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<li id="toc-Barrier-free_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrier-free_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Barrier-free design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrier-free_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_for_All" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_for_All"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Design for All</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_for_All-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_information_and_communication_technology_(ICT)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_information_and_communication_technology_(ICT)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>In information and communication technology (ICT)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_information_and_communication_technology_(ICT)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_organizational_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_organizational_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>European organizational networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_organizational_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_and_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_and_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Principles and goals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles_and_goals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles and goals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles_and_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"barrier-free"_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"barrier-free"_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The "barrier-free" concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"barrier-free"_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrier-free_design_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrier-free_design_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Barrier-free design examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Barrier-free_design_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Barrier-free design examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Barrier-free_design_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_and_mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_and_mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Access and mobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_and_mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ease_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ease_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ease of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ease_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_for_All_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_for_All_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design for All example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_for_All_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>National legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_policies_related_to_accessibility_or_universal_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_policies_related_to_accessibility_or_universal_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Laws and policies related to accessibility or universal design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_policies_related_to_accessibility_or_universal_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Funding agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_shortcomings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_shortcomings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Common shortcomings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_shortcomings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common shortcomings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_shortcomings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aswan_case_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aswan_case_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Aswan case study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aswan_case_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guadalajara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guadalajara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Guadalajara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guadalajara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Universal design</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="تصميم شامل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصميم شامل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Универсален дизайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Универсален дизайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disseny_universal" title="Disseny universal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disseny universal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Universal design" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Design" title="Universal Design – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universal Design" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1o_universal" title="Diseño universal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diseño universal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseinu_unibertsal" title="Diseinu unibertsal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diseinu unibertsal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="طراحی جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_universelle" title="Conception universelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conception universelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%84%EC%84%A4_%EB%94%94%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B8" title="유니버설 디자인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유니버설 디자인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="सार्वजनीन अभिकल्पन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वजनीन अभिकल्पन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Universal design" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99" title="עיצוב אוניברסלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצוב אוניברסלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უნივერსალური დიზაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნივერსალური დიზაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_bentuk_sejagat" title="Reka bentuk sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reka bentuk sejagat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Универсал дизайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Универсал дизайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ユニバーサルデザイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユニバーサルデザイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universell_utforming" title="Universell utforming – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universell utforming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universell_utforming" title="Universell utforming – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Universell utforming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektowanie_uniwersalne" title="Projektowanie uniwersalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Projektowanie uniwersalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_universal" title="Design universal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Design universal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Универсальный дизайн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Универсальный дизайн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Universal design" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerz%C3%A1lne_navrhovanie" title="Univerzálne navrhovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Univerzálne navrhovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzalno_oblikovanje" title="Univerzalno oblikovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerzalno oblikovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteett%C3%B6myys" title="Esteettömyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esteettömyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universell_utformning" title="Universell utformning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universell utformning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic and societal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Beliefs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">Universal reconciliation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Churches and groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists" title="International Council of Unitarians and Universalists">International Council of<br />Unitarians and Universalists</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptist_Universalist" title="Primitive Baptist Universalist">Primitive Baptist Universalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">Universalist Church of America</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_universalism" title="History of Christian universalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hinduism <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neo-Vedanta)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Order_In%C4%81yati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Order Ināyati">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Spiritual</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:none;padding-top:0.15em;font-weight:bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universalism" title="Category:Universalism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universalism" title="Template:Universalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universalism" title="Template talk:Universalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Universal design</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> of buildings, products or environments to make them <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessible</a> to people, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, or other factors. It emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>-based, anti-<a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> measure, which seeks to create design for all abilities. Evaluating material and structures that can be utilized by all.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It addresses common barriers to participation by creating things that can be used by the maximum number of people possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>“</b>When disabling mechanisms are to be replaced with mechanisms for <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusion</a>, different kinds of knowledge are relevant for different purposes. As a practical strategy for inclusion, Universal Design involves dilemmas and often difficult priorities.”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">Curb cuts</a> or sidewalk ramps, which are essential for people in wheelchairs but also used by all, are a common example of universal design. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>universal design</i> was coined by the <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Mace" title="Ronald Mace">Ronald Mace</a> to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to some people having unusual or conflicting access needs, such as a person with <a href="/wiki/Low_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vision">low vision</a> needing bright light and a person with <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">photophobia</a> needing dim light, universal design does not address absolutely every need for every person in every situation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universal design emerged from slightly earlier <b>barrier-free</b> concepts, the broader accessibility movement, and <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive technology">adaptive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> and also seeks to blend <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> into these core considerations. As <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> rises and <a href="/wiki/Modern_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern medicine">modern medicine</a> increases the survival rate of those with significant injuries, illnesses, and birth defects, there is a growing interest in universal design. There are many industries in which universal design is having strong market penetration but there are many others in which it has not yet been adopted to any great extent. Universal design is also being applied to the design of technology, instruction, services, and other products and environments. Several different fields, such as engineering, architecture, and medicine collaborate in order to effectively create accessible environments that can lend to inclusion for a variety of disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can change the socio-material relationships people have with spaces and environments and create positive experiences for all kinds of abilities. Which allows for meaningful participation across multiple demographics experiencing disability.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrier-free_design">Barrier-free design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Barrier-free design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, specifications for barrier-free design were published as a compendium of over 11 years of disability ergonomic research. In 1961, the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standard Institute (ANSI)</a> A1171.1 specifications were published as the first Barrier Free Design standard. It presented criteria for designing facilities and programs for use by individuals with disabilities. The research started in 1949 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> and continues to this day. The principal investigator, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Nugent" title="Timothy Nugent">Timothy Nugent</a>, who is credited in the 1961, 1971, and 1980 standards, also started the <a href="/wiki/National_Wheelchair_Basketball_Association" title="National Wheelchair Basketball Association">National Wheelchair Basketball Association</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> A117.1 standard was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Federal_Accessibility_Standards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (page does not exist)">Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards</a> (UFAS) in 1984, then in 1990 for <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">American with Disabilities Act (ADA)</a>. The archived research documents are at the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_Council" title="International Code Council">International Code Council</a> (ICC) - ANSI A117.1 division. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Nugent" title="Timothy Nugent">Nugent</a> made presentations around the globe in the late 1950s and 1960s presenting the concept of independent functional participation for individuals with disabilities through program options and architectural design. </p><p>Another comprehensive publication by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> published three editions 1963, 1967, 1976 and 1997 of Designing for the Disabled by <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Goldsmith" title="Selwyn Goldsmith">Selwyn Goldsmith</a> UK. These publications contain valuable empirical data and studies of individuals with disabilities. Both standards are excellent resources for the designer and builder. </p><p>Disability ergonomics should be taught to designers, engineers, non-profits executives to further the understanding of what makes an environment wholly tenable and functional for individuals with disabilities. </p><p>In October 2003, representatives from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Beijing,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing, China">Beijing</a> and agreed to set up a committee to define common design standards for a wide range of products and services that are easy to understand and