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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Oral literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Oratory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_written_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_written_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early written literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_written_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 University discipline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 In England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Women and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Children's literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Study and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Study_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Study and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Study_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Literary theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Literary fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_value_of_imaginative_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_value_of_imaginative_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The value of imaginative literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_value_of_imaginative_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Aesthetic value </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_influence_of_religious_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_influence_of_religious_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The influence of religious texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_influence_of_religious_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Prose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Novel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Novella </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Short story </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphic_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Graphic novel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Electronic literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Non-fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Drama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Law and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Copyright </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_in_communist_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_in_communist_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Copyright in communist countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_in_communist_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.5 Copyright in Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Literature</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 209 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" > 209 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterkunde" title="Letterkunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Letterkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%91%E1%8D%8D" title="ሥነ ጽሑፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ጽሑፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="أدب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C3%A2" title="Literaturâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Literaturâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A8ratura" title="Litèratura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Litèratura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাহিত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura" title="Lliteratura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDpor%C3%A3haipyre" title="Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullas%C3%AFwi" title="Qullasïwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qullasïwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99biyyat" title="Ədəbiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادبیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادبیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susastra" title="Susastra – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Susastra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাহিত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bûn-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82" title="Әҙәбиәт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әҙәбиәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літаратура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літаратура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatua" title="Literatua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Literatua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩོམ་རིག་ཡི་གེའི་རིག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩོམ་རིག་ཡི་གེའི་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennegezh" title="Lennegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lennegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%91%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Удха зохёол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Удха зохёол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katitikan" title="Katitikan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Katitikan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvaranomwe" title="Uvaranomwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uvaranomwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littiratura" title="Littiratura – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Littiratura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenyddiaeth" title="Llenyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiricha" title="Litiricha – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Litiricha" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="އަދަބިއްޔާތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަދަބިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjandus" title="Kirjandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λογοτεχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادبیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmentir" title="Bókmentir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bókmentir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuer" title="Literatuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Literatuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterature" title="Leterature – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Leterature" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litr%C3%ADocht" title="Litríocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litríocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettyraght" title="Lettyraght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lettyraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litreachas" title="Litreachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Litreachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Vùn-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="문학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabi" title="Adabi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adabi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBokalaleo" title="Moʻokalaleo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻokalaleo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratura" title="Litteratura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Litteratura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Литературæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Литературæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmenntir" title="Bókmenntir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókmenntir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ספרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C3%BAra" title="Literatúra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლიტერატურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%A8" title="اَدَب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَدَب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABteratura" title="Lëteratura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëteratura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Әдебиет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әдебиет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien" title="Lien – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lien" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuvanganzo" title="Ubuvanganzo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuvanganzo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasihi" title="Fasihi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fasihi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B6%D3%A7%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Гижӧмбур – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гижӧмбур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suteroteem" title="Suteroteem – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Suteroteem" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literati" title="Literati – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Literati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A9ratir" title="Litératir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Litératir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAje" title="Wêje – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wêje" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterat%C3%B6ra" title="Leteratöra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leteratöra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5" title="ວັນນະຄະດີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັນນະຄະດີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae" title="Litterae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteratur" title="Leteratur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leteratur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjalli%C5%BEus" title="Kirjalližus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjalližus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literadura" title="Literadura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Literadura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irodalom" title="Irodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Книжевност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haisoratra" title="Haisoratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haisoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლიტერატურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လိက်ပတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လိက်ပတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesusasteraan" title="Kesusasteraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesusasteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ùng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Уран зохиол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уран зохиол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="စာပေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtlahcuiloliztli" title="Amoxtlahcuiloliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtlahcuiloliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="文学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%9E%DF%8E%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9thatuthe" title="Littéthatuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Littéthatuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og-barruu" title="Og-barruu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Og-barruu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabiyot" title="Adabiyot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adabiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਾਹਿਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ادبپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichicha" title="Lichicha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lichicha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8C%D3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лыддьӧтан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лыддьӧтан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A9rature" title="Litérature – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Litérature" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81debiyat" title="Ádebiyat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ádebiyat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C4%83" title="Literatură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_kapchiy" title="Simi kapchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Література – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Література" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeteratur" title="Leeteratur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leeteratur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugge_Literatuur" title="Flugge Literatuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flugge Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ABrsia" title="Letërsia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letërsia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littiratura" title="Littiratura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Littiratura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="සාහිත්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාහිත්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C3%BAra" title="Literatúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suugaan" title="Suugaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Suugaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95" title="وێژە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Књижевност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjallisuus" title="Kirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panitikan" title="Panitikan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panitikan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskla" title="Taskla – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taskla" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasekla" title="Tasekla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasekla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Әдәбият – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әдәбият" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సాహిత్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="วรรณกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Адабиёт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адабиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebi%C3%BDat" title="Edebiýat – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Edebiýat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Література – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ئەدەبىيات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەدەبىيات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzyoz" title="Vwnzyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81etaradura" title="Łetaradura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łetaradura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Văn học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat" title="Literat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Literat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir%C3%A4nd%C3%BCs" title="Kirändüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kirändüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A8s-letes" title="Belès-letes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Belès-letes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Written work of art</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Literature_(card_game)" title="Literature (card game)">Literature (card game)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_(Lunon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg/260px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg/390px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg/520px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Assembl%C3%A9e_Nationale_%28Lunon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palais_Bourbon#Library" title="Palais Bourbon">Library of the Palais Bourbon</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/20px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/40px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Literature is any collection of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">written</a> work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> form, especially <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OD-1">[1]</a> It includes both print and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">digital writing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>, much of which has been transcribed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody1987-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive-4">[4]</a> Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>. It can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political role. <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a> is one of the oldest academic disciplines, and is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Literary_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary merit">literary merit</a> or intellectual significance of specific texts. The study of books and other texts as artifacts or traditions is instead encompassed by <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_book" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the book">history of the book</a>. "Literature", as an art form, is sometimes used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> written with the goal of <a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">artistic merit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> but can also include works in various <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essays</a>. Within this broader definition, literature includes non-fictional <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a>, articles, or other written information on a particular subject.<a href="#cite_note-EB-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">Developments in print technology</a> have allowed an ever-growing distribution and proliferation of written works, while the digital era had blurred the lines between online <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">electronic literature</a> and other forms of modern media. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Literary_work" title="Literary work">Literary work</a></div> Definitions of literature have varied over time.<a href="#cite_note-Leitch_''et_al.'',_''The_Norton_Anthology_of_Theory_and_Criticism'',_28-9">[9]</a> In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing. It can be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions, so that <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, for instance, include, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canonical works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">popular and minority genres</a>. The word is also used in reference to non-written works: to "<a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>" and "the literature of <a href="/wiki/Preliterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliterate">preliterate</a> culture".