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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patron_of_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_of_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Patron of the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_of_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="يان الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يان الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Yan_Kazimir" title="II Yan Kazimir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Yan Kazimir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ایکینجی ژان کازیمیر واسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی ژان کازیمیر واسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_2-s%C3%A8_Kazimierz_Waza" title="Jan 2-sè Kazimierz Waza – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jan 2-sè Kazimierz Waza" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_II_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ян II Казімір Ваза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ян II Казімір Ваза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ян Казімер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ян Казімер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_II_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Ян II Кажимеж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ян II Кажимеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="Joan II Casimir Vasa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan II Casimir Vasa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_II._Kazim%C3%ADr_Vasa" title="Jan II. Kazimír Vasa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan II. Kazimír Vasa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_2._Kasimir_Vasa_af_Polen" title="Johan 2. Kasimir Vasa af Polen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johan 2. Kasimir Vasa af Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_II._Kasimir" title="Johann II. Kasimir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johann II. Kasimir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_II_Kazimierz_Waza" title="Jan II Kazimierz Waza – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jan II Kazimierz Waza" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%81_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιωάννης Β΄ Καζίμιρ της Πολωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωάννης Β΄ Καζίμιρ της Πολωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_II_Casimiro" title="Juan II Casimiro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan II Casimiro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_la_2-a_Kazimiro" title="Johano la 2-a Kazimiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano la 2-a Kazimiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_II.a_Kasimiro_Poloniakoa" title="Joan II.a Kasimiro Poloniakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joan II.a Kasimiro Poloniakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="ژان دوم کازیمیر واسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان دوم کازیمیر واسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="Jean II Casimir Vasa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean II Casimir Vasa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%80_2%EC%84%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%AF%B8%EC%97%90%EC%8B%9C_%EB%B0%94%EC%82%AC" title="얀 2세 카지미에시 바사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얀 2세 카지미에시 바사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_II_Kazimierz" title="Jan II Kazimierz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jan II Kazimierz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_II_Casimiro_di_Polonia" title="Giovanni II Casimiro di Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni II Casimiro di Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%27,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יאן השני קז'ימייז', מלך פולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאן השני קז'ימייז', מלך פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_II_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იან II კაზიმირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იან II კაზიმირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="Jan II Casimir Vasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jan II Casimir Vasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jans_II_Kazimirs" title="Jans II Kazimirs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Jans II Kazimirs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jans_II_Kazimirs_V%C4%81sa" title="Jans II Kazimirs Vāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jans II Kazimirs Vāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Kazimieras_Vaza" title="Jonas Kazimieras Vaza – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonas Kazimieras Vaza" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1zm%C3%A9r_lengyel_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. János Kázmér lengyel király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. 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Poljski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ivan II. Poljski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Јан II Казимир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јан II Казимир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_II_Kazimierz_Vasa" title="Jan II Kazimierz Vasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jan II Kazimierz Vasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhana_II_Kasimir" title="Juhana II Kasimir – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juhana II Kasimir" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_II_Kasimir" title="Johan II Kasimir – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johan II Kasimir" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="พระเจ้ายันที่ 2 กาชีมีแยช วาซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้ายันที่ 2 กาชีมีแยช วาซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Jan_Kazimierz_Waza" title="II. Jan Kazimierz Waza – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. 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1668</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other monarchs with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/John_of_Poland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John of Poland (disambiguation)">John of Poland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">John II Casimir Vasa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/250px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/330px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/500px-Schultz_John_II_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="668" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schultz" title="Daniel Schultz">Daniel Schultz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1658</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1648 – 16 September 1668</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 January 1649</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1609-03-22</span>)</span>22 March 1609<br /><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1672<span style="display:none">(1672-12-16)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1676<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, Kraków (body); <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (heart)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_Gonzaga" title="Marie Louise Gonzaga">Marie Louise Gonzaga</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1649; died 1667)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Claudine_Fran%C3%A7oise_Mignot" title="Claudine Françoise Mignot">Claudine Françoise Mignot</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1672)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Vasa" title="John Sigismund Vasa">John Sigismund Vasa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Vasa" title="Maria Anna Vasa">Maria Anna Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_John_II_Casimir_of_Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="John II Casimir Vasa's signature"><img alt="John II Casimir Vasa's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Signature_of_John_II_Casimir_of_Poland.PNG/250px-Signature_of_John_II_Casimir_of_Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John II Casimir Vasa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Jan II Kazimierz Waza</i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Jonas Kazimieras Vaza</i>; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> from 1648 to his <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> in 1668 as well as a claimant to the throne of Sweden from 1648 to 1660. He was the first son of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> with his second wife <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a>. John Casimir succeeded his older half-brother, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a prince, John Casimir embarked at <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> for <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in 1638 to negotiate a league with <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> against France, but was captured by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes" title="Vincennes">Vincennes</a> where he remained for two years. He was released when his brother, Władysław IV, promised never to wage war against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>. John Casimir then travelled extensively throughout <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a> and entered the order of <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1643. He was made cardinal by <a href="/wiki/Innocent_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent X">Innocent X</a>, but after returning to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, he became a layman and succeeded his brother in 1648. His reign commenced amid the confusion and disasters caused by the great <a href="/wiki/Chmielnicki_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Chmielnicki uprising">revolt of the Cossacks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> in Ukraine, who had advanced into the very heart of Poland. The power of the king had been stripped of almost all its prerogatives by the growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">nobles</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, which had long been active enemies of Poland, renewed their attacks. <a href="/wiki/George_II_Rakoczy" class="mw-redirect" title="George II Rakoczy">George II Rakoczy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> also invaded the Polish territory, and the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> was continuously dissolved because of the abuse of the <i><a href="/wiki/Liberum_veto" title="Liberum veto">liberum veto</a></i> law. <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a> triumphantly marched through the country and occupied <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1655, which forced John Casimir to flee to <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. The Swedes were eventually stopped by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Czarniecki" title="Stefan Czarniecki">Stefan Czarniecki</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>. The wars against the Swedes and the Russians were terminated by treaties involving considerable cessions of provinces on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> on the part of Poland, which also lost its sway over the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, who placed themselves under the protection of Russian Tsars. During the long battles, John Casimir, though feeble and of a peaceful disposition, frequently proved his <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> and courage.<sup id="cite_ref-chestofbooks.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chestofbooks.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intrigues of his wife for the <a href="/wiki/Henri_Jules,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Henri Jules, Prince of Condé">Duke of Enghien</a> as successor to the Polish throne triggered a series of revolts, including a <a href="/wiki/Lubomirski_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubomirski Rebellion">rebellion</a> under <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Sebastian_Lubomirski" title="Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski">Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski</a>. As a result, John Casimir abdicated at the Sejm of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on 16 September 1668. The following year, he retired to France where he was hospitably treated by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. John Casimir's reign was one of the most disastrous in the history of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-chestofbooks.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chestofbooks.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the third and last monarch on the Polish throne from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_titles">Royal titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Royal titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official titles: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ioannes Casimirus, Dei Gratia Rex Poloniae, Magnus Dux Lithuaniae, Russiae, Prussiae, Masoviae, Samogitiae, Kijoviae, Volhiniae, Livoniae, Severiae, Podlachiae, Smolenscie, Czernichoviaeque; nec non Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorumque haereditarius Rex, etc.