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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Modern wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manual_self-propelled_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_self-propelled_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Manual self-propelled wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_self-propelled_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manual_attendant-propelled_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_attendant-propelled_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Manual attendant-propelled wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_attendant-propelled_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powered_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powered_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Powered wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powered_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility_scooters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility_scooters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mobility scooters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility_scooters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-arm_drive_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-arm_drive_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Single-arm drive wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-arm_drive_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclining_and_tilting_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclining_and_tilting_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Reclining and tilting wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclining_and_tilting_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standing_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Standing wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Sports wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motorized_wheelchair_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorized_wheelchair_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Motorized wheelchair sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorized_wheelchair_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheelchair_stretchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheelchair_stretchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Wheelchair stretchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheelchair_stretchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All-terrain_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-terrain_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>All-terrain wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-terrain_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_wheelchairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_wheelchairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Smart wheelchairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_wheelchairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Technological developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Other variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility_and_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility_and_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mobility and access</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mobility_and_access-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mobility and access subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mobility_and_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_realm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_realm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Public realm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_realm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Seating systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_wheelchair_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_wheelchair_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable wheelchair manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_wheelchair_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheelchair</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كرسي متحرك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرسي متحرك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flil_arabas%C4%B1" title="Əlil arabası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlil arabası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হুইল চেয়ার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুইল চেয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi_indan" title="Kursi indan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kursi indan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBn-%C3%AD" title="Lûn-í – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lûn-í" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kador_rodek" title="Kador rodek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kador rodek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadira_de_rodes" title="Cadira de rodes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadira de rodes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalidn%C3%AD_voz%C3%ADk" title="Invalidní vozík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Invalidní vozík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadair_olwyn" title="Cadair olwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadair olwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8restol" title="Kørestol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kørestol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollstuhl" title="Rollstuhl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rollstuhl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratastool" title="Ratastool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ratastool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αναπηρικό αμαξίδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναπηρικό αμαξίδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla_de_ruedas" title="Silla de ruedas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silla de ruedas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulse%C4%9Do" title="Rulseĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rulseĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpil-aulki" title="Gurpil-aulki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurpil-aulki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%D8%B1" title="ویلچر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلچر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauteuil_roulant" title="Fauteuil roulant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fauteuil roulant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolstoel" title="Rolstoel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rolstoel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeira_de_rodas" title="Cadeira de rodas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cadeira de rodas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4%EC%96%B4" title="휠체어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휠체어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="पहियाकुर्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पहियाकुर्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi_roda" title="Kursi roda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kursi roda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%B3last%C3%B3ll" title="Hjólastóll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjólastóll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedia_a_rotelle" title="Sedia a rotelle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedia a rotelle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%90_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="כיסא גלגלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיסא גלגלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursi_rodha" title="Kursi rodha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kursi rodha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Wheelchair" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitimaguru" title="Kitimaguru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitimaguru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sella_rotalis" title="Sella rotalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sella rotalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollstull" title="Rollstull – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rollstull" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C4%AFgali%C5%B3j%C5%B3_ve%C5%BEim%C4%97lis" title="Neįgaliųjų vežimėlis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neįgaliųjų vežimėlis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerekessz%C3%A9k" title="Kerekesszék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerekesszék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Инвалидска количка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инвалидска количка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusi_roda" title="Kerusi roda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerusi roda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolstoel" title="Rolstoel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rolstoel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E6%A4%85%E5%AD%90" title="車椅子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="車椅子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rullestol" title="Rullestol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rullestol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rullestol" title="Rullestol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rullestol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3zek_inwalidzki" title="Wózek inwalidzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wózek inwalidzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadeira_de_rodas" title="Cadeira de rodas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cadeira de rodas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaun_cu_rotile" title="Scaun cu rotile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scaun cu rotile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Инвалидная коляска – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инвалидная коляска" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="රෝද පුටුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝද පුටුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wheelchair" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invalidn%C3%BD_voz%C3%ADk" title="Invalidný vozík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Invalidný vozík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Инвалидска колица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инвалидска колица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsi_roda" title="Korsi roda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Korsi roda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%B6r%C3%A4tuoli" title="Pyörätuoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyörätuoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rullstol" title="Rullstol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rullstol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="சக்கர நாற்காலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சக்கர நாற்காலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วีลแชร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วีลแชร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekerlekli_sandalye" title="Tekerlekli sandalye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tekerlekli sandalye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Інвалідний візок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інвалідний