use. Their goal is to publish a standard in 2004 which covers, among other areas, standards on containers and wrappings of household goods (based on a proposal from experts in Japan), and standardization of signs for public facilities, a subject which was of particular interest to China as it prepared to host the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_for_All">Design for All</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design for All"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Goldsmith" title="Selwyn Goldsmith">Selwyn Goldsmith</a>, author of <i>Designing for the Disabled</i> (1963), pioneered the concept of free access for people with disabilities. His most significant achievement was the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Curb_cut" title="Curb cut">dropped curb</a> – now a standard feature of the built environment. </p><p>The term <b>Design for All</b> (DfA) is used to describe a design philosophy targeting the use of products, services and systems by as many people as possible without the need for adaptation. "Design for All is design for human diversity, social inclusion and equality" (EIDD Stockholm Declaration, 2004). According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, it "encourages manufacturers and service providers to produce new technologies for everyone: technologies that are suitable for the <a href="/wiki/Elderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly">elderly</a> and people with <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, as much as the teenage techno wizard."<sup id="cite_ref-European_Commission_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of Design for All<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lies in the field of barrier-free <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> for people with disabilities and the broader notion of universal design. </p><p>Design for All has been highlighted in Europe by the European Commission in seeking a more user-friendly society in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Commission_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design for All is about ensuring that environments, products, services and interfaces work for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstances. </p><p>Design for All has become a mainstream issue because of the aging of the population and its increasingly multi-ethnic composition. It follows a market approach and can reach out to a broader market. Easy-to-use, accessible, affordable products and services improve the quality of life of all citizens. Design for All permits access to the built environment, access to services and user-friendly products which are not just a quality factor but a necessity for many aging or disabled persons. Including Design for All early in the design process is more cost-effective than making alterations after solutions are already in the market. This is best achieved by identifying and involving users ("stakeholders") in the decision-making processes that lead to drawing up the design brief and educating public and private sector decision-makers about the benefits to be gained from making coherent use of Design (for All) in a wide range of socio-economic situations </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_information_and_communication_technology_(ICT)"><span id="In_information_and_communication_technology_.28ICT.29"></span>In information and communication technology (ICT)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In information and communication technology (ICT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All (in ICT)</a></div> <p>Design for All criteria are aimed at ensuring that everyone can participate in the <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Information society</a>. The European Union refers to this under the terms eInclusion and eAccessibility. A three-way approach is proposed: goods which can be accessed by nearly all potential users without modification or, failing that, products being easy to adapt according to different needs, or using standardized interfaces that can be accessed simply by using assistive technology. To this end, manufacturers and service providers, especially, but not exclusively, in the <a href="/wiki/Information_and_Communication_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and Communication Technologies">Information and Communication Technologies</a> (ICT), produce new technologies, products, services and applications for everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Commission_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Commission-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_organizational_networks">European organizational networks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European organizational networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, people have joined in <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">networks</a> to promote and develop Design for All: </p> <ul><li>The European Design for All eAccessibility Network (EDeAN)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was launched under the lead of the European Commission and the European Member States in 2002. It fosters Design for All for eInclusion, that is, creating an information society for all. It has national contact centres (NCCs) in almost all EU countries and more than 160 network members in national networks.</li> <li>EIDD - Design for All Europe is a <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> and a 100% self-financed European organization that covers the entire area of theory and practice of Design for All, from the built environment and tangible products to communication, service and system design. Originally set up in 1993 as the European Institute for Design and Disability (EIDD), to enhance the quality of life through Design for All, it changed its name in 2006 to bring it into line with its core business. EIDD - Design for All Europe disseminates the application of Design for All to business and administration communities previously unaware of its benefits and currently (2016) has 31 member organizations in 20 European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EuCAN - The European Concept for Accessibility Network started in 1984 as an open network of experts and advocates from all over Europe in order to promote and support the Design for All approach.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coordination work of EuCAN and the functioning of the network are mainly voluntary work. In 1999 the Luxembourg Disability Information and Meeting Centre (better known by its acronym “Info-Handicap”) took over the coordination of the steering group, together with the implicit responsibility for the follow-up of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Concept_for_Accessibility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Concept for Accessibility (page does not exist)">European Concept for Accessibility</a> (ECA). The EuCAN publications - like ECA - aim to provide practical guidance. They are neither academic nor policy documents.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_and_goals">Principles and goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Principles and goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Center for Universal Design at <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> expounded the following principles:<sup id="cite_ref-Principles_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equitable</a> use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexibility_(engineering)" title="Flexibility (engineering)">Flexibility</a> in use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perceptible</a> information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Tolerance for error</a></li> <li>Low physical effort</li> <li>Size and space for approach and use</li></ol> <p>Each principle is broader than those of <a href="/wiki/Accessible_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessible design">accessible design</a> or barrier-free design contains and few brief guidelines that can be applied to design processes in any realm: physical or digital.