CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>South Sudan People's Defence Forces - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"edc54eb2-28ba-4eee-ae81-73cd8daa9520","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"South_Sudan_People's_Defence_Forces","wgTitle":"South Sudan People's Defence Forces","wgCurRevisionId":1246649830,"wgRevisionId":1246649830,"wgArticleId":19196675,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from March 2023","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from October 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020","Articles to be expanded from February 2023","All articles to be expanded","Vague or ambiguous time from June 2020","Articles with ibid from July 2019","Commons category link from Wikidata","Factions of the First Congo War","Factions of the Second Congo War","Factions of the Second Sudanese Civil War","Factions of the South Sudanese Civil War","Guerrilla organizations","Rebel groups in Sudan","Rebel groups in South Sudan","Military of South Sudan","Military units and formations established in 1983","1983 establishments in Sudan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "South_Sudan_People's_Defence_Forces","wgRelevantArticleId":19196675,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Sudan_People's_Liberation_Army","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q912908","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg/1200px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg/800px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg/640px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="South Sudan People's Defence Forces - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-South_Sudan_People_s_Defence_Forces rootpage-South_Sudan_People_s_Defence_Forces skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=South+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=South+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=South+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1983:_Inception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983:_Inception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1983: Inception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983:_Inception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>War in the 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_openings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_openings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Political openings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_openings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991:_Setback_and_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991:_Setback_and_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1991: Setback and split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991:_Setback_and_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_of_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Battles of 1992</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Mid-1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005_Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005_Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005_Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Ministry of Defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Southern Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017–2018:_SSPDF" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017–2018:_SSPDF"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>2017–2018: SSPDF</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017–2018:_SSPDF-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SPLA_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SPLA_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>SPLA organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SPLA_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defence expenditure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sudan People's Defence Forces</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جيش التحرير الشعبي السوداني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش التحرير الشعبي السوداني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streitkr%C3%A4fte_des_S%C3%BCdsudan" title="Streitkräfte des Südsudan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streitkräfte des Südsudan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur" title="Fuerzas Armadas de Sudán del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Armadas de Sudán del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_de_d%C3%A9fense_du_peuple_sud-soudanais" title="Forces de défense du peuple sud-soudanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces de défense du peuple sud-soudanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EB%B0%A9%EC%9C%84%EA%B5%B0" title="남수단 인민방위군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남수단 인민방위군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Pembebasan_Rakyat_Sudan" title="Angkatan Darat Pembebasan Rakyat Sudan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Darat Pembebasan Rakyat Sudan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercito_di_Liberazione_del_Popolo_del_Sudan" title="Esercito di Liberazione del Popolo del Sudan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercito di Liberazione del Popolo del Sudan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="צבא דרום סודאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא דרום סודאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_de_Libri_de_la_Popla_de_Sudan" title="Armada de Libri de la Popla de Sudan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Armada de Libri de la Popla de Sudan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Szud%C3%A1n_hadereje" title="Dél-Szudán hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Szudán hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne_Sudanu_Po%C5%82udniowego" title="Siły Zbrojne Sudanu Południowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siły Zbrojne Sudanu Południowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_do_Sud%C3%A3o_do_Sul" title="Forças Armadas do Sudão do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Armadas do Sudão do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вооружённые силы Южного Судана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вооружённые силы Южного Судана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcat_e_Armatosura_t%C3%AB_Sudanit_t%C3%AB_Jugut" title="Forcat e Armatosura të Sudanit të Jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forcat e Armatosura të Sudanit të Jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Национална армија Јужног Судана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална армија Јужног Судана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanesiska_folkets_befrielsearm%C3%A9" title="Sudanesiska folkets befrielsearmé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sudanesiska folkets befrielsearmé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%94%C9%94mt%C9%94%C5%8B_%C3%AB_Lu%CE%B5l%C3%ABbaai_de_K%C9%94c_ke_Thud%C3%A4n" title="Yɔɔmtɔŋ ë Luεlëbaai de Kɔc ke Thudän – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Yɔɔmtɔŋ ë Luεlëbaai de Kɔc ke Thudän" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Halk_Kurtulu%C5%9F_Ordusu" title="Sudan Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sudan Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Збройні сили Південного Судану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Збройні сили Південного Судану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%85%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="南苏丹武装力量 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南苏丹武装力量" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912908#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&oldid=1246649830" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&id=1246649830&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouth_Sudan_People%2527s_Defence_Forces"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouth_Sudan_People%2527s_Defence_Forces"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_of_South_Sudan" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912908" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army">Sudan People's Liberation Army</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combined military forces of South Sudan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Defence_Forces_(militia)" title="South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)">South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Defence" is spelt "Defense" in the name in some sources.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">South Sudan People's Defence Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_SPLA_(2011_to_present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of the South Sudan People's Defence Forces</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1983</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ground Force<br /><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Air_Force" title="South Sudan Air Force">Air Force</a> and Air Defence<br />Riverine/Navy<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bilpham, <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria</a><br />Malual-Chaat, <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a><br />Wunyiek, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Northern Bahr el Ghazal">Northern Bahr el Ghazal</a><br />Mapel, <a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of South Sudan">Commander-in-chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_and_Veterans_Affairs_(South_Sudan)" title="Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs (South Sudan)">Minister of Defence and Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chol_Thon_Balok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chol Thon Balok (page does not exist)">Chol Thon Balok </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chief of Defense Forces</th><td class="infobox-data">General <a href="/wiki/Santino_Deng_Wol" title="Santino Deng Wol">Santino Deng Wol</a> (since 11 April 2021)<sup id="cite_ref-chief_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chief-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">185,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">£10,240,750,031 <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">SSP</a> ($78,615,712) [2016/17] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.86% (2015 est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_Industry_Corporation" title="Military Industry Corporation">Military Industry Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_South_Sudan" title="List of wars involving South Sudan">Military history of South Sudan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a> <i>(SPLM)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li></ul> <p><i>(SPLM)</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khoriom_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khoriom Battalion (page does not exist)">Khoriom Battalion</a> Fierce Fighters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_Lou_Nuer" title="Disarmament of the Lou Nuer">Disarmament of the Lou Nuer</a> <i>(SPLM)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malakal" title="Battle of Malakal">Battle of Malakal</a> <i>(SPLM)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_border_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict">Heglig Crisis</a> <i>(SPLM)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a> <i>(SPLM)</i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_South_Sudan" title="Military ranks of South Sudan">Military ranks of South Sudan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>South Sudan People's Defence Forces</b> (<b>SSPDF</b>), formerly the <b>Sudan People's Liberation Army</b> (<b>SPLA</b>), is the military force of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">Republic of South Sudan</a>. The SPLA was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> movement against the government of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in 1983 and was a key participant of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a>. After Garang's death in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a> was named the SPLA's new Commander-in-Chief. As of 2010, the SPLA was divided into <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> of 10,000–14,000 soldiers. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> in 2005, the last remaining large and well-equipped militia, the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Defence_Forces_(militia)" title="South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)">South Sudan Defence Forces</a> (SSDF), under General <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Matiep" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulino Matiep">Paulino Matiep</a>, signed an agreement with Kiir known as the <a href="/wiki/Juba_Declaration_of_8_January_2006" title="Juba Declaration of 8 January 2006">Juba Declaration</a>, which amalgamated the two forces under the SPLA banner. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%27s_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan's independence">South Sudan's independence</a> in 2011, Kiir became President and the SPLA became the new republic's regular army. In May 2017 there was a restructure and the SPLA took on the name of <b>South Sudan Defence Forces</b> (<b>SSDF</b>), with another change in September 2018 to South Sudan People's Defence Forces. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the army was estimated to have 185,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Air_Force" title="South Sudan Air Force">South Sudan Air Force</a>. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the SSPDF comprised the Ground Force, Air Force, Air Defence Forces and Presidential Guard. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1983:_Inception">1983: Inception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1983: Inception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 May 1983 105 Battalion launched a mutiny in Malual-Chaat barrack, <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a> against the Sudanese army which later inspired a number of mutinies in the southern region<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including those at <a href="/wiki/Ayod" title="Ayod">Ayod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pochalla" title="Pochalla">Pochalla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pibor" title="Pibor">Pibor</a>. These mutinies led to the creation of the SPLA<sup id="cite_ref-scrollz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scrollz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its inception <a href="/wiki/John_Garang" title="John Garang">John Garang</a> was the SPLA's Commander-in-Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f210_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kerubino_Kuanyin_Bol" title="Kerubino Kuanyin Bol">Kerubino Kuanyin Bol</a> was appointed second ranking Commander, and <a href="/wiki/William_Nyuon_Bany" title="William Nyuon Bany">William Nyuon Bany</a> third.