalen College of the Liberal Arts">Magdalen College of the Liberal Arts</a>, Warner, New Hampshire (1974–2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curation_of_reading_lists">Curation of reading lists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Curation of reading lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> frequently composed great books lists for his friends and correspondents, for example, for Peter Carr in 1785<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing houses</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Easton_Press" title="Easton Press">Easton Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Mint#The_Franklin_Library" title="The Franklin Mint">Franklin Library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Folio_Society" title="Folio Society">Folio Society</a>) and colleges/universities (such as <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>) frequently publish collections of classic books. Publishers have their various types of "classic book" lines, while colleges and universities have required reading lists as well as associated publishing interests. If these books are the works of literature that well-read people are supposed to have read or at least be familiar with, then the genesis of the classic book genre and the processes through which texts are considered for selection (or not) is of interest. The development of the Penguin Classics line of books, among the best-known of the classic imprints, can serve as a good example. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, had its inception during the 1930s when the founder, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>, was unable to find a book he actually wanted to read while at <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> train station. As the company website tells it, "appalled by the selection on offer, Lane decided that good quality contemporary fiction should be made available at an attractive price and sold not just in traditional bookshops, but also in railway stations, <a href="/wiki/Tobacconists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacconists">tobacconists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain stores">chain stores</a><sup id="cite_ref-pingu_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ...We believed in the existence in this country of a vast reading public and staked everything on it."<sup id="cite_ref-pingu_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the first year, they had sold three million <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperbacks</a> of then-contemporary authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pingu_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954 Mortimer Adler hosted a live weekly television series in San Francisco, comprising 52 half-hour programs, entitled <i>The Great Ideas</i>. These programs were produced by Adler's Institute for Philosophical Research and were carried as a public service by the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a>, presented by <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a>, the precursor to what is now <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Adler bequeathed these films to the Center for the Study of the Great Ideas, where they are available for purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 and 1994, <a href="/wiki/TLC_(TV_network)" title="TLC (TV network)">The Learning Channel</a> created <a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Channel%27s_Great_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="The Learning Channel's Great Books">a series of one-hour programs</a> discussing many of the Great Books of history and their impact on the world. It was narrated by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Core_Texts_and_Courses" title="Association for Core Texts and Courses">Association for Core Texts and Courses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banned_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_reform#Reforms_of_classical_education" title="Education reform">Education reform#Reforms of classical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_perennialism" title="Educational perennialism">Educational perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Liberal arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sainte-Beuve's "What is a Classic" essay was originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Constitutionnel" title="Le Constitutionnel">Le Constitutionnel</a></i> on October 21, 1850, as "Qu'est-ce qu'un classique?—Lundis" ("Monday"), Volume III, 40. (Stephen Moeller-Sally, "Gogol's afterlife: the evolution of a classic in Imperial and Soviet Russia" [Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2002], p. 168). However it originated, an error regarding the date of Saint-Beauve's "What Is a Classic?" has crept into some sources. According to historical calendars,<<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://arc.id.au/Calendar.html">http://arc.id.au/Calendar.html</a>>, Monday, October 21 had to be the in 1850, <b>not</b> 1860. The year is erroneously stated as 1860 in A. Pichon's edition of Saint Beuve's work in "Causeries Du Lundi Et Portraits Littraires" (republished in 2009 in its entirety by <a href="/wiki/BiblioBazaar" title="BiblioBazaar">BiblioBazaar/BiblioLife, LLC</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The essay "Why Read the Classics?" is available in two different anthologies. It was first published in 1980/82 in the Italian as a chapter in "The Uses of Literature" (in 1986 in the English translation) and then re-published in the posthumous collection titled "Why Read the Classics?"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBloom,_Harold1994" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich"><i>The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages</i></a></span>. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780151957477" title="Special:BookSources/9780151957477"><bdi>9780151957477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Canon%3A+The+Books+and+School+of+the+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780151957477&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncanonbook00bloorich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stjohnscollege.edu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stjohnscollege.edu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stjohnscollege.edu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090156/http://www.stjohnscollege.edu/academic/readlist.shtml">"St. John's College | Academic Program | The Reading List"</a>. 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Athlone Press Limited, 1991, Page 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot, T.S. Address to the Virgil Society on October 16, 1944; first published by Faber & Faber, 1945, presently available in: <i>Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot</i>. New York. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt/Farrar, Straus, Giroux.1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot, <i>Selected Prose</i>. Page 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot, <i>Selected Prose</i>. Pages 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003141/bio">"Alan Bennett"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Alan+Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0003141%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trelease-on-reading.com/classic-picturebooks.pdf">"Classic Picture Books Every Child Should Experience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classic+Picture+Books+Every+Child+Should+Experience&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trelease-on-reading.com%2Fclassic-picturebooks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twain, <i>Mark Twain's Speeches</i>, Page 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark136-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark136_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark136_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark136_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFannie_Clark1920" class="citation journal cs1">Fannie Clark (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f_sRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA135">"Teaching children to choose"</a>. <i>The English Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F802644">10.2307/802644</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/802644">802644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=Teaching+children+to+choose&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F802644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F802644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Fannie+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df_sRAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fadiman, Clifton.<i>Party of One, The Selected Writings of Clifton Fadiman</i> New York. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Penguin+-+Penguin+Books+UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.uk%2Fabout-penguin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215033833/http://www.thegreatideas.org/mortimer_adler_videos/index.html">"Mortimer Adler Videos on The Great Ideas"</a>. <i>www.thegreatideas.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatideas.org/mortimer_adler_videos/index.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thegreatideas.org&rft.atitle=Mortimer+Adler+Videos+on+The+Great+Ideas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatideas.org%2Fmortimer_adler_videos%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2001" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Adam R. (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Education_and_Democracy:_The_Meaning_of_Alexander_Meiklejohn,_1872%E2%80%931964" class="mw-redirect" title="Education and Democracy: The Meaning of Alexander Meiklejohn, 1872–1964">Education and Democracy: The Meaning of Alexander Meiklejohn, 1872–1964</a></i>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17140-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-17140-7"><bdi>978-0-299-17140-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Democracy%3A+The+Meaning+of+Alexander+Meiklejohn%2C+1872%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-299-17140-7&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Adam+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassic+book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Hear, Anthony. <i>The Great Books: A Journey through 2,500 Years of the West's Classic Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a>; 2 edition, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933859-78-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933859-78-1">978-1-933859-78-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classic_book&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncte.org/">National Council of Teachers of English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410144023/http://www.yale.edu/english/profiles/bloom_h.html">Harold Bloom's Faculty Profile at Yale</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/bloom/">Harold Bloom Bio</a> at the <a 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BOOKS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomasaquinas.edu/about/why-great-books">"Why the Great Books?"</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas_College" title="Thomas Aquinas College">Thomas Aquinas College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatideas.org/">Center for the Study of the Great Ideas website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorfman1997" class="citation web cs1">Dorfman, Ron (25 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/shattering/culture.html">"Culture Wars and the Great Conversation"</a>. <i>Shattering Silences</i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span 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