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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution and pricing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_vs_horizontal_SaaS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_vs_horizontal_SaaS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vertical vs horizontal SaaS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_vs_horizontal_SaaS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accelerated_feature_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accelerated_feature_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Accelerated feature delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accelerated_feature_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_integration_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_integration_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Open integration protocols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_integration_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_(and_"social")_functionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_(and_"social")_functionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Collaborative (and "social") functionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_(and_"social")_functionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenSaaS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenSaaS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>OpenSaaS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenSaaS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_drivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_drivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adoption drivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_drivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adoption challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adoption challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Healthcare applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_escrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_escrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Data escrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_escrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9" title="البرمجيات خدمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البرمجيات خدمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xidm%C9%99t_kimi_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Xidmət kimi proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xidmət kimi proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Софтуер като услуга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Софтуер като услуга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softver_kao_usluga" title="Softver kao usluga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Softver kao usluga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_com_a_servei" title="Programari com a servei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari com a servei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-as-a-Service" title="Software-as-a-Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Software-as-a-Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkvara_teenusena" title="Tarkvara teenusena – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tarkvara teenusena" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%89%CF%82_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λογισμικό ως Υπηρεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογισμικό ως Υπηρεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_como_servicio" title="Software como servicio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software como servicio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اجاره نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجاره نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%98%95_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="서비스형 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서비스형 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תוכנה כשירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנה כשירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaaS" title="SaaS – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="SaaS" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvare_som_tjeneste" title="Programvare som tjeneste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvare som tjeneste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprogramowanie_jako_us%C5%82uga" title="Oprogramowanie jako usługa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oprogramowanie jako usługa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_como_servi%C3%A7o" title="Software como serviço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software como serviço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Программное обеспечение как услуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программное обеспечение как услуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சேவையாக மென்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேவையாக மென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ซอฟต์แวร์บริการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอฟต์แวร์บริการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizmet_olarak_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Hizmet olarak yazılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hizmet olarak yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Програмне забезпечення як послуга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програмне забезпечення як послуга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_d%E1%BA%A1ng_d%E1%BB%8Bch_v%E1%BB%A5" title="Phần mềm dạng dịch vụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm dạng dịch vụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8D%B3%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="软件即服务 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软件即服务" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1254596#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 15:15, 23 September 2023 by <a href="/wiki/User:Pppery" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Pppery" data-mw-revid="1176717772"><bdi>Pppery</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Pppery" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Pppery">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Pppery" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Pppery">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Fix cewbot whine)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_as_a_service&diff=prev&oldid=1176717772" title="Software as a service">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_as_a_service&direction=prev&oldid=1176717772" title="Software as a service">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_as_a_service&diff=cur&oldid=1176717772" title="Software as a service">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_as_a_service&direction=next&oldid=1176717772" title="Software as a service">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_as_a_service&diff=next&oldid=1176717772" title="Software as a service">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hosted software accessed by subscription</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SaaS" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Security_as_a_service" title="Security as a service">Security as a service</a>.</div> <p><b>Software as a service</b> (<b>SaaS</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Software_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Software licensing">software licensing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Software delivery">delivery</a> model in which <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> is licensed on a <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a> basis and is centrally <a href="/wiki/Internet_hosting_service" title="Internet hosting service">hosted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS is also known as on-demand software, web-based software, or web-hosted software.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SaaS is considered to be part of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, along with several other <a href="/wiki/As_a_service" title="As a service">as a service</a> business models. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SaaS apps are typically accessed by <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">users</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin client</a>). SaaS became a common delivery model for many business applications, including <a href="/wiki/Productivity_software" title="Productivity software">office software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">messaging software</a>, payroll processing software, <a href="/wiki/Database#Database_management_system" title="Database">DBMS software</a>, management software, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD software</a>, development software, <a href="/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">gamification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtualization_software_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtualization software licensing">virtualization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ITChannelGlossary_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITChannelGlossary-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Accounting_software" title="Accounting software">accounting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">collaboration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> (CRM), <a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">management information systems</a> (MIS), <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">enterprise resource planning</a> (ERP), invoicing, field service management, <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a> (HRM), <a href="/wiki/Talent_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent acquisition">talent acquisition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning_management_system" title="Learning management system">learning management systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Content_management" title="Content management">content management</a> (CM), <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information systems</a> (GIS), and <a href="/wiki/IT_service_management#Process" title="IT service management">service desk management</a>. </p><p>SaaS has been incorporated into the strategies of nearly all <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Centralized hosting of business applications dates back to the 1960s. Starting in that decade, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a> providers conducted a <a href="/wiki/Service_bureau" title="Service bureau">service bureau</a> business, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">utility computing</a>. Such services included offering <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> power and <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> storage to banks and other large organizations from their worldwide <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of the Internet during the 1990s brought about a new class of <a href="/wiki/Centralized_computing" title="Centralized computing">centralized computing</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Application_service_provider" title="Application service provider">application service providers</a> (ASP). ASPs provided businesses with the service of hosting and managing specialized business applications to reduce costs through central administration and the provider's specialization in a particular business application. Two of the largest ASPs were USI, which was headquartered in the Washington, D.C., area, and Futurelink Corporation, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software as a service essentially extends the idea of the ASP model. The term <i>software as a service</i> (SaaS), however, is commonly used in more specific settings: </p> <ul><li>While most initial ASPs focused on managing and hosting third-party <a href="/wiki/Independent_software_vendor" title="Independent software vendor">independent software vendors</a>' software, contemporary<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2023)">as of?</span></a></i>]</sup> SaaS offerings are typically provided by the software developer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Whereas many initial ASPs offered more traditional <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client-server</a> applications, which require the installation of software on users' <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, later implementations can be <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web applications</a> that only require a web browser to use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Whereas the <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">software architecture</a> used by most initial ASPs mandated maintaining a separate instance of the application for each business, SaaS services can utilize a <a href="/wiki/Multitenancy" title="Multitenancy">multi-tenant</a> architecture, in which the application serves multiple businesses and users, and partitions its data accordingly. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The acronym first appeared in the goods and services description of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">USPTO</a> <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, filed on September 23, 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>DbaaS</i> (<a href="/wiki/Database_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Database as a service">Database as a service</a>) has emerged as a sub-variety of SaaS<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a type of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">cloud database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> referred to SaaS as "software plus services" for a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_pricing">Distribution and pricing</h2></div> <p>The cloud (or SaaS) model has no physical need for indirect distribution because it is not distributed physically and is deployed almost instantaneously, thereby negating the need for traditional partners and middlemen. Unlike traditional software, which is conventionally sold as a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual license">perpetual license</a> with an up-front cost (and an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers generally price applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly fee or an annual fee.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the initial setup cost for SaaS is typically lower than the equivalent enterprise software. SaaS vendors typically price their applications based on some usage parameters, such as the number of users using the application. However, because in a SaaS environment customers' data reside with the SaaS vendor, opportunities also exist to charge per transaction, event, or other units of value, such as the number of processors required.<sup id="cite_ref-box.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-box.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relatively low cost for <a href="/wiki/User_provisioning" class="mw-redirect" title="User provisioning">user provisioning</a> (i.e., setting up a new customer) in a multi-tenant environment enables some SaaS vendors to offer applications using the <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-box.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-box.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this model, a free service is made available with limited functionality or scope, and fees are charged for enhanced functionality or larger scope.<sup id="cite_ref-box.com_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-box.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key driver of SaaS growth is SaaS vendors' ability to provide a price that is competitive with on-premises software. This is consistent with the traditional rationale for outsourcing <a href="/wiki/IT_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="IT systems">IT systems</a>, which involves applying <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a> to application operation, i.e., an outside service provider may be able to offer better, cheaper, more reliable applications.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <p>Most SaaS providers offer a <a href="/wiki/Multitenancy" title="Multitenancy">multi-tenant</a> architecture. With this model, a single <a href="/wiki/Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">version</a> of the application, with a single <a href="/wiki/Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration">configuration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Personal_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computer hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>), is used for all customers ("tenants"). To support <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a>, the application can be installed on multiple machines (called <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal scaling">horizontal scaling</a>). In some cases, a second version of the application is set up to offer a select group of customers access to pre-release versions of the applications (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Beta_version" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta version">beta version</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a> purposes. This is contrasted with traditional software, where multiple physical copies of the software — each potentially of a different version, with a potentially different configuration, and often customized — are installed across various customer sites.