<sup id="cite_ref-scrollz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scrollz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By June 1983, the majority of mutineers had moved to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> or were on their way there. The Ethiopian government's decision to support the emerging SPLA was a means of exacting revenge upon the Sudanese government for its support of <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean rebels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-f252_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLA struggled for a united and secular Sudanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199490_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199490-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garang said the struggle of the South Sudanese was the same as that of marginalised groups in the north, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_peoples" title="Nuba peoples">Nuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_people" title="Fur people">Fur peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1985, the SPLA directed its public denouncements of the Sudanese government specifically at Sudanese President, <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry" title="Gaafar Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiry</a>. During the years that followed, SPLA propaganda denounced the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> government as a family affair that played on sectarian tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SPLA denounced the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law in September 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-a23_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_1980s">War in the 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War in the 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_SPLA_(until_2011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%28until_2011%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%28until_2011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%28until_2011%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%28until_2011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%28until_2011%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_SPLA_%28until_2011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Official flag of the Sudan People's Liberation Army until 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The first fully-fledged SPLA battalion graduated in 1984 in the village of Bilpam. The name 'Bilpam' carried great symbolic importance for SPLA for years to come, as the epicentre of the uprising. After Bilpam, other SPLA training camps were established at <a href="/wiki/Dimma_(woreda)" title="Dimma (woreda)">Dimma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonga" title="Bonga">Bonga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panyido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyido (page does not exist)">Panyido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-f252_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1980s the SPLA armed struggle blocked development projects of the Sudanese government, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bentiu" title="Bentiu">Bentiu</a> Oil Fields.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLA launched its first advance into <a href="/wiki/Equatoria" title="Equatoria">Equatoria</a> in 1985 and 1986. During this campaign, the SPLA were confronted by a number of pro-government militias. The conduct of SPLA forces was chaotic, with many atrocities against the civilian population. The SPLA drove out around 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandan</a> refugees (who had settled in Equatoria since the early 1980s) back into Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-a153_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLA had a complicated relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Anyanya_II" title="Anyanya II">Anyanya II</a>, a fellow southern Sudanese rebel group. The Anyanya II forces blocked the expansion of the SPLA between 1984 and 1987, as Anyanya II attacked SPLA recruits heading for Ethiopia. The Anyanya II also attacked civilians believed to be SPLA supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone19941_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone19941-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between Anyanya II and SPLA had a political dimension, as Anyanya II sought to build an independent southern Sudanese state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199427_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199427-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SPLA tried to win over the leaders of Anyanya II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199421-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anyanya II commander <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kong_Chuol" title="Gordon Kong Chuol">Gordon Kong Chuol</a> aligned with The SPLA in late 1987. Other sectors of the Anyanya II followed his example over the ensuing years, marginalizing the remainder of the Anyanya II who were allied with the Sudanese government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421,_23,_101_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199421,_23,_101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another force that confronted SPLA were the <i>Murahaleen</i> militias in northern <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el-Ghazal</a>. Warfare between SPLA and <i>Murahaleen</i> began in 1987. By 1988 SPLA controlled most of the northern Bahr el-Ghazal.<sup id="cite_ref-a153_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Anyanya II, the <i>Murahaleen</i> had no political ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199427_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199427-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1986, the SPLA kidnapped a Norwegian aid worker of the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> NGO Kirkens Nødhjelp (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Church_Aid" title="Norwegian Church Aid">Norwegian Church Aid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moorcroft writes that by this time, 'training, weapons, and discipline improved as the guerillas won more and more victories. In November 1987 the guerillas captured the small town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurmak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurmak (page does not exist)">Kurmak</a> near the Ethiopian border. It was 450 miles from the capital, but the nearby dam provided most of Khartoum's electricity.'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_openings">Political openings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political openings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SPLA boycotted the <a href="/wiki/1986_Sudanese_parliamentary_election" title="1986 Sudanese parliamentary election">1986 Sudanese parliamentary election</a>. In half of the constituencies of southern Sudan elections could not be held due to the SPLA boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 15, 1988, the SPLA entered into an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party_(Sudan)" title="Democratic Unionist Party (Sudan)">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP). The two groups agreed on the lifting of the state of emergency and abolition of Sharia law. The press release was made public through an announcement on Radio SPLA. After the DUP rejoined the government, a ceasefire with the SPLA was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the elections, negotiations between the SPLA and <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a> started, but were aborted after the SPLA shot down a civilian airplane, killing 60 people.<sup id="cite_ref-a20_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All peace talks ended following the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 Sudanese coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1989, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation</a> (RCC) invited different sectors to a 'National Dialogue Conference', but the SPLA refused to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLA launched a major offensive between 1989 and the fall of the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> government in 1991. It captured various towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waat" title="Waat">Waat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maridi" title="Maridi">Maridi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundri" title="Mundri">Mundri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yambio" title="Yambio">Yambio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaya,_South_Sudan" title="Kaya, South Sudan">Kaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajo_Keji" title="Kajo Keji">Kajo Keji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimule" title="Nimule">Nimule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapoeta" title="Kapoeta">Kapoeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torit" title="Torit">Torit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akobo,_South_Sudan" title="Akobo, South Sudan">Akobo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasir" title="Nasir">Nasir</a>. By the middle of 1991, the SPLA controlled most parts of southern Sudan with the exception of the major garrison towns (<a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yei,_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yei, South Sudan">Yei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199421-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between January 21 and 29, 1990, SPLA shelled Juba. SPLA forces also moved into the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a> and the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_State" title="Blue Nile State">Blue Nile State</a>. In comparison with its 1985–1986 offensive in Equatoria, the conduct of SPLA was now more orderly.<sup id="cite_ref-a153_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a153-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991:_Setback_and_split">1991: Setback and split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1991: Setback and split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg/220px-Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg/330px-Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg/440px-Generals_of_South_Sudan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>High-ranking SPLA officers at the South Sudan independence celebrations, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> government in Ethiopia in May 1991 proved to be a major setback. The Ethiopian government had provided the SPLA with military supplies, training facilities and a safe haven for bases for 18 years. Soon after the change of government in Ethiopia, the SPLA accompanied hundreds of thousands of refugees back into Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199421-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A split in the SPLA had simmered since late 1990, as <a href="/wiki/Lam_Akol" title="Lam Akol">Lam Akol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a> began to question Garang's leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199425_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199425-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akol began secretly contacting SPLA officers to join his side, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-f208_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f208-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation deteriorated after the fall of the Derg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199425_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199425-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Derg regime crumbled, Akol published a document titled <i>Why Garang Must Go Now</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-f208_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f208-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The split was made public on August 28, 1991, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Declaration">Nasir Declaration</a>. The dissidents called for democratization of SPLA, a stop to human rights abuses, and an independent southern Sudan (Garang's goal of creating a united and secular Sudan). Kong Coul joined the rebellion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The 'SPLA-Nasir' was joined by the SPLA forces in <a href="/wiki/Ayod" title="Ayod">Ayod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waat" title="Waat">Waat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adok" title="Adok">Adok</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abwong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abwong (page does not exist)">Abwong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ler,_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ler, South Sudan">Ler</a> and Akobo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199490_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199490-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A period of chaos reigned inside the SPLA, as it was not clear which units sided with Garang and which with the SPLA-Nasir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199491_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199491-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garang issued a statement through the SPLA radio communications system, denouncing the coup. Nine out of eleven (excluding himself) SPLA PMHC members sided with Garang.