візок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_l%C4%83n" title="Xe lăn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xe lăn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikaliding_nga_lingkuran" title="Dikaliding nga lingkuran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dikaliding nga lingkuran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E6%A4%85" title="轮椅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轮椅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C" title="רעדערשטול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעדערשטול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a mobility aid for disabled people. For wheeled chairs for office use, see <a href="/wiki/Office_chair" title="Office chair">office chair</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chair with wheels used by people with mobility deficiencies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wheelchair" title="Special:EditPage/Wheelchair">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wheelchair%22">"Wheelchair"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wheelchair%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wheelchair%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wheelchair%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wheelchair%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wheelchair%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg/220px-Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg/330px-Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg/440px-Man_in_wheelchair_with_AFO_braces_and_crutches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>A man with a disability sitting in a wheelchair</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wheelchair</b> is a mobilized form of <a href="/wiki/Chair" title="Chair">chair</a> using 2 or more wheels, a footrest, and an armrest usually cushioned. It is used when walking is difficult or impossible to do due to <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">illnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>, or age-related health conditions. Wheelchairs provide mobility, postural support, and freedom to those who cannot walk or have difficulty walking, enabling them to move around, participate in everyday activities, and live life on their own terms. [<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/assistive-and-medical-technology/assistive-technology/wheelchair-services">[1]</a>] </p><p>Wheelchairs come in a wide variety of formats to meet the specific needs of their users. They may include specialized seating adaptions, and individualized controls, and may be specific to particular activities, as with <a href="/wiki/Sports_wheelchair" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports wheelchair">sports wheelchairs</a> and beach wheelchairs. The most widely recognized distinction is between <a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">motorized wheelchairs</a>, where propulsion is provided by batteries and electric motors, and <a href="/wiki/Manual_wheelchair" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual wheelchair">manual wheelchairs</a>, where the propulsive force is provided either by the wheelchair user or occupant pushing the wheelchair by hand (self-propelled), by an attendant pushing from the rear using the handle(s), or by an attendant pushing from the side use a handle attachment. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/300px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/450px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/600px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Chinese philosopher <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> in a wheelchair, dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recueil_d%27ouvrages_curieux_de_mathematique_et_de_mecanique;_ou,_Description_du_cabinet_de_monsieur_Grollier_de_Serviere._Avec_pr%C3%A8s_de_100_planches_en_taille-douce_(1751)_(14773595462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nicolas Grollier de Servière (1596–1689) Wheelchair in his Cabinet of curiosities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Recueil_d%27ouvrages_curieux_de_mathematique_et_de_mecanique%3B_ou%2C_Description_du_cabinet_de_monsieur_Grollier_de_Serviere._Avec_pr%C3%A8s_de_100_planches_en_taille-douce_%281751%29_%2814773595462%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Recueil_d%27ouvrages_curieux_de_mathematique_et_de_mecanique%3B_ou%2C_Description_du_cabinet_de_monsieur_Grollier_de_Serviere._Avec_pr%C3%A8s_de_100_planches_en_taille-douce_%281751%29_%2814773595462%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Recueil_d%27ouvrages_curieux_de_mathematique_et_de_mecanique%3B_ou%2C_Description_du_cabinet_de_monsieur_Grollier_de_Serviere._Avec_pr%C3%A8s_de_100_planches_en_taille-douce_%281751%29_%2814773595462%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grollier_de_Servi%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas Grollier de Servière">Nicolas Grollier de Servière</a> (1596–1689) Wheelchair in his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">Cabinet of curiosities</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest records of wheeled furniture are an inscription found on a <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">stone slate</a> in China and a child's bed depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> on a Greek <a href="/wiki/Vase" title="Vase">vase</a>, both dating between the 6th and 5th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Wheelchairs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Wheelchairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koerth-Baker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerth-Baker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-invention_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invention-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting disabled people date to three centuries later in China; the Chinese used early wheelbarrows to move people as well as heavy objects. A distinction between the two functions was not made for another several hundred years, until around AD 525, when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry people began to occur in Chinese art.<sup id="cite_ref-invention_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invention-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Europeans eventually developed a similar design, this method of transportation did not exist until 1595<sup id="cite_ref-Bellis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when an unknown inventor from Spain built one for <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Phillip II</a>. Although it was an elaborate chair having both armrests and leg rests, the design still had shortcomings since it did not feature an efficient propulsion mechanism and thus required assistance to propel it. This makes the design more comparable to a modern-day highchair or portable throne for the wealthy than to a modern-day wheelchair for disabled people.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Wheelchairs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Wheelchairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1655, <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Farffler" title="Stephan Farffler">Stephan Farffler</a>, a 22-year-old <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegic</a> watchmaker, built the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">cogwheels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellis_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koerth-Baker_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerth-Baker-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the device resembled a hand bike more than a wheelchair since the design included hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Wheelchairs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Wheelchairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A self-propelled wheelchair was made for the Parliamentarian commander-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Sir Thomas Fairfax</a> due to the many injuries he had received during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, and he used it during the final years of his life. The wheelchair of Thomas Fairfax is currently on display at the National Civil War Centre in <a href="/wiki/Newark-on-Trent" title="Newark-on-Trent">Newark-on-Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invalid carriage or <a href="/wiki/Bath_chair" title="Bath chair">Bath chair</a> brought the technology into more common use from around 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, wheelchairs ("rolling chairs") were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a> so invalid tourists could rent them to enjoy the Boardwalk. Soon, many healthy tourists also rented the decorated "rolling chairs" and servants to push them as a show of decadence and treatment they could never experience at home.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Dunn,_Raymond,_Potter_Co.,_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope,_successor_to_M.H._Kimball,_477_Broadway,_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amputee in a 19th-century wheelchair"><img alt="Amputee in a 19th-century wheelchair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Michael_Dunn%2C_Raymond%2C_Potter_Co.%2C_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope%2C_successor_to_M.H._Kimball%2C_477_Broadway%2C_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg/74px-Michael_Dunn%2C_Raymond%2C_Potter_Co.%2C_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope%2C_successor_to_M.H._Kimball%2C_477_Broadway%2C_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Michael_Dunn%2C_Raymond%2C_Potter_Co.%2C_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope%2C_successor_to_M.H._Kimball%2C_477_Broadway%2C_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg/111px-Michael_Dunn%2C_Raymond%2C_Potter_Co.%2C_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope%2C_successor_to_M.H._Kimball%2C_477_Broadway%2C_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Michael_Dunn%2C_Raymond%2C_Potter_Co.%2C_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope%2C_successor_to_M.H._Kimball%2C_477_Broadway%2C_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg/149px-Michael_Dunn%2C_Raymond%2C_Potter_Co.%2C_Penna._-_Photographed_by_Hope%2C_successor_to_M.H._Kimball%2C_477_Broadway%2C_New_York._LCCN2015649856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4074" data-file-height="6575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amputee in a 19th-century wheelchair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another 19th century wheelchair"><img alt="Another 19th century wheelchair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg/120px-16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg/180px-16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg/240px-16_21_2404_wheelchair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another 19th century wheelchair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WoodWheelchair.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden wheelchair dating to the early part of the 20th century"><img alt="Wooden wheelchair dating to the early part of the 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/WoodWheelchair.JPG/90px-WoodWheelchair.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/WoodWheelchair.JPG/135px-WoodWheelchair.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/WoodWheelchair.JPG/180px-WoodWheelchair.