<sup id="cite_ref-Principles_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals">Goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access<sup id="cite_ref-Ap_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ap-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> expanded the definition of the principles of universal design to include social participation and health and wellness. Rooted in evidence based design, the 8 goals of universal design were also developed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Body Fit</li> <li>Comfort</li> <li>Awareness</li> <li>Understanding</li> <li>Wellness</li> <li>Social Integration</li> <li>Personalization</li> <li>Cultural Appropriateness</li></ol> <p>The first four goals are oriented to human performance: <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>. Wellness bridges human performance and social participation. The last three goals addresses social participation outcomes. The definition and the goals are expanded upon in the textbook "Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_"barrier-free"_concept"><span id="The_.22barrier-free.22_concept"></span><span class="anchor" id="barrier-free"></span>The "barrier-free" concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The "barrier-free" concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Barrier-free<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">バリアフリー</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bariafurii</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span></b> building modification consists of modifying <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> or facilities so that they can be used by people who are <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a> or have physical impairments. The term is used primarily in Japan and other non-English speaking countries (e.g. German: <i>Barrierefreiheit</i>; Finnish: <i>esteettömyys</i>), while in English-speaking countries, terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a>" and "accessible" dominate in everyday use. An example of barrier-free design would be installing a <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">ramp</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> users alongside steps. In the late 1990s, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">any element which could make the use of the environment inconvenient was considered a barrier</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Inconvenient in general or inaccessible? Are these elements no longer considered barriers? (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, for example poor public street lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of new buildings, however, the idea of barrier-free modification has largely been superseded by the concept of universal design, which seeks to design things from the outset to support easy access. </p><p>Freeing a building of barriers means: </p> <ul><li>Recognizing the features that could form barriers for some people,</li> <li>Thinking inclusively about the whole range of impairment and disability,</li> <li>Reviewing everything - from structure to smallest detail,</li> <li>Seeking feedback from users and learning from mistakes.</li></ul> <p><i>Barrier-free</i> is also a term that applies to accessibility in situations where legal codes such as the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> applies. The process of adapting barrier-free public policies started when the Veterans Administration and US President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped noticed a large amount of US citizens coming back from the Vietnam War injured and unable to navigate public spaces<b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>The ADA is a law focusing on all building aspects, products and design that is based on the concept of respecting human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It doesn't contain design specifications directly. </p><p>An example of a country that has sought to implement barrier-free accessibility in housing estates is Singapore. Within five years, all public housing estates in the country, all 7,800 blocks of apartments, have benefited from the program.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barrier-free_design_examples">Barrier-free design examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Barrier-free design examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of Universal Design elements vary dependent on the targeted population and the space. For example, in public spaces, universal design elements are often broad areas of accessibility while in private spaces, design elements address the specific requirements of the resident.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these design elements are varied and leverage different approaches for different effects. Some examples include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bright and appropriate lighting, particularly task lighting</li> <li>Auditory output redundant with information on visual displays</li> <li>Visual output redundant with information in auditory output</li> <li>Contrast controls on visual output</li> <li>Use of meaningful icons with text labels</li> <li>Clear lines of sight to reduce dependence on sound</li> <li>Volume controls on auditory output</li> <li>Speed controls on auditory output</li> <li>Choice of language on speech output</li> <li>Signs with light-on-dark visual contrast</li> <li>Web pages that provide alternative text to describe images</li> <li>Instruction that presents material both orally and visually</li> <li>Labels in large print on equipment control buttons</li> <li>Audio description, <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_and_mobility">Access and mobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Access and mobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">Public transit</a> systems with low-floor <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> that "kneel" (bring their front end to ground level to eliminate gap) and/or are equipped with <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">ramps</a> rather than on-board lifts.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smooth, ground level entrances without stairs</li> <li>Surface textures that require low force to traverse on level, less than 5 pounds force per 120 pounds rolling force</li> <li>Surfaces that are stable, firm, and slip resistant per ASTM 2047</li> <li>Wide interior doors (3'0"), hallways, and alcoves with 60" × 60" turning space at doors and dead-ends</li> <li>Functional clearances for approach and use of elements and components</li> <li>Ramp access in swimming pools</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ease_of_use">Ease of use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ease of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lever handles for opening doors rather than twisting knobs</li> <li>Single-hand operation with closed fist for operable components including fire alarm pull stations</li> <li>Components that do not require tight grasping, pinching or twisting of the wrist</li> <li>Components that require less than 5 pounds of force to operate</li> <li>Light switches with large flat panels rather than small toggle switches</li> <li>Buttons and other controls that can be distinguished by touch</li> <li>"Gesture movements" enabled spaces that may one help control temperature, lighting, social atmosphere, and other sensory qualities of an environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cabinets with pull-out shelves, kitchen counters at several heights to accommodate different tasks and postures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_for_All_example">Design for All example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Design for All example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following examples of Designs for All were presented in the book <i>Diseños para todos/Designs for All</i> published in 2008 by Optimastudio with the support of Spain's Ministry of Education, Social Affairs and Sports (<a