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although an exception rather than the norm, some SaaS providers use mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a> to manage a large number of customers in place of multitenancy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether multitenancy is a necessary component of software as a service is debatable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertical_vs_horizontal_SaaS">Vertical vs horizontal SaaS</h2></div> <p>Horizontal SaaS and vertical SaaS are different models of cloud computing services.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horizontal SaaS targets a broad variety of customers, generally without regard to their industry. Some popular examples of horizontal SaaS vendors are <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a> and <a href="/wiki/HubSpot" title="HubSpot">HubSpot</a>. Vertical SaaS, on the other hand, refers to a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> targeting a narrower variety of customers to meet their specific requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <p>Although not all software-as-a-service applications share all the following traits, the characteristics below are common among many of them: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accelerated_feature_delivery">Accelerated feature delivery</h3></div> <p>SaaS applications are often updated more frequently than traditional software,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in many cases on a weekly or monthly basis. This is enabled by several factors: </p> <ul><li>The application is hosted centrally, so an update is decided and executed by the provider, not by customers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The application only has a single configuration, making development testing faster.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The application vendor does not have to expend resources updating and maintaining backdated software versions because there is only one version.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The application vendor has access to all customer data, expediting <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">regression testing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The service provider has access to user behavior within the application (usually via <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">web analytics</a>), making it easier to identify areas worthy of improvement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Accelerated feature delivery is further enabled by <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile software development</a> methodologies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such methodologies, which evolved in the mid-1990s, provide a set of <a href="/wiki/Software_development_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development tool">software development tools</a> and practices to support frequent software releases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_integration_protocols">Open integration protocols</h3></div> <p>SaaS applications predominantly offer integration protocols and <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) that operate over a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ubiquity of SaaS applications and other Internet services and the standardization of their <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> technology has spawned the development of <a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">mashups</a>, which are lightweight applications that combine data, presentation, and functionality from multiple services, creating a compound service.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mashups further differentiate SaaS applications from on-premises software as the latter cannot be easily integrated outside a company's <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2022)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborative_(and_"social")_functionality"><span id="Collaborative_.28and_.22social.22.29_functionality"></span>Collaborative (and "social") functionality</h3></div> <p>Inspired by the development of different internet networking services and the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">web 2.0</a></i> functionality, many SaaS applications offer features that let their users <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaborate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Information sharing">share information</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, many <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> applications delivered in the SaaS model offer—in addition to traditional project planning functionality—collaboration features letting users comment on tasks and plans and share documents within and outside an organization. Several other SaaS applications let users vote on and offer new feature ideas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although some collaboration-related functionality is also integrated into on-premises software, (implicit or explicit) collaboration between users or different customers is only possible with centrally hosted software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OpenSaaS">OpenSaaS</h3></div> <p><b>OpenSaaS</b> refers to software as a service (SaaS) based on <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> code. Like SaaS applications, Open SaaS is a web-based application hosted, supported, and maintained by a service provider. While the roadmap for Open SaaS applications is defined by its community of users, upgrades and product enhancements are managed by a central provider. The term was coined in 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Dries_Buytaert" title="Dries Buytaert">Dries Buytaert</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a> content management framework.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andrew Hoppin, a former Chief Information Officer for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a>, has been a vocal advocate of OpenSaaS for government, calling it "the future of government innovation." He points to <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> and Why Unified as a successful example of an OpenSaaS software delivery model that gives customers "the best of both worlds, and more options. The fact that it is open source means that they can start building their websites by self-hosting WordPress and customizing their website to their heart's content. Concurrently, the fact that <a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> is SaaS means that they don't have to manage the website at all -- they can simply pay WordPress.com to host it."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_drivers">Adoption drivers</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Software_as_a_service" title="Special:EditPage/Software as a service">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several important changes to the <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> market and technology landscape have facilitated the acceptance and growth of SaaS: </p> <ul><li>The growing use of web-based <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interfaces</a> by applications, along with the proliferation of associated practices (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a>), continuously decreased the need for traditional client-server applications. Consequently, traditional software vendor's investment in software based on <a href="/wiki/Fat_client" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat client">fat clients</a> has become a disadvantage (mandating ongoing support), opening the door for new software vendors' offering a <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a> perceived as more "modern".</li> <li>The standardization of web page technologies (<a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>), the increasing popularity of <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> as a practice, and the introduction and ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Web_application_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Web application framework">web application frameworks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails" title="Ruby on Rails">Ruby on Rails</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laravel" title="Laravel">Laravel</a> (<a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>) gradually reduced the cost of developing new software services and enabled new providers to challenge traditional vendors.