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden wheelchair dating to the early part of the 20th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_wheelchairs">Modern wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933 Harry C. Jennings Sr. and his disabled friend Herbert Everest, both <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical engineer">mechanical engineers</a>, invented the first lightweight, steel, folding, portable wheelchair.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everest had previously broken his back in a mining accident. <a href="/wiki/Everest_and_Jennings" title="Everest and Jennings">Everest and Jennings</a> saw the business potential of the invention and went on to become the first mass-market manufacturer of wheelchairs. Their "X-brace" design<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is still in common use, albeit with updated materials and other improvements. The X-brace idea came to Jennings from the men's folding "camp chairs/stools", rotated 90 degrees, used in the outdoors and at the mines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a wide variety of types of wheelchairs, differing by propulsion method, mechanisms of control, and technology used. Some wheelchairs are designed for general everyday use, others for single activities, or to address specific access needs. Innovation within the wheelchair industry is relatively common, but many innovations ultimately fall by the wayside, either from over-specialization or from failing to come to market at an accessible price point. The <a href="/wiki/IBOT" title="IBOT">iBOT</a> is perhaps the best-known example of this in recent years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_self-propelled_wheelchairs">Manual self-propelled wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manual self-propelled wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wheelchair" title="Special:EditPage/Wheelchair">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wheelchair##" title="Talk:Wheelchair">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg/220px-Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg/330px-Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg/440px-Wheelchairs_for_visitors_at_the_entrance_-_N%C3%84L_hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4342" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>Folding chair and stackable rigid chairs for visitors in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%84L" class="mw-redirect" title="NÄL">NÄL</a> hospital, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>A self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Manual_wheelchair" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual wheelchair">manual wheelchair</a> incorporates a frame, seat, one or two footplates (footrests), and four wheels: usually two caster wheels at the front and two large wheels at the back. There will generally also be a separate seat cushion. The larger rear wheels usually have push-rims of slightly smaller diameter projecting just beyond the tyre; these allow the user to manoeuvre the chair by pushing on them without requiring them to grasp the tyres. Manual wheelchairs generally have brakes that bear on the tyres of the rear wheels, however, these are solely a parking brakes and in-motion braking is provided by the user's palms bearing directly on the push-rims. As this causes friction and heat build-up, particularly on long downslopes, many wheelchair users will choose to wear padded wheelchair gloves. Manual wheelchairs often have two push handles at the upper rear of the frame to allow for manual propulsion by a second person, however many active wheelchair users will remove these to prevent unwanted pushing from people who believe they are being helpful. </p><p>Everyday manual wheelchairs come in two major varieties, folding or rigid. Folding chairs are generally low-end designs,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose predominant advantage is being able to fold, generally by bringing the two sides together. This is an advantage for people who need to store the wheelchair frequently or to put it in a small vehicle. Rigid wheelchairs have permanently welded joints and many fewer moving parts. This reduces the energy required to push the chair by eliminating many points where the chair would flex and absorb energy as it moves. Welded rather than folding joints also reduce the overall weight of the chair. Rigid chairs typically feature instant-release rear wheels and backrests that fold down flat, allowing the user to dismantle the chair quickly for storage in a car. A few wheelchairs attempt to combine the features of both designs by providing a fold-to-rigid mechanism in which the joints are mechanically locked when the wheelchair is in use. </p><p>Many rigid models are made with light materials such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and wheelchairs of composite materials such as carbon-fibre have started to appear. Ultra lightweight rigid wheelchairs are commonly known as 'active user chairs' as they are ideally suited to independent use. Another innovation in rigid chair design is the installation of shock absorbers, such as "Frog Legs", which cushion the bumps over which the chair rolls. These shock absorbers may be added to the front wheels, to the rear wheels, or both. Rigid chairs also have the option for their rear wheels to have a camber, or tilt, which angles the tops of the wheels in toward the chair. This allows for more mechanically efficient propulsion by the user and also makes it easier to hold a straight line while moving across a slope. Sport wheelchairs often have large camber angles to improve stability. </p><p>Rigid-framed chairs are generally made to measure, to suit both the specific size of the user and their needs and preferences around areas such as the "tippyness" of the chair - determined by the distance between the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> and the rear axle. Experienced users with sufficient upper-body strength can generally balance the chair on its rear wheels, a "wheelie", and the "tippyness" of the chair controls the ease with which this can be initiated. The wheelie allows an independent wheelchair user to climb and descend curbs and move more easily over small obstacles and irregular ground such as cobbles. </p><p>The rear wheels of self-propelled wheelchairs typically range from 20–24 in (510–610 mm) in diameter, and commonly resemble bicycle wheels. Wheels are rubber-tired and may be solid, pneumatic or gel-filled. The wheels of folding chairs may be permanently attached, but those for rigid chairs are commonly fitted with quick-release axles activated by depressing a button at the centre of the wheel. </p><p>All major varieties of wheelchairs can be highly customized for the user's needs. Such customization may encompass the seat dimensions, height, seat angle, footplates, leg rests, front <a href="/wiki/Caster" title="Caster">caster</a> outriggers, adjustable backrests and controls. Various optional accessories are available, such as anti-tip bars or wheels, safety belts, adjustable backrests, tilt and/or recline features, extra support for limbs or head and neck, holders for <a href="/wiki/Crutch" title="Crutch">crutches</a>, walkers or oxygen tanks, drink holders, and mud and wheel-guards as clothing protectors. </p><p>Light weight and high costs are related to the manual wheelchair market. At the low-cost end, heavy, folding steel chairs with sling seats and little adaptability dominate. Users may be temporarily disabled, or using such a chair as a loaner, or simply unable to afford better. These chairs are common as "loaners" at large facilities such as airports, amusement parks and shopping centers. A slightly higher price band sees the same folding design produced in aluminium. The high end of the market contains ultra-light models, extensive seating options and accessories, all-terrain features, and so forth. The most expensive manual chairs may rival the cost of a small car. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_attendant-propelled_wheelchairs">Manual attendant-propelled wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manual attendant-propelled wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boardwalk,_Atlantic_City,_N._J_(NYPL_b12647398-66712).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Boardwalk%2C_Atlantic_City%2C_N._J_%28NYPL_b12647398-66712%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Boardwalk%2C_Atlantic_City%2C_N._J_%28NYPL_b12647398-66712%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Boardwalk%2C_Atlantic_City%2C_N._J_%28NYPL_b12647398-66712%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Boardwalk%2C_Atlantic_City%2C_N._J_%28NYPL_b12647398-66712%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Boardwalk%2C_Atlantic_City%2C_N._J_%28NYPL_b12647398-66712%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Boardwalk%2C_Atlantic_City%2C_N._J_%28NYPL_b12647398-66712%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>Boardwalk wheelchairs, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_wheel_chair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_wheel_chair.jpg/220px-A_wheel_chair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_wheel_chair.jpg/330px-A_wheel_chair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/A_wheel_chair.jpg/440px-A_wheel_chair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4219" /></a><figcaption>Wheelchairs allow for people with disabilities to travel, like this child in Egypt.</figcaption></figure> <p>An attendant-propelled wheelchair (also known as a companion or transfer chair) is generally similar to a self-propelled manual wheelchair, but with small diameter wheels at both front and rear. The chair is maneuvered and controlled by a person standing at the rear and pushing on handles incorporated into the frame. Braking is supplied directly by the attendant who will usually also be provided with a foot- or hand-operated parking brake. </p><p>These chairs are common in institutional settings and as loaner-chairs in large public venues. They are usually constructed from steel as light weight is less of a concern when the user is not required to self-propel. </p><p>Specially designed transfer chairs are now required features at airports in much of the developed world in order to allow access down narrow airliner aisles and facilitate the transfer of wheelchair-using passengers to and from their seats on the aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powered_wheelchairs">Powered wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Powered wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">Motorized wheelchair</a></div> <p>An electric-powered wheelchair, commonly called a "powerchair" is a wheelchair that additionally incorporates batteries and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> into the frame and that is controlled by either the user or an attendant, most commonly via a small joystick mounted on the armrest, or on the upper rear of the frame. Alternatives exist for the traditional manual joystick, including head switches, chin-operated joysticks, <a href="/wiki/Sip-and-puff" title="Sip-and-puff">sip-and-puff</a> controllers or other specialist controls, which may allow independent operation of the wheelchair for a wider population of users with varying motor impairments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranges of over 10 miles/15 km are commonly available from standard batteries. </p><p>Powerchairs are commonly divided by their access capabilities. An indoor-chair may only reliably be able to cross completely flat surfaces, limiting them to household use. An indoor-outdoor chair is less limited, but may have restricted range or ability to deal with slopes or uneven surfaces. An outdoor chair is more capable, but will still have a very restricted ability to deal with rough terrain. A very few specialist designs offer a true cross-country capability. </p><p>Powerchairs have access