href="/wiki/IMSERSO" class="mw-redirect" title="IMSERSO">IMSERSO</a>) and CEAPAT:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">Audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_door" title="Automatic door">Automatic door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_toothbrush" title="Electric toothbrush">Electric toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Friedman#Invention_of_the_flexible_straw" title="Joseph Friedman">Flexible drinking straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-floor_bus" title="Low-floor bus">Low-floor bus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q-Drums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q-Drums (page does not exist)">Q-Drums</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_paving" title="Tactile paving">Tactile paving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_case#Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley case">Trolley case</a> (roll along suitcase)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul> <p>Other useful items for those with mobility limitations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li>Wireless remote controlled power sockets</li> <li>Wireless remote controlled window shades</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_legislation">National legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: National legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> - Ley nº 20.422, "ESTABLECE NORMAS SOBRE IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES E INCLUSIÓN SOCIAL DE PERSONAS CON DISCAPACIDAD."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> - <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with Disabilities Act">Americans with Disabilities Act</a> of 1990 and Section 508 Amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More Disability Rights Laws in the United States: <ul><li>Fair Housing Act <sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act <sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Telecommunications Act<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Air Carrier Access Act<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National Voter Registration Act<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Civil Rights for Institutionalized Persons Act<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Individuals with Disabilities Education Act<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Architectural Barriers Act<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> - legge n. 13/1989; D.M. n. 236/1989; legge n. 104/1992; D.P.R. n. 503/1996; D.P.R. n. 380/2001 (artt. 77–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1992">Disability Discrimination Act 1992</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> - Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights & Full Participation) Act, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> - <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1995" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1995">Disability Discrimination Act 1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_2005" title="Disability Discrimination Act 2005">Disability Discrimination Act 2005</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> - Disability Act 2005<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> - Loi n°2005-102 du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Act n°2005-102 of 11 February 2005 for equality of rights and of opportunities, for participation and for citizenship of people with disabilities)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> - Prohibition of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities, 2008 <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> - Discrimination and Accessibility Act of 2009<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> - National Law on Persons with Disability, enacted 17 June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> - Accessible Canada Act, enacted 11 July 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_policies_related_to_accessibility_or_universal_design">Laws and policies related to accessibility or universal design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laws and policies related to accessibility or universal design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414104640/https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/05a11">"Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005"</a>. 15 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_05a11_e.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessibility+for+Ontarians+with+Disabilities+Act%2C+2005&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-laws.gov.on.ca%2Fhtml%2Fstatutes%2Fenglish%2Felaws_statutes_05a11_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>United States of America. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629141502/https://www.section508.gov/develop/universal-design/">"Universal Design and Accessibility"</a>. <i>Section508.gov</i>. General Services Administration. March 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.section508.gov/develop/universal-design/">the original</a> on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Section508.gov&rft.atitle=Universal+Design+and+Accessibility&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.section508.gov%2Fdevelop%2Funiversal-design%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mexico City, Mexico. "Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo's Plan for Government."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Document describing 12 points of intention for the government, the following are directly related to accessibility in Mexico City<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>6. Public Spaces <sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7. Mobility<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9. Human rights and equality<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>10. Equality and inclusion<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico City, Mexico. "Plaza Pública." Reconstruction Commission. <ul><li>Following the 2017 earthquake that destroyed a lot of Mexico City, this policy was released that involved the public in the rebuilding process, creating a good platform for requesting accessibility and universal design.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Madrid, Spain. "PLAN ESTRATÉGICO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS DEL AYUNTAMIENTO DE MADRID."<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>A 19-point plan describing the rights of elderly citizens, where the following are directly related to accessibility<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>11. Right to live free from discrimination and violence<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19. Right to a sustainable city environment that provides mobility and quality of life<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> have developed standards: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEN/CENELEC_Guide_6" title="CEN/CENELEC Guide 6">CEN/CENELEC Guide 6</a> – Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities (Identical to ISO/IEC Guide 71, but free for download)</li> <li>ISO 21542:2021 <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Building construction — Accessibility and usability of the built environment (available in English and French)</li> <li>ISO 20282-1:2006 <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Ease of operation of everyday products — Part 1: Context of use and user characteristics</li> <li>ISO/TS 20282-2:2013 <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – Usability of consumer products and products for public use — Part 2: Summative test method, published 1 August 2013</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding_agencies">Funding agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Funding agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center (RERC)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on universal design in the Built Environment funded by what is now the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability,_Independent_Living,_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> completed its activities on September 29, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty RERCs are currently funded.