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>English translation: </p> <dl><dd>John Casimir, <a href="/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God" title="By the Grace of God">by the Grace of God</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a>, Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship_(1526%E2%80%931795)" title="Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)">Mazovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia" title="Duchy of Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severia" title="Severia">Severia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Voivodeship" title="Smolensk Voivodeship">Smolensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv_Voivodeship" title="Chernihiv Voivodeship">Chernigov</a>; and also hereditary King of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Goths" title="King of the Goths">Goths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">Wends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life,_family_and_rise_to_power"><span id="Early_life.2C_family_and_rise_to_power"></span>Early life, family and rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life, family and rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/250px-Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/330px-Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/500px-Schultz_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schultz" title="Daniel Schultz">Daniel Schultz</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1667</span></figcaption></figure> <p>John Casimir was born in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> on 22 March 1609,<sup id="cite_ref-psb410_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psb410-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the son of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Sigismund III, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a>, had in 1592 succeeded his own father to the Swedish throne, only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a>. This led to a long-standing feud wherein the Polish kings of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a> claimed the Swedish throne, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)">Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629</a>. Poland and Sweden were also on opposite sides in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648), although in that conflict Poland for the most part avoided joining any major military actions and campaigns, instead supporting the Austrian Habsburg and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> fraction.<sup id="cite_ref-szlachta.internetdsl.pl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szlachta.internetdsl.pl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Casimir for most of his life remained in the shadow of his older half-brother, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a>. He had few friends among the Polish nobility. Unfriendly, secretive, dividing his time between lavish partying and religious contemplation, and disliking politics, he did not have a strong power base nor influence at the Polish court, instead supporting unfavorable Habsburg policies. He did, however, display talent as a military commander, showing his abilities in the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Muscovy</a> (1633).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacciarelli_-_Jan_Kazimierz.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bacciarelli_-_Jan_Kazimierz.jpeg/250px-Bacciarelli_-_Jan_Kazimierz.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bacciarelli_-_Jan_Kazimierz.jpeg/330px-Bacciarelli_-_Jan_Kazimierz.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Bacciarelli_-_Jan_Kazimierz.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Posthumous portrait by <a href="/wiki/Bacciarelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacciarelli">Bacciarelli</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1632 and 1635, Władysław IV sought to enhance his brother's influence by negotiating a marriage for John Casimir to <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina of Sweden">Christina of Sweden</a>, then to an Italian princess, but to no avail. In 1637 John Casimir undertook a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic mission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, which he abandoned to join the army of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and fight against the French. After his regiment was defeated in battle, he spent a year living lavishly at the Viennese court where his strong anti-Cossack interests and political views were greatly shaped under the direct influence of the Austrian Emperor. </p><p>In 1636 he returned to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and fell in love with Baroness Guldentern, but his desire to marry her was thwarted by King Władysław. In return, Władysław attempted to make him the sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Courland">Duchy of Courland</a>, but this was vetoed by the Commonwealth parliament (<i><a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a></i>). Taking offence at this, John Casimir in 1638 left for the Kingdom of Spain to become <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of Portugal, but was captured by French agents and imprisoned by the order of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> until 1640. He was then freed by a diplomatic mission of the appointed <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> Krzysztof Gosiewski and as a result of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Naples_(1639)" title="Treaty of Naples (1639)">anti-French Polish-Spanish negotiations</a>. </p><p>In 1641 John Casimir decided to become a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a>. In 1642 he again left the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, accompanying his sister to Germany. In 1643 he joined the Jesuits, against vocal opposition from King Władysław, causing a diplomatic rift between the Commonwealth and the Pope. John Casimir went to Rome when the Jesuits invited him in order to bolster the Catholic faction. From this, he was appointed cardinal, but he would soon resign and return to the Commonwealth when the only son of Władysław died.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to gain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> and marry an Austrian princess to create an alliance between the nations in case of an unexpected attack, possibly from the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_of_Poland">King of Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: King of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG/220px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG/330px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG/440px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1648</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG/220px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG/330px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG/440px-Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1660.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1660</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1648 John Casimir was elected by the Polish Parliament to succeed his half-brother on the Polish throne. The reign of the last of the Vasas in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth would be dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–67)">Russo-Polish War (1654–67)</a>, followed by the war with Sweden ("<a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(Polish_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deluge (Polish history)">The Deluge</a>"), the scene for which had been set by the Commonwealth's two previous Vasa kings. Most of Poland was invaded by the Swedish army during The Deluge without much of a fight, due to the conspiratorial complicity of Polish and Lithuanian governors and nobility. In the course of a few years, the Commonwealth rose to force the Swedes out of Poland, ending the short-lived intrusions and campaigns, however, at a high cost. Most of the cities and towns in the Commonwealth were sacked, plundered and some were burnt to the ground, mostly by the retreating enemy units. Although the reign of John Casimir is remembered to be one of the most disastrous and perhaps most unsuccessful in the history of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he is often referred to as the "warrior