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymologically</a>, the term derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> literatura/litteratura, "learning, writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera, "letter."<a href="#cite_note-oetyd-10">[10]</a> In spite of this, the term has also been applied to spoken or sung texts.<a href="#cite_note-meyer-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Literature is often referred to <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdochically</a> as "writing," especially <a href="/wiki/Creative_writing" title="Creative writing">creative writing</a>, and poetically as "the craft of writing" (or simply "the craft"). <a href="/wiki/Syd_Field" title="Syd Field">Syd Field</a> described his discipline, <a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">screenwriting</a>, as "a craft that occasionally rises to the level of art."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">value judgment</a> definition of literature considers it as consisting solely of high quality writing that forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">belles-lettres</a> ("fine writing") tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagleton20089-14">[14]</a> An example of this is in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1910–1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which classified literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing".<a href="#cite_note-Biswas,_''Critique_of_Poetics'',_538-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_literature">Oral literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Oral literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African_literature#Oral_literature" title="African literature">African literature § Oral literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_Manaschi,_Karakol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg/220px-Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg/330px-Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Kyrgyz_Manaschi%2C_Karakol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <a href="/wiki/Manaschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Manaschi">manaschi</a> performing part of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Epic of Manas</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a> camp in <a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></figcaption></figure>The use of the term "literature" here poses some issues due to its origins in the Latin littera, "letter," essentially writing. Alternatives such as "oral forms" and "oral genres" have been suggested, but the word literature is widely used.<a href="#cite_note-archive-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture" title="Australian Aboriginal culture">Australian Aboriginal culture</a> has thrived on oral traditions and oral histories passed down through tens of thousands of years. In a study published in February 2020, new evidence showed that both <a href="/wiki/Budj_Bim" title="Budj Bim">Budj Bim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill_(volcano)" title="Tower Hill (volcano)">Tower Hill</a> volcanoes erupted between 34,000 and 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-earlier-16">[16]</a> Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for human presence in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>", and also could be interpreted as evidence for the oral histories of the <a href="/wiki/Gunditjmara" title="Gunditjmara">Gunditjmara</a> people, an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> people of south-western Victoria, which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in existence.<a href="#cite_note-MatchanPhillips2020-17">[17]</a> An axe found underneath <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> in 1947 had already proven that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill.<a href="#cite_note-earlier-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">ancient human tradition</a> found in "all corners of the world."<a href="#cite_note-MacKay1999p1-18">[18]</a> Modern archaeology has been unveiling evidence of the human efforts to preserve and transmit arts and knowledge that depended completely or partially on an oral tradition, across various cultures: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The Judeo-Christian Bible reveals its oral traditional roots; medieval European manuscripts are penned by performing scribes; geometric vases from archaic Greece mirror Homer's oral style. (...) Indeed, if these final decades of the millennium have taught us anything, it must be that oral tradition never was the other we accused it of being; it never was the primitive, preliminary technology of communication we thought it to be. Rather, if the whole truth is told, oral tradition stands out as the single most dominant communicative technology of our species as both a historical fact and, in many areas still, a contemporary reality.<a href="#cite_note-MacKay1999p1-18">[18]</a></blockquote> The earliest poetry is believed to have been recited or sung, employed as a way of remembering <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, and law.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In Asia, the transmission of folklore, mythologies as well as scriptures in ancient India, in different Indian religions, was by oral tradition, preserved with precision with the help of elaborate <a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">mnemonic techniques</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The early Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is too consistent and vast to have been composed and transmitted orally across generations, without being written down.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> According to Goody, the Vedic texts likely involved both a written and oral tradition, calling it a "parallel products of a literate society".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> All ancient Greek literature was to some degree oral in nature, and the earliest literature was completely so.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s epic poetry, states Michael Gagarin, was largely composed, performed and transmitted orally.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> As folklores and legends were performed in front of distant audiences, the singers would substitute the names in the stories with local characters or rulers to give the stories a local flavor and thus connect with the audience by making the historicity embedded in the oral tradition as unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The lack of surviving texts about the Greek and Roman religious traditions have led scholars to presume that these were ritualistic and transmitted as oral traditions, but some scholars disagree that the complex rituals in the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were an exclusive product of an oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Writing systems are not known to have existed among <a href="/wiki/Native_North_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Native North Americans">Native North Americans</a> (north of Mesoamerica) before contact with Europeans. Oral storytelling traditions flourished in a context without the use of writing to record and preserve history, scientific knowledge, and social practices.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> While some stories were told for amusement and leisure, most functioned as practical lessons from tribal experience applied to immediate moral, social, psychological, and environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Stories fuse fictional, supernatural, or otherwise exaggerated characters and circumstances with real emotions and morals as a means of teaching. Plots often reflect real life situations and may be aimed at particular people known by the story's audience. In this way, social pressure could be exerted without directly causing embarrassment or <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> For example, rather than yelling, <a href="/wiki/Inuit_culture" title="Inuit culture">Inuit</a> parents might deter their children from wandering too close to the water's edge by telling a story about a sea monster with a pouch for children within its reach.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The enduring significance of oral traditions is underscored in a systemic literature review on indigenous languages in South Africa, within the framework of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> challenges. Oral literature is crucial for cultural preservation, linguistic diversity, and social justice, as evidenced by the postcolonial struggles and ongoing initiatives to safeguard and promote South African indigenous languages.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oratory">Oratory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oratory">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Oratory</a> or the art of <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">public speaking</a> was considered a literary art for a significant period of time.<a href="#cite_note-EB-7">[7]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> to the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> played a central role in Western education in training orators, lawyers, counselors, historians, statesmen, and poets.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[note 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableta_con_trillo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tableta_con_trillo.png/240px-Tableta_con_trillo.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tableta_con_trillo.png/360px-Tableta_con_trillo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tableta_con_trillo.png/480px-Tableta_con_trillo.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Limestone <a href="/wiki/Kish_tablet" title="Kish tablet">Kish tablet</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> with pictographic writing; may be the earliest known writing, 3500 BC. <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of trade and administration in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> outgrew human memory, and writing became a more dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Though in both <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, writing may have already emerged because of the need to record historical and environmental events. Subsequent innovations included more uniform, predictable <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">sacred texts</a>, and the origins of modern practices of <a href="/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" title="Models of scientific inquiry">scientific inquiry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">knowledge-consolidation</a>, all largely reliant on portable and easily reproducible forms of writing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_written_literature">Early written literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early written literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian literature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster200119-36">[35]</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a>, are considered the world's <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">oldest literatures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix-37">[36]</a> The primary genres of the literature of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>—<a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didactic</a> texts, hymns and prayers, and tales—were written almost entirely in verse;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster20017-38">[37]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">funerary texts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistles</a> and letters, <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a> and poems, and commemorative <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical">autobiographical</a> texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. It was not until the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Many works of early periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a> (200 BC – 300 AD), based on older oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-niti-41">[40]</a> Drama and satire also developed as urban cultures, which provided a larger public audience, and later readership for literary production. <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a> (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Songs_(Chinese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Songs (Chinese)">Book of Songs</a> (1046–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992356-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan199139-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuxorTemple03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inscribed hieroglyphics cover an obelisk in foreground. A stone statue is in background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuxorTemple03.jpg/220px-LuxorTemple03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuxorTemple03.jpg/330px-LuxorTemple03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/LuxorTemple03.jpg/440px-LuxorTemple03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a> for the name "<a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>", from the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">ancient China</a>, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>, agriculture, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">poetry</a>. China, the origin of modern <a href="/wiki/Paper_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper making">paper making</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a>, produced the world's first <a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">print cultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Much of Chinese literature originates with the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a> period that occurred during the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (769‒269 BC).<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The most important of these include the Classics of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Daoism</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a>, as well as works of military science (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th century BC) and <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 94 BC). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of <a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">narrative history</a> of ancient China was the <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zhuan" title="Zuo Zhuan">Zuo Zhuan</a>, which was compiled no later than 389 BC, and attributed to the blind 5th-century BC historian <a href="/wiki/Zuo_Qiuming" title="Zuo Qiuming">Zuo Qiuming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#In_archaic_Indian_languages" title="Indian literature">ancient India</a>, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">fables</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūtra">sutras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">epic poetry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> begins with the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, dating back to 1500–1000 BC, and continues with the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit Epics">Sanskrit Epics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The Vedas are among the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">oldest sacred texts</a>. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BC, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">redaction</a> of the Samhitas, date to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000‒500 BC, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, spanning the mid-2nd to mid-1st millennium BC, or the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flood-50">[49]</a> The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-SharmaGaur2000-52">[51]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD such as <a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lutgendorf_1991,_p._1-54">[53]</a> The earliest known Greek writings are <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean language">Mycenaean</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1100 BC), written in the <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> syllabary on clay tablets. These documents contain prosaic records largely concerned with trade (lists, inventories, receipts, etc.); no real literature has been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-VentrisChadwick-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ventris" title="Michael Ventris">Michael Ventris</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">John Chadwick</a>, the original decipherers of Linear B, state that literature almost certainly existed in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>,<a href="#cite_note-VentrisChadwick-56">[55]</a> but it was either not written down or, if it was, it was on parchment or wooden tablets, which did not survive the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse#Greece" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">destruction of the Mycenaean palaces in the twelfth century BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VentrisChadwick-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poems">epic poems</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, are central works of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a>. It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Modern scholars consider these accounts <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgr-60">[59]</a> Most researchers believe that the poems were originally <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">transmitted orally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> From <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> until the present day, the influence of Homeric epic on <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a> has been significant, inspiring many of its most famous works of literature, music, art and film.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on ancient Greek culture and education; to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> (c.700 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> are some of the earliest and most influential works of ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC) authored philosophical texts that are regarded as the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 630 – c. 570 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> were influential <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 484 – c. 425 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in ancient Greece, of the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedies</a> written and performed during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical age">classical age</a>, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>. The plays of <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 446 – c. 386 BC) provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Old Comedy</a>, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> religious text, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, is widely seen as a product of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian period">Persian period</a> (539–333 BC, probably 450–350 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei20016-66">[65]</a> This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3-67">[66]</a> This represents a major source of Christianity's Bible, which has had a major influence on Western literature.