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Vengeance of a Savage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2:_The_Vengeance_of_a_Savage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orchestration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orchestration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Orchestration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orchestration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Alzira</i> (opera)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(Verdi)" title="Alzira (Verdi) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alzira (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alzira (opera)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira" title="Alzira – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alzira" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(Oper)" title="Alzira (Oper) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alzira (Oper)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira" title="Alzira – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alzira" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Alzira (ópera) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alzira (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(op%C3%A9ra)" title="Alzira (opéra) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alzira (opéra)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(Verdi)" title="Alzira (Verdi) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alzira (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(Verdi)" title="Alzira (Verdi) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alzira (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אלזירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלזירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opus_lyricum)" title="Alzira (opus lyricum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alzira (opus lyricum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira" title="Alzira – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alzira" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="الجزيره (عمل اوبرالى فى ايطاليا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجزيره (عمل اوبرالى فى ايطاليا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alzira (opera)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alzira (opera)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alzira (opera)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alzira (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(Verdi)" title="Alzira (Verdi) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alzira (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(oper%C4%83)" title="Alzira (operă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alzira (operă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Альзира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альзира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Алзира (опера) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алзира (опера)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira" title="Alzira – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alzira" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alzira (opera)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q450801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><i>Alzira</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Opera by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzira,_costume_by_Filippo_Del_Buono,_1845.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alzira%2C_costume_by_Filippo_Del_Buono%2C_1845.png/200px-Alzira%2C_costume_by_Filippo_Del_Buono%2C_1845.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alzira%2C_costume_by_Filippo_Del_Buono%2C_1845.png/300px-Alzira%2C_costume_by_Filippo_Del_Buono%2C_1845.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Alzira%2C_costume_by_Filippo_Del_Buono%2C_1845.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Tadolini" title="Eugenia Tadolini">Eugenia Tadolini</a>'s costume as Alzira for the 1845 premiere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Cammarano" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatore Cammarano">Salvatore Cammarano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s play, <i>Alzire, ou les Américains</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent">12 August 1845<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1845-08-12</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro San Carlo">Teatro San Carlo</a>, Naples</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Alzira</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in a prologue and two acts by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> to an Italian <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Cammarano" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatore Cammarano">Salvatore Cammarano</a>, based on the 1736 play <i>Alzire, ou les Américains</i> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. </p><p>The first performance was at the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro San Carlo">Teatro San Carlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, on 12 August 1845. The contemporary reviews were mixed, and the first run of the opera received only four further performances.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his completion of <i><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco">Giovanna d'Arco</a></i>, Verdi began on work on <i>Alzira</i>, having been invited by the impresario of the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro San Carlo">Teatro San Carlo</a> in Naples, Vincenzo Flauto, to write an opera for that house, the invitation having followed the earlier success of <i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BUD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the attractions of the arrangement to Verdi was to have the services of the man who was now - following <a href="/wiki/Felice_Romani" title="Felice Romani">Felice Romani</a>'s virtual retirement - the principal librettist in Italy. This was Salvatore Cammarano, the Naples "house poet" who had been responsible for some of Donizetti's successes, which included <i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BUD_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the publisher <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Ricordi" title="Giovanni Ricordi">Giovanni Ricordi</a> as "a kind of agent" <sup id="cite_ref-TOY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–34, 43–44">: 33–34, 43–44 </span></sup> Verdi's terms were laid out. These included being able to receive one-third more than his fee for <i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi" class="mw-redirect" title="I Lombardi">I Lombardi</a></i> and, more importantly, having a finished libretto from Cammarano in his possession four months before the production. </p><p>Verdi had received a synopsis of the opera from Cammarano,<sup id="cite_ref-BLK_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the subject of which was not his. But, as Budden notes, Verdi adopted a somewhat passive attitude, impressed as he was at being able to work with this librettist.