<sup id="cite_ref-f210_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mainstream SPLA led by Garang was based in <a href="/wiki/Torit" title="Torit">Torit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two SPLA factions fought each other, including attacks on civilians in their opponents' territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone19943_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone19943-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_of_1992">Battles of 1992</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battles of 1992"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 1992 the Sudanese government launched a major offensive against the SPLA, which was weakened by the split with the <a href="/wiki/SPLA-Nasir" title="SPLA-Nasir">SPLA-Nasir</a>. The SPLA lost control of Torit (where the SPLA was headquartered), <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yirol" title="Yirol">Yirol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pibor" title="Pibor">Pibor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pochalla" title="Pochalla">Pochalla</a> and Kapoeta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199435_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199435-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeRouen4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeRouen4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SPLA made two attacks on Juba in June–July 1992, during which they nearly captured the town. After the attacks, the Sudanese government forces committed harsh reprisals against the civilian population. <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">Summary executions</a> of suspected SPLA collaborators were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199456–58_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199456–58-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 September, 1992 the deputy commander-in-chief of the SPLA, William Nyuon, defected and took a section of fighters with him.<sup id="cite_ref-f220_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f220-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SPLA recaptured Bor on 29 November, 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199499_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199499-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-1990s">Mid-1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mid-1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the mid-1990s, the majority of the population of southern Sudan lived in areas under the control of either the mainstream SPLA or the SPLA-Nasir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199412_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199412-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005_Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement">2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, a year before the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> (CPA), the <a href="/wiki/Child_Soldiers_International" title="Child Soldiers International">Coalition to Stop Child Soldiers</a>, estimated that there were between 2,500 and 5,000 children serving in the SPLA.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salva_Kiir-3,_by_Stein_Ove_Korneliussen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Salva_Kiir-3%2C_by_Stein_Ove_Korneliussen.jpg/220px-Salva_Kiir-3%2C_by_Stein_Ove_Korneliussen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Salva_Kiir-3%2C_by_Stein_Ove_Korneliussen.jpg/330px-Salva_Kiir-3%2C_by_Stein_Ove_Korneliussen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Salva_Kiir-3%2C_by_Stein_Ove_Korneliussen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Salva Kiir Mayardit, Commander-in-Chief of SPLA</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the signing of the CPA, an SPLA reorganisation process began. This process was actively supported by funding from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 2005, Garang restructured the top leadership of the SPLA, with a Chief of General Staff, Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Oyay_Deng_Ajak" title="Oyay Deng Ajak">Oyay Deng Ajak</a>, and four Deputy Chiefs of General Staff: Maj. Gen. Salva Mathok Gengdit (Administration), Maj. Gen. Bior Ajang Aswad (Operations), Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Hoth_Mai" title="James Hoth Mai">James Hoth Mai</a> (Logistics) and Maj. Gen. Obuto Mamur Mete (Political and Moral Orientation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg/220px-Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg/330px-Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg/440px-Sudan_Envoy_-_Malakal_JIU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>SPLA officer as part of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Integrated_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Integrated Units">Joint Integrated Units</a> during the CPA era</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial organisation of the SPLA, based on divisions, was assembled in mid-2005 but not actually put into practice in the field until 2006. It was based on six divisions (in Upper Nile State; <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">2nd Division</a>: Equatorias; <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(South_Sudan)" title="3rd Division (South Sudan)">3rd Division</a>: Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states; <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">4th Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Unity_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity State">Unity State</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">5th Division</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lakes_State" title="Lakes State">Lakes State</a>, the 6th Division, SPLA personnel in the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Integrated_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Integrated Units">Joint Integrated Units</a>) and four independent brigades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands20109_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands20109-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four independent brigades grouped SPLA forces in <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a> (Khoriom, 104, and 105 Battalions mainly), Southern Blue Nile, the Nuba Mountains (South Kordofan) and Raja (Western Bahr el Ghazal). </p><p>Probably more important than the reorganisation was the <a href="/wiki/Juba_Declaration_of_8_January_2006" title="Juba Declaration of 8 January 2006">Juba Declaration</a>, signed by <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Matiep" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulino Matiep">Paulino Matiep</a> on 8 January 2006. Matiep commanded the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF), the largest and best-equipped militia (about 50,000 men) that remained beyond the SPLA's control. Paulino was appointed Deputy Commander-in-chief, the second highest position,<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his subordinate generals became part of the SPLA without any reduction in rank, and about 50,000 SSDF were added to the SPLA payroll.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of generals in the SPLA also rose as Kiir promoted hundreds of existing SPLA officers to match the arriving ex-SSDF generals. By 2011 and independence, the SPLA had 745 generals. At about the same time, the legislature voted to double infantrymen's base pay from the equivalent of $75 a month (the rate under Khartoum's control) to $150.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The unification of the two largest armed groups in the region seriously weakened Khartoum’s control of southern Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 and 2008 the independent brigades in Blue Nile, Bor, and the Nuba Mountains became the 10th, <a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">8th</a>, and 9th divisions, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands201010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands201010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th and 10th Divisions thus fell north of the 1-1-56 Independence dividing line between North and South Sudan. The last independent brigade, in <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a>, became part of the 5th Division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministry_of_Defence">Ministry of Defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ministry of Defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the SPLM/A established a Ministry of Defence. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Dim_Deng" title="Dominic Dim Deng">Dominic Dim Deng</a>, an SPLA veteran, was chosen as the first Minister for SPLA Affairs and the first political officer of the SPLA. Dim died in a plane crash in 2008 alongside his wife, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Apieu_Jenaro_Aken" title="Josephine Apieu Jenaro Aken">Josephine Apieu Jenaro Aken</a>, and other SPLA officers. He is buried alongside his wife at the SPLA headquarters in Bilpham, Juba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands2010_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deputy Chief of Staff (Logistics) James Hoth Mai replaced Oyay Deng Ajak as Chief of General Staff in May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-sudantribune.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sudantribune.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 U.S. diplomats reported that Samora "made a point to discuss how the SPLA needed to be reorganized. He stated that the SPLA was top heavy, carrying nearly 550 general officers and providing more than 200 security guards for each minister."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2005 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a> stipulated that the SPLA in northern Sudan were to move south of the 1956 North-South boundary during the interim period, excepting those part of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Integrated_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Integrated Units">Joint Integrated Units</a>, composed of equal numbers from the SPLA and the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, this move did take place, in 2008, with the 10th Division relocating its headquarters to Guffa, five kilometers south of the Blue Nile-Upper Nile border, and most of its troops to al-Fuj, Yafta and Marinja on the southern side.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But more than 1,600 fighters remained north of the line. In early June 2011, following the lack of progress on popular consultations in Southern Kordofan & Blue Nile, the SAF attempted to forcefully disarm Nuba SPLA soldiers, and fighting began in Southern Kordofan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fighting began, former SPLA 9th and 10th Division fighters proclaimed themselves the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North</a> (SPLA-N), under <a href="/wiki/Malik_Agar" title="Malik Agar">Malik Agar</a> as Chairman and Commander-in-Chief.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of Southern Sudan named the SPLA General Headquarters outside Juba 'Bilpam'.<sup id="cite_ref-f252_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f252-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headquarters staff was expanded after 2008 to match the ten-division structure. This expansion coincided with the completion of the General Headquarters at Bilpam, built by DynCorp with funds from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a>’s Africa Peacekeeping Program (AFRICAP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands201011_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands201011-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on a national security strategy began in late 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Civil_War">Southern Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></div> <p>On 15 December, 2013, fighting broke out in Juba between different factions of the armed forces in what the South Sudanese government described as a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. President Kiir announced that the attempt had been put down the next day, but fighting resumed 16 December. Military spokesman Colonel Philip Aguer said that some military installations had been attacked by armed soldiers but that "the army is in full control of Juba." He added that an investigation was under way.<sup id="cite_ref-aljaz1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljaz1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually the Sudan People's Liberation Movement split into two main factions, divided on the issue over leadership of the ruling party: </p> <ul><li>The <b>Sudan People's Liberation Movement (In Government) (SPLM-IG)</b> was led by President Kiir; it was the ruling faction that signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005. Kiir served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)">Transitional Autonomous Region of South Sudan</a> from its formation in 2005 after Garang's death until the country's independence in 2011. The SPLM-IO faction formally withdrew from the SPLM ruling faction in 2013.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">Sudan People's Liberation Movement (In Opposition)</a> (SPLM-IO)</b> was formed in 2013 and is led by former South Sudan Vice President <a href="/wiki/Riek_Machar" title="Riek Machar">Riek Machar</a>. The group is the major opponent to the SPLM-IG faction in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudan civil war">Southern Sudanese civil war</a>.</li></ul> <p>The coordination of the April–July 2015 attack by the SPLA-IG in Unity State—involving multiple divisions across multiple sectors—indicates a high level of operational planning from Juba.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ferocity with which people were chased into the swamps to be killed was aimed at annihilating the SPLM/A-in-Opposition's support, and led to systematic destruction of villages and towns. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Faction_New_Forces" title="Tiger Faction New Forces">Tiger Faction New Forces</a> (also called Tiger Faction or 'The Tigers')<sup id="cite_ref-dismiss_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dismiss-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> split from the SPLA in late October 2015. A <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> militia, it aimed to reverse the <a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">division of South Sudan into 28 (later 32) states</a> in order to restore the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk Kingdom</a> to its 1956 borders.<sup id="cite_ref-dismiss_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dismiss-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by Yoanis Okiech, the TFNF started an insurgency against the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement">SPLM</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, however, it also came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">SPLM-IO</a> rebels, leading to Okiech's death and the group's destruction in January 2017. </p><p>Over the course of the war, the SPLA has become dominated by Dinka, in particular Dinka from greater Bahr el-Ghazal. The Panel of Experts wrote in 2016, "While other tribes are represented in SPLA, they are increasingly marginalized, rendering the multi-tribal structure of the army largely a façade that obscures the central role that Dinka now play in virtually all major theatres of the conflict". (S/2016/963, 8) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017–2018:_SSPDF"><span id="2017.E2.80.932018:_SSPDF"></span>2017–2018: SSPDF</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2017–2018: SSPDF"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 16, 2017, Kiir announced a restructure of the army and change of name to the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF).<sup id="cite_ref-anrestructure_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anrestructure-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cessation of hostilities agreement was reached in December 2017, but never really took effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In August 2017, Kiir announced that the new name for the army would be the South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF) "by the need to represent the will of the people". He said that there was a need to reorganise and professionalise the army.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Professor Joel Isabirye, the change of name would shift the discourse from the era of liberation, which had now concluded, to one of national defence, which is ongoing – with the focus on defending the country against external aggression. The insertion of "People’s" into the name "could be to avoid being dragged back into history when during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) a militia called South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) emerged and aligned with the Government of Sudan".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The negotiations stalled over disagreement among the parties about power sharing, future security arrangements and whether Riak Machar could return from exile to political life in South Sudan. In early May 2018, a two-day meeting of the Parties to the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) started in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. The parties were to take stock of the progress so far of the R-ARCSS, the pending tasks, and debate the way forward.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The army was officially renamed South Sudan People's Defence Forces in September 2018 by a Republican order read on the state-owned TV channel SSBC known as South Sudan Broadcasting Services ,the national television in South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The renaming occurred ten days before implementation of new security arrangements, which include the reunification of the national army. President Kiir was also Commander-in-Chief of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, the army was estimated to have 185,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Air_Force" title="South Sudan Air Force">South Sudan Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2018487_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2018487-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the CIA <i><a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a></i> as of June 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, "under the September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019, but as of April 2020 this process had not been completed".<sup id="cite_ref-ciawf2020_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciawf2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019, the SSPDF comprised the Ground Forces, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, and Presidential Guard with Special attachment of Captain Buoi Rual Makuei, batch 51 Sudan military College Graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-ciawf2020_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciawf2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2019, more than 40 members of South Sudan People’s Defense Forces (SSPDF) undertook a two-day training organised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission in South Sudan</a> (UNMISS) in <a href="/wiki/Kuajok" title="Kuajok">Kuajok</a>, Gogrial.<sup id="cite_ref-unmiss_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unmiss-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNMISS has been in the country since 2011, aiming to consolidate peace and achieve security to allow economic growth and political stability. They were deploying more than 19,000 personnel in the country as of September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-ciawf2020_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciawf2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_equipment">Structure and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Structure and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The SPLA was commanded by the Chief of General Staff] (COGS). Deputy Chief of Staff (Logistics) James Hoth Mai replaced Oyay Deng Ajak as Chief of General Staff in May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-sudantribune.com_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sudantribune.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Hoth_Mai" title="James Hoth Mai">James Hoth Mai</a> was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Malong_Awan" title="Paul Malong Awan">Paul Malong Awan</a> as COGS in 2014. </p><p>After the restructure as SSPDF, Malong was superseded by <a href="/wiki/James_Ajongo_Mawut" title="James Ajongo Mawut">James Ajongo Mawut</a> (May 2017–April 2018), with the position now referred to as "chief of defence force(s)". On 28 April 2018, Chief of General Staff <a href="/wiki/James_Ajongo_Mawut" title="James Ajongo Mawut">James Ajongo Mawut</a> died in Cairo from a short illness.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by General Gabriel Jok Riak on 4 May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 May 2020 President Kiir removed Riak and appointed General Johnson Juma Okot as Chief of Defence Forces, who had been serving as deputy chief.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 April 2021, Okot was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Santino_Deng_Wol" title="Santino Deng Wol">Santino Deng Wol</a> as the chief of Defense Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-chief_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chief-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg/220px-Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg/330px-Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg/440px-Map_of_SSPDF_Divisions_in_Cantonment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>SSPDF Divisions in cantonment in August 2020</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SPLA_organization">SPLA organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: SPLA organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The COGS oversaw five directorates, each led by a Deputy Chief of General Staff (DCOGS):<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2020)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Administration</li> <li>Operations</li> <li>Logistics</li> <li>Political and Moral Orientation</li> <li>Training and Research</li></ul> <p>The SPLA had nine divisions and a small air force, all of which reported to the DCOGS, Operations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Sudan)" title="1st Division (South Sudan)">1st Division</a>: Renk, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Nile State">Upper Nile State</a>. Established 2006. After the CPA, <a href="/wiki/George_Athor" title="George Athor">George Athor</a> was appointed a major general and confirmed in overall commander of Division I (2005–07) before being moved to SPLA HQ in Bilpam as director for administration.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Survey" title="Small Arms Survey">Small Arms Survey</a> wrote in early 2016 that '..[the] Division, stationed in Renk and widely regarded as the best fighting force in the country, is largely <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a>. Until 2 December 2015, it was under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Buay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Buay (page does not exist)">Stephen Buay</a>, a Bul Nuer who was subsequently redeployed to lead the SPLA's <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">4th Division</a> in Rubkona, <a href="/wiki/Unity_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity State">Unity State</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">2nd Division</a>: Giada Barracks, Juba, <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria State</a> Established 2006. By 2013 division headquarters was at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mogiri (page does not exist)">Mogiri</a> east of Juba.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 August 2011, it was reported that the UN SRSG would visit <a href="/wiki/Kapoeta" title="Kapoeta">Kapoeta</a> to meet the County Commissioner and the Commander of Brigade 9 of the SPLA's 2nd Division.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(South_Sudan)" title="3rd Division (South Sudan)">3rd Division</a>: Akuem, Wodyik Lion, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Northern Bahr el Ghazal">Northern Bahr el Ghazal</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also covers <a href="/wiki/Warrap_(state)" title="Warrap (state)">Warrap State</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">4th Division</a>: Mapel, <a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formerly at Rubkona)<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SPLA_4_Division_SSI.svg/15px-SPLA_4_Division_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SPLA_4_Division_SSI.svg/22px-SPLA_4_Division_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/SPLA_4_Division_SSI.svg/29px-SPLA_4_Division_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="417" /></span></span></span> Established 2006. Rands wrote in 2010 that "Upon integrating into the SPLA, the core forces of <a href="/wiki/Paulino_Matiep" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulino Matiep">Paulino Matiep</a>, under the command of Tahib Gatluak, [remained] in Mayom County in Unity State. Some were then redeployed to Juba to join Matiep’s bodyguard. The remaining men were deployed as part of the 4th Division in Duar, Unity State."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands2010_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News reports on December 21, 2013 from <a href="/wiki/Bentiu" title="Bentiu">Bentiu</a> said the 4th Division commander, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Koang_Chuol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Koang Chuol (page does not exist)">James Koang Chuol</a>, had declared that he has deposed the caretaker governor and that his forces were no longer loyal to President <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva Kiir">Salva Kiir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chuol said he had overthrown Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Monytuel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Monytuel (page does not exist)">Joseph Monytuel</a> after surviving an assassination attempt. Koang said that the 4th Division's tank unit allegedly tried to kill him at around 7pm on Friday upon being ordered by Monytuel at the behest of senior SPLA members in Juba. Significant forces from Division IV defected to the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition</a>, with their arms and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-S16-656_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S16-656-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Division IV was involved in the April–July <a href="/wiki/Unity_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity State">Unity State</a> offensive by the SPLA, alongside Bul Nuer youth, other SPLA forces, and other armed groups.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015-16, the division was placed under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Buay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Buay (page does not exist)">Stephen Buay</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">5th Division</a>: Girinti Barracks, Wau, <a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal State</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (formerly at Rumbek)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">6th Division</a>: Maridi, <a href="/wiki/Western_Equatoria" title="Western Equatoria">Western Equatoria</a>. On 13 August 2016, some 800 to 900 troops from SPLA Division VI launched an incursion into the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, crossing the border and engaging in a battle with SPLM/A in Opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">7th Division</a>: Owachi, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Nile State">Upper Nile State</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rands wrote in 2010 that '..[m]uch of the SPLA's 7th Division operating west of the Nile in the Shilluk areas of Upper Nile State is composed of former forces of the SSDF commander <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gadet" title="Peter Gadet">Peter Gadet</a>, now a major general in the SPLA. Gadet stayed with SAF Military Intelligence during the Juba Declaration process and many were suspicious of his allegiances. As of the time of writing when Rands wrote, Gadet's authority over his former men in the 7th Division was unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands201015_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERands201015-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still under command of Peter Gadet in 2013. Significant forces from Division VII defected to the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition</a>, with their arms and ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-S16-656_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S16-656-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gadet died on 15 April 2019.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">8th Division</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bor,_South_Sudan" title="Bor, South Sudan">Bor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>: Formed from SPLA independent Brigades of 105 battalion and Khoriom battalion which all were formed in 1983. The former led the first SPLA rebellion against the Sudanese army Malual-Chaat garrison in Bor that later inspired several other mutinies across the Southern region and some parts of the Northern Sudan. Division 8 is headquartered in Malual-Chaat barrack which is also designated as a liberation museum to commemorate the first SPLA fallen Heroes and the entire history of South Sudan’s Succession from the North. Most outstanding statues are Kerbino Kuanyin Bol’s and Maker Jool Deng (first fallen hero).