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Roman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman literature">Roman literature</a> dates to 240 BC, when a Roman audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Literature in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> would flourish for the next six centuries, and includes essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> (610 AD to 632 AD),<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> the main <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">holy book</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, had a significant influence on the Arab language, and marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a>. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> As Islam spread, the Quran had the effect of unifying and standardizing Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> Theological works in Latin were the dominant form of <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval_literature#Types_of_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval literature">literature</a> in Europe typically found in libraries during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_literature" title="Vernacular literature">Vernacular literature</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagas">sagas</a>, or heroic epics, of Iceland, the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, and the German <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Hildebrandt" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Hildebrandt">Song of Hildebrandt</a>. A later form of <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval literature">medieval fiction</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a>, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the European <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> around 1440, while the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval romance">Medieval romance</a> developed into the novel.<a href="#cite_note-The_True_Story_of_the_Novel-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingangjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/220px-Jingangjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/330px-Jingangjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/440px-Jingangjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>The intricate frontispiece of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> China, the world's earliest dated printed book, AD 868 (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>)</figcaption></figure> Publishing became possible with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">invention of writing</a> but became more practical with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">invention of printing</a>. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a>. The Chinese inventor <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> made <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> of earthenware <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1045 and was spread to Korea later. Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing. East metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> invented movable type in Europe. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available. Early printed books, single sheets, and images created before 1501 in Europe are known as <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunables</a> or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Eventually, printing enabled other forms of publishing besides books. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_newspaper_publishing" title="History of newspaper publishing">history of newspaper publishing</a> began in Germany in 1609, with the <a href="/wiki/Magazine#History" title="Magazine">publishing of magazines</a> following in 1663. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_discipline">University discipline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: University discipline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_England">In England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In England">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English studies</a></div> In late 1820s England, growing political and social awareness, "particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Utilitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarians">utilitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Benthamites</a>, promoted the possibility of including courses in English literary study in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/London_University" class="mw-redirect" title="London University">London University</a>". This further developed into the idea of the study of literature being "the ideal carrier for the propagation of the humanist cultural myth of a well educated, culturally harmonious nation".<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America">America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_literature_(academic_discipline)" title="American literature (academic discipline)">American literature (academic discipline)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_literature">Women and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Women and literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_poetry#Women_poets_in_the_18th_century" title="English poetry">English poetry § Women poets in the 18th century</a></div> The widespread education of women was not common until the nineteenth century, and because of this, literature until recently was mostly <a href="/wiki/Western_canon#Historical_exclusion_of_women" title="Western canon">male dominated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> George Sand was an idea. She has a unique place in our age. Others are great men ... she was a great woman. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, Les funérailles de George Sand<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></cite></div> </div> There were few English-language women poets whose names are remembered until the twentieth century. In the <a href="/wiki/English_poetry#Victorian_poetry" title="English poetry">nineteenth century</a> some notable individuals include <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a> (see <a href="/wiki/American_poetry" title="American poetry">American poetry</a>). But while generally women are absent from the European canon of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic literature</a>, there is one notable exception, the French novelist and memoirist Amantine Dupin (1804 – 1876) best known by her <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> One of the more popular writers in Europe in her lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-Eisler_2018-85">[84]</a> being more renowned than both <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> in England in the 1830s and 1840s,<a href="#cite_note-Thomson_1972-86">[85]</a> Sand is recognised as one of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> (1775 – 1817) is the first major English woman novelist, while <a href="/wiki/Aphra_Behn" title="Aphra Behn">Aphra Behn</a> is an early female dramatist. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prizes in Literature</a> have been awarded between 1901 and 2020 to 117 individuals: 101 men and 16 women. <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> (1858 – 1940) was the first woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-:0j-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminist scholars</a> have since the twentieth century sought to <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)#Rediscovering_ignored_works_from_the_past" title="Women's writing (literary category)">expand the literary canon</a> to include more women writers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_literature">Children's literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Children's literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinocchio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/180px-Pinocchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/270px-Pinocchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pinocchio.jpg/360px-Pinocchio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a> (1883) is a canonical piece of children's literature and <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">one of the best-selling books</a> ever published.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> A separate genre of children's literature only began to emerge in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nikola-89">[88]</a>: x–xi  The earliest of these books were educational books, books on conduct, and simple ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic letters.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_and_criticism">Study and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Study and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_theory">Literary theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literary theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Literary theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature#The_philosophy_of_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">Philosophy and literature § The philosophy of literature</a></div> A fundamental question of <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a> is "what is literature?" – although many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that "literature" cannot be defined or that it can refer to any use of language.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_fiction">Literary fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literary fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Western_canon#Literary_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon § Literary canon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parnaso_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Parnaso_09.jpg/220px-Parnaso_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Parnaso_09.jpg/330px-Parnaso_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Parnaso_09.jpg/440px-Parnaso_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Sanzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael Sanzio">Raphael</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Parnassus" title="The Parnassus">Parnassus</a> fresco (1511), key figures in the Western canon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">Literary fiction</a> is a term used to describe fiction that explores any facet of the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>, and may involve <a href="/wiki/Social_commentary" title="Social commentary">social commentary</a>. It is often regarded as having more artistic merit than <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">genre fiction</a>, especially the most commercially oriented types, but this has been contested in recent years, with the serious study of genre fiction within universities.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The following, by the British author <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a> on the short story, might be applied to all prose fiction: <blockquote>[short stories] seem to answer something very deep in our nature as if, for the duration of its telling, something special has been created, some essence of our experience extrapolated, some temporary sense has been made of our common, turbulent journey towards the grave and oblivion.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></blockquote> The very best in literature is annually recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, which is awarded to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).<a href="#cite_note-nobelorglit-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-swedishref-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_value_of_imaginative_literature">The value of imaginative literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The value of imaginative literature">edit</a>]</div> Some researchers suggest that literary fiction can play a role in an individual's psychological development.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Psychologists have also been using literature as a therapeutic tool.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Psychologist Hogan argues for the value of the time and emotion that a person devotes to understanding a character's situation in literature;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201110-99">[98]</a> that it can unite a large community by provoking universal emotions, as well as allowing readers access to different cultures, and new emotional experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201111-100">[99]</a> One study, for example, suggested that the presence of familiar cultural values in literary texts played an important impact on the performance of minority students.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Maslow's</a> ideas help literary critics understand how characters in literature reflect their personal culture and the history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis198661-102">[101]</a> The theory suggests that literature helps an individual's struggle for self-fulfillment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis198625-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nezami,_S._R._A._2012-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_value">Aesthetic value</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aesthetic value">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic judgment">Aesthetic judgment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">Value judgment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_influence_of_religious_texts">The influence of religious texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The influence of religious texts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version#Influence" title="King James Version">King James Version § Influence</a></div> Religion has had a major influence on literature, through works like the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the Bible,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language", "the most important book in English religion and culture", and "arguably the most celebrated book in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> principally because of its literary style and widespread distribution. Prominent <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> figures such as the late <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a> have praised the King James Version as being "a giant step in the maturing of English literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins adding: "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Societies in which <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preaching</a> has great importance, and those in which religious structures and <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">authorities</a> have a near-monopoly of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">reading and writing</a> and/or a censorship role (as, for example, in the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>), may impart a religious gloss[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to much of the literature those societies produce or retain. The traditions of <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">close study</a> of religious texts has furthered the development of techniques and theories in <a href="/wiki/Literary_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary studies">literary studies</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligramme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calligramme.jpg/250px-Calligramme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Calligramme.jpg/330px-Calligramme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Calligramme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Calligram" title="Calligram">calligram</a> by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>. These are a type of poem in which the written words are arranged in such a way to produce a visual image.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></div> Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> by its greater use of the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> qualities of language, including musical devices such as <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a>, and by being set in <a href="/wiki/Line_(poetry)" title="Line (poetry)">lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verses</a> rather than paragraphs, and more recently its use of other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-oedpoetry-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreminger1993938-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreminger1993939-114">[113]</a> This distinction is complicated by various hybrid forms such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_poetry" title="Digital poetry">digital poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_poetry" title="Sound poetry">sound poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete_poetry" title="Concrete poetry">concrete poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prose_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Prose poem">prose poem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreminger1993981-115">[114]</a> and more generally by the fact that prose possesses rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreminger1993979-116">[115]</a> Abram Lipsky refers to it as an "open secret" that "prose is not distinguished from poetry by lack of rhythm".<a href="#cite_note-lipsky-117">[116]</a> Prior to the 19th century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines: "any kind of subject consisting of Rhythm or Verses".<a href="#cite_note-oedpoetry-112">[111]</a> Possibly as a result of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s influence (his <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a>), "poetry" before the 19th century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Ross,_The_Emergence_of_Literature:_Making_and_Reading_the_English_Canon_in_the_Eighteenth_Century,_398-118">[117]</a> As a form it may pre-date <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition;<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-magoun-120">[119]</a> hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></div> As noted above, prose generally makes far less use of the aesthetic qualities of language than poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreminger1993938-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreminger1993939-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> However, developments in modern literature, including <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prose_poetry" title="Prose poetry">prose poetry</a> have tended to blur the differences, and poet <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a> suggested that while "the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verse</a> and prose is clear, the distinction between poetry and prose is obscure".