<sup id="cite_ref-BUD_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter of 23 February 1845,<sup id="cite_ref-BLK_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verdi had expressed his optimism that "Voltaire's tragedy will become an excellent melodrama,"<sup id="cite_ref-TOY_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–34">: 33–34 </span></sup> with the added hope that if the librettist would "put some passion into your libretto"<sup id="cite_ref-TOY_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33–34, 43–44">: 33–34, 43–44 </span></sup> and that he, Verdi, would write music to match. In their early correspondence, it appears that Cammarano had already sent some sample verses because Verdi's 23 February letter also contained his enthusiasm for receiving more: "I beg you to send me promptly some more verses. It's not necessary for me to tell you to keep it short. You know the theatre better than I do."<sup id="cite_ref-BLK_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is quite clear that Verdi's characteristic requirement for brevity appeared this early on in his career. </p><p>As far as the libretto went, it was acceptable to Verdi; he was even "highly delighted" with it.<sup id="cite_ref-BUD_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from Voltaire's play the "intellectual content [was] reduced to a minimum [and] religion and politics, the two <i>raisons d'être</i> of the drama, are scarcely mentioned; and the confrontation of different creeds, different civilizations and different worlds becomes merely another variant of the eternal triangle.<sup id="cite_ref-BUD_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Spring of 1845 Verdi's health forced a postponement until at least the following August, although he was well enough to arrive in Naples by the end of July to oversee rehearsals. In a letter of 30 July, he expresses optimism that the opera will be well received but notes that "if it were to fail, that wouldn't upset me unduly".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg/150px-Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg/225px-Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg/300px-Eugenia_Tadolini_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Eugenia Tadolini,<br />the original Alzira<br />(by Josef Kriehuber)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>19th century</b> </p><p>The opening performance received a complimentary note of approval in Naples' <i>Gazzetta Musicale</i>: "Beauties so delicately contrived that the ear can hardly take them in".<sup id="cite_ref-ARR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the general reaction in Naples was not positive, even worse when <i>Alzira</i> was staged in Rome in November 1845 and, worse still, after the 1846 presentations at La Scala, resulting in the worst press that the composer had seen since the failure of <i><a href="/wiki/Un_giorno_di_regno" title="Un giorno di regno">Un giorno di regno</a></i> in 1840. It was staged in Ferrara as part of the Spring 1847 carnivale season, <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which it disappeared from the repertory. </p><p><b>20th century and beyond</b> </p><p>Prior to 1940, the opera was not performed very often; however, there was a 1938 concert performance in Berlin with <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf" title="Elisabeth Schwarzkopf">Elisabeth Schwarzkopf</a>. Other recordings show that there has been a steady flow of presentations, many only in concert form, especially since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-OP-DIS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OP-DIS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postwar stagings include those given by the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Opera">Rome Opera</a> in February 1967 (with <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Zeani" title="Virginia Zeani">Virginia Zeani</a> as Alzira<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_MacNeil" title="Cornell MacNeil">Cornell MacNeil</a> as Gusmano). According to Budden this "proved that the score is genuinely alive" and he concludes by noting that it is "not downright bad" and that "no Verdi opera is totally negligible".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until January 1968 that it was first given in the US: a concert version was given in <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, New York on 17 January 1968 with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Quilico" title="Louis Quilico">Louis Quilico</a>. </p><p>In February 1981, it was staged by the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Regio_di_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Regio di Parma">Teatro Regio di Parma</a> and in July 1996, a performance was given at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> in London<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March / April 1998 it was given in the Stadttheater in <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a>; it was included in 2000 in the <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Opera" title="Sarasota Opera">Sarasota Opera</a>'s "Verdi Cycle"; and it was revived at the Teatro Regio di Parma in May/June 2002, with <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chernov" title="Vladimir Chernov">Vladimir Chernov</a>. Periodically, between January and June 2010, it was presented by the Theater St Gallen in Switzerland, with <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Gavanelli" title="Paolo Gavanelli">Paolo Gavanelli</a> appearing in some performances.