king" that fought bravely to save his nation and his people. </p><p>In 1660 John II Casimir was forced to renounce his claim to the Swedish throne and acknowledge Swedish sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. </p><p>John Casimir had married his brother's widow, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_Gonzaga" title="Marie Louise Gonzaga">Marie Louise Gonzaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Maria Ludwika</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Davies109_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was a major support to the King. Marie Louise suddenly died in 1667 and this may have caused the monarch's early political decline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication_and_death">Abdication and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abdication and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 September 1668, grief-stricken after the death of his wife in the previous year, John II Casimir abdicated the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and returned to France, where he rejoined the Jesuits and became abbot of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a> in Paris. Following his abdication <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a> (Michael I) was elected the new king and was crowned on 29 September 1669. </p><p>In the autumn of 1672, John Casimir had intended to return to Poland, but fell ill before departing and was prevented from doing so. The seizure of <a href="/wiki/Kamieniec_Podolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamieniec Podolski">Kamieniec Podolski</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> distressed him, exacerbating his condition. He requested the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Pope Clement X</a> to defend Poland against the Ottomans. He died on 16 December 1672 from <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a>, and his burial took place inside the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-szlachta.internetdsl.pl_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szlachta.internetdsl.pl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His heart was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Lwów_Oath"><span id="The_Lw.C3.B3w_Oath"></span>The Lwów Oath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Lwów Oath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/250px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/330px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg/500px-Sluby_Jana_Kazimierza_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><i>Lwów Oath</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="National Museum in Wrocław">National Museum in Wrocław</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 April 1656, during a <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Assumption,_Lviv" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Lviv">Latin Cathedral</a> in Lwów, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Vidoni" title="Pietro Vidoni">Pietro Vidoni</a>, John II Casimir in a grandiose and elaborate ceremony entrusted the Commonwealth under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whom he announced as <i>The Queen of the Polish Crown and other of his countries</i>. He also swore to <i>protect the Kingdom's folk from any impositions and unjust bondage</i>. This is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Oath" title="Lwów Oath">Lwów Oath</a>. </p><p>As almost the whole country was occupied by Swedish or <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–67)">Russian</a> armies, the vow was intended to incite the whole nation, including the peasantry, to rise up against the invaders. Two main issues raised by the king in the vows were the necessity to protect the Catholic faith, seen as endangered by the Lutheran (and to some extent Orthodox) aggressors, and to manifest the will to improve the condition of the peasantry. </p><p>After the King, a similar vow was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chancellor_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Chancellor of the Crown">Deputy Chancellor of the Crown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Kraków">bishop of Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Trzebicki" title="Andrzej Trzebicki">Andrzej Trzebicki</a>, in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> noblemen of the Commonwealth. </p><p>The Commonwealth forces finally drove back the Swedes in 1657 and the Russians in 1661. After the war, promises made by John Casimir in Lwów, especially those considering the peasants' lot, were not fulfilled, mostly because of objections by the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, which represented the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> nobility and was not attracted to the idea of reducing serfdom, which would negatively affect their economic interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Casimir left no surviving children. All his brothers and sisters having predeceased him without surviving issue, he was the last of the line of <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a>. With him, all the legitimate issue of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Naples" title="Alfonso II of Naples">Alfonso II of Naples</a> died out. His heir in Ferdinand I of Naples and in the Brienne succession was his distant cousin, <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_La_Tremoille" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de La Tremoille">Henry de La Tremoille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Talmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Talmond">Prince of Talmond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Taranto">Taranto</a>, the heir-general of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick IV of Naples">Frederick IV of Naples</a> (second son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Clermont" title="Isabella of Clermont">Isabella of Clermont</a>), who also was the heir-general of Federigo's first wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Savoy" title="Anne of Savoy">Anne of Savoy</a>. </p><p>John Casimir was, after his brother, the head of the genealogical line of <a href="/wiki/St._Bridget_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bridget of Sweden">St. Bridget of Sweden</a>, descending in primogeniture from Bridget's sister. After his death, the headship was offered to his second cousin, the already-abdicated <a href="/wiki/Christina_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina I of Sweden">Christina I of Sweden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patron_of_the_arts">Patron of the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Patron of the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg/170px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg/255px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg/340px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of a Rabbi</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/170px-Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/255px-Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg/340px-Ewer_of_John_Casimir_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>A silver ewer from 1640 commissioned by John Casimir</figcaption></figure> <p>The vast collection of paintings, portraits, porcelain