to the full range of wheelchair options, including ones that are difficult to provide in an unpowered manual chair, but have the disadvantage of significant extra weight. Where an ultra-lightweight manual chair may weigh under 10 kg, the largest outdoor power-chairs may weigh 200 kg or more. </p><p>Smaller power chairs often have four wheels, with front or rear wheel drive, but large outdoor designs commonly have six wheels, with small wheels at front and rear and somewhat larger powered wheels in the centre. </p><p>A power-assisted wheelchair is a recent development that uses the frame and seating of a typical rigid manual chair while replacing the standard rear wheels with wheels of similar size which incorporate batteries and battery-powered motors in the hubs. A floating rim design senses the pressure applied by the user's push and activates the motors proportionately to provide a power assist. This results in the convenience, and small size of a manual chair while providing motorised assistance for rough/uneven terrain and steep slopes that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to navigate, especially by those with limited upper-body function. As the wheels necessarily come at a weight penalty it is often possible to exchange them with standard wheels to match the capabilities of the wheelchair to the current activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobility_scooters">Mobility scooters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobility scooters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">Mobility scooter</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">Mobility scooters</a> share some features with powerchairs, but primarily address a different market segment, people with a limited ability to walk, but who might not otherwise consider themselves disabled. Smaller mobility scooters are typically three wheeled, with a base on which is mounted a basic seat at the rear, with a control tiller at the front. Larger scooters are frequently four-wheeled, with a much more substantial seat. </p><p>Opinions are often polarized as to whether mobility scooters should be considered wheelchairs or not, and negative stereotyping of scooter users can be worse than for some manual or power-chair users. Some commercial organisations draw a distinction between power-chairs and scooters when making access provisions due to a lack of clarity in the law as to whether scooters fall under the same equality legislation as wheelchairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-arm_drive_wheelchairs">Single-arm drive wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Single-arm drive wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One-arm or single arm drive enables a user to self-propel a manual wheelchair using only a single arm. The large wheel on the same side as the arm to be used is fitted with two concentric handrims, one of smaller diameter than the other. On most models the outer, smaller rim, is connected to the wheel on the opposite side by an inner concentric axle. When both handrims are grasped together, the chair may be propelled forward or backward in a straight line. When either handrim is moved independently, only a single wheel is used and the chair will turn left or right in response to the handrim used. Some wheelchairs, designed for use by <a href="/wiki/Hemiparesis" title="Hemiparesis">hemiplegics</a>, provide a similar function by linking both wheels rigidly together and using one of the footplates to control steering via a linkage to the front caster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclining_and_tilting_wheelchairs">Reclining and tilting wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reclining and tilting wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg/220px-Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg/330px-Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg/440px-Levo_Freisteller_025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5412" data-file-height="7216" /></a><figcaption>A standing wheelchair with electrical 4-wheel drive and standing functions</figcaption></figure> <p>Reclining or tilt-in-space wheelchairs have seating surfaces that can be tilted to various angles. The original concept was developed by an orthotist, Hugh Barclay, who worked with disabled children and observed that postural deformities such as scoliosis could be supported or partially corrected by allowing the wheelchair user to relax in a tilted position. The feature is also of value to users who are unable to sit upright for extended periods for pain or other reasons. </p><p>In the case of <b>reclining wheelchairs</b>, the seat-back tilts back, and the leg rests can be raised, while the seat base remains in the same position, somewhat similar to a common <a href="/wiki/Recliner" title="Recliner">recliner</a> chair. Some reclining wheelchairs lean back far enough that the user can lie down completely flat. Reclining wheelchairs are preferred in some cases for some medical purposes, such as reducing the risk of pressure sores, providing passive movement of hip and knee joints, and making it easier to perform some nursing procedures, such as intermittent catheterization to empty the bladder and transfers to beds, and also for personal reasons, such as people who like using an attached tray.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of reclining wheelchairs is particularly common among people with spinal cord injuries such as quadriplegia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <b>tilting wheelchairs</b>, the seat-back, seat base, and leg rests tilt back as one unit, somewhat similar to the way a person might tip a four-legged chair backward to balance it on the back legs. While fully reclining spreads the person's weight over the entire back side of the body, tilting wheelchairs transfer it from only the buttocks and thighs (in the seated position) to partially on the back and head (in the tilted position).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilting wheelchairs are preferred for people who use molded or contoured seats, who need to maintain a particular posture, who adversely affected by sheer forces (reclining causes the body to slide slightly every time), or who need to keep a communication device, powered wheelchair controls, or other attached device in the same relative position throughout the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilting wheelchairs are commonly used by people with cerebral palsy, people with some muscle diseases, and people with limited range of motion in the hip or knee joints.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tilting options are more common than reclining options in wheelchairs designed for use by children.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standing_wheelchairs">Standing wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standing wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standing_wheelchair" title="Standing wheelchair">Standing wheelchair</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Standing_wheelchair" title="Standing wheelchair">standing wheelchair</a> is one that supports the user in a nearly standing position. They can be used as both a wheelchair and a <a href="/wiki/Standing_frame" title="Standing frame">standing frame</a>, allowing the user to sit or stand in the wheelchair as they wish. Some versions are entirely manual, others have a powered stand on an otherwise manual chair, while others have full power, tilt, recline and variations of powered stand functions available. The benefits of such a device include, but are not limited to: aiding independence and productivity, raising self-esteem and psychological well-being, heightening social status, extending access, relief of pressure, reduction of pressure sores, improved functional reach, improved respiration, reduced occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">UTI</a>, improved flexibility, help in maintaining <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral" title="Bone mineral">bone mineral</a> density, improved passive range motion, reduction in abnormal muscle tone and spasticity, and skeletal deformities. Other wheelchairs provide some of the same benefits by raising the entire seat to lift the user to standing height. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_wheelchairs">Sports wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg/220px-Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg/330px-Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg/440px-Wheelchair_Racing_Parapan_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Racing_wheelchair" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing wheelchair">racing wheelchair</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A range of <a href="/wiki/Disabled_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled sport">disabled sports</a> have been developed for disabled athletes, including <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball" title="Wheelchair basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis" title="Wheelchair tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_racing" title="Wheelchair racing">racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_DanceSport" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheelchair DanceSport">dancing</a>. The wheelchairs used for each sport have evolved to suit the specific needs of that sport and often no longer resemble their everyday cousins. They are usually non-folding (in order to increase rigidity), with a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">negative camber</a> for the wheels (which provides stability and is helpful for making sharp turns), and often are made of composite, lightweight materials. Even seating positions may be radically different, with racing wheelchairs generally used in a kneeling position. Sport wheelchairs are rarely suited for everyday use, and are often a 'second' chair specifically for sports use, although some users prefer the sports options for everyday use. Some disabled people, specifically lower-limb amputees, may use a wheelchair for sports, but not for everyday activities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorized_wheelchair_sports">Motorized wheelchair sports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Motorized wheelchair sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg/220px-US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg/330px-US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg/440px-US_v_FR_2007_FIPFA_WC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>US vs. France, <a href="/wiki/FIPFA" title="FIPFA">FIPFA</a> World Cup, Tokyo, Japan, October 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>While most wheelchair sports use manual chairs, some power chair sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Powerchair_football" title="Powerchair football">powerchair football</a>, exist. <a href="/wiki/Hockey" title="Hockey">Hockey</a> can also be played from electrical wheelchairs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheelchair_stretchers">Wheelchair stretchers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wheelchair stretchers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wheelchair stretchers are a variant of wheeled stretchers/gurneys that can accommodate a sitting patient, or be adjusted to lie flat to help in the lateral (or supine) transfer of a patient from a bed to the chair or back. Once transferred, the stretcher can be adjusted to allow the patient to assume a sitting position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-terrain_wheelchairs">All-terrain wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: All-terrain wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Terrain_Wheelchair_(6336275236).