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Alzira</i> received its first professional staging in the UK at the <a href="/wiki/Buxton_Festival" title="Buxton Festival">Buxton Festival</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg/150px-Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg/225px-Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg/300px-Filippo_Coletti-litho-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Filippo Coletti, the original Gusmano</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaetano_Fraschini-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gaetano_Fraschini-detail.jpg/150px-Gaetano_Fraschini-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Gaetano_Fraschini-detail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Gaetano Fraschini, the original Zamoro</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th>Voice type </th> <th>Premiere Cast, 12 August 1845<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(Conductor: - ) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alvaro, <i>father of Gusmano, initially Governor of Peru</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(vocal_range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (vocal range)">bass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marco_Arati" title="Marco Arati">Marco Arati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gusmano, <i>Governor of Peru</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Coletti" title="Filippo Coletti">Filippo Coletti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ovando, <i>a Spanish Duke</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td>Ceci </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zamoro, <i>leader of a Peruvian tribe</i> </td> <td>tenor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Fraschini" title="Gaetano Fraschini">Gaetano Fraschini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ataliba, <i>leader of a Peruvian tribe</i> </td> <td>bass </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michele_Benedetti_(bass)" title="Michele Benedetti (bass)">Michele Benedetti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alzira, <i>Ataliba's daughter</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Tadolini" title="Eugenia Tadolini">Eugenia Tadolini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zuma, <i>her maid</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td>Maria Salvetti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Otumbo, <i>an American warrior</i> </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Francesco Rossi </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>Spanish officers and soldiers, Americans of both sexes</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Place: <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></dd> <dd>Time: 16th century</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prologue:_The_Prisoner">Prologue: The Prisoner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prologue: The Prisoner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peruvian Indians drag the Spanish governor, Alvaro, into the square and are about to execute him. Suddenly Zamoro, an Inca, appears and asks them to release the man; they do so. </p><p>Zamoro tells the Indians that he had been captured and tortured by Gusmano, the leader of the Spaniards (<i>Un Inca, eccesso orribile</i> / "An Inca..dreadful outrage!") to the point where everyone believed him to be dead. Otumbo tells Zamoro that Alzira, his beloved, along with her father Ataliba, are being held captive by the Spaniards, and he urges the Indian tribes to revolt: <i>Risorto fra le tenebre</i> / "I emerged into the darkness ..."). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1:_A_Life_for_a_Life">Act 1: A Life for a Life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Act 1: A Life for a Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: The main square of Lima</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg/220px-Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg/330px-Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg/440px-Giuseppe_Verdi_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Giuseppe Verdi</figcaption></figure> <p>Alvaro announces that, due to his age and infirmity, he is relinquishing the governorship and handing it over to his son, Gusmano who states that his first act will be to secure peace with the Incas. Ataliba gives him his support, but advises him that his daughter Alzira is not yet ready to marry Gusmano. He, while understanding (<i>Eterna la memoria</i> / "The eternal memory of a desperate love is weighing her down ..."), urges the older man to try to persuade her (<i>Quanto un mortal può chiedere</i> / "Whatever a mortal man can ask for..") </p><p><i>Scene 2: Ataliba's apartments in the governor's palace</i> </p><p>As her father enters, Alzira wakes but is still half dreaming of Zamoro. She recounts a more disturbing dream she has had of Gusmano (<i>Da Gusman sul fragil barca</i> / "I was fleeing from Gusman in a frail boat") but, although he is dead, she still believes that Zamoro loves her: <i>Nell'astro che più fulgido</i> / "On the star that gleams most brightly ... there lives Zamoro". Ataliba continues to try to persuade Alzira to marry Gusmano, without success, until suddenly Zamoro enters. Believing that it is his ghost, Alzira is skeptical, but realizes that he is still alive. They pledge their love together: <i>Risorge ne' tuoi lumi l'astro de' giorni miei!</i> / "The star of my existence has risen again in your eyes!". </p><p>Gusmano enters, sees the couple together, and orders that Zamoro be arrested and immediately executed. There follows the sextet <i>Nella polve genuflesso</i> in which each of the characters expresses his/her feelings: "Alvaro begs his son to show mercy; Gusman remains obdurate but uneasy, Alzira. ... ., laments the passing of her short-lived happiness; Zamoro expresses his faith in her constancy; Zuma and Ataliba their despair"<sup id="cite_ref-BUD237_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD237-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Inca invasion of Lima is announced, Alvaro confirms that Zamoro has saved him from certain death; Gusmano orders him to be freed to go out to fight with the invading Incas: "I shall meet you in battle, hated rival". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2:_The_Vengeance_of_a_Savage">Act 2: The Vengeance of a Savage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Act 2: The Vengeance of a Savage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: The fortifications of Lima</i> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg/225px-Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Salvadore_Cammarano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Salvatore Cammarano, librettist of the opera</figcaption></figure> <p>Zamoro has led a fresh attack against the <i>conquistadores</i> and has been captured. Gusmano condemns him to death, but, over Alzira's protests, forces her to agree to marry Gusmano promising that he will spare Zamoro. Reluctantly, she agrees (Gusmano: <i>Colma di gioia ho l'anima!</i> / "My heart is bursting with joy"). </p><p><i>Scene 2: A cave, some distance from Lima</i> </p><p>The defeated Incas are downcast, but they hear that Zamoro has escaped, dressed as a Spanish soldier. He soon enters but is in despair: <i>Irne lungi ancor dovrei</i> / " Must I drag out my days as a fugitive, bowed down with shame?". When he hears from his followers that Alzira has agreed to marry Gusmano and that preparations are being made, vows to fight: <i>Non di codarde lagrime</i> / "This is not the time for cowardly tears, but for blood!". He rushes out to the palace </p><p><i>Scene 3: Large hall in the governor's palace</i> </p><p>As the wedding of Alzira and Gusmano is about to begin, a Spanish soldier leaps forward and fatally stabs Gusmano. To Alzira's surprise it is Zamoro. Before he dies, Gusmano tells him that Alzira only agreed to the marriage in order to secure his release. He forgives Zamoro, blesses his union with Alzira, and receives a final blessing from his father as he dies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orchestration">Orchestration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orchestration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Alzira</i> is scored for piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, one cimbasso, timpani, bass drum and cymbals, snare drum, triangle, offstage band, offstage bass drum, harp and strings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As both Budden and Parker have observed,<sup id="cite_ref-PARK_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verdi's reference to this opera later in his life as "proprio brutta" ("downright ugly") was as much a reflection on the composer's reaction to the libretto as it was on the music. In one example, Budden notes that Verdi's setting of the act 1 love duet, "he preferred to press swiftly ahead, sustaining a dramatic momentum which the text does not imply".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, both scholars are also in agreement that there is some interesting music, especially some of the ensembles and, in areas where the composer may have gone beyond the conventional and which are not as successful, "the conventional moments succeed far better than those that challenge accepted norms".<sup id="cite_ref-PARK_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critic Arrivabene's general comment has been noted, but in regard to the overture, he stated that it: "preserves the two-fold character of the opera - savage and warlike on the one hand, tender and romantic on the other. Its form is completely novel and it aroused the greatest enthusiasm".<sup id="cite_ref-ARR_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another example, Budden comments on the <i>Nella polve genuflesso</i> act 1 sextet and chorus, drawing the reader's attention to the fact that, after all, the libretto was written by Cammarano for a Neapolitan audience, the same one which would have experienced his famous <i>Lucia</i> sextet. However, as written by Verdi "the structure is altogether more varied and elaborate. The opening dialogue between Alvaro and Gusmano is remarkably original with its persistent upward motion from key to key a fifth apart."<sup id="cite_ref-BUD237_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BUD237-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th width="155">Cast<br />(Alzira, Zamoro, Gusmano, Alvaro) </th> <th>Conductor,<br />Opera House and Orchestra </th> <th>Label<sup id="cite_ref-OP-DIS_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OP-DIS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>Ileana Cotrubas,<br />Francisco Araiza,<br /><a href="/wiki/Renato_Bruson" title="Renato Bruson">Renato Bruson</a>,<br />Jan-Hendrik Rootering </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Gardelli" title="Lamberto Gardelli">Lamberto Gardelli</a>,<br /> Münchner Rundfunkorchester and Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks </td> <td>Audio CD: Orfeo,<br />Cat: M 057832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ileana_Cotrubas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ileana Cotrubas">Ileana Cotrubas</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Araiza" title="Francisco Araiza">Francisco Araiza</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Renato_Bruson" title="Renato Bruson">Renato Bruson</a>,<br />Jan-Hendrik Rootering</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Gardelli" title="Lamberto Gardelli">Lamberto Gardelli</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a> and Bavarian Radio Chorus</td> <td>Audio CD: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orpheus_(record_label)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orpheus (record label) (page does not exist)">Orpheus</a><br />Cat: C 05 7832 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Marina Mescheriakova,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Vargas" title="Ramón Vargas">Ramón Vargas</a>,<br />Paolo Gavanelli,<br />Slobodan Stankovic</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Luisi" title="Fabio Luisi">Fabio Luisi</a>,<br />L'<a href="/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Suisse_Romande" title="Orchestre de la Suisse Romande">Orchestre de la Suisse Romande</a> and the chorus of the Grand Théatre de Genève</td> <td>Audio CD: <a href="/wiki/Philips_Records" title="Philips Records">Philips</a> <br />Cat: 464-628-2.