and other valuables belonging to the Polish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasas</a> was mostly looted by the Swedes and Germans of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> who brutally sacked <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in the 1650s, during the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lileyko_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lileyko-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were sold off to wealthy nobles, displayed in other parts of Europe, or would eventually belong to private collectors, though some of the famous works survived hidden in <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Europa_(Reni)" title="The Rape of Europa (Reni)">The Rape of Europa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>. </p><p>The most important additions to the royal collection were made by John II Casimir, a passionate collector of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch paintings">Dutch paintings</a>, and a patron of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schultz" title="Daniel Schultz">Daniel Schultz</a> (who painted a famous portrait of a son of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a> <a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Aga</a> Dedesh, and was made Royal <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconer</a> in reward for his father's contribution during the war with Russia in 1663<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). A major part of the king's painting collection was acquired in 1660s, by way of <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_van_Uylenburgh" title="Hendrick van Uylenburgh">Hendrick van Uylenburgh</a>, an agent in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, and later his son <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_van_Uylenburgh" title="Gerrit van Uylenburgh">Gerrit van Uylenburgh</a>. These were mainly Dutch paintings and works by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>. The collection also included works by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordaens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordaens">Jordaens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Reni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Guercino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Jan Brueghel the Younger">Jan Brueghel the Younger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Bassano" title="Jacopo Bassano">Bassano</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-lileyko_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lileyko-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When John Casimir abdicated the Polish–Lithuanian throne, he brought many of his paintings and portraits with him to France. The collection remaining at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> was looted during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> or appropriated in 1720 by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Saxony">Elector of Saxony</a>, like two paintings by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> – <i>Portrait of a Rabbi</i> (1657) and <i>Portrait of a Man in the Hat Decorated with Pearls</i> (1667), today displayed in the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister" title="Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister">Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister</a></span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-lileyko_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lileyko-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Casimir was a character in <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/With_Fire_and_Sword" title="With Fire and Sword">With Fire and Sword</a></i> (Ogniem i Mieczem) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deluge_(novel)" title="The Deluge (novel)">The Deluge</a></i> (Potop). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of John II Casimir Vasa</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-Larsson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Katarina_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Katarina-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leijonhufvud" title="Margaret Leijonhufvud">Margaret Leijonhufvud</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Margareta_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Margareta-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund III of Poland">Sigismund III of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I of Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Sigismund_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Sigismund-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine of Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBL-Katarina_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBL-Katarina-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a><sup id="cite_ref-WardProthero1911-1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WardProthero1911-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>John II Casimir of Poland</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911-Ferdinand_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-Ferdinand-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II, Archduke of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary" title="Anne of Bohemia and Hungary">Anne of Bohemia and Hungary</a><sup id="cite_ref-Marczali_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marczali-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Albert_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert V, Duke of Bavaria">Albert V, Duke of Bavaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-NDB-Albrecht_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDB-Albrecht-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551%E2%80%931608)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)">Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Maria_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Maria-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Anna_of_Austria" title="Archduchess Anna of Austria">Archduchess Anna of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Anna_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Anna-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1569%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1569–1795)">History of Poland (1569–1795)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciaga.pl/tekst/5949-6-jan_kazimierz">"Jan Kazimierz"</a>. <i>Sciaga.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sciaga.pl&rft.atitle=Jan+Kazimierz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciaga.pl%2Ftekst%2F5949-6-jan_kazimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+II+Casimir+Vasa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090707053619/http://www.mb.vu.lt/unesco/rankrasciai/autografai/karalisk/jankaz/emjankaz.htm">"Historical Collections of the Vilnius University Library – MANUSCRIPTS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mb.vu.lt/unesco/rankrasciai/autografai/karalisk/jankaz/emjankaz.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Collections+of+the+Vilnius+University+Library+%E2%80%93+MANUSCRIPTS&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mb.vu.lt%2Funesco%2Frankrasciai%2Fautografai%2Fkaralisk%2Fjankaz%2Femjankaz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+II+Casimir+Vasa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chestofbooks.