</li> <li>Commondo: Formed after independence of South Sudan under the commands of the late Gen Abraham Jongroor, one of the outstanding Khoriom Battalion commander who successfully fought out Boma militias with commondo. It was the most well trained SPLA brigade on the front lines, according to the National Military Intelligence.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mechanized_Division_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mechanized Division (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">Mechanized Division</a>: Mapel, <a href="/wiki/Western_Bahr_el_Ghazal" title="Western Bahr el Ghazal">Western Bahr el Ghazal State</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa July 15, 2017, the Mechanized Division, with the 8th Infantry Division, was to deploy forces to the Juba-Bor road to ensure the safety of travelers, the SPLA spokesperson announced. The move came after a series of deadly road attack by armed men.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Forces_brigade_(South_Sudan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special Forces brigade (South Sudan) (page does not exist)">Special Forces brigade</a> with four battalions</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Air_Force" title="South Sudan Air Force">Sudan People's Air Force</a>: Juba, <a href="/wiki/Central_Equatoria" title="Central Equatoria">Central Equatoria State</a></li></ul> <p>According to a 2015 security agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition</a>, military forces currently stationed in Juba, Bor and Malakal are to be moved to bases at least 25 kilometers outside of each respective city. The Presidential Guard at Giada Barracks and SPLA's General Headquarters in Bilpam are authorized exceptions to the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPLA_T-72.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SPLA_T-72.png/220px-SPLA_T-72.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SPLA_T-72.png/330px-SPLA_T-72.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/SPLA_T-72.png/440px-SPLA_T-72.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> in SPLA service</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2013 the SPLA's land forces operated the following heavy equipment: </p> <ul><li>110 x <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A small number of <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tanks captured during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 x <a href="/wiki/2S1_Gvozdika" title="2S1 Gvozdika">2S1 Gvozdika</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 x <a href="/wiki/2S3_Akatsiya" title="2S3 Akatsiya">2S3 Akatsiya</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>15 x <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_APC" title="Mamba APC">Mamba APC</a></li> <li>More than 30 82mm mortars<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As of 2013 the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Air_Force" title="South Sudan Air Force">South Sudan Air Force</a> operated the following aircraft: </p> <ul><li>1 x <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9 x <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil Mi-17</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 x <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mi-172</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence_expenditure">Defence expenditure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defence expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2013 edition of the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a>' report <i>The Military Balance</i>, South Sudan's defence budgets since 2011 have been as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>South Sudanese pounds</th> <th>US dollar equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>1.6bn</td> <td>533m </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>2.42bn</td> <td>537m </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>2.52bn</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Change_(South_Sudan)" title="Democratic Change (South Sudan)">Democratic Change (South Sudan)</a>, formerly Sudan People's Liberation Movement - Democratic Change, a political party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Liberation_Movement/Army" title="Sudan Liberation Movement/Army">Sudan Liberation Movement/Army</a>, a Sudanese rebel group active in Darfur, founded as the Darfur Liberation Front</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Movement</a> (SPLM), a political party in South Sudan founded as the political wing of the SPLA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-in-Opposition" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition</a>, a mainly South Sudanese political party that split from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement in 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North">Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North</a>, a political party and militant organisation in the Republic of Sudan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Ibid plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Constructs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loc._cit." title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Idem" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IBID">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Refref/core" title="Template:Refref/core">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyeradio.org/spla-renamed-south-sudan-defense-force-major-army-shake/">"SPLA renamed South Sudan Defense Force in a major army shake up"</a>. <i>Eye Radio Network</i>. 16 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220027/http://www.eyeradio.org/spla-renamed-south-sudan-defense-force-major-army-shake/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eye+Radio+Network&rft.atitle=SPLA+renamed+South+Sudan+Defense+Force+in+a+major+army+shake+up&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyeradio.org%2Fspla-renamed-south-sudan-defense-force-major-army-shake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chief-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chief_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chief_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-army/south-sudans-president-appoints-new-army-chief-idUSKBN2BY09Z">"South Sudan's president appoints new army chief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 11 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412225642/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-army/south-sudans-president-appoints-new-army-chief-idUSKBN2BY09Z">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=South+Sudan%27s+president+appoints+new+army+chief&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-southsudan-army%2Fsouth-sudans-president-appoints-new-army-chief-idUSKBN2BY09Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#IISS2019">IISS 2019</a>, pp. 491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA16"><i>Denying "the Honor of Living": Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929692-53-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929692-53-1"><bdi>978-0-929692-53-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denying+%22the+Honor+of+Living%22%3A+Sudan%2C+a+Human+Rights+Disaster&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-929692-53-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1K_5IOdPQ-sC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scrollz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scrollz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scrollz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresa2019" class="citation web cs1">Teresa (21 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityscrollz.com/835">"Brief Biography and Facts About Major(Cdr). Late William Nyuon Bany Machar"</a>. <i>City Scrollz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619104454/https://cityscrollz.com/835">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Scrollz&rft.atitle=Brief+Biography+and+Facts+About+Major%28Cdr%29.+Late+William+Nyuon+Bany+Machar&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.au=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcityscrollz.com%2F835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuay2011" class="citation web cs1">Buay, Gordon (24 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620235306/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4743/Who-Is-CDR-William-Nyuon-Bany-Machar.aspx">"Who Is CDR. William Nyuon Bany Machar?"</a>. <i>Gurtong Trust</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4743/Who-Is-CDR-William-Nyuon-Bany-Machar.aspx">the original</a> on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gurtong+Trust&rft.atitle=Who+Is+CDR.+William+Nyuon+Bany+Machar%3F&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft.aulast=Buay&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurtong.net%2FECM%2FEditorial%2Ftabid%2F124%2Fctl%2FArticleView%2Fmid%2F519%2FarticleId%2F4743%2FWho-Is-CDR-William-Nyuon-Bany-Machar.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2020" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Toby (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/south-sudan/spla-day">"SPLA Day in South Sudan in 2021"</a>. <i>Office Holidays</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620083616/https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/south-sudan/spla-day">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+Holidays&rft.atitle=SPLA+Day+in+South+Sudan+in+2021&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officeholidays.com%2Fholidays%2Fsouth-sudan%2Fspla-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone1994xiv_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f210-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f210_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f210_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&pg=PA210">Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance</a></i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 210<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (March 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f252-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f252_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f252_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f252_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&pg=PA252">Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance</a></i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. pp. 252-253<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (March 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199490-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199490_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199490_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a20_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a20_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a20_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a20_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a20_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA18">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102527/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. pp. 18-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a23-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a23_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA23">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070939/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> 2017-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA65">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102537/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a153-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a153_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a153_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a153_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA153">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070908/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA153">Archived</a> 2017-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. pp. 153-155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone19941-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone19941_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199427-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199427_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199427_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199421-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199421,_23,_101-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199421,_23,_101_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, pp. 21, 23, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norsk Bistandshistorie (Norwegian aid history), Randi Rønning Balsvik, 2016. p. 115 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.idunn.no/ht/2017/02/randi_roenning_balsvik_norsk_bistandshistorie">https://www.idunn.no/ht/2017/02/randi_roenning_balsvik_norsk_bistandshistorie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419063337/https://www.idunn.no/ht/2017/02/randi_roenning_balsvik_norsk_bistandshistorie">Archived</a> 2018-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moorcroft, 'Omar al-Bashir and Africa's Longest War,' 2015, 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a22-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a22_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA22">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811080403/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> 2017-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA53">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster: an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102531/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA53">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&pg=PA128">Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance</a></i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 128<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (March 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Africa Watch Committee. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA25">Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070942/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> 2017-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199425-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199425_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199425_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f208-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f208_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-f208_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&pg=PA208">Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance</a></i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 208<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (March 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199491-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199491_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone19943-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone19943_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199435-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199435_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeRouen4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeRouen4_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_R._DeRouen_and_Uk_Heo" class="citation book cs1">Karl R. DeRouen and Uk Heo. <i>Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 748.