</li> <li>The increasing penetration of <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">broadband Internet access</a> enabled remote centrally hosted applications to offer speed comparable to on-premises software.</li> <li>The standardization of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Secure" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP Secure">HTTPS</a> protocol as part of the web stack provided universally available lightweight <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> that is sufficient for most everyday applications.</li> <li>The introduction and wide acceptance of lightweight <a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">integration</a> <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Representational State Transfer">Representational State Transfer</a> (REST) and SOAP enabled affordable integration between SaaS applications (residing in the cloud) with internal applications over wide area networks and with other SaaS applications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_challenges">Adoption challenges</h2></div> <p>Some limitations slow down the acceptance of SaaS and prohibit it from being used in some cases: </p> <ul><li>Because data is stored on the vendor's servers rather than <a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">on-premises</a>, data security becomes an issue, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forrester_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forrester-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SaaS applications are hosted in the cloud, far away from the application users. This introduces <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> into the environment; for example, the SaaS model is not suitable for applications that demand response times in milliseconds (<a href="/wiki/Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing">OLTP</a>).</li> <li>Multi-tenant architectures, which drive cost efficiency for service providers, limit customization of applications for large clients, inhibiting such applications from being used in scenarios (applicable mostly to large enterprises) for which such customization is necessary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Business_software" title="Business software">business applications</a> require access to or integration with customers' current data. When such data are large in volume<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (December 2022)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> or sensitive (e.g. end-user's personal information), integrating them with remotely hosted software can be costly or risky or can conflict with data governance regulations.</li> <li>Constitutional search/seizure warrant laws do not protect all forms of SaaS dynamically stored data. The result is that <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">a link is added to the chain of security where access to the data, and, by extension, misuse of these data, are limited only by the assumed honesty</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="This sentence is incomprehensible. Please help to fix this. (December 2022)">incomprehensible</span></a></i>]</sup> of third parties or government agencies able to access the data on their recognizance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Organizations that adopt SaaS may find they are forced into adopting new versions, which might result in unforeseen training costs, an increase in the probability that a user might make an error or instability from bugs in the newer software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Likely not specific to SaaS. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Should the vendor of the software go out of business or suddenly EOL the software, the user may lose access to their software unexpectedly, which could destabilize their organization's current and future projects, as well as leave the user with older data they can no longer access or modify.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Relying on an Internet connection means that data is transferred to and from a SaaS firm at Internet speeds rather than the potentially higher speeds of a firm's internal network.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ability of the SaaS hosting company to guarantee the uptime level agreed in the SLA (Service Level Agreement)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The reliance on SaaS applications and services can lead to SaaS sprawl within enterprises. These disparate applications and services can become challenging to maintain technically and administratively, leading to the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Shadow_IT" title="Shadow IT">shadow IT</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The standard model also has limitations: </p> <ul><li>Compatibility with hardware, other software, and operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Licensing and compliance problems (unauthorized copies of the software program putting the organization at risk of fines or litigation).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Maintenance, support, and patch revision processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_applications">Healthcare applications</h3></div> <p>According to a survey by the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_Information_and_Management_Systems_Society" title="Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society">Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society</a>, 83% of US IT healthcare organizations are now using cloud services, with 9.3% planning to, whereas 67% of IT healthcare organizations are currently running SaaS-based applications.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_escrow">Data escrow</h2></div> <p><i>Software as a service data escrow</i> is the process of keeping a copy of critical software-as-a-service application data with an independent third party. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Source_code_escrow" title="Source code escrow">source code escrow</a>, where critical software <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is stored with an independent third party, SaaS data escrow applies the same logic to the data within a SaaS application. It allows companies to protect and ensure all the data that resides within SaaS applications, protecting against <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">data loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many and varied reasons for considering SaaS data escrow, including concerns about vendor <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unplanned service outages, and potential <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">data loss</a> or corruption. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many businesses either ensure that they are complying with their <a href="/wiki/Data_governance" title="Data governance">data governance</a> standards or try to enhance their reporting and <a href="/wiki/Business_analytics" title="Business analytics">business analytics</a> against their SaaS data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <p>One notable criticism of SaaS comes from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, who refers to it as <i>Service as a Software Substitute</i> (SaaSS).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considers the use of SaaSS to be a violation of the principles of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stallman: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>With SaaSS, the users do not have even the executable file that does their computing: it is on someone else's server, where the users can't see or touch it. Thus it is impossible for them to ascertain what it really does, and impossible to change it.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_service_provider" title="Application service provider">Application service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-based_integration" title="Cloud-based integration">Cloud-based integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_as_a_service" title="Games as a service">Games as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_SaaS" title="Hybrid SaaS">Hybrid SaaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servicizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Servicizing">Servicizing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPankerLewisFaheyVasquez2007" class="citation web cs1">Panker, Jon; Lewis, Mark; Fahey, Evan; Vasquez, Melvin Jafet (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/How-do-you-pronounce-IT">"How do you pronounce IT?"