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href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-fascism" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anti-fascism" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"><div class="cdx-message__content">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Anti-fascism">reviewed</a> on 16 November 2024.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Anti-fascism is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> were opposed by many countries forming the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> and dozens of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> viewpoints. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence,_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/220px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/329px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/439px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="5141"></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Italian_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian partisan">Italian partisan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, 14 August 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Fascism, a <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-nationalistic">ultra-nationalistic</a> ideology best known for its use by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascists">Italian Fascists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>, became prominent beginning in the 1910s. Organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a>. Anti-fascism was a major aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which foreshadowed World War II. Before World War II, <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> had not taken seriously the threat of fascism, and anti-fascism was sometimes associated with communism. However, the <a href="/wiki/Outbreak_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak of World War II">outbreak of World War II</a> greatly changed Western perceptions, and fascism was seen as an existential threat by not only the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> Soviet Union but also by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> United States and United Kingdom. The Axis Powers of World War II were generally fascist, and the fight against them was characterized in anti-fascist terms. <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> to fascism occurred in every occupied country, and came from across the ideological spectrum. The defeat of the Axis powers generally ended fascism as a state ideology. After World War II, the anti-fascist movement continued to be active in places where organized fascism continued or re-emerged. There was a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Antifa_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa in Germany">antifa in Germany</a> in the 1980s, as a response to the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk scene">punk scene</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>. This influenced the <a href="/wiki/Antifa_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa movement in the United States">antifa movement in the United States</a> in the late 1980s and 1990s, which was similarly carried by punks. In the 21st century, this greatly increased in prominence as a response to the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of Donald Trump">election of Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins">1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Italy:_against_Fascism_and_Mussolini">2.1 Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Slovenians_and_Croats_under_Italianization">2.2 Slovenians and Croats under Italianization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Germany:_against_the_NSDAP_and_Hitlerism">2.3 Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Spain:_Civil_War_against_the_Nationalists">2.4 Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#France:_against_Action_Fran%C3%A7aise_and_Vichy">2.5 France: against Action Française and Vichy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley's_BUF">2.6 United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#United_States,_World_War_II">2.7 United States, World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Burma,_World_War_II">2.8 Burma, World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Poland,_World_War_II">2.9 Poland, World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#After_World_War_II">2.10 After World War II</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Germany">2.10.1 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Greece">2.10.2 Greece</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Italy">2.10.3 Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#United_States">2.10.4 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Elsewhere">2.10.5 Elsewhere</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Use_of_the_term">3 Use of the term</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Bibliography">5.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fascist_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/170px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="393" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="206"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 393px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/170px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="393" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/255px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fascist_symbol.svg/340px-Fascist_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a> as depicted in the logo of the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>. It is an axe bound in a bundle of wooden rods, symbolizing a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>'s power over life or death through the death penalty. In the 20th century, it became the premier fascist symbol.</figcaption></figure> With the development and spread of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, i.e. the original fascism, the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>'s ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a><a href="#cite_note-Arditi-3">[3]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Anarchist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Anarchist Union">Italian Anarchist Union</a> emerged between 1919 and 1921, to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period. In the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a>, as fascism developed and spread, a "nationalism of the left" developed in those nations threatened by Italian <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a> (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in particular).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> After the outbreak of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav</a> resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> partisans constitute the earliest roots of European anti-fascism. Less militant forms of anti-fascism arose later. During the 1930s in Britain, "Christians – especially the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> – provided both a language of opposition to fascism and inspired anti-fascist action".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a> believed that <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> was a forerunner of anti-fascism due to his derision for nationalism and racism.<a href="#cite_note-LaCoss_2001_p.-6">[6]</a> Michael Seidman argues that traditionally anti-fascism was seen as the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> but that in recent years this has been questioned. Seidman identifies two types of anti-fascism, namely revolutionary and counterrevolutionary:<a href="#cite_note-Seidman_2017-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>Revolutionary anti-fascism was expressed amongst communists and anarchists, where it identified fascism and capitalism as its enemies and made little distinction between fascism and other forms of right-wing authoritarianism.