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chestofbooks.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chestofbooks.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/reference/American-Cyclopaedia-6/John-II-Casimir.html#.VJ0828g4">"John II Casimir"</a>. <i>chestofbooks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chestofbooks.com&rft.atitle=John+II+Casimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestofbooks.com%2Freference%2FAmerican-Cyclopaedia-6%2FJohn-II-Casimir.html%23.VJ0828g4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+II+Casimir+Vasa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurulers.altervista.org/poland.html">"Poland. 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Announcements from the National Library of Paris in French 1448-1596]. <i>Hungarian Historical Journal</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">97–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Candalei+Anna+II.+Ul%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+neje%2C+magyarorsz%C3%A1gi+%C3%BAtj%C3%A1nak+%C3%A9s+a+menyegz%C5%91i+%C3%BCnnep%C3%A9lyek+le%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa+%28K%C3%B6zlem%C3%A9nyek+a+p%C3%A1risi+Nemzeti+k%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1rb%C3%B3l+1448-1596%2C+83-122%29&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Marczali&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+II+Casimir+Vasa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NDB-Albrecht-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NDB-Albrecht_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Goetz1953" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walter Goetz (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016233/images/index.html?seite=178">"Albrecht V."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>160</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albrecht+V.&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Walter+Goetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016233%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+II+Casimir+Vasa" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118647571.html">full text online</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Anna-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Anna_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHübner1860" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hübner, Johann (1860). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Anna_von_Oesterreich_(1528%E2%80%931587)">"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">von Wurzbach, Constantin</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Anna+von+Oesterreich+%281528%E2%80%931587%29&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=151&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCbner&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+II+Casimir+Vasa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Casimir_Vasa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1661 John II Casimir was granted the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">style</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Majesty" title="Orthodox Majesty">Orthodox Majesty</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Pope Alexander VII</a> for him and his successors, as a reward for the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Polish lands</a> by the Sejm in 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-google_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_II_Casimir_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John II Casimir of Poland">John II Casimir of Poland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416030006/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/photos/showphoto.php/photo/4171/cat/all"><b>Document image</b> John II Casimir Vasa (1609–1672), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1648–1668), ratifies decisions made by the Magistrate of the City of Krakow</a> at portal.unesco.org</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>John II Casimir Vasa </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 22 March 1609</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 December 1672</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Władysław IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> </b><br />1648–1668 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michael I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Władysław IV</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> </b></i><br />1648–1660 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Brienne claim </b><br />1648-1672 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tr%C3%A9moille" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de La Trémoille">Henri de La Trémoille</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_princes1198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">King Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">King John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Magnus, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">King Charles IX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">King Sigismund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Sweden_(1568%E2%80%931607)" title="Gustav of Sweden (1568–1607)">Gustav, Prince of Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">Prince John, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">King Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Prince Alexander Charles</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">King Charles XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">King Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">King Frederick I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">King Adolf Frederick</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">King Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">King Charles XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Adolf,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">King Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Gustav,_Duke_of_Sm%C3%A5land" title="Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland">Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_August,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden" title="Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles August</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">King Charles XIV John</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Prince_of_Vasa" title="Gustav, Prince of Vasa">Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">King Oscar I</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">King Charles XV</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf,_Duke_of_Uppland" title="Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland">Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">King Oscar II</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August,_Duke_of_Dalarna" title="Prince August, Duke of Dalarna">Prince August, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Oscar,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">King Gustaf V</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bernadotte" title="Oscar