<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">verse novels</a>, a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a> (1831) by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> is the most famous example.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, "recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an 'invention' properly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a>".<a href="#cite_note-graff-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was a major influence on the development of prose in many European countries. Especially important was the great Roman orator <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> It was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among literate Europeans until quite recent times, and the great works of <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> (1596 – 1650), <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> (1561 – 1626), and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a> (1632 – 1677) were published in Latin. Among the last important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Swedenborg</a> (d. 1772), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> (d. 1778), <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a> (d. 1783), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> (d. 1855), and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (d. 1727). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novel">Novel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Novel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/220px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/330px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/440px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great German writers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertext fiction</a></div> A novel is a long fictional narrative, usually written in prose. In English, the term emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> in the late 15th century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction.<a href="#cite_note-sommerville-126">[125]</a> The romance is a closely related long prose narrative. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> defined it as "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvelous and uncommon incidents", whereas in the novel "the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of society".<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Other European languages do not distinguish between romance and novel: "a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo",<a href="#cite_note-Doody_1996,_p._15-128">[127]</a> indicates the proximity of the forms.<a href="#cite_note-brooklyn-129">[128]</a> Although there are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200619-130">[129]</a> the modern novel form emerges late in cultural history—roughly during the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200620-131">[130]</a> Initially subject to much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both popularly and critically.<a href="#cite_note-brooklyn-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200629-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novella">Novella</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Novella">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></div> The publisher <a href="/wiki/Melville_House_Publishing" title="Melville House Publishing">Melville House</a> classifies the novella as "too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story".<a href="#cite_note-antrim-134">[133]</a> Publishers and literary award societies typically consider a novella to be between 17,000 and 40,000 words.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_story">Short story</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Short story">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></div> A dilemma in defining the "short story" as a literary form is how to, or whether one should, distinguish it from any short narrative and its contested origin,<a href="#cite_note-boyd-136">[135]</a> that include the Bible, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-colibaba-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graphic_novel">Graphic novel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Graphic novel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></div> Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of artwork, dialogue, and text. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_literature">Electronic literature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Electronic literature">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic literature</a> is a literary genre consisting of works created exclusively on and for <a href="/wiki/Digital_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital devices">digital devices</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</div> Common literary examples of non-fiction include, the essay; <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel literature</a>; biography, autobiography and memoir; journalism; <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letter</a>; diary; history, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_literature#Philosophical_writing_as_literature" title="Philosophy and literature">philosophy</a>, economics; <a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">scientific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">technical</a> writings.<a href="#cite_note-auto-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Non-fiction can fall within the broad category of literature as "any collection of written work", but some works fall within the narrower definition "by virtue of the excellence of their writing, their originality and their general aesthetic and artistic merits".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuddon1998472-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Drama">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg/250px-Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Cover of a 1921 libretto for <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Giordano" title="Umberto Giordano">Giordano</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="Andrea Chénier">Andrea Chénier</a></figcaption></figure> Drama is literature intended for performance.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The form is combined with music and dance in opera and musical theatre (see <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a>). A play is a written dramatic work by a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> between characters. A <a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a>, by contrast, is written to be read rather than to be performed; the meaning of which can be realized fully on the page.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently. The earliest form of which there exists substantial knowledge is <a href="/wiki/Greek_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek theatre">Greek drama</a>. This developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical, or <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythological</a> themes, In the twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">scripts</a> written for non-stage media have been added to this form, including <a href="/wiki/Radio_drama" title="Radio drama">radio</a>, television and film. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Law">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_literature">Law and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Law and literature">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Law_and_literature" title="Law and literature">law and literature</a> movement focuses on the interdisciplinary connection between law and literature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Copyright">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_copyright" title="History of copyright">History of copyright</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a> is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a <a href="/wiki/Creative_work" title="Creative work">creative work</a>, usually for a limited time.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-146">[145]</a> The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Literary works have been protected by copyright law from unauthorized reproduction since at least 1710.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Literary works are defined by copyright law to mean "any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and accordingly includes (a) a table or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer program, (c) preparatory design material for a computer program, and (d) a database."<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Literary works are all works of literature; that is all works expressed in print or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law of the United States</a> has a long and complicated history, dating back to colonial times. It was established as federal law with the Copyright Act of 1790. This act was updated many times, including a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">major revision in 1976</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">copyright law of the European Union</a> is the copyright law applicable within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Copyright law is largely harmonized in the Union, although country to country differences exist. The body of law was implemented in the EU through a number of <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directives</a>, which the member states need to enact into their national law. The main copyright directives are the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a>. Copyright in the Union is furthermore dependent on international conventions to which the European Union is a member (such as the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> and conventions to which all Member States are parties (such as the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>)). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copyright_in_communist_countries">Copyright in communist countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Copyright in communist countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Russia">Copyright in Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">Copyright law of the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copyright_in_Japan">Copyright in Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Copyright in Japan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Japan">Japan</a> was a party to the original <a href="/wiki/Berne_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne convention">Berne convention</a> in 1899, so its copyright law is in sync with most international regulations. The convention protected copyrighted works for 50 years after the author's death (or 50 years after publication for unknown authors and corporations). However, in 2004 Japan extended the copyright term to 70 years for cinematographic works. At the end of 2018, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> negotiations, the 70-year term was applied to all works.<a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs_Text-153">[152]</a> This new term is not applied retroactively; works that had entered the public domain between 1999 and 2018 by expiration would remain in the public domain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Censorship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuzma_petrov-vodkin,_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova,_1922.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kuzma_petrov-vodkin%2C_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova%2C_1922.JPG/250px-Kuzma_petrov-vodkin%2C_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova%2C_1922.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kuzma_petrov-vodkin%2C_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova%2C_1922.JPG/330px-Kuzma_petrov-vodkin%2C_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova%2C_1922.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kuzma_petrov-vodkin%2C_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova%2C_1922.JPG/500px-Kuzma_petrov-vodkin%2C_ritratto_di_anna_akhmatova%2C_1922.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a> (1922), whose works were condemned and censored by the <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalinist</a> authorities</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Book censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre censorship">Theatre censorship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Film censorship</a></div> Censorship of literature is employed by states, religious organizations, educational institutions, etc., to control what can be portrayed, spoken, performed, or written.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuddon1998118–122"Censorship"-154">[153]</a> Generally such bodies attempt to ban works for <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">political reasons</a>, or because they deal with other controversial matters such as race, or <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">sex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> A notable example of censorship is <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, which has been described by Russian-American novelist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> as a "divine work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th century prose.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> It was <a href="/wiki/Obscenity_trial_of_Ulysses_in_The_Little_Review" title="Obscenity trial of Ulysses in The Little Review">banned in the United States from 1921 until 1933</a> on the grounds of obscenity. Nowadays it is a central literary text in English literature courses, throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">awards</a> recognizing achievements and contributions in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are typically limited in scope, usually on: form, genre, language, nationality and output (e.g. for first-time writers or <a href="/wiki/Debut_novel" title="Debut novel">debut novels</a>).<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> was one of the six <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prizes">Nobel Prizes</a> established by the will of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in 1895,<a href="#cite_note-nobelfacts-159">[158]</a> and is awarded to an author on the basis of their body of work, rather than to, or for, a particular work itself.<a href="#cite_note-160">[note 2]</a> Other literary prizes for which all nationalities are eligible include: the <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Neustadt International Prize for Literature">Neustadt International Prize for Literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Man_Booker_International_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Booker International Prize">Man Booker International Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Hugo Award</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guardian_First_Book_Award" title="Guardian First Book Award">Guardian First Book Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Prize" title="Franz Kafka Prize">Franz Kafka Prize</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/40px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/60px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_literature_articles" title="Index of literature articles">Index of literature articles</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">List of literary movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">List of narrative techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">List of poetry groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_genres" title="List of writing genres">List of writing genres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_associations_researching_children%27s_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of associations researching children's literature (page does not exist)">List of associations researching children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">Literary agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Literary magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline of literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_modes" title="Rhetorical modes">Rhetorical modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction#As_serious_literature" title="Science fiction">Science fiction § As serious literature</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject within the field and has given rise to philological battles over its meaning in ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> However, in some instances a work has been cited in the explanation of why the award was given. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OD-1"><a href="#cite_ref-OD_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature">"Literature: definition"</a>. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610161527/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/literature">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literature%3A+definition&rft.pub=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fliterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRettberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Rettberg, Scott (2019). Electronic literature. Cambridge, UK Medford, MA: Polity press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-1677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-1677-3"><bdi>978-1-5095-1677-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+Medford%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity+press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-1677-3&rft.aulast=Rettberg&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody1987-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody1987_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoody1987">Goody 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-archive-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoody" class="citation web cs1">Goody, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/oral-literature">"Oral literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214104037/https://www.britannica.com/art/oral-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+literature&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Foral-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988">; see also <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nybookeditors.com/2018/07/what-is-literary-fiction/">A Beginner's Guide to Literary Fiction" | NY Book Editors</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Girolimon, Mars. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snhu.edu/about-us/newsroom/liberal-arts/types-of-genres">"Types of Genres: A Literary Guide"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_New_Hampshire_University" title="Southern New Hampshire University">Southern New Hampshire University</a>, 11 December 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRexroth" class="citation web cs1">Rexroth, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/literature">"literature | Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729030437/https://www.britannica.com/art/literature">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=literature+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Characteristics%2C+Genres%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts&rft.aulast=Rexroth&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fliterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_8-1">b</a> OED[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Leitch_''et_al.'',_''The_Norton_Anthology_of_Theory_and_Criticism'',_28-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Leitch_''et_al.'',_''The_Norton_Anthology_of_Theory_and_Criticism'',_28_9-0">^</a> Leitch et al., The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-oetyd-10"><a href="#cite_ref-oetyd_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0">"literature (n.)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162614/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=literature&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=literature+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dliterature%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer-11"><a href="#cite_ref-meyer_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Jim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.und.nodak.edu/dept/linguistics/wp/1997Meyer.htm">"What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes"</a>. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of North Dakota Session. 41 (1). Retrieved 11 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Work+Papers+of+the+Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics+and+University+of+North+Dakota+Session&rft.atitle=What+is+Literature%3F+A+Definition+Based+on+Prototypes&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.und.nodak.edu%2Fdept%2Flinguistics%2Fwp%2F1997Meyer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinnegan1974" class="citation journal cs1">Finnegan, Ruth (1974). "How Oral Is Oral Literature?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 37 (1): 52–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00094842">10.1017/s0041977x00094842</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/614104">614104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190730645">190730645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=How+Oral+Is+Oral+Literature%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190730645%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F614104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00094842&rft.aulast=Finnegan&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFField2005" class="citation book cs1">Field, Syd (2005). "Introduction". Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting. Delta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0440582731" title="Special:BookSources/978-0440582731"><bdi>978-0440582731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Screenplay%3A+The+Foundations+of+Screenwriting&rft.pub=Delta&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0440582731&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Syd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEagleton20089-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEagleton20089_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEagleton2008">Eagleton 2008</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-Biswas,_''Critique_of_Poetics'',_538-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Biswas,_''Critique_of_Poetics'',_538_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBiswas2005" class="citation book cs1">Biswas, A.R. 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Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0377-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0377-1"><bdi>978-81-269-0377-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114731/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dpqORJYizkC&q=%22the%20best%20expression%20of%20the%20best%20thought%20reduced%20to%20writing%22&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Poetics&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0377-1&rft.aulast=Biswas&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dpqORJYizkC%26q%3D%2522the%2520best%2520expression%2520of%2520the%2520best%2520thought%2520reduced%2520to%2520writing%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlier-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlier_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlier_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Sian (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-26/study-dates-victorian-volcano-that-buried-a-human-made-axe/11991290">"Study dates Victorian volcano that buried a human-made axe"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908041638/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-26/study-dates-victorian-volcano-that-buried-a-human-made-axe/11991290">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Study+dates+Victorian+volcano+that+buried+a+human-made+axe&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Sian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-02-26%2Fstudy-dates-victorian-volcano-that-buried-a-human-made-axe%2F11991290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatchanPhillips2020-17"><a href="#cite_ref-MatchanPhillips2020_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatchanPhillipsJourdanOostingh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Matchan, Erin L.; Phillips, David; Jourdan, Fred; Oostingh, Korien (2020). "Early human occupation of southeastern Australia: New insights from 40Ar/39Ar dating of young volcanoes". Geology. 48 (4): 390–394. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Geo....48..390M">2020Geo....48..390M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG47166.1">10.1130/G47166.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214357121">214357121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Early+human+occupation+of+southeastern+Australia%3A+New+insights+from+40Ar%2F39Ar+dating+of+young+volcanoes&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E390-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG47166.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214357121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Geo....48..390M&rft.aulast=Matchan&rft.aufirst=Erin+L.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+David&rft.au=Jourdan%2C+Fred&rft.au=Oostingh%2C+Korien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKay1999p1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKay1999p1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKay1999p1_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Miles_Foley._"What's_in_a_Sign"1999" class="citation book cs1">John Miles Foley. 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Brill Academic. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004112735" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004112735"><bdi>978-9004112735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+Orality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004112735&rft.au=John+Miles+Foley.+%27%27%22What%27s+in+a+Sign%22%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkfRvkgDTOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2017" class="citation book cs1">Francis, Norbert (2017). Bilingual and Multicultural Perspectives on Poetry, Music, and Narrative: The science of art. 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Lopez Jr. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43799/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf">"Authority and Orality in the Mahāyāna"</a> (PDF). Numen. 42 (1). Brill Academic: 21–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598800">10.1163/1568527952598800</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43799">2027.42/43799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270278">3270278</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101012117/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43799/1/11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Authority+and+Orality+in+the+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598800&rft.au=Donald+S.+Lopez+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F43799%2F1%2F11076_1995_Article_1568527952598800.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/The-Pali-canon-Tipitaka">"Buddhism - The Pali canon (Tipitaka) | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317054833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Buddhism/The-Pali-canon-Tipitaka">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28128-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28128-7"><bdi>978-0-415-28128-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=37Ikbo9P4M8C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orality+and+Literacy%3A+The+Technologizing+of+the+Word&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28128-7&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37Ikbo9P4M8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Reece, Steve. "Orality and Literacy: Ancient Greek Literature as Oral Literature", in David Schenker and Martin Hose (eds.), Companion to Greek Literature (Oxford: Blackwell, 2015) 43–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30640456/Orality_and_Literacy_Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature">Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101220823/https://www.academia.edu/30640456/Orality_and_Literacy_Ancient_Greek_Literature_as_Oral_Literature">Archived</a> 1 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Gagarin1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael Gagarin (1999). E. Anne MacKay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkfRvkgDTOsC">Signs of Orality</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 163–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004112735" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004112735"><bdi>978-9004112735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+Orality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004112735&rft.au=Michael+Gagarin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkfRvkgDTOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Kullmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Kullmann (1999). E. Anne MacKay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkfRvkgDTOsC">Signs of Orality</a>. Brill Academic. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004112735" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004112735"><bdi>978-9004112735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signs+of+Orality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004112735&rft.au=Wolfgang+Kullmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkfRvkgDTOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Scheid2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Scheid" title="John Scheid">John Scheid</a> (2006). Clifford Ando and Jörg Rüpke (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ5JP8gZgJEC&pg=PA17">Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 17–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08854-1"><bdi>978-3-515-08854-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820001803/https://books.google.com/books?id=uZ5JP8gZgJEC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Law+in+Classical+and+Christian+Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08854-1&rft.au=John+Scheid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuZ5JP8gZgJEC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKroeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, Karl, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe">Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends</a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe/page/n11">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1541-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Storytelling%3A+A+Reader+of+Myths+and+Legends&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1541-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanst00kroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKroeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, Karl, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe">Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends</a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe/page/n13">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1541-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Storytelling%3A+A+Reader+of+Myths+and+Legends&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1541-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanst00kroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKroeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Kroeber, Karl, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe">Native American Storytelling: A Reader of Myths and Legends</a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanst00kroe/page/n12">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1541-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Storytelling%3A+A+Reader+of+Myths+and+Legends&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1541-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnativeamericanst00kroe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoucleffGreenhalgh2019" class="citation news cs1">Doucleff, Michaeleen; Greenhalgh, Jane (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/03/13/685533353/a-playful-way-to-teach-kids-to-control-their-anger">"How Inuit Parents Teach Kids To Control Their Anger"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026061927/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/03/13/685533353/a-playful-way-to-teach-kids-to-control-their-anger">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+Inuit+Parents+Teach+Kids+To+Control+Their+Anger&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Doucleff&rft.aufirst=Michaeleen&rft.au=Greenhalgh%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2019%2F03%2F13%2F685533353%2Fa-playful-way-to-teach-kids-to-control-their-anger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiko2023" class="citation journal cs1">Diko, Mlamli (28 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssbfnet.com/ojs/index.php/ijrbs/article/view/2427">"The retainment of South African indigenous languages: a systemic literature review"</a>. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478). 12 (5): 306–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20525%2Fijrbs.v12i5.2427">10.20525/ijrbs.v12i5.2427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2147-4478">2147-4478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Research+in+Business+and+Social+Science+%282147-+4478%29&rft.atitle=The+retainment+of+South+African+indigenous+languages%3A+a+systemic+literature+review&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20525%2Fijrbs.v12i5.2427&rft.issn=2147-4478&rft.aulast=Diko&rft.aufirst=Mlamli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssbfnet.com%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fijrbs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> See, e.g., Thomas Conley, Rhetoric in the European Tradition (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, 1991). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> See, for instance <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParlorJohnstone1996" class="citation journal cs1">Parlor, Burkean; Johnstone, Henry W. (1996). "On schiappa versus poulakos". Rhetoric Review. 14 (2): 438–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07350199609389075">10.1080/07350199609389075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+Review&rft.atitle=On+schiappa+versus+poulakos&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E438-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07350199609389075&rft.aulast=Parlor&rft.aufirst=Burkean&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1981" class="citation journal cs1">Green, M.W. (1981). "The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System". Visible Language. 15 (4): 345–372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visible+Language&rft.atitle=The+Construction+and+Implementation+of+the+Cuneiform+Writing+System.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster200119-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster200119_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster2001">Foster 2001</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_et_al._''The_Literature_of_Ancient_Sumer'',_xix_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackCunninghamRobson2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor, eds. (2006). The literature of ancient Sumer. Oxford: OUP. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929633-0"><bdi>978-0-19-929633-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+literature+of+ancient+Sumer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929633-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster20017-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster20017_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster2001">Foster 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Lichtheim" title="Miriam Lichtheim">Lichtheim, Miriam</a> (1975). Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1. London: University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02899-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02899-6">0-520-02899-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1888">Jacobs 1888</a>, Introduction, page xv; <a href="#CITEREFRyder1925">Ryder 1925</a>, Translator's introduction, quoting Hertel: "the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient." </li> <li id="cite_note-niti-41"><a href="#cite_ref-niti_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyder1925">Ryder 1925</a> Translator's introduction: "The Panchatantra is a niti-shastra, or textbook of niti. The word niti means roughly "the wise conduct of life." Western civilization must endure a certain shame in realizing that no precise equivalent of the term is found in English, French, Latin, or Greek. Many words are therefore necessary to explain what niti is, though the idea, once grasped, is clear, important, and satisfying." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992356-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992356_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan199139-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan199139_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllan1991">Allan (1991)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (AD 127–200), Shipu xu 詩譜序. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos 1–4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00326-2">0-691-00326-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-philosophy#ref171469">"Chinese philosophy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502233005/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112694/Chinese-philosophy#ref171469">Archived</a> 2 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, online </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinHo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Liang-Hung; Ho, Yu-Ling (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585190903239757">"Confucian dynamism, culture and ethical changes in Chinese societies – a comparative study of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong"</a>. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 20 (11): 2402–2417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09585190903239757">10.1080/09585190903239757</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-5192">0958-5192</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153789769">153789769</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421071814/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585190903239757">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Human+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=Confucian+dynamism%2C+culture+and+ethical+changes+in+Chinese+societies+%E2%80%93+a+comparative+study+of+China%2C+Taiwan%2C+and+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2402-%3C%2Fspan%3E2417&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153789769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0958-5192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09585190903239757&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Liang-Hung&rft.au=Ho%2C+Yu-Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09585190903239757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> see e.g. <a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957</a>, p. 3; Witzel, Michael, "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in: <a href="#CITEREFFlood2003">Flood 2003</a>, p. 68; <a href="#CITEREFMacDonell2004">MacDonell 2004</a>, pp. 29–39; Sanskrit literature (2003) in Philip's Encyclopedia. Accessed 2007-08-09 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Sanujit Ghose (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/230/">Religious Developments in Ancient India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730065808/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/230/religious-developments-in-ancient-india/">Archived</a> 30 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in Ancient History Encyclopedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_50-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a> sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was compiled from as early as 1500 BC over a period of several centuries. <a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019135909/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA399">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC%26pg%3DPA399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SharmaGaur2000-52"><a href="#cite_ref-SharmaGaur2000_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._R._S._SharmaJune_GaurSahitya_Akademi_(New_Delhi,_Inde).2000" class="citation book cs1">T. R. S. Sharma; June Gaur; Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi, Inde). (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137">Ancient Indian Literature: An Anthology</a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0794-3"><bdi>978-81-260-0794-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019124522/https://books.google.com/books?id=IRp1PKX0BXoC&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Literature%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0794-3&rft.au=T.+R.+S.+Sharma&rft.au=June+Gaur&rft.au=Sahitya+Akademi+%28New+Delhi%2C+Inde%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRp1PKX0BXoC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic">"Ramayana | Summary, Characters, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065621/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ramayana+%7C+Summary%2C+Characters%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRamayana-Indian-epic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lutgendorf_1991,_p._1-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Lutgendorf_1991,_p._1_54-0">^</a> Lutgendorf, Philip (1991). The Life of a Text. University of California Press. p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1967" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, John (1967). The Decipherment of Linear B (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69176-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-69176-6"><bdi>978-1-107-69176-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decipherment+of+Linear+B&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=101&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-107-69176-6&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> "The glimpse we have suddenly been given of the account books of a long-forgotten people..." </li> <li id="cite_note-VentrisChadwick-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VentrisChadwick_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VentrisChadwick_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VentrisChadwick_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVentrisChadwick1956" class="citation book cs1">Ventris, Michael; Chadwick, John (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkgPCAAAQBAJ&q=Why+have+no+works+of+Linear+B+literature+survived%3F&pg=PR29">Documents in Mycenaean Greek</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50341-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50341-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50341-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115310/https://books.google.com/books?id=AkgPCAAAQBAJ&q=Why+have+no+works+of+Linear+B+literature+survived%3F&pg=PR29">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xxix&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50341-0&rft.aulast=Ventris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkgPCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DWhy%2Bhave%2Bno%2Bworks%2Bof%2BLinear%2BB%2Bliterature%2Bsurvived%253F%26pg%3DPR29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCroallyHyde2011" class="citation book cs1">Croally, Neil; Hyde, Roy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-arAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Classical Literature: An Introduction</a>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136736629" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136736629"><bdi>978-1136736629</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=g-arAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Literature%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136736629&rft.aulast=Croally&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-arAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Nigel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece</a>. Routledge. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136788000" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136788000"><bdi>978-1136788000</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024215/https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136788000&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pXhAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomilly1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_de_Romilly" title="Jacqueline de Romilly">Romilly, Jacqueline de</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_DTllltXBQC&pg=PA1">A Short History of Greek Literature</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226143125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226143125"><bdi>978-0226143125</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_DTllltXBQC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0226143125&rft.aulast=Romilly&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_DTllltXBQC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bgr-60"><a href="#cite_ref-bgr_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraziosi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Graziosi" title="Barbara Graziosi">Graziosi, Barbara</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA15">Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521809665" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521809665"><bdi>978-0521809665</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCHsh9QWzLYC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Homer%3A+The+Early+Reception+of+Epic&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521809665&rft.aulast=Graziosi&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCHsh9QWzLYC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhlRoisman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dB27oJJb_NYC&pg=PA7">The Odyssey Re-formed</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801483356" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801483356"><bdi>978-0801483356</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024215/https://books.google.com/books?id=dB27oJJb_NYC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+Re-formed&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0801483356&rft.aulast=Ahl&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Roisman%2C+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdB27oJJb_NYC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatacz1996" class="citation book cs1">Latacz, Joachim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzRhA7q7ZuMC&pg=PA2">Homer, His Art and His World</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472083534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472083534"><bdi>978-0472083534</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810024216/https://books.google.com/books?id=JzRhA7q7ZuMC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer%2C+His+Art+and+His+World&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0472083534&rft.aulast=Latacz&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzRhA7q7ZuMC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToo2010" class="citation book cs1">Too, Yun Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGsVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">The Idea of the Library in the Ancient World</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199577804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199577804"><bdi>978-0199577804</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805075340/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGsVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+Library+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199577804&rft.aulast=Too&rft.aufirst=Yun+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGsVDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_R._MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis R. MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis R.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17xEDe6_Jt4C&pg=PA17">Christianizing Homer: The Odyssey, Plato, and the Acts of Andrew</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195358629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195358629"><bdi>978-0195358629</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630083720/https://books.google.com/books?id=17xEDe6_Jt4C&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianizing+Homer%3A+The+Odyssey%2C+Plato%2C+and+the+Acts+of+Andrew&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0195358629&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D17xEDe6_Jt4C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Aristophanes: Butts K.J.Dover (ed), Oxford University Press 1970, Intro. p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei20016-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei20016_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrei2001">Frei 2001</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomer20082_and_fn.3_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomer2008">Romer 2008</a>, p. 2 and fn.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiches2000" class="citation book cs1">Riches, John (2000). The Bible: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285343-1"><bdi>978-0-19-285343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285343-1&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Duckworth, George Eckel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3">The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104234/https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3&dq">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. 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London: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadbeliever00donn/page/n173">153</a>–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05097-6"><bdi>978-0-674-05097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Believers%3A+at+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05097-6&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadbeliever00donn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.aljazeera.net/followup/الوثائقية-تفتح-ملف-اللغة-العربية/">"الوثائقية تفتح ملف "اللغة العربية""</a>. الجزيرة الوثائقية (in Arabic). 8 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052303/https://doc.aljazeera.net/followup/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. 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Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429055915/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343624/Western-literature/15348/Christianity-and-the-church">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Western+literature+-+Medieval+literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FWestern-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. 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(Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Eisenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth L. Eisenstein">Elizabeth L. Eisenstein</a>, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (Cambridge University, 1980). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldsite.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/rraley/research/english/court.html">"Court: Institutionalizing English Literature"</a>. oldsite.english.ucsb.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021083037/http://oldsite.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/rraley/research/english/court.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldsite.english.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Court%3A+Institutionalizing+English+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foldsite.english.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frraley%2Fresearch%2Fenglish%2Fcourt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/cheryb/women/wlit.html">"Women and Literature"</a>. www.ibiblio.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024035024/http://www.ibiblio.org/cheryb/women/wlit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Women+and+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fcheryb%2Fwomen%2Fwlit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYZNeU6DiQAC&pg=PA771">Saturday Review</a>. Saturday Review. 1876. pp. 771ff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801231232/https://books.google.com/books?id=eYZNeU6DiQAC&pg=PA771">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturday+Review&rft.pages=771ff&rft.pub=Saturday+Review&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYZNeU6DiQAC%26pg%3DPA771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Kathleen (2004). Revolution and Women's Autobiography in Nineteenth-century France. 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University of Missouri Press. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germaine+de+Sta%C3%ABl%2C+George+Sand%2C+and+the+Victorian+Woman+Artist&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Linda+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisler_2018-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisler_2018_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisler2018" class="citation news cs1">Eisler, Benita (8 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-sand-review-monstre-sacre-1528489494">"'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré"</a>. WSJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923104833/https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-sand-review-monstre-sacre-1528489494">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=%27George+Sand%27+Review%3A+Monstre+Sacr%C3%A9&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Benita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fgeorge-sand-review-monstre-sacre-1528489494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson_1972-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_1972_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomson1972" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, Patricia (July 1972). "George Sand and English Reviewers: The First Twenty Years". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Review" title="Modern Language Review">Modern Language Review</a>. 67 (3): 501–516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3726119">10.2307/3726119</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3726119">3726119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Review&rft.atitle=George+Sand+and+English+Reviewers%3A+The+First+Twenty+Years&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E516&rft.date=1972-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3726119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3726119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0j-87"><a href="#cite_ref-:0j_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsas-Scott1997" class="citation book cs1">Forsas-Scott, Helena (1997). Swedish Women's Writing 1850-1995. London: The Athlone Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0485910039" title="Special:BookSources/0485910039"><bdi>0485910039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swedish+Women%27s+Writing+1850-1995&rft.place=London&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0485910039&rft.aulast=Forsas-Scott&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> ...remains the most translated Italian book and, after the Bible, the most widely read... by Francelia Butler, Children's Literature, Yale University Press, 1972. </li> <li id="cite_note-nikola-89"><a href="#cite_ref-nikola_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikolajeva1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikolajeva" title="Maria Nikolajeva">Nikolajeva, María</a>, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubZL9V1L9fEC&pg=PR9">Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29614-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29614-7"><bdi>978-0-313-29614-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727215518/https://books.google.com/books?id=ubZL9V1L9fEC&pg=PR9">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+and+Issues+in+the+History+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29614-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DubZL9V1L9fEC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Lyons, Martyn. 