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/All_Terrain_Wheelchair_%286336275236%29.jpg/220px-All_Terrain_Wheelchair_%286336275236%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/All_Terrain_Wheelchair_%286336275236%29.jpg/330px-All_Terrain_Wheelchair_%286336275236%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/All_Terrain_Wheelchair_%286336275236%29.jpg/440px-All_Terrain_Wheelchair_%286336275236%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Tracked all terrain wheelchair</figcaption></figure> <p>All-terrain wheelchairs can allow users to access terrain otherwise completely inaccessible to a wheelchair user. Two different formats have been developed. One hybridises wheelchair and mountain bike technology, generally taking the form of a frame within which the user sits and with four mountain bike wheels at the corners. In general, there are no push-rims and propulsion/braking is by pushing directly on the tyres. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A chair with four wide, balloon-style wheels is in front of a fence at the beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG/220px-Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG/330px-Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG/440px-Wheelchair_for_beach_on_uiderstrand_Westkapelle_Walcheren.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A beach wheelchair</figcaption></figure> <p>A more common variant is the beach wheelchair (beach-going wheelchair)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can allow better mobility on beach sand, including in the water, on uneven terrain, and even on snow. The common adaptation among the different designs is that they have extra-wide balloon wheels or tires, to increase stability and decrease ground pressure on uneven or unsteady terrain. Different models are available, both manual and battery-driven. In some countries in Europe, where <a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">accessible tourism</a> is well established, many beaches have wheelchairs of this type available for loan/hire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smart_wheelchairs">Smart wheelchairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Smart wheelchairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A smart wheelchair is any powerchair using a <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a> to augment or replace <a href="/wiki/User_control" class="mw-redirect" title="User control">user control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose is to reduce or eliminate the user's task of driving a powerchair. Usually, a smart wheelchair is controlled via a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>, has a suite of <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and applies techniques in mobile <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, but this is not necessary. The type of sensors most frequently used by smart wheelchairs are the ultrasonic acoustic range finder (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared red</a> (IR) range finder.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interface may consist of a conventional wheelchair joystick, a "<a href="/wiki/Sip-and-puff" title="Sip-and-puff">sip-and-puff</a>" device or a touch-sensitive display. This differs from a conventional powerchair, in which the user exerts manual control over speed and direction without intervention by the wheelchair's control system. </p><p>Smart wheelchairs are designed for a variety of user types. Some are designed for users with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, these typically apply collision-avoidance techniques to ensure that users do not accidentally select a drive command that results in a collision. Others focus on users living with severe motor disabilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, or with <a href="/wiki/Quadriplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegia">quadriplegia</a>, and the role of the smart wheelchair is to interpret small muscular activations as high-level commands and execute them. Such wheelchairs typically employ techniques from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Path-planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Path-planning">path-planning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_developments">Technological developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Technological developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent technological advances are slowly improving wheelchair and powerchair technology. </p><p>A variation on the manually-propelled wheelchair is the Leveraged Freedom Chair (LFC), designed by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> Mobility Lab. This wheelchair is designed to be low-cost, constructed with local materials, for users in developing countries. Engineering modifications have added hand-controlled levers to the LFC, to enable users to move the chair over uneven ground and minor obstacles, such as bumpy dirt roads, that are common in developing countries. It is under development, and has been tested in Kenya and India so far. </p><p>The addition of geared, all-mechanical wheels for manual wheelchairs is a new development incorporating a <a href="/wiki/Hypocycloid" title="Hypocycloid">hypocycloidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Reduction_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction gear">reduction gear</a> into the wheel design. The 2-gear wheels can be added to a manual wheelchair. The geared wheels provide a user with additional assistance by providing leverage through gearing (like a bicycle, not a motor). The two-gear wheels offer two speed ratios- 1:1 (no help, no extra torque) and 2:1, providing 100% more hill climbing force. The <a href="/wiki/Low_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Low gear">low gear</a> incorporates an automatic "hill hold" function which holds the wheelchair in place on a hill between pushes, but will allow the user to override the hill hold to roll the wheels backward if needed. The low gear also provides downhill control when descending. </p><p> A recent development related to wheelchairs is the <a href="/wiki/Handcycle" title="Handcycle">handcycle</a>. They come in a variety of forms, from the road and track racing models to off-road types modelled after <a href="/wiki/Mountain_bikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain bikes">mountain bikes</a>. While dedicated handcycle designs are manufactured, clip-on versions are available that can convert a manual wheelchair to a handcycle in seconds. The general concept is a clip-on front-fork with hand-pedals, usually attaching to a mounting on the footplate. A somewhat related concept is the Freewheel, a large dolley wheel attaching to the front of a manual wheelchair, again generally to the footplate mounting, which improves wheelchair performance over rough terrain. Unlike a handcycle, a wheelchair with a Freewheel continues to be propelled via the rear wheels. There are several types of hybrid-powered handcycles where hand-pedals and used along with the electrical motor that helps on hills and large distances. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg/220px-UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg/330px-UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg/440px-UNAwheel_Mini_Active_and_UNAwheel_Mini_Basic_wheelchair_power_add-ons_in_Los_Angeles_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A wheelchair with a lightweight power add-on attached</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent generation of clip-on handcycles is fully electrical <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_power_add-on" title="Wheelchair power add-on">wheelchair power add-ons</a> that use <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushless DC electric motor">brushless DC electric motor</a> and light-weight aluminium frames with easy to attach clamps to convert almost any manual wheelchair into electrical trike in seconds. That makes long-distance journeys and everyday tasks much easier and keeps wheelchair users hands clean. </p><p>There have been significant efforts over the past 20 years to develop stationary <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_trainer" title="Wheelchair trainer">wheelchair trainer</a> platforms that could enable wheelchair users to exercise as one would on a <a href="/wiki/Treadmill" title="Treadmill">treadmill</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_trainer" title="Bicycle trainer">bicycle trainer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some devices have been created that could be used in conjunction with virtual travel and interactive gaming similar to an <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">omnidirectional treadmill</a>. This convergence of virtual reality and a treadmill have been used for pediatric and adult rehabilitation to regain walking skills.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, British inventor Andrew Slorance developed <i>Carbon Black</i> the first wheelchair to be made almost entirely out of carbon fibre<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Recently, <a href="/wiki/EPFL" class="mw-redirect" title="EPFL">EPFL</a>'s CNBI project has succeeded in making wheelchairs that can be controlled by brain impulses.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Interest in electric-powered wheelchairs that are able to climb stairs has increased over the past twenty years. Therefore, many <a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">electric wheelchairs</a> with the ability to climb stairs have been developed. Electric-powered wheelchairs with climbing ability need to be stronger and have greater movement in comparison to an electric-powered wheelchair that cannot climb stairs. They must also be stable in order to prevent injury to the wheelchair user. There are currently a number of electric powered wheelchairs that are able to climb stairs available to purchase. Technical developments are continuing in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experiments have also been made with unusual variant wheels, like the <a href="/wiki/Omniwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniwheel">omniwheel</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mecanum_wheel" title="Mecanum wheel">Mecanum wheel</a>. These allow for a broader spectrum of movement, but have made no mass-market penetration. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_wheelchair" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric wheelchair">electric wheelchair</a> shown on the right is fitted with Mecanum wheels (sometimes known as Ilon wheels) which give it complete freedom of movement. It can be driven forwards, backward, sideways, and diagonally, and also turned around on the spot or turned around while moving, all operated from a simple joystick. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A beach wheelchair at a public beach in the Netherlands"><img alt="A beach wheelchair at a public beach in the Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg/150px-Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg/225px-Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg/300px-Beach_wheelchair_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A beach wheelchair at a public beach in the Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_wheelchair.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A snow wheelchair at an outdoor park"><img alt="A snow wheelchair at an outdoor park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Snow_wheelchair.jpg/200px-Snow_wheelchair.