<sup id="cite_ref-Graeme_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graeme-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>Junko Saito,<br />Ferdinand von Bothmer,<br />Thomas Gazheli,<br />Francesco Facini </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kuhn" title="Gustav Kuhn">Gustav Kuhn</a>,<br />Orchestra Haydn di Bolzano e Trento,<br />(Recording of a concert performance from the Alto Adige Festival<br />at the Grand Hotel Centro Culturale, Dobbiaco, September 2012) </td> <td>DVD:C Major<br />Cat:721408<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlitzer, Franco, "Verdi's <i>Alzira</i> at Naples", <i>Music & Letters</i>, <b>35</b> (2), April 1954, pp. 125–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BUD_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUD_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUD_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUD_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUD_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden (1984), p. 227–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TOY_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOY_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOY_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toye (1931)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLK-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLK_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLK_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLK_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, p. 92–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Andrea Maffei, 30 July 1845, in Budden, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARR_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARR_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opprandino Arrivabene, in Budden, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librettodopera.it/librettodopera/testo.jsp?numero=10557&tipo=q">Performance listed on librettodopera.it</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Retrieved 10 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OP-DIS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OP-DIS_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OP-DIS_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLVEALZI.HTM">Recordings on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Opera magazine</i> 1959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p. 241–242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Seckerson, "Live Verdi Festival: <i>La Traviata</i>; <i>Alzira</i> Royal Opera House, London", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> (London), 12 July 1996: "There is an exuberance, a lust for local colour, about Verdi's <i>Alzira</i>, but none of it, of course, has very much to do with Peru. Parma, more like. Now, if the singing had been on [the level of the orchestral playing] ... Well, in one sense it was. Unstinting. Rapacious. All thoughts of <i>bel canto</i> banished to the previous night's <i>Traviata</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100204025906/http://www.art-tv.ch/5279-0-theater-st-gallen--alzira.html">"Theater St Gallen production on art-tv.ch, with excerpts from the production (in German)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-tv.ch/5279-0-theater-st-gallen--alzira.html">the original</a> on 2010-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theater+St+Gallen+production+on+art-tv.ch%2C+with+excerpts+from+the+production+%28in+German%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-tv.ch%2F5279-0-theater-st-gallen--alzira.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzira+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2018" class="citation news cs1">Ashley, Tim (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jul/10/alzira-review-buxton-festival-verdi">"Alzira review – Buxton make a strong case for Verdi's unloved early opera"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alzira+review+%E2%80%93+Buxton+make+a+strong+case+for+Verdi%27s+unloved+early+opera&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2018%2Fjul%2F10%2Falzira-review-buxton-festival-verdi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzira+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List of singers taken from Budden, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BUD237-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BUD237_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BUD237_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PARK-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PARK_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PARK_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graeme-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graeme_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme, Roland, "<i>Alzira</i>. Giuseppe Verdi", <i>The Opera Quarterly</i>, Vol. 18, issue 2, 2002, pp. 280–283 Retrieved 18 March 2013.(By subscription)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=721408">"Alzira"</a>. <i>Naxos.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naxos.com&rft.atitle=Alzira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2Fcatalogue%2Fitem.asp%3Fitem_code%3D721408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlzira+%28opera%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li>Baldini, Gabriele (1970), (trans. Roger Parker, 1980), <i>The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera</i>. Cambridge, <i>et al</i>: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5">0-521-29712-5</a></li> <li>Black, John (1984), <i>The Italian Romantic Libretto: A Study of Salvadore Cammarano</i>, Edinburgh University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-463-0">978-0-85224-463-0</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85224-463-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85224-463-0">0-85224-463-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, Julian</a> (1984), <i>The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From Oberto </i>to<i> Rigoletto</i>. London: Cassell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-31058-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-31058-1">0-304-31058-1</a>.</li> <li>Chusid, Martin, (Ed.) (1997), <i>Verdi's Middle Period, 1849 to 1859</i>, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10658-6">0-226-10658-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10659-4">0-226-10659-4</a></li> <li>De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), <i>Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4">0-226-14369-4</a> (hardback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8">0-226-14370-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gossett" title="Philip Gossett">Gossett, Philip</a> (2006), <i>Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5">0-226-30482-5</a></li> <li>Kimbell, David, in <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (Ed.), <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4">0-14-029312-4</a></li> <li>Martin, George, <i> Verdi: His Music, Life and Times</i> (1983), New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7">0-396-08196-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (1969), <i>The Complete Opera of Verdi</i>, New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1">0-306-80072-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (1998), "<i>Alzira</i>", in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</i>, Vol. One. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (2007), <i>The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas</i>, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7">978-0-19-531314-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone" title="Danièle Pistone">Pistone, Danièle</a> (1995), <i>Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini</i>, Portland, OR: Amadeus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9">0-931340-82-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane</a> (1993), <i>Verdi: A Biography</i>, London & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4">0-19-313204-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Toye" title="Francis Toye">Toye, Francis</a> (1931), <i>Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works</i>, New York: Knopf</li> <li>Verdi, Giuseppe (1994), <i>Alzira</i>, full score critical edition, ed. Jonathan Cheskin, Chicago & Milan: University of Chicago Press, G. Ricordi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-85314-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-85314-4">0-226-85314-4</a> (University of Chicago Press), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7592-116-4" title="Special:BookSources/88-7592-116-4">88-7592-116-4</a> (G. Ricordi).</li> <li>Walker, Frank, <i>The Man Verdi</i> (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0">0-226-87132-0</a></li> <li>Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i> New York: OUP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Werfel, Franz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Stefan, Paul</a> (1973), <i>Verdi: The Man and His Letters</i>, New York, Vienna House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8">0-8443-0088-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_(opera)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001803/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/visInglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=3648&IDSezione=24876&ID=466439">Verdi: "The story" and "History"</a> on giuseppeverdi.it (in English)</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Alzira_(Verdi,_Giuseppe)" class="extiw" title="scores:Alzira (Verdi, Giuseppe)">Alzira</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319070900/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/stampabile.asp?IDCategoria=162&IDSezione=581&ID=19841">Libretto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?opera=Alzira&a">Aria database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template talk:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giuseppe_Verdi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_(opera)" title="Oberto (opera)">Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio</a></i> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_giorno_di_regno" title="Un giorno di regno">Un giorno di regno</a></i> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi_alla_prima_crociata" title="I Lombardi alla prima crociata">I Lombardi alla prima crociata</a></i> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_due_Foscari" title="I due Foscari">I due Foscari</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco">Giovanna d'Arco</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alzira</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Attila_(opera)" title="Attila (opera)">Attila</a></i> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> (1847/65) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_corsaro" title="Il corsaro">Il corsaro</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stiffelio" title="Stiffelio">Stiffelio</a></i> (1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (1851) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Les vêpres siciliennes">Les vêpres siciliennes</a></i> (June 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_vespri_siciliani" title="I vespri siciliani">I vespri siciliani</a></i> (December 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></i> (1857/81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aroldo" title="Aroldo">Aroldo</a></i> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> (1859) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></i> (1862/69) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> (1867/84) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i> (1871) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> (1887) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> (1893)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Anvil_Chorus" title="Anvil Chorus">Anvil Chorus</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bella_figlia_dell%27amore" title="Bella figlia dell'amore">Bella figlia dell'amore</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Aida" title="Celeste Aida">Celeste Aida</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Di_quella_pira" title="Di quella pira">Di quella pira</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile" title="La donna è mobile">La donna è mobile</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Libiamo_ne%27_lieti_calici" title="Libiamo ne' lieti calici">Libiamo ne' lieti calici</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Un_d%C3%AC,_felice,_eterea" title="Un dì, felice, eterea">Un dì, felice, eterea</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Va,_pensiero" title="Va, pensiero">Va, pensiero</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">Opera discographies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_discography" title="Aida discography"><i>Aida</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_discography" title="Don Carlos discography"><i>Don Carlos</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_discography" title="Falstaff discography"><i>Falstaff</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino_discography" title="La forza del destino discography"><i>La forza del destino</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography"><i>Macbeth</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_discography" title="Otello discography"><i>Otello</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto_discography" title="Rigoletto