Bernadotte">Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen,_Duke_of_N%C3%A4rke" title="Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke">Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">King Gustaf VI Adolf</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Erik,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland">Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Carl Bernadotte">Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten">Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvard_Bernadotte" title="Sigvard Bernadotte">Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bertil,_Duke_of_Halland" title="Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland">Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte" title="Carl Johan Bernadotte">Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Bernadotte" title="Lennart Bernadotte">Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland" title="Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland">Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Daniel,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland</a><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oscar,_Duke_of_Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne">Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Alexander, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel,_Duke_of_Dalarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna">Prince Gabriel, Duke of Dalarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Julian,_Duke_of_Halland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Julian, Duke of Halland">Prince Julian, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Nicolas,_Duke_of_%C3%85ngermanland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland">Prince Nicolas, Duke of Ångermanland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Norway</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> <i>Also prince of Poland and Lithuania</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><sup>3</sup></span> <i>Lost his title due to an unequal marriage</i><br /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><sup>4</sup></span> <i>Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland756" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland756" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation<br />period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_Council_(Poland)" title="Regency Council (Poland)">Regency Council</a> (transformed into <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Lithuania430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Lithuania430" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of Lithuania</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Lithuanian_dukes" title="List of early Lithuanian dukes">List of early Lithuanian dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">List of Lithuanian monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="House_of_Mindaugas_(1236–1263)94" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1236–1263)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1263–1267)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treniota" title="Treniota">Treniota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%A1vilkas" title="Vaišvilkas">Vaišvilkas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomakhovichi" title="Monomakhovichi">House of Monomakh</a> (1267–1269)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shvarn" title="Shvarn">Shvarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1269–1285)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daumantas_of_Lithuania" title="Daumantas of Lithuania">Daumantas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">House of Gediminids</a> (1285–1440)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butigeidis" title="Butigeidis">Butigeidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butvydas" title="Butvydas">Butvydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytenis" title="Vytenis">Vytenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gediminas" title="Family of Gediminas">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunutis" title="Jaunutis">Jaunutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Algirdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Algirdas">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Jogaila</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Jogaila" title="Family of Jogaila">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_K%C4%99stutis" title="Family of Kęstutis">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirgaila" title="Skirgaila">Skirgaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_K%C4%99stutaitis" title="Sigismund Kęstutaitis">Sigismund Kęstutaitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Jagiellon">House of Jagiellon</a> (1440–1569)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir Jagellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Elected_(1569–1795)51" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elected</a> (1569–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna the Jagiellonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Ladislaus IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">August III the Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="House_of_Urach_(1918)25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Urach" title="House of Urach">House of Urach</a> (1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl,_Duke_of_Urach" title="Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach">Mindaugas II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">Titular rulers</a> are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53452#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2897" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53452#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2897" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53452#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110277044">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59323818">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/122066/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRV86B684xKxrKGjtVG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119389118">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83225144">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14547546s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14547546s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2006342232&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX983451">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126095426">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070633665">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7046617">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl0380m65sh3ztj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598299405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/27566">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263336305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14470769">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/453222">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/97703347">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119389118.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119389118">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/158857046">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span 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