2011. Books: a living history. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Patrick (1 January 2002). ""Reception Moments," Modern Literary Theory, and the Teaching of Literature". Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 45 (7): 568–577. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40012241">40012241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescent+%26+Adult+Literacy&rft.atitle=%22Reception+Moments%2C%22+Modern+Literary+Theory%2C+and+the+Teaching+of+Literature&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E568-%3C%2Fspan%3E577&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40012241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Matthew Schneider-Mayerson, "Popular Fiction Studies: The Advantages of a New Field". Studies in Popular Culture, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Fall 2010), pp. 21-3 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyd" class="citation news cs1">Boyd, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story">"A short history of the short story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621042829/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+the+short+story&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fwilliam-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelorglit-94"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelorglit_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713233725/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-swedishref-95"><a href="#cite_ref-swedishref_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sutherland2007" class="citation news cs1">John Sutherland (13 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2189673,00.html">"Ink and Spit"</a>. Guardian Unlimited Books. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111074241/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2189673,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian+Unlimited+Books&rft.atitle=Ink+and+Spit&rft.date=2007-10-13&rft.au=John+Sutherland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Freview%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2189673%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOebel2001" class="citation book cs1">Oebel, Guido (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsaEQmwBEC&q=literature+importance+in+psychology+reading&pg=PT10">So-called "Alternative FLL-Approaches"</a>. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783640187799" title="Special:BookSources/9783640187799"><bdi>9783640187799</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414114736/https://books.google.com/books?id=vBcsaEQmwBEC&q=literature+importance+in+psychology+reading&pg=PT10">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So-called+%22Alternative+FLL-Approaches%22&rft.place=Norderstedt&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783640187799&rft.aulast=Oebel&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBcsaEQmwBEC%26q%3Dliterature%2Bimportance%2Bin%2Bpsychology%2Breading%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakinKellyShepherde_Rambures1989" class="citation book cs1">Makin, Michael; Kelly, Catriona; Shepher, David; de Rambures, Dominique (1989). Discontinuous Discourses in Modern Russian Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349198511" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349198511"><bdi>978-1349198511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discontinuous+Discourses+in+Modern+Russian+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1349198511&rft.aulast=Makin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Catriona&rft.au=Shepher%2C+David&rft.au=de+Rambures%2C+Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCullingford1998" class="citation book cs1">Cullingford, Cedric (1998). Children's Literature and its Effects. London: A&C Black. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304700924" title="Special:BookSources/0304700924"><bdi>0304700924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature+and+its+Effects&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0304700924&rft.aulast=Cullingford&rft.aufirst=Cedric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201110-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201110_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHogan2011">Hogan 2011</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan201111-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan201111_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHogan2011">Hogan 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamonLernerRenningerSigel2006" class="citation book cs1">Damon, William; Lerner, Richard; Renninger, Ann; Sigel, Irving (2006). Handbook of Child Psychology, Child Psychology in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471272876" title="Special:BookSources/0471272876"><bdi>0471272876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Child+Psychology%2C+Child+Psychology+in+Practice&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0471272876&rft.aulast=Damon&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Richard&rft.au=Renninger%2C+Ann&rft.au=Sigel%2C+Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis198661-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis198661_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParis1986">Paris 1986</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis198625-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis198625_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParis1986">Paris 1986</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nezami,_S._R._A._2012-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Nezami,_S._R._A._2012_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNezami2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nezami, S.R.A. (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?action=interpret&id=GALE%7CA283834622&v=2.1&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&authCount=1">"The use of figures of speech as a literary device—a specific mode of expression in English literature"</a>. Language in India. 12 (2): 659–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+India&rft.atitle=The+use+of+figures+of+speech+as+a+literary+device%E2%80%94a+specific+mode+of+expression+in+English+literature&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=659-&rft.date=2012-02&rft.aulast=Nezami&rft.aufirst=S.R.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Faction%3Dinterpret%26id%3DGALE%257CA283834622%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26p%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26authCount%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiches2022" class="citation book cs1">Riches, John (2022) [2000]. "The Bible in high and popular culture". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07dFEAAAQBAJ">The Bible: a Very Short Introduction</a>. Volume 14 in Very Short Introductions Series (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2021). p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198863335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198863335"><bdi>978-0198863335</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223053100/https://books.google.com/books?id=07dFEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022. <q>In its various translations, [the Bible] has had a formative influence on the language, the literature, the art, the music of all the major European and North American cultures. It continues to influence popular culture in films, novels, and music.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bible+in+high+and+popular+culture&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Volume+14+in+Very+Short+Introductions+Series&rft.pages=115&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0198863335&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07dFEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-arts">"Islamic arts - Islamic literatures"</a>. 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Poetry Bookshop: London, 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> For discussion of the basic categorical issues see (<a href="#CITEREFPreminger1993">Preminger 1993</a>, "Narrative Poetry"). </li> <li id="cite_note-graff-124"><a href="#cite_ref-graff_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraff2005" class="citation journal cs1">Graff, Richard (2005). "Prose versus Poetry in Early Greek Theories of Style". 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Romance should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlequin Romance">Harlequin Romance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Doody_1996,_p._15-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Doody_1996,_p._15_128-0">^</a> Doody (1996), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-brooklyn-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brooklyn_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brooklyn_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/novel.html">"The Novel"</a>. A Guide to the Study of Literature: A Companion Text for Core Studies 6, Landmarks of Literature. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222161435/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/novel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Literature%3A+A+Companion+Text+for+Core+Studies+6%2C+Landmarks+of+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Novel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Fenglish%2Fmelani%2Fcs6%2Fnovel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200619-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody200619_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoody2006">Goody 2006</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200620-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody200620_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoody2006">Goody 2006</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200629-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoody200629_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoody2006">Goody 2006</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranco_Moretti2006" class="citation book cs1">Franco Moretti, ed. 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Princeton: Princeton UP. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04948-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04948-9"><bdi>978-0-691-04948-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Novel+in+Search+of+Itself%3A+A+Historical+Morphology&rft.btitle=The+Novel%2C+Volume+2%3A+Forms+and+Themes&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04948-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-antrim-134"><a href="#cite_ref-antrim_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntrim2010" class="citation news cs1">Antrim, Taylor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/08/04/the-novella-is-making-a-comeback.html">"In Praise of Short"</a>. The Daily Beast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218182635/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/08/04/the-novella-is-making-a-comeback.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Short&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Antrim&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F08%2F04%2Fthe-novella-is-making-a-comeback.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319043837/http://sfwa.org/awards/faq.htm">"What's the definition of a "novella," "novelette," etc.?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfwa.org/awards/faq.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Writers+of+America&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+definition+of+a+%22novella%2C%22+%22novelette%2C%22+etc.%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfwa.org%2Fawards%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyd-136"><a href="#cite_ref-boyd_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyd" class="citation web cs1">Boyd, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story/#.Uxr1EoVVO-c">"A short history of the short story"</a>. Prospect Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703204216/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/william-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story/#.Uxr1EoVVO-c">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+the+short+story&rft.pub=Prospect+Magazine&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fwilliam-boyd-short-history-of-the-short-story%2F%23.Uxr1EoVVO-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colibaba-137"><a href="#cite_ref-colibaba_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColibaba2010" class="citation journal cs1">Colibaba, Ştefan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://synergy.ase.ro/issues/2010-vol6-no2/14-the-nature-of-the-short-story-attempts-at-definition.pdf">"The Nature of the Short Story: Attempts at Definition"</a> (PDF). Synergy. 6 (2): 220–230. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321144131/http://synergy.ase.ro/issues/2010-vol6-no2/14-the-nature-of-the-short-story-attempts-at-definition.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synergy&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+the+Short+Story%3A+Attempts+at+Definition&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Colibaba&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Etefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsynergy.ase.ro%2Fissues%2F2010-vol6-no2%2F14-the-nature-of-the-short-story-attempts-at-definition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_B._NeumanLinda_B._Gambrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Susan B. Neuman; Linda B. Gambrell, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzbNGWVonZIC">Quality Reading Instruction in the Age of Common Core Standards</a>. International Reading Association. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872074965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872074965"><bdi>978-0872074965</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414115008/https://books.google.com/books?id=mzbNGWVonZIC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quality+Reading+Instruction+in+the+Age+of+Common+Core+Standards&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=International+Reading+Association&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0872074965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzbNGWVonZIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuddon1998472-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuddon1998472_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuddon1998">Cuddon 1998</a>, p. 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElam1980" class="citation book cs1">Elam, Kier (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semioticsoftheat0000elam">The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama</a>. 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Retrieved 20 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+copyright&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright">"Definition of Copyright"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041518/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Copyright&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Nimmer on Copyright, vol. 2, § 8.01. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> "Intellectual property", Black's Law Dictionary, 10th ed. 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Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Understanding+Copyright+and+Related+Rights&rft.pages=4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fwipo_pub_909_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStim2013" class="citation web cs1">Stim, Rich (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/">"Copyright Basics FAQ"</a>. The Center for Internet and Society Fair Use Project. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611130447/https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/faqs/copyright-basics/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+Internet+and+Society+Fair+Use+Project&rft.atitle=Copyright+Basics+FAQ&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Stim&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairuse.stanford.edu%2Foverview%2Ffaqs%2Fcopyright-basics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_A._Tysver" class="citation web cs1">Daniel A. Tysver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html#ideas">"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law"</a>. Bitlaw. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173206/http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html#ideas">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Works+Unprotected+by+Copyright+Law&rft.pub=Bitlaw&rft.au=Daniel+A.+Tysver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitlaw.com%2Fcopyright%2Funprotected.html%23ideas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee_A._Hollaar" class="citation web cs1">Lee A. Hollaar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1.0/treatise9.html">"Legal Protection of Digital Information"</a>. p. Chapter 1: An Overview of Copyright, Section II.E. Ideas Versus Expression. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211829/http://digital-law-online.info/lpdi1.0/treatise9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Protection+of+Digital+Information&rft.pages=%27%27Chapter+1%3A+An+Overview+of+Copyright%27%27%2C+Section+II.E.+Ideas+Versus+Expression&rft.au=Lee+A.+Hollaar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital-law-online.info%2Flpdi1.0%2Ftreatise9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The Statute of Anne 1710 and the Literary Copyright Act 1842 used the term "book". However, since 1911 the statutes have referred to literary works. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/I/crossheading/descriptions-of-work-and-related-provisions">"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988"</a>. legislation.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171417/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/part/I/chapter/I/crossheading/descriptions-of-work-and-related-provisions">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Copyright%2C+Designs+and+Patents+Act+1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1988%2F48%2Fpart%2FI%2Fchapter%2FI%2Fcrossheading%2Fdescriptions-of-work-and-related-provisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> "University of London Press v. University Tutorial Press" [1916][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs_Text-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs_Text_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_Cultural_Affairs" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agency for Cultural Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/chosakuken/hokaisei/kantaiheiyo_hokaisei/pdf/r1408266_02.