discography"><i>Rigoletto</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore_discography" title="Il trovatore discography"><i>Il trovatore</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_traviata_discography" title="La traviata discography"><i>La traviata</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera_discography" title="Un ballo in maschera discography"><i>Un ballo in maschera</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Suona_la_tromba" title="Suona la tromba">Suona la tromba</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Inno_delle_nazioni" title="Inno delle nazioni">Inno delle nazioni</a></i> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Verdi)" title="String Quartet (Verdi)">String Quartet in E minor</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Messa da Requiem</a> (1874) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Requiem_discography" title="Verdi Requiem discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Quattro_pezzi_sacri" title="Quattro pezzi sacri">Quattro pezzi sacri</a></i> (1889–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi">Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Theatres named after Verdi (<a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Brindisi)" title="Teatro Verdi (Brindisi)">Brindisi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Giuseppe Verdi">Busseto</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Florence)" title="Teatro Verdi (Florence)">Florence</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Lirico_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi">Trieste</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Conservatory" title="Milan Conservatory">Milan Conservatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_Monument" title="Giuseppe Verdi Monument">Giuseppe Verdi Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Sinfonica_di_Milano_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi">Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_(crater)" title="Verdi (crater)">Verdi (crater)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Inlet" title="Verdi Inlet">Verdi Inlet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Range" title="Verdi Range">Verdi Range</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3975_Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="3975 Verdi">3975 Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_California" title="Verdi, California">Verdi, California</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Kansas" title="Verdi, Kansas">Verdi, Kansas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Nevada" title="Verdi, Nevada">Verdi, Nevada</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi">Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_(film)" title="Giuseppe Verdi (film)">Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1938 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_the_King_of_Melody" title="Verdi, the King of Melody">Verdi, the King of Melody</a></i> (1953 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Verdi_(miniseries)" title="The Life of Verdi (miniseries)">The Life of Verdi</a></i> (1982 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/After_Aida" title="After Aida">After Aida</a></i> (1985 play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento!" title="Risorgimento!">Risorgimento!</a></i> (2011 opera)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1906_film)" title="Otello (1906 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1953_film)" title="Aida (1953 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_Traviata_(1983_film)" title="La Traviata (1983 film)"><i>La Traviata</i></a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1986_film)" title="Otello (1986 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1987_film)" title="Macbeth (1987 film)"><i>Macbeth</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1987_film)" title="Aida (1987 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Rigoletto_Story" title="Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story"><i>Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story</i></a> (2005)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Riposo_per_Musicisti" title="Casa di Riposo per Musicisti">Casa di Riposo per Musicisti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Transcriptions_(Finnissy)" title="Verdi Transcriptions (Finnissy)"><i>Verdi Transcriptions</i> (Finnissy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Verdi" title="Villa Verdi">Villa Verdi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Category:Giuseppe Verdi">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opera_libretti_by_Salvadore_Cammarano" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Template:Salvadore Cammarano"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Template talk:Salvadore Cammarano"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salvadore Cammarano"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera_libretti_by_Salvadore_Cammarano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Opera libretti by <a href="/wiki/Salvadore_Cammarano" title="Salvadore Cammarano">Salvadore Cammarano</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belisario" title="Belisario">Belisario</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27assedio_di_Calais" title="L'assedio di Calais">L'assedio di Calais</a></i> (1836)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei_(opera)" title="Pia de' Tolomei (opera)">Pia de' Tolomei</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Devereux" title="Roberto Devereux">Roberto Devereux</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Rudenz" title="Maria de Rudenz">Maria de Rudenz</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poliuto" title="Poliuto">Poliuto</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saffo_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffo (opera)">Saffo</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_vestale_(Mercadante)" title="La vestale (Mercadante)">La vestale</a></i> (1840)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_di_Rohan" title="Maria di Rohan">Maria di Rohan</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alzira</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orazi_e_Curiazi" title="Orazi e Curiazi">Orazi e Curiazi</a></i> (1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_(Mercadante)" title="Virginia (Mercadante)">Virginia</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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