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+wars+of+the+world%3A+major+conflicts+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=748&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.au=Karl+R.+DeRouen+and+Uk+Heo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199456–58-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199456–58_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f220-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f220_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&pg=PA220">Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance</a></i>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 220<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (March 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199499-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199499_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERone199412-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERone199412_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRone1994">Rone 1994</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-to-demobilize-all-child,36125">"SPLA to demobilize all child soldiers by end of the year - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"</a>. Sudan Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215035106/http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-to-demobilize-all-child,36125">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPLA+to+demobilize+all+child+soldiers+by+end+of+the+year+-+Sudan+Tribune%3A+Plural+news+and+views+on+Sudan&rft.pub=Sudan+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2FSPLA-to-demobilize-all-child%2C36125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERands2010-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands2010_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands2010_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands2010_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRands2010">Rands 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERands20109-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands20109_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRands2010">Rands 2010</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterno2012" class="citation web cs1">Paterno, Steve (24 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot236">"Plural news and views on Sudan"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721031013/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot236">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Plural+news+and+views+on+Sudan&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Paterno&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Fmot236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2012" class="citation book cs1">Young, John (2012). <i>The Fate of Sudan: The Origins and Consequences of a Flawed Peace Process</i>. Zed Books. pp. 121–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Sudan%3A+The+Origins+and+Consequences+of+a+Flawed+Peace+Process&rft.pages=121-2&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> in Alex de Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa, Polity 2015 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERands201010-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands201010_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRands2010">Rands 2010</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sudantribune.com-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sudantribune.com_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudantribune.com_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31363">"Kiir appoints new army Chief of Staff, relieves deputies"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 1 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107103315/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31363">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Kiir+appoints+new+army+Chief+of+Staff%2C+relieves+deputies&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle31363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">10ADDISABABA176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CPA Annexure I, Part 1, Article 7.1.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Crisis Group, Sudan’s Spreading Conflict (II): War in Blue Nile Crisis Group Africa Report N°204, 18 June 2013, p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8591.pdf">"p.3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417085556/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8591.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=p.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odi.org%2Fsites%2Fodi.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Fodi-assets%2Fpublications-opinion-files%2F8591.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ibid ODI p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERands201011-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands201011_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRands2010">Rands 2010</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2013532_49-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIISS2013">IISS 2013</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljaz1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aljaz1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-sudan-capital-201312167240288669.html">"Heavy gunfire rocks South Sudan capital"</a>. Al Jazeera. 16 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217194107/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-sudan-capital-201312167240288669.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heavy+gunfire+rocks+South+Sudan+capital&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2013%2F12%2Fheavy-gunfire-heard-south-sudan-capital-201312167240288669.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interim Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2015/656, 21 August 2015, Annex V, p.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dismiss-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dismiss_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dismiss_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=58273">"Tiger faction of ethnic Shilluk kingdom dismisses integration into SPLM-IO"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. 11 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183322/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&page=imprimable&id_article=58273">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=Tiger+faction+of+ethnic+Shilluk+kingdom+dismisses+integration+into+SPLM-IO&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Fiframe%26page%3Dimprimable%26id_article%3D58273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-upper-nile.html">"The Conflict in Upper Nile State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Survey" title="Small Arms Survey">Small Arms Survey</a></i>. 8 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180224222009/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-upper-nile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Arms+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Conflict+in+Upper+Nile+State&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurveysudan.org%2Ffacts-figures%2Fsouth-sudan%2Fconflict-of-2013-14%2Fthe-conflict-in-upper-nile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anrestructure-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anrestructure_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachol2017" class="citation web cs1">Machol, Deng (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/16/south-sudan-president-restructures-army-changes-its-name-to-ssdf/">"South Sudan president restructures army, changes its name to SSDF"</a>. <i>Africanews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080538/https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/16/south-sudan-president-restructures-army-changes-its-name-to-ssdf//">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+president+restructures+army%2C+changes+its+name+to+SSDF&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.aulast=Machol&rft.aufirst=Deng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2017%2F05%2F16%2Fsouth-sudan-president-restructures-army-changes-its-name-to-ssdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabirye2017" class="citation news cs1">Isabirye, Joel (8 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618003010/https://theinvestigatornews.com/2017/08/spla-sspdf-detailed-account-south-sudan-changing-name-heroic-national-army/">"From SPLA to SSPDF: The Detailed Account of why South Sudan is changing the name of its Heroic National Army"</a>. <i>The Investigator</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theinvestigatornews.com/2017/08/spla-sspdf-detailed-account-south-sudan-changing-name-heroic-national-army/">the original</a> on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Investigator&rft.atitle=From+SPLA+to+SSPDF%3A+The+Detailed+Account+of+why+South+Sudan+is+changing+the+name+of+its+Heroic+National+Army&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft.aulast=Isabirye&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheinvestigatornews.com%2F2017%2F08%2Fspla-sspdf-detailed-account-south-sudan-changing-name-heroic-national-army%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63161">"South Sudan president says changed SPLA name to represent will of people"</a>. <i>Sudan Tribune</i>. Juba. 4 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010300/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63161">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sudan+Tribune&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+president+says+changed+SPLA+name+to+represent+will+of+people&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle63161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article66360">"SPLA officially renamed 'South Sudan People's Defence Forces' - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"</a>. <i>www.sudantribune.com</i>. 3 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029044026/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article66360">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sudantribune.com&rft.atitle=SPLA+officially+renamed+%27South+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces%27+-+Sudan+Tribune%3A+Plural+news+and+views+on+Sudan&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle66360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taarifa.rw/spla-becomes-south-sudan-peoples-defence-forces-sspdf/">"SPLA Becomes South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF)"</a>. <i>Taarifa Rwanda</i> (in Latin). 3 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620074849/https://taarifa.rw/spla-becomes-south-sudan-peoples-defence-forces-sspdf/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taarifa+Rwanda&rft.atitle=SPLA+Becomes+South+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces+%28SSPDF%29&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaarifa.rw%2Fspla-becomes-south-sudan-peoples-defence-forces-sspdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2018487-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2018487_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIISS2018">IISS 2018</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciawf2020-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciawf2020_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciawf2020_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciawf2020_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/">"Africa :: South Sudan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. The World Factbook</i>. 17 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154752/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency.+The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Africa+%3A%3A+South+Sudan&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsouth-sudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unmiss-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unmiss_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayom2019" class="citation web cs1">Mayom, Manyang (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/18/south-sudan-peoples-defense-force-sspdf-lauds-unmiss-for-training-in-international-human-rights-and-humanitarian-law-by-manyang-mayom/">"South Sudan People's Defense Force (SSPDF) lauds UNMISS for training in international human rights and humanitarian law"</a>. <i>Africanews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619105024/https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/18/south-sudan-peoples-defense-force-sspdf-lauds-unmiss-for-training-in-international-human-rights-and-humanitarian-law-by-manyang-mayom//">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+People%27s+Defense+Force+%28SSPDF%29+lauds+UNMISS+for+training+in+international+human+rights+and+humanitarian+law&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft.aulast=Mayom&rft.aufirst=Manyang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2019%2F10%2F18%2Fsouth-sudan-peoples-defense-force-sspdf-lauds-unmiss-for-training-in-international-human-rights-and-humanitarian-law-by-manyang-mayom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumo" class="citation news cs1">Dumo, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-sudan-army/south-sudans-army-chief-general-james-ajongo-has-died-government-spokesman-idUSKBN1HR100">"Wartorn South Sudan's army chief dies"</a>. <i>U.S</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215947/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-sudan-army/south-sudans-army-chief-general-james-ajongo-has-died-government-spokesman-idUSKBN1HR100">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.&rft.atitle=Wartorn+South+Sudan%27s+army+chief+dies&rft.aulast=Dumo&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-south-sudan-army%2Fsouth-sudans-army-chief-general-james-ajongo-has-died-government-spokesman-idUSKBN1HR100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/new-south-sudan-army-chief-sworn-in">"New South Sudan army chief sworn in"</a>. <i>Radio Tamazuj</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618002550/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/new-south-sudan-army-chief-sworn-in">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Tamazuj&rft.atitle=New+South+Sudan+army+chief+sworn+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotamazuj.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fnew-south-sudan-army-chief-sworn-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/kiir-sacks-army-chief-gabriel-jok">"Kiir sacks army chief Gabriel Jok"</a>. <i>Radio Tamazuj</i>. 11 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520055349/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/kiir-sacks-army-chief-gabriel-jok">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Tamazuj&rft.atitle=Kiir+sacks+army+chief+Gabriel+Jok&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotamazuj.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fkiir-sacks-army-chief-gabriel-jok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620042434/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/12/c_139050910.htm">"South Sudan leader sacks army chief"</a>. <i>Xinhua</i> (in Latin). 21 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/12/c_139050910.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=South+Sudan+leader+sacks+army+chief&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-05%2F12%2Fc_139050910.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuyok2015" class="citation book cs1">Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Division+I%22+Athor+%22Upper+Nile%22&pg=PT889"><i>South Sudan: The Notable Firsts</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504943468" title="Special:BookSources/9781504943468"><bdi>9781504943468</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302115358/https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Division+I%22+Athor+%22Upper+Nile%22&pg=PT889">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Sudan%3A+The+Notable+Firsts&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781504943468&rft.aulast=Kuyok&rft.aufirst=Kuyok+Abol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D622LCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Division%2BI%2522%2BAthor%2B%2522Upper%2BNile%2522%26pg%3DPT889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall_Arms_Survey" class="citation web cs1">Small Arms Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/archive/south-sudan/conflict-crisis-2013-15/upper-nile/HSBA-Conflict-Upper-Nile-March-2016.pdf">"The Conflict in Upper Nile State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303121920/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/archive/south-sudan/conflict-crisis-2013-15/upper-nile/HSBA-Conflict-Upper-Nile-March-2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+in+Upper+Nile+State&rft.au=Small+Arms+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurveysudan.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocs%2Farchive%2Fsouth-sudan%2Fconflict-crisis-2013-15%2Fupper-nile%2FHSBA-Conflict-Upper-Nile-March-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/201312171665.html">"Unrest Among South Sudan Military Forces Spreads Beyond Capital"</a>. <i>allAfrica</i>. Juba. Dabanga. 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=allAfrica&rft.atitle=Unrest+Among+South+Sudan+Military+Forces+Spreads+Beyond+Capital&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201312171665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/201108221292.html">"AllAfrica.com: Sudan: SRSG Pledges Unmiss Support During Visit to Eastern Equatoria State"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419120141/http://allafrica.com/stories/201108221292.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AllAfrica.com%3A+Sudan%3A+SRSG+Pledges+Unmiss+Support+During+Visit+to+Eastern+Equatoria+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201108221292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624105043/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/south-sudan-army-defection-wunyiik">"South Sudan army defection in Wunyiik | Radio Tamazuj"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/south-sudan-army-defection-wunyiik">the original</a> on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Sudan+army+defection+in+Wunyiik+%26%23124%3B+Radio+Tamazuj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotamazuj.org%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsouth-sudan-army-defection-wunyiik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624092012/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/missing-money-spla-div-4-widows-unpaid">"Missing money at SPLA Div 4; widows unpaid | Radio Tamazuj"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/missing-money-spla-div-4-widows-unpaid">the original</a> on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missing+money+at+SPLA+Div+4%3B+widows+unpaid+%26%23124%3B+Radio+Tamazuj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiotamazuj.org%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmissing-money-spla-div-4-widows-unpaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49274">"Unity state's 4th division commander defects, assumes governorship - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"</a>. <i>sudantribune.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320045656/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49274">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sudantribune.com&rft.atitle=Unity+state%27s+4th+division+commander+defects%2C+assumes+governorship+-+Sudan+Tribune%3A+Plural+news+and+views+on+Sudan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle49274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S16-656-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S16-656_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S16-656_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2015_656.pdf">"S/2016/656"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219222750/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2015_656.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%2F2016%2F656&rft.pages=22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securitycouncilreport.org%2Fatf%2Fcf%2F%257B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%257D%2FS_2015_656.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interim Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2016/656, 21 August 2015, Annex V.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article58577">"SPLA launches military operations against SPLA-IO forces in Bahr-el-Ghazal region - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan"</a>. <i>www.sudantribune.com</i>. 23 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212717/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article58577">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sudantribune.com&rft.atitle=SPLA+launches+military+operations+against+SPLA-IO+forces+in+Bahr-el-Ghazal+region+-+Sudan+Tribune%3A+Plural+news+and+views+on+Sudan&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudantribune.com%2Fspip.php%3Farticle58577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachier2018" class="citation web cs1">Machier, Tor (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyamile.com/news/buay-rolnyang-to-appear-in-military-court-very-soon/">"Buay Rolnyang to appear in military court 'very soon'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Nyamilepedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615030111/https://www.nyamile.com/news/buay-rolnyang-to-appear-in-military-court-very-soon/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nyamilepedia&rft.atitle=Buay+Rolnyang+to+appear+in+military+court+%27very+soon%27&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Machier&rft.aufirst=Tor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyamile.com%2Fnews%2Fbuay-rolnyang-to-appear-in-military-court-very-soon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2016/963, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/armed-groups/southern-dissident-militias/ssdma-upper-nile.html">"SSDM/A-Upper Nile"</a>. <i>www.smallarmssurveysudan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144523/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/armed-groups/southern-dissident-militias/ssdma-upper-nile.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smallarmssurveysudan.org&rft.atitle=SSDM%2FA-Upper+Nile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurveysudan.org%2Ffacts-figures%2Fsouth-sudan%2Farmed-groups%2Fsouthern-dissident-militias%2Fssdma-upper-nile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERands201015-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERands201015_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRands2010">Rands 2010</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-bahr-el-ghazal.html">"The Conflict in Bahr el Ghazal"</a>. <i>www.smallarmssurveysudan.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829211056/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-bahr-el-ghazal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smallarmssurveysudan.org&rft.atitle=The+Conflict+in+Bahr+el+Ghazal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurveysudan.org%2Ffacts-figures%2Fsouth-sudan%2Fconflict-of-2013-14%2Fthe-conflict-in-bahr-el-ghazal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eyeradio.org/spla-deploys-soldiers-juba-bor-road/">"SPLA deploys soldiers along Juba-Bor road"</a>. 15 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502094756/https://eyeradio.org/spla-deploys-soldiers-juba-bor-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPLA+deploys+soldiers+along+Juba-Bor+road&rft.date=2017-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feyeradio.org%2Fspla-deploys-soldiers-juba-bor-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesk" class="citation web cs1">Desk, News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenationmirror.com/news/south-sudan-news/1684-spla-starts-redeploying-forces-out-of-juba">"SPLA Starts redeploying forces out of Juba"</a>. <i>thenationmirror.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212835/http://www.thenationmirror.com/news/south-sudan-news/1684-spla-starts-redeploying-forces-out-of-juba">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenationmirror.com&rft.atitle=SPLA+Starts+redeploying+forces+out+of+Juba&rft.aulast=Desk&rft.aufirst=News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationmirror.com%2Fnews%2Fsouth-sudan-news%2F1684-spla-starts-redeploying-forces-out-of-juba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2018" class="citation journal cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2018). "The Military Balance 2018". <i>The Military Balance: Annual Estimates of the Nature and Size of the Military Forces of the Principal Powers</i>. London: IISS. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance%3A+Annual+Estimates+of+the+Nature+and+Size+of+the+Military+Forces+of+the+Principal+Powers&rft.atitle=The+Military+Balance+2018&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies+%28IISS%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIISS2013" class="citation journal cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2013). "The Military Balance 2013". <i>The Military Balance: Annual Estimates of the Nature and Size of the Military Forces of the Principal Powers</i>. London: IISS. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Military+Balance%3A+Annual+Estimates+of+the+Nature+and+Size+of+the+Military+Forces+of+the+Principal+Powers&rft.atitle=The+Military+Balance+2013&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies+%28IISS%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRands2010" class="citation book cs1">Rands, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf"><i>In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Small Arms Survey HSBA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Need+of+Review%3A+SPLA+Transformation+in+2006%E2%80%9310+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Small+Arms+Survey+HSBA&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rands&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurveysudan.org%2Fpdfs%2FHSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRone1994" class="citation book cs1">Rone, Jemera (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210207/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC"><i>Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan</i></a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321299" title="Special:BookSources/9781564321299"><bdi>9781564321299</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC">the original</a> on 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilian+Devastation%3A+Abuses+by+All+Parties+in+the+War+in+Southern+Sudan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781564321299&rft.aulast=Rone&rft.aufirst=Jemera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkeXxtzFSHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IISS2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (15 February 2019). <i>The Military Balance 2019</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857439885" title="Special:BookSources/9781857439885"><bdi>9781857439885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2019&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.isbn=9781857439885&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Sudan+People%27s+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sikainga, Ahmad Alawad, and Daly, M. W., Civil war in the Sudan, London; New York : British Academic Press : Distributed by St. Martinʾs Press in the United States of America and Canada, 1993. (See Douglas and Prunier article on origins of SPLA)</li> <li>Elizabeth Shackelford, <i>The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age,</i> <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>, May 12, 2020. Says that the post-independence South Sudanese army could never be an unified national force—too tribal.</li> <li>Further reading: African Rights, 1997. <i>Food and Power in Sudan: A Critique of Humanitarianism,</i> London: African Rights. Militarism and brutality of the early SPLA.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_of_South_Sudan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military of South Sudan">Military of South Sudan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115502/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/who%E2%80%99s-who-splm-juba-faction-riek-gai-kok">Who's who in SPLM-Juba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/">Photographer's Account of the SPLA - "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09KHARTOUM1029_a.html">Kenya Strikes Difficult Balance Between North and South of Sudan</a> - retired Kenyan military officers providing training to SPLA</li> <li>U.S. Embassy Khartoum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06KHARTOUM1650_a.html">SOUTHERN SUDAN: APPROXIMATE TROOP STRENGTH AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORY of Sudan People's Liberation Army</a>, 06KHARTOUM1650_a, July 12, 2006 15:59 (Wednesday). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111829/https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06KHARTOUM1650_a.html">Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Africa" title="Template:Military of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Military of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Armed_Forces" title="Benin Armed Forces">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_Defence_Force" title="Botswana Defence Force">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso_Armed_Forces" title="Burkina Faso Armed Forces">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_Armed_Forces" title="Cameroon Armed Forces">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Armed_Forces" title="Cape Verdean Armed Forces">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Armed_Forces" title="Central African Armed Forces">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_National_Army" title="Chad National Army">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_Armed_Forces" title="Djibouti Armed Forces">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Defence_Forces" title="Eritrean Defence Forces">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbutfo_Eswatini_Defence_Force" title="Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Gabon" title="Armed Forces of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Armed_Forces" title="Gambia Armed Forces">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Armed_Forces" title="Ghana Armed Forces">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Guinea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Guinea Armed Forces">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho_Defence_Force" title="Lesotho Defence Force">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Liberia" title="Armed Forces of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Madagascar People's Armed Forces">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force" title="Malawian Defence Force">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Police_Force" title="Mauritius Police Force">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Moroccan Armed Forces">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Defence_Armed_Forces" title="Mozambique Defence Armed Forces">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Defence_Force" title="Namibian Defence Force">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Armed_Forces" title="Niger Armed Forces">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Senegal" title="Armed Forces of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Seychelles People's Defence Force">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sierra_Leone_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces" title="Tunisian Armed Forces">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force" title="Zambian Defence Force">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States and regions with limited or no recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_Defense_Forces" title="Tigray Defense Forces">Tigray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Military of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Ceuta#Defence_and_Civil_Guard" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Melilla#Defence_and_Civil_Guard" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Alboran Island</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Plazas de soberanía</a> <small>(Spain)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Madeira</a> <small>(Portugal)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Mayotte</a>  / <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Réunion</a> <small>(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Saint Helena</a>  / <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Ascension Island</a>  / <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small>(United Kingdom)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Sudan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Sudan_topics" title="Template:South Sudan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Sudan_topics" title="Template talk:South Sudan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Sudan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Sudan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Sudan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyanya" title="Anyanya">Anyanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)" title="Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)">Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li>Southern Sudan Autonomous Region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%931983)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)">1972–83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)">2005–11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Comprehensive Peace Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum" title="2011 South Sudanese independence referendum">2011 independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">South Sudanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_South_Sudan_famine" title="2017 South Sudan famine">Famine (2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Sudan" title="List of cities in South Sudan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_South_Sudan" title="List of ecoregions in South Sudan">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Sudan" title="List of rivers of South Sudan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Sudan" title="Climate change in South Sudan">Climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Sudan" title="Politics of South Sudan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_South_Sudan" title="States of South Sudan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Sudan" title="Elections in South Sudan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Sudan" title="Constitution of South Sudan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of South Sudan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Sudan" title="Human rights in South Sudan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Sudan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Sudan" title="Judiciary of South Sudan">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Police_Service" title="South Sudan Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(South_Sudan)" title="National Legislature (South Sudan)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_South_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of South Sudan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_South_Sudan" title="Vice President of South Sudan">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Sudan" title="Economy of South Sudan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Sudan" title="Banking in South Sudan">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_South_Sudan" title="Bank of South Sudan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Sudan" title="List of companies of South Sudan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_pound" title="South Sudanese pound">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Sudan" title="Trade unions in South Sudan">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Sudan" title="Transport in South Sudan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Sudan" title="Tourism in South Sudan">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Sudan" title="Category:Society of South Sudan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Child marriage in South Sudan">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Sudan" title="Demographics of South Sudan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_South_Sudan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in South Sudan">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Sudan" title="Health in South Sudan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_South_Sudan" title="Prostitution in South Sudan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_in_South_Sudan" title="Water supply in South Sudan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan" title="Culture of South Sudan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan_Oyee!" title="South Sudan Oyee!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South Sudan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Sudan" title="Coat of arms of South Sudan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Sudan" title="Flag of South Sudan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of South Sudan">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Sudan" title="Mass media in South Sudan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Sudan" title="Public holidays in South Sudan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Sudan" title="Sport in South Sudan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Sudan" title="Outline of South Sudan">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Sudan" title="Category:South Sudan">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912908#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141730454">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96062680">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007576098205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&oldid=1246649830">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&oldid=1246649830</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Factions_of_the_First_Congo_War" title="Category:Factions of the First Congo War">Factions of the First Congo War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Factions_of_the_Second_Congo_War" title="Category:Factions of the Second Congo War">Factions of the Second Congo War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Factions_of_the_Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Category:Factions of the Second Sudanese Civil War">Factions of the Second Sudanese Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Factions_of_the_South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Category:Factions of the South Sudanese Civil War">Factions of the South Sudanese Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guerrilla_organizations" title="Category:Guerrilla organizations">Guerrilla organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebel_groups_in_Sudan" title="Category:Rebel groups in Sudan">Rebel groups in Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebel_groups_in_South_Sudan" title="Category:Rebel groups in South Sudan">Rebel groups in South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_South_Sudan" title="Category:Military of South Sudan">Military of South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_established_in_1983" title="Category:Military units and formations established in 1983">Military units and formations established in 1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1983_establishments_in_Sudan" title="Category:1983 establishments in Sudan">1983 establishments in Sudan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_March_2023" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from March 2023">Accuracy disputes from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2023">Use dmy dates from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_October_2023" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from October 2023">Vague or ambiguous time from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from February 2023">Articles to be expanded from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_June_2020" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from June 2020">Vague or ambiguous time from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ibid_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with ibid from July 2019">Articles with ibid from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 September 2024, at 07:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-759d5489db-hddvd","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.371","walltime":"1.600","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9280,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":204735,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21686,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":215900,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1394.610 1 -total"," 32.45% 452.585 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.14% 169.350 37 Template:Sfn"," 11.44% 159.487 9 Template:Cite_news"," 9.77% 136.242 27 Template:Cite_web"," 8.42% 117.466 11 Template:Fix"," 7.83% 109.162 1 Template:Infobox_national_military"," 7.44% 103.824 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.99% 97.420 1 Template:South_Sudan_topics"," 6.83% 95.203 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.808","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8740376,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBuay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIISS2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIISS2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsabirye2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl_R._DeRouen_and_Uk_Heo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuyok2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachol2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayom2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterno2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRands2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRone1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall_Arms_Survey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeresa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"IISS2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Ibid\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox national military\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Military of Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 37,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South Sudan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"When\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7bc9588894-mjjph","timestamp":"20241202165323","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"South Sudan People's Defence Forces","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q912908","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q912908","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-09-06T04:17:44Z","dateModified":"2024-09-20T07:01:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/41\/Flag_of_the_SPLA_%282011_to_present%29.svg","headline":"armed forces of South Sudan, formerly Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) , founded 1983 as a guerrilla force"}</script> </body> </html>