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">環太平洋パートナーシップ協定の法律）</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119052833/https://www.bunka.go.jp/seisaku/chosakuken/hokaisei/kantaiheiyo_hokaisei/pdf/r1408266_02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%92%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft.au=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Fseisaku%2Fchosakuken%2Fhokaisei%2Fkantaiheiyo_hokaisei%2Fpdf%2Fr1408266_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuddon1998118–122"Censorship"-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuddon1998118–122"Censorship"_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuddon1998">Cuddon 1998</a>, pp. 118–122, "Censorship". </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/bbooks/about">"About Banned & Challenged Books"</a>. ala.org. 25 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408084921/http://www.ala.org/bbooks/about">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ala.org&rft.atitle=About+Banned+%26+Challenged+Books&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fbbooks%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Nabokov, pp. 55, 57[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Ulysses has been called "the most prominent landmark in modernist literature", a work where life's complexities are depicted with "unprecedented, and unequalled, linguistic and stylistic virtuosity". The New York Times guide to essential knowledge, 3d ed. (2011), p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_StockKealey_Rigden2013" class="citation news cs1">John Stock; Kealey Rigden (15 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015075047/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookprizes/10139413/Man-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html">"Man Booker 2013: Top 25 literary prizes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">The Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookprizes/10139413/Man-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Man+Booker+2013%3A+Top+25+literary+prizes&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.au=John+Stock&rft.au=Kealey+Rigden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fbookprizes%2F10139413%2FMan-Booker-2013-Top-25-literary-prizes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelfacts-159"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelfacts_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/literature/index.html">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308200013/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/literature/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Ffacts%2Fliterature%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllan1991" class="citation cs1">Allan, Sarah (1991). The Shape of the Turtle: Myth, Art, and Cosmos in Early China. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0460-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-0460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+the+Turtle%3A+Myth%2C+Art%2C+and+Cosmos+in+Early+China&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0460-7&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a> (1992). A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012324-1"><bdi>978-3-11-012324-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Old+Chinese+Phonology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012324-1&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuddon1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._A._Cuddon" title="J. A. Cuddon">Cuddon, J. A.</a> (1998) [1977]. C.E. Preston (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflite00cudd_0/mode/1up">A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory</a> (4th rev. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20271-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20271-4"><bdi>0-631-20271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms+and+Literary+Theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-631-20271-4&rft.aulast=Cuddon&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflite00cudd_0%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEagleton2008" class="citation book cs1">Eagleton, Terry (2008). <a href="/wiki/Literary_Theory:_An_Introduction" title="Literary Theory: An Introduction">Literary Theory: An Introduction</a> (Anniversary, 2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7921-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-7921-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Theory%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Anniversary%2C+2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7921-8&rft.aulast=Eagleton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2003" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3251-5"><bdi>1-4051-3251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publ&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4051-3251-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogan2011" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, P. Colm (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Literature+Teaches+Us+about+Emotion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=P.+Colm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2001" class="citation cs1">Foster, John Lawrence (2001). Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72527-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72527-0"><bdi>978-0-292-72527-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72527-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrei2001" class="citation book cs1">Frei, Peter (2001). "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary". In Watts, James (ed.). Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589830158" title="Special:BookSources/9781589830158"><bdi>9781589830158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Imperial+Authorization%3A+A+Summary&rft.btitle=Persia+and+Torah%3A+The+Theory+of+Imperial+Authorization+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781589830158&rft.aulast=Frei&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoody1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Goody, Jack</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interfacebetween00good">The Interface Between the Written and the Oral</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33794-6"><bdi>978-0-521-33794-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interface+Between+the+Written+and+the+Oral&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33794-6&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterfacebetween00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoody2006" class="citation book cs1">Goody, Jack (2006). "From Oral to Written: An Anthropological Breakthrough in Storytelling". In Franco Moretti (ed.). The Novel, Volume 1: History, Geography, and Culture. Princeton: Princeton UP. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04947-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04947-2"><bdi>978-0-691-04947-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Oral+to+Written%3A+An+Anthropological+Breakthrough+in+Storytelling&rft.btitle=The+Novel%2C+Volume+1%3A+History%2C+Geography%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Princeton+UP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04947-2&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1888" class="citation cs1">Jacobs, Joseph (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earliestenglishv00doniuoft">The earliest English version of the Fables of Bidpai</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+English+version+of+the+Fables+of+Bidpai&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearliestenglishv00doniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonell2004" class="citation book cs1">MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2000-5"><bdi>978-81-208-2000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2000-5&rft.aulast=MacDonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParis1986" class="citation book cs1">Paris, B.J. (1986). Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature. Cranbury: <a href="/wiki/Associated_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated University Press">Associated University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Force+Psychology+and+the+Study+of+Literature&rft.place=Cranbury&rft.pub=Associated+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreminger1993" class="citation book cs1">Preminger, Alex; et al. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newprincetonency00alex">The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</a>. US: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02123-2"><bdi>978-0-691-02123-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.pub=US%3A+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02123-2&rft.aulast=Preminger&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewprincetonency00alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvapalli_Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S.</a>; Moore, C. A. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh">A Source Book in Indian Philosophy</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01958-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01958-1&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Moore%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookinindi00radh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomer2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Romer, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021035437/http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">"Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity"</a> (PDF). Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8, article 15: 2–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_92.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=Moses+Outside+the+Torah+and+the+Construction+of+a+Diaspora+Identity&rft.volume=8%2C+article+15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhsonline.org%2FArticles%2Farticle_92.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyder1925" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Ryder" title="Arthur W. Ryder">Ryder, Arthur W. (transl)</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n9/mode/2up">The Panchatantra</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7224-080-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7224-080-5"><bdi>81-7224-080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panchatantra&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=81-7224-080-5&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.+%28transl%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPanchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder%2FPanchatantra%2520-%2520Arthur%2520W%2520Ryder%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Encyclopedias</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Baldick" title="Chris Baldick">Baldick, Chris</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198715443.001.0001/acref-9780198715443">The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms</a> (Online Version) (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191783234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191783234"><bdi>978-0191783234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0191783234&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198715443.001.0001%2Facref-9780198715443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Greene" title="Roland Greene">Greene, Roland</a>; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC">The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</a> (4th rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15491-6"><bdi>978-0-691-15491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Poetry+and+Poetics&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=4th+rev.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15491-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKiC6IeFR2UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C">Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</a>. Springfield, Ma: Merriam-Webster. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-042-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-042-6"><bdi>0-87779-042-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Literature&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Ma&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-87779-042-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKNK1YwHcQ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonheim1982" class="citation book cs1">Bonheim, Helmut (1982). The Narrative Modes: Techniques of the Short Story. Cambridge: Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrative+Modes%3A+Techniques+of+the+Short+Story&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Brewer&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bonheim&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> An overview of several hundred short stories.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1967" class="citation journal cs1">Gillespie, Gerald (January 1967). "Novella, nouvelle, novella, short novel? — A review of terms". Neophilologus. 51 (1): 117–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01511303">10.1007/BF01511303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162102536">162102536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neophilologus&rft.atitle=Novella%2C+nouvelle%2C+novella%2C+short+novel%3F+%E2%80%94+A+review+of+terms&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1967-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01511303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162102536%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"></li> <li>MAZZEO, T. J. (2012). Some Caveats about Postulating a Regency Literature. Keats-Shelley Journal, 61, 57–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24396035">http://www.jstor.org/stable/24396035</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler" class="citation web cs1">Wheeler, L. Kip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/periods_lit_history.pdf">"Periods of Literary History"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Carson-Newman_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Carson-Newman University">Carson-Newman University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301021627/http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/documents/Periods_Lit_History.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Periods+of+Literary+History&rft.pub=Carson-Newman+University&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=L.+Kip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cn.edu%2Fkwheeler%2Fdocuments%2Fperiods_lit_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterature" class="Z3988"> Brief summary of major periods in literary history of the Western tradition.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Literature#Q8242" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Literature">Literature</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Literature <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Literature">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/">Project Gutenberg Online Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207044954/http://www.iblist.com/">Internet Book List</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">IMDb</a> but for books (archived 7 February 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/texts">Digital eBook Collection</a> – <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_humanities_field" title="List of people considered a founder in a humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literary_composition158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literary_composition" title="Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literary_composition" title="Template talk:Literary composition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literary_composition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literary composition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literary_composition158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Literary composition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Characterization" title="Characterization">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">Description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">Exposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_writing" title="Fiction writing">Fiction writing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">Writer's block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">Techniques</a> / devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Linguistic contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(literary)" title="Contrast (literary)">Literary contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Trope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_process" title="Writing process">Writing process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prewriting" title="Prewriting">Prewriting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(composition)" title="Assemblage (composition)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">Cut-up technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">Diegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">Pastiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">Writing style</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beyond the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation (sociological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/20px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/40px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Literature at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/literature" class="extiw" title="wikt:literature">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Literature" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Literature">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Literature" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Literature">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Literature" class="extiw" title="q:Literature">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Literature" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Literature">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Literature" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:Literature">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Literature" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Literature">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242" class="extiw" title="d:Q8242">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1891" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Literature</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 209 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-w9t5w","wgBackendResponseTime":292,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.289","walltime":"2.737","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13090,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":340256,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11998,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":519049,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2369.617 1 -total"," 35.85% 849.483 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.20% 288.994 58 Template:Cite_book"," 9.74% 230.688 31 Template:Cite_web"," 7.32% 173.553 21 Template:Sfn"," 5.70% 135.112 1 Template:Literature"," 5.67% 134.423 2 Template:Lang"," 5.35% 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