</a>. <i>TechTarget</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128222956/http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/How-do-you-pronounce-IT">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-24104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-24104-6"><bdi>978-92-64-24104-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205010303/https://books.google.com/books?id=wWOQDwAAQBAJ&q=Such+services+included+offering+computing+power+and+database+storage+to+banks+and+other+large+organizations+from+their+worldwide+data+centers.&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ladouceur+Named+CEO+of+FutureLink&rft.date=1999-10-20&rft.aulast=Gaw&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-oct-20-fi-24175-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoftware" class="citation web cs1">Software, Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Software-as-a-Service">"Software as a Service (SaaS)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519114830/https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Software-as-a-Service">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=USPTO+Service+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsdr.uspto.gov%2F%23caseNumber%3D73559543%26caseType%3DSERIAL_NO%26searchType%3DstatusSearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrari2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Ferrari" title="Elena Ferrari">Ferrari, Elena</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfEXMcvWzyoC"><i>Access Control in Data Management Systems</i></a>. Synthesis Lectures on Data Management. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60845-375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60845-375-7"><bdi>978-1-60845-375-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-13</span></span>. <q>[...] a new emerging option is represented by the Database as a Service (DbaaS) paradigm [...]. 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Take Agile Software Development Along with You"</a>. <i>DevX</i>. QuinStreet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.devx.com/SaaS/Article/36357/0/page/1">the original</a> on 21 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=3+sets+of+APIs+your+SaaS+platform+needs&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.aulast=Dulin&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3014636%2F3-sets-of-api-your-saas-platform-needs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManviShyam2021" class="citation book cs1">Manvi, Sunilkumar; Shyam, Gopal (8 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwgEAAAQBAJ&dq=SaaS+applications+predominantly+offer+integration+protocols+and+application+programming+interfaces+(APIs)+that+operate+over+a+wide+area+network&pg=PA105"><i>Cloud Computing: Concepts and Technologies</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Software+Escrow%3A+Is+Escrow+dead%3F&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualdcs.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fis-escrow-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman" class="citation web cs1">Stallman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html">"Who does that server really serve?"</a>. <i>GNU.org</i>. The Free Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609163535/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GNU.org&rft.atitle=Who+does+that+server+really+serve%3F&rft.aulast=Stallman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fphilosophy%2Fwho-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStallman2010" class="citation news cs1">Stallman, Richard (18 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bostonreview.net/articles/richard-stallman-free-software-drm/">"Who Does That Server Really Serve?"</a>. <i>Boston Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123215500/https://bostonreview.net/articles/richard-stallman-free-software-drm/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-native_computing" title="Cloud-native computing">Cloud-native computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage_gateway" title="Cloud storage gateway">Cloud storage gateways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware 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title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextcloud" title="Nextcloud">Nextcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owncloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Owncloud">Owncloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Drive" title="Proton Drive">Proton Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Technology" title="Rackspace Technology">Rackspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafile" title="Seafile">Seafile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlateSpin" class="mw-redirect" title="PlateSpin">PlateSpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoho_Corporation" title="Zoho Corporation">Zoho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppScale" title="AppScale">AppScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudBolt" title="CloudBolt">CloudBolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Foundry" title="Cloud Foundry">Cloud Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(PaaS)" title="Cocaine (PaaS)">Cocaine (PaaS)</a></li> <li>Creatio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPE_Helion" title="HPE Helion">Helion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predix_(software)" title="Predix (software)">GE Predix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindSphere" title="MindSphere">MindSphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OutSystems" title="OutSystems">OutSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQRM" title="OpenQRM">openQRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightScale" title="RightScale">RightScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalr" title="Scalr">Scalr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce#Force.com" title="Salesforce">Force.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_Cloud_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Cloud Platform">SAP Cloud Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splunk" title="Splunk">Splunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveMaker" title="WaveMaker">WaveMaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiquo_Enterprise_Edition" title="Abiquo Enterprise Edition">Abiquo Enterprise Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Cloud" title="Citrix Cloud">Citrix Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deft_(company)" title="Deft (company)">Deft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMC_Atmos" title="EMC Atmos">EMC Atmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_(software)" title="Eucalyptus (software)">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5" title="FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iland" title="Iland">iland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linode" title="Linode">Linode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunacloud" title="Lunacloud">Lunacloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirantis" title="Mirantis">Mirantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbula" title="Nimbula">Nimbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_(cloud_computing)" title="Nimbus (cloud computing)">Nimbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenIO" title="OpenIO">OpenIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenNebula" title="OpenNebula">OpenNebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrionVM" title="OrionVM">OrionVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Cloud" title="Rackspace Cloud">Rackspace Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Swiss_Cloud" title="Safe Swiss Cloud">Safe Swiss Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadara" title="Zadara">Zadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libvirt" title="Libvirt">libvirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libguestfs" title="Libguestfs">libguestfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVirt" title="OVirt">OVirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt-manager" title="Virt-manager">Virtual Machine Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakame-vdc" title="Wakame-vdc">Wakame-vdc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Private_Cloud_OnDemand" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand">Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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