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access at the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a> is a current recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-Ap_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ap-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_shortcomings">Common shortcomings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Common shortcomings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aswan_case_study">Aswan case study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aswan case study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One study conducted in Aswan, Egypt published in the Journal of Engineering and Applied Science aimed to explore the accessibility in three administrative buildings in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were looking for universal design in entrances and exits, circulation of traffic within the building, and wayfinding within the building's services.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They decided to focus their case study on administrative buildings in order to exemplify universal design that granted access for all citizens to all locations.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the buildings, there were some shared issues. The researchers found that vertical movement was difficult for disabled patrons, given that there were no elevators.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also no dropped curb, no Braille system, and the handles of doors were difficult to open, and there were no sensory indicators such as sounds or visual signs.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This case highlights the importance if demographics when considering needs for universal design. Over 60% of the citizens who use this building on a daily basis are elderly, but there aren't accommodations that are helpful to their capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the lack of tactile features to guide the visually impaired, the space within the building is very congested, especially for one who may not have full physical capabilities and must use a wheelchair.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circulation suffers as a result, as well as the wayfinding in the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Guadalajara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there have been attempts to create more accessible public and outdoor spaces, the restorations made have ultimately failed to meet the needs of the disabled and elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVega2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vega, Eugenio (2022). <i>Crónica del siglo de la peste : pandemias, discapacidad y diseño</i> (in Spanish). Getafe, Madrid: Experimenta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-18049-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-18049-73-6"><bdi>978-84-18049-73-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1298550791">1298550791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cr%C3%B3nica+del+siglo+de+la+peste+%3A+pandemias%2C+discapacidad+y+dise%C3%B1o&rft.place=Getafe%2C+Madrid&rft.pub=Experimenta&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1298550791&rft.isbn=978-84-18049-73-6&rft.aulast=Vega&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2020" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Bess (2020). <i>Accessible America : a history of disability and design</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-0249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-0249-4"><bdi>978-1-4798-0249-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1126545082">1126545082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accessible+America+%3A+a+history+of+disability+and+design&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1126545082&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-0249-4&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Bess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism friendly">Autism friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_cut_effect" title="Curb cut effect">Curb cut effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_plan" title="Development plan">Development plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion (disability rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_friendly" title="Sensory friendly">Sensory friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_usability" title="Universal usability">Universal usability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMualla" class="citation journal cs1">Mualla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jfa.arch.metu.edu">"CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES BETWEEN UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND DISABILITY IN RELATION TO THE BODY, IMPAIRMENT, AND THE ENVIRONMENT"</a>. <i>Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mimarl%C4%B1k+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=CONCEPTUAL+CHALLENGES+BETWEEN+UNIVERSAL+DESIGN+AND+DISABILITY+IN+RELATION+TO+THE+BODY%2C+IMPAIRMENT%2C+AND+THE+ENVIRONMENT&rft.au=Mualla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjfa.arch.metu.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independenceaustralia.com.au/tips-and-advice/competing-access-needs-tips/">"How to deal with competing access needs"</a>. <i>Independence Australia</i>. 2020-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independence+Australia&rft.atitle=How+to+deal+with+competing+access+needs&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independenceaustralia.com.au%2Ftips-and-advice%2Fcompeting-access-needs-tips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004210213/https://projects.ncsu.edu/ncsu/design/cud/about_us/usronmace.htm">"Ronald L. Mace"</a>. College of Design. <i>The Center for Universal Design</i>. Raleigh: NC State University. 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Center for Universal Design is currently not active due to funding challenges.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+Universal+Design&rft.atitle=Ronald+L.+Mace&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsu.edu%2Fncsu%2Fdesign%2Fcud%2Fabout_us%2Fusronmace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+design" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_BucchianicoKercher2018" class="citation book cs1">Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe; Kercher, Pete F., eds. 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.buffalo.edu/collection/SAP001/">Universal Design Product Collection</a> - a digital collection of over 200 products through our two gallery installations of the Unlimited by Design exhibition and a traveling exhibit called "live | work | eat | play." - from the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo_Libraries" title="University at Buffalo Libraries">University at Buffalo Libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design" title="Template:Design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Design" title="Template talk:Design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">Designer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disciplines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disciplines</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Design" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Commons</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikibooks</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikinews</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikiquote</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Design" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wikisource</span> </a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Design"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#002bb8">Wiktionary</span> </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a 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