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Snow_wheelchair.jpg/300px-Snow_wheelchair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Snow_wheelchair.jpg/400px-Snow_wheelchair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A snow wheelchair at an outdoor park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Leveraged Freedom Chair wheelchair user in Kenya. The chair has been engineered to be low-cost and usable on the rough roads common in developing countries."><img alt="A Leveraged Freedom Chair wheelchair user in Kenya. The chair has been engineered to be low-cost and usable on the rough roads common in developing countries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg/200px-Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg/300px-Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg/400px-Leveraged_wheelchair_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Leveraged Freedom Chair wheelchair user in Kenya. The chair has been engineered to be low-cost and usable on the rough roads common in developing countries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MecanumWheelchair.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheelchair fitted with Mecanum wheels, taken at a trade fair in the early 1980s"><img alt="Wheelchair fitted with Mecanum wheels, taken at a trade fair in the early 1980s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/MecanumWheelchair.jpg/136px-MecanumWheelchair.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/MecanumWheelchair.jpg/204px-MecanumWheelchair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/MecanumWheelchair.jpg/272px-MecanumWheelchair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheelchair fitted with Mecanum wheels, taken at a trade fair in the early 1980s</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_variants">Other variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Foot propulsion of a manual wheelchair by the occupant is possible for users who have limited hand movement capabilities or simply do not wish to use their hands for propulsion. Foot propulsion also allows patients to exercise their legs to increase blood flow and limit further disability. Users who do this commonly may elect to have a lower seat height and no footplate to better suit the wheelchair to their needs.</li> <li><i>Wheelbase chairs</i> are powered or manual wheelchairs with especially <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molded</a> seating systems interfaced with them for users with a more complicated <a href="/wiki/Human_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Human position">posture</a>. A molded seating system involves taking a cast of a person's best achievable seated position and then either carving the shape from <a href="/wiki/Memory_foam" title="Memory foam">memory foam</a> or forming a plastic mesh around it. This seat is then covered, framed, and attached to a wheelbase.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Bariatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bariatric">bariatric</a> wheelchair is one designed to support larger weights; most standard chairs are designed to support no more than 250 lb (113 kg) on average.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric">Pediatric</a> wheelchairs are another available subset of wheelchairs. These can address needs such as being able to play on the floor with other children, or cater for children in large hip-spica casts due to problems such as hip dysplasia.</li> <li><i>Hemi wheelchairs</i> have lower seats which are designed for easy foot propulsion. The decreased seat height also allows them to be used by children and shorter individuals.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Knee_scooter" title="Knee scooter">knee scooter</a> is a related device with some features of a wheelchair and some walking aids. Unlike wheelchairs they are only suitable for below knee injuries to a single leg. The user rests the injured leg on the scooter, grasps the handlebars, and pushes with the uninjured leg.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Walker_(mobility)" title="Walker (mobility)">walkers</a> can be used as a wheelchair. These walkers have seat and foot plates, so an attendant can push while the patient is sitting on the walker. This is useful for a person who gets tired while walking with a walker, or has a limited walking range meaning the person can walk, but after a while, the person will collapse and fall to the ground.</li> <li>A <i>commode wheelchair</i> is a wheelchair made for the bathroom. A commode wheelchair has a hole in the seat so the user does not have to transfer into the toilet. Sometimes the hole can be covered. Sometimes there is a pan attached to the hole, so the user can urinate/defecate without having to wheel over the toilet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobility_and_access">Mobility and access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mobility and access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg/220px-WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg/330px-WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg/440px-WheelchairRampAt2500AugustineBlvd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Wheelchair ramp and disabled parking space in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG/170px-Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG/255px-Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG/340px-Wheelchair_ramp_Sejm_Plenary_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="4838" /></a><figcaption>Wheelchair ramp in <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejm of the Republic of Poland">the Sejm</a>, lower chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish parliament">Polish parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg/220px-Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg/330px-Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg/440px-Gate_for_a_wheelchair_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>A gate for wheelchairs in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg/170px-Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg/255px-Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg/340px-Wheelchair_Playground_Swing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A wheelchair-swing on a playground in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg/170px-Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg/255px-Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg/340px-Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>The universal sign for <a href="/wiki/Disabled_parking" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled parking">disabled parking</a></figcaption></figure> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adapting the built environment to make it more accessible to wheelchair users is one of the key <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">campaigns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights movements</a> and local equality legislation such the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> (ADA). The <a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">social model of disability</a> defines 'disability' as the discrimination experienced by people with impairments as a result of the failure of society to provide the adaptions needed for them to participate in society as equals. This includes both physical adaptions of the built environment and adaption of organizational and social structures and attitudes. A core principle of access is <a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">universal design</a> - that all people regardless of disability are entitled to equal access to all parts of society like public transportation and buildings. A wheelchair user is less disabled in an environment without stairs. </p><p>Access starts outside of the building, with the provision of reduced height kerb-cuts where wheelchair users may need to cross roads, and the provision of adequate wheelchair parking, which must provide extra space in order to allow wheelchair users to transfer directly from seat to chair. Some tension exists between access provisions for visually impaired pedestrians and wheelchair users and other mobility impaired pedestrians as textured paving, vital for visually impaired people to recognise the edge of features such as light-controlled crossings, is uncomfortable at best, and dangerous at worst, to those with mobility impairments. </p><p>For access to public buildings, it is frequently necessary to adapt older buildings with features such as ramps or <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a> in order to allow access by wheelchair users and other people with mobility impairments. Other important adaptations can include powered doors, lowered fixtures such as sinks and water fountains, and accessible <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a> with adequate space and <a href="/wiki/Grab_bar" title="Grab bar">grab bars</a> to allow the disabled person to transfer out of their wheelchair onto the fixture. Access needs for people with other disabilities, for instance visual impairments, may also be required, such as by provision of high visibility markings on the edges of steps and braille labelling. Increasingly new construction for public use is required by local equality laws to have these features incorporated at the design stage. </p><p>The same principles of access that apply to public buildings also apply to private homes and may be required as part of local building regulations. Important adaptations include external access, providing sufficient space for a wheelchair user to move around the home, doorways that are wide enough for convenient use, access to upper floors, where they exist, which can be provided either by dedicated wheelchair lifts, or in some cases by using a stairlift to transfer between wheelchairs on different floors, and by providing accessible bathrooms with showers and/or bathtubs that are designed for accessibility. Accessible bathrooms can permit the use of mobile shower chairs or <a href="/wiki/Transfer_bench" title="Transfer bench">transfer benches</a> to facilitate bathing for people with disabilities. Wet rooms are bathrooms where the shower floor and bathroom floor are one continuous waterproof surface. Such floor designs allow a wheelchair user using a dedicated shower chair, or transferring onto a shower seat, to enter the shower without needing to overcome a barrier or lip. </p><p>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Low_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low floor">low floor</a> <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> are increasingly required by law, whereas the use of inaccessible features such as <a href="/wiki/Paternoster_lift" title="Paternoster lift">paternoster lifts</a> in public buildings without any alternative methods of wheelchair access is increasingly deprecated. Modern architecture is increasingly required by law and recognised good practise to incorporate better accessibility at the design stage. </p><p>In many countries, such as the UK, the owners of inaccessible buildings who have not provided permanent access measures are still required by local equality legislation to provide 'reasonable adjustments' to ensure that disabled people are able to access their services and are not excluded. These may range from keeping a portable ramp on hand to allow a wheelchair user to cross an inaccessible threshold, to providing personal service to access goods they are not otherwise able to reach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public transit vehicles are increasingly required to be <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessible</a> to people who use wheelchairs. </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, all single deck buses are required to be accessible to wheelchair users by 2017, all double-deck coaches by 2020. Similar requirements exist for trains, with most trains already incorporating a number of wheelchair-spaces.</li> <li>The EU has required airline and airport operators to support the use of airports and airliners by wheelchair users and other 'Persons with Reduced Mobility' since the introduction of EU Directive EC1107/2006.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> there is a program to remove a small amount of seating on some trains to make more room for <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> and wheelchairs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s entire bus system is wheelchair-accessible, and a multimillion-dollar renovation program is underway to provide elevator access to many of the city's 485 subway stations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, all public transport has provision for at least two wheelchairs per bus, tram or train. In addition, all trains have space available for bicycles.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Metro system features complete accessibility on all its subways and buses.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the entire bus network, i.e. 60 lines, has been accessible to wheelchair users since 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the United States, a wheelchair that has been designed and tested for use as a seat in motor vehicles is often referred to as a "WC19 Wheelchair" or a "transit wheelchair". ANSI-RESNA WC19 (officially, SECTION 19 ANSI/RESNA WC/VOL. 1 Wheelchairs for use in Motor Vehicles) is a voluntary standard for wheelchairs designed for use when traveling facing forward in a motor vehicle. ISO 7176/19 is an international transit wheelchair standard that specifies similar design and performance requirements as ANSI/RESNA WC19. </p><p>There are special vans equipped for wheelchairs. These vans are large and have a ramp on a side door or the back door, so a wheelchair can get inside the vehicle while the user is still in it. Some of the back seats will be removed and replaced with wheelchair security harnesses. Sometimes wheelchair vans are equipped so the wheelchair user can drive the van without getting out of the wheelchair. </p><p>A vehicle can be equipped with hand controls. Hand controls are used when a person can not move their legs to push the pedals. The hand controls do the pushing of the pedals. Some racecar drivers are paralyzed and use hand controls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_realm">Public realm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public realm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg/220px-Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg/330px-Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg/440px-Footbridge_Ramp_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1215145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>This footbridge includes a step-free ramp to assist wheelchair users.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some elements of the outdoor public realm present barriers to wheelchair use, such as grade-separated areas where no ramps are provided. UK guidance recommends a minimum width of 1.5m for a wheelchair user and an ambulant pedestrian to move side by side; with maximum ramp gradients of 8% for manual wheelchair use (5% is preferred).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_organizations">Distribution organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Distribution organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several organizations exist that help to give and receive wheelchair equipment. Organizations that accept wheelchair equipment donations typically attempt to identify recipients and match them with the donated equipment they have received. Organizations that accept donations in the form of money for wheelchairs typically have the wheelchairs manufactured and distributed in large numbers, often in developing countries. Organizations focusing on wheelchairs include <a href="/wiki/Direct_Relief" title="Direct Relief">Direct Relief</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Wheelchair_Mission" title="Free Wheelchair Mission">Free Wheelchair Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope_Haven" title="Hope Haven">Hope Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_Energy_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Energy Transportation">Personal Energy Transportation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Foundation" title="Wheelchair Foundation">Wheelchair Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/WheelPower" title="WheelPower">WheelPower</a>. </p><p>In the United Kingdom wheelchairs are supplied and maintained free of charge for non-ambulatory disabled people.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seating_systems">Seating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Seating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wheelchair seating systems are designed both to support the user in the sitting position and to redistribute pressure from areas of the body that are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sore">pressure ulcers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For someone in the <a href="/wiki/Sitting" title="Sitting">sitting</a> position, the parts of the body that are the most at risk for tissue breakdown include the <a href="/wiki/Ischial_tuberosity" title="Ischial tuberosity">ischial tuberosities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">greater trochanters</a>. Wheelchair cushions are the prime method of delivering this protection and are nearly universally used. Wheelchair cushions are also used to provide stability, comfort, aid posture and absorb shock.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheelchair cushions range from simple blocks of foam costing a few pounds or dollars, to specifically engineered multilayer designs with costs running into the hundreds of dollars. </p><p>Prior to 1970, little was known about the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_cushion" title="Wheelchair cushion">wheelchair cushions</a> and there was not a clinical method of evaluating wheelchair seat cushions. Most recently, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure imaging">pressure imaging</a> (or pressure mapping) is used to help determine each individual's <a href="/wiki/Pressure_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure distribution">pressure distribution</a> to properly determine and fit a seating system.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While almost all wheelchair users will use a wheelchair cushion, some users need more extensive postural support. This can be provided by adaptions to the back of the wheelchair, which can provide increased rigidity, head/neck rests and lateral support and in some cases by adaptions to the seat such as pommels and knee-blocks. Harnesses may also be required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessories">Accessories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a wide range of accessories for wheelchairs. There are cushions, cup holders, seatbelts, storage bags, lights, and more. A wheelchair user uses seatbelts for security or posture. Some wheelchair users want to use a seatbelt to make sure they never fall out of the wheelchair. Other wheelchair users use a seatbelt because they can not sit up straight on their own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_wheelchair_manufacturers">Notable wheelchair manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable wheelchair manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everest_and_Jennings" title="Everest and Jennings">Everest and Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCschall" title="Küschall">Küschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Bock">Otto Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invacare" title="Invacare">Invacare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiLite" title="TiLite">TiLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogo_Wheelchairs" title="Mogo Wheelchairs">Mogo Wheelchairs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lift_chair" title="Lift chair">Lift chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_scooter" title="Mobility scooter">Mobility scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_wheelchair" title="Motorized wheelchair">Motorized wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_wheelchair" title="Standing wheelchair">Standing wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_accessible_van" title="Wheelchair accessible van">Wheelchair accessible van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_DanceSport" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheelchair DanceSport">Wheelchair DanceSport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Wheelchair ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelmap.org" title="Wheelmap.org">Wheelmap.org</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">web mapping project</a> (collects information worldwide about <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheelchair accessibility">wheelchair accessibility</a> of places)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grollier_de_Servi%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas Grollier de Servière">Nicolas Grollier de Servière</a> Wheelchair in his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">Cabinet of curiosities</a>, page 96 : <i>Chaise très commode pour les boiteux, ou pour ceux qui ont la goûte aux jambes; et par le moyen duquel on peut se promener dans un appartement de plein pieds, ou dans un jardin, sans le recours de personne</i>, in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrollier_de_Servières1719" class="citation book cs1">Grollier de Servières, Gaspard (1719). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65250757/f294.image"><i>Recueil d'ouvrages curieux de mathématique et de mécanique, ou Description du cabinet de M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wheelchair-information.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Wheelchairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheelchair-information.com%2Fhistory-of-wheelchairs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheelchair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koerth-Baker-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koerth-Baker_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koerth-Baker_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerth-Baker2009" class="citation web cs1">Koerth-Baker, Maggie (2 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/20768/who-invented-wheelchair">"Who Invented the Wheelchair?"</a>. <i>mentalfloss.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Issue 6. pp.50-51.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheelchair&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> 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href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">Academic health science centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_care" title="Acute care">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_care" title="Chronic care">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overutilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Overutilization">Overutilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_care" title="Total care">Total</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills / training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship#Bedside_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor-patient relationship">Bedside manner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_health" title="Connected health">Connected health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_health" title="Digital health">Digital health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_image_computing" title="Medical image computing">Medical image computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imaging_informatics" title="Imaging informatics">imaging informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_bioinformatics" title="Translational bioinformatics">Translational bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">Translational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics" title="Consumer health informatics">Consumer health informatics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">reform debate in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care_by_country" title="Category:Health care by country">(Category Health care by country)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care" title="Category:Health care">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human-powered_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Template talk:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered_vehicles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human-powered vehicles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human-powered_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pedal power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/29er_(bicycle)" title="29er (bicycle)">29er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_bicycles" title="Outline of bicycles">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_trailer" title="Bicycle trailer">Bicycle trailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_bike" title="BMX bike">BMX bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boneshaker_(bicycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boneshaker (bicycle)">Boneshaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_bike" title="Cargo bike">Cargo bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="City bicycle">City bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_bicycle" title="Cruiser bicycle">Cruiser bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross_bicycle" title="Cyclo-cross bicycle">Cyclo-cross bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_bike" title="Downhill bike">Downhill bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enduro_(mountain_biking)" title="Enduro (mountain biking)">Enduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatbike" title="Fatbike">Fatbike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_bar_road_bike" title="Flat bar road bike">Flat bar road bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_bicycle" title="Folding bicycle">Folding bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cycling" title="Glossary of cycling">Glossary of cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_bicycle" title="Hybrid bicycle">Hybrid bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike" title="Mountain bike">Mountain bike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27.5_Mountain_bike" class="mw-redirect" title="27.5 Mountain bike">27.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_track_(mountain_biking)" title="Single track (mountain biking)">Singletrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_bike" title="Party bike">Party bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny-farthing" title="Penny-farthing">Penny-farthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porteur_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Porteur bicycle">Porteur bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prone_bicycle" title="Prone bicycle">Prone bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_bicycle" title="Recumbent bicycle">Recumbent bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle" title="Road bicycle">Road bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(bicycle)" title="Roadster (bicycle)">Roadster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_bicycle" title="Safety bicycle">Safety bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable" title="Sociable">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-wheel_bicycle" title="Small-wheel bicycle">Small-wheel bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_bicycle" title="Tandem bicycle">Tandem bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_bicycle" title="Touring bicycle">Touring bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bicycle" title="Track bicycle">Track bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_bike" title="Trailer bike">Trailer bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle" title="Unicycle">Unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_bicycle" title="Utility bicycle">Utility bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocar" title="Velocar">Velocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velocipede" title="Velocipede">Velocipede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelie_bike" title="Wheelie bike">Wheelie bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_biking" title="Cold-weather biking">Cold-weather biking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_cycle" title="Ice cycle">ice cycle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a> assist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_bicycle" title="Motorized bicycle">Motorized bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorized_scooter" title="Motorized scooter">Motorized scooter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treadle power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treadle_bicycle" title="Treadle bicycle">Treadle bicycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_bike" title="Balance bike">Balance bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_horse" title="Dandy horse">Dandy horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kickbike" title="Kickbike">Kickbike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kicksled" title="Kicksled">Kicksled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakeboard" title="Brakeboard">Brakeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(skateboard)" title="Freeboard (skateboard)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeskates" title="Freeskates">Freeskates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">Longboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcar" title="Handcar">Handcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handcycle" title="Handcycle">Handcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobcart" title="Hobcart">Hobcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invalid_carriage" title="Invalid carriage">Invalid carriage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Row action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_cycle" title="Rowing cycle">Rowing cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pushed/pulled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">Baby transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_chair" title="Bath chair">Bath chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbed_trolley" title="Flatbed trolley">Flatbed trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_truck" title="Hand truck">Hand truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">Shopping cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_caddy" title="Shopping caddy">Shopping caddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairclimber" title="Stairclimber">Stairclimber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">Stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_wagon" title="Toy wagon">Toy wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">Wheelbarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carried</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Litter/sedan chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_stretcher" title="Scoop stretcher">Scoop stretcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weight shifting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trikke" title="Trikke">Trikke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_stick" title="Pogo stick">Pogo stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_board" title="Caster board">Caster board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeboard" title="Snakeboard">Snakeboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_racer" title="Gravity racer">Gravity racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_cart" title="Billy cart">Billy cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard" title="Snowboard">Snowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toboggan" title="Toboggan">Toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_toboggan" title="Summer toboggan">Summer toboggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_biking" title="Gravity biking">Gravity biking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">Kayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddleboarding" title="Paddleboarding">Paddleboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (fixed seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_(boat)" title="Punt (boat)">Punt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand and foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding seat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">Rowing</a> (sliding rigger)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocycle" title="Hydrocycle">Hydrocycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedalo" title="Pedalo">Pedalo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amphibious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_cycle" title="Amphibious cycle">Amphibious cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Aircraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human-powered_aircraft" title="List of human-powered aircraft">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-vehicular transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">skates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stair_climbing" title="Stair climbing">Stair climbing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snow and ice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">Ski</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_touring_binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine touring binding">Alpine touring skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">Cross-country skis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemark_skiing" title="Telemark skiing">Telemark skis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-powered_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal-powered transport">Animal-powered transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">Cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cycling" title="Outline of cycling">outline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bicycle-_and_human-powered_vehicle_museums" title="List of bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums">Bicycle- and human-powered vehicle museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">Human power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability" title="Category:Disability">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability-related_lists" title="Category:Disability-related lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191931#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032776-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wheelchairs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146406">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567051">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="invalidní vozíky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph708098&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556020405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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