<a href="#cite_note-i006-8">[8]</a> It did not disappear after the Second World War but was used as an official ideology of the Soviet bloc, with the "fascist" West as the new enemy.</li> <li>Counterrevolutionary anti-fascism was much more conservative in nature, with Seidman arguing that Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill represented examples of it and that they tried to win the masses to their cause. Counterrevolutionary antifascists desired to ensure the restoration or continuation of the prewar old regime and conservative antifascists disliked fascism's erasure of the distinction between the public and private spheres. Like its revolutionary counterpart, it would outlast fascism once the Second World War ended.</li></ul> Seidman argues that despite the differences between these two strands of anti-fascism, there were similarities. They would both come to regard violent expansion as intrinsic to the fascist project. They both rejected any claim that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles Treaty</a> was responsible for the rise of Nazism and instead viewed fascist dynamism as the cause of conflict. Unlike fascism, these two types of anti-fascism did not promise a quick victory but an extended struggle against a powerful enemy. During World War II, both anti-fascisms responded to fascist aggression by creating a cult of heroism which relegated victims to a secondary position.<a href="#cite_note-Seidman_2017-7">[7]</a> However, after the war, conflict arose between the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary anti-fascisms; the victory of the Western Allies allowed them to restore the old regimes of liberal democracy in Western Europe, while Soviet victory in Eastern Europe allowed for the establishment of new revolutionary anti-fascist regimes there.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/220px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/220px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/330px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg/440px-101st_with_members_of_dutch_resistance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> members with U.S. <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne</a> troops in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, September 1944</figcaption></figure> Anti-fascist movements emerged first in Italy during the rise of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> but they soon spread to other European countries and then globally. In the early period, Communist, socialist, anarchist and Christian workers and intellectuals were involved. Until 1928, the period of the <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a>, there was significant collaboration between the Communists and non-Communist anti-fascists. In 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> instituted its <a href="/wiki/Ultra-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-left">ultra-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a> policies, ending co-operation with other left groups, and denouncing social democrats as "<a href="/wiki/Social_fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social fascists">social fascists</a>". From 1934 until the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, the Communists pursued a <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Front">Popular Front</a> approach, of building broad-based coalitions with liberal and even conservative anti-fascists. As fascism consolidated its power, and especially during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, anti-fascism largely took the form of <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance</a> movements. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy:_against_Fascism_and_Mussolini">Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a>, an axe cutting a <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>. Arditi del Popolo was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921 in Italy</figcaption></figure> In Italy, Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist</a> regime used the term anti-fascist to describe its opponents. Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> was officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Vigilance_and_Repression_of_Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism">Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism</a>. During the 1920s in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, anti-fascists, many of them from the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movement</a>, fought against the violent <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) signed a <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Pacification" title="Pact of Pacification">pacification pact</a> with Mussolini and his <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasces of Combat</a> on 3 August 1921,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed <a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a> (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Italian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Severino Di Giovanni</a>, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Italian liberal anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a>, which was published in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were <a href="/wiki/Piero_Gobetti" title="Piero Gobetti">Piero Gobetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/220px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="726"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/220px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/330px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg/440px-Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1931 badge of a member of <a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a> (English: Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9rac" title="Nérac">Nérac</a>, France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled La Libertà.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/220px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/220px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/330px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg/440px-Flag_of_Giustizia_e_Liberta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a>, anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a> (English: Justice and Freedom) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a>, active from 1929 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-jam-20">[20]</a> The movement was cofounded by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jam-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a>, were among the movement's leaders.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. Giustizia e Libertà also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a>. Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> in the territories annexed to Italy after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The most influential was the militant insurgent organization <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a>, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Most of the underground structure of the organization was discovered and dismantled by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Vigilance_and_Repression_of_Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism">Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism</a> (OVRA) in 1940 and 1941,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and after June 1941 most of its former activists joined the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian resistance">Italian resistance</a> left their homes and went to live in the mountains, fighting against Italian fascists and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Nazi</a> soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>. Many cities in Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, were freed by anti-fascist uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenians_and_Croats_under_Italianization">Slovenians and Croats under Italianization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slovenians and Croats under Italianization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a> and <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></div> The anti-fascist resistance emerged within the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy_(1920%E2%80%931947)" title="Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)">Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)</a>, whom the Fascists meant to <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">deprive</a> of their culture, language and ethnicity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 1920 burning of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hall,_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hall, Trieste">National Hall in Trieste</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Slovene</a> center in the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> by the Blackshirts,<a href="#cite_note-Primorski90let2010-29">[29]</a> was praised by Benito Mussolini (yet to become Il Duce) as a "masterpiece of the Triestine fascism" (capolavoro del fascismo triestino).<a href="#cite_note-Sestani2012-02-30">[30]</a> The use of Slovene in public places, including churches, was forbidden, not only in multi-ethnic areas, but also in the areas where the population was exclusively Slovene.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Children, if they spoke Slovene, were punished by Italian teachers who were brought by the Fascist State from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Slovene teachers, writers, and clergy were sent to the other side of Italy. The first anti-fascist organization, called <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a>, was formed by Slovenes and Croats in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence. Its guerrilla fight continued into the late 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-32">[32]</a> By the mid-1930s, 70,000 Slovenes had fled Italy, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (then part of Yugoslavia) and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Slovene anti-fascist resistance in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> during World War II was led by <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Province of Ljubljana</a>, occupied by Italian Fascists, saw the deportation of 25,000 people, representing 7.5% of the total population, filling up the <a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab concentration camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars concentration camp</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/Italian_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concentration camps">Italian concentration camps</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany:_against_the_NSDAP_and_Hitlerism">Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany: against the NSDAP and Hitlerism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976,_Berlin,_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05976%2C_Berlin%2C_Pfingstreffen_der_Rot-Front-K%C3%A4mpfer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1928 <a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a> rally in Berlin. Organized by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>, the RFB had at its height over 100,000 members.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3arrows_Anti-fascist.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/220px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1127"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/220px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png" data-width="220" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/330px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/3arrows_Anti-fascist.png/440px-3arrows_Anti-fascist.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a> <a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a> through the NSDAP Swastika</figcaption></figure> The specific term anti-fascism was primarily used[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD), which held the view that it was the only anti-fascist party in Germany. The KPD formed several explicitly anti-fascist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a> (formed in 1924 and banned by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> in 1929) and Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus (a de facto successor to the latter).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] At its height, Roter Frontkämpferbund had over 100,000 members. In 1932, the KPD established the <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a> as a "red united front under the leadership of the only anti-fascist party, the KPD".<a href="#cite_note-Pieroth-37">[37]</a> Under the leadership of the committed <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a>, the KPD primarily viewed fascism as the final stage of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> rather than as a specific movement or group, and therefore applied the term broadly to its opponents, and in the name of anti-fascism the KPD focused in large part on attacking its main adversary, the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, whom they referred to as <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascists</a> and regarded as the "main pillar of the dictatorship of Capital."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The movement of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, which grew ever more influential in the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, was opposed for different ideological reasons by a wide variety of groups, including groups which also opposed each other, such as social democrats, centrists, conservatives and communists. The SPD and centrists formed <a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a> in 1924 to defend <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> against both the Nazi Party and the KPD, and their affiliated organizations. Later, mainly SPD members formed the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a> which opposed the same groups.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The name and logo of Antifaschistische Aktion remain influential. Its two-flag logo, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Gebhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Gebhard (page does not exist)">Max Gebhard</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Gebhard_(Grafiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Max Gebhard (Grafiker)">de</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Keilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Keilson (page does not exist)">Max Keilson</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Keilson" class="extiw" title="de:Max Keilson">de</a>], is still widely used as a symbol of militant anti-fascists in Germany and globally,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> as is the Iron Front's <a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a> logo.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain:_Civil_War_against_the_Nationalists">Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spain: Civil War against the Nationalists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/220px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1019"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/220px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/330px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg/440px-Barcelone_19_juillet_1936.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anarchists in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. The civil war was fought between the anarchist territories and stateless lands that achieved <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, and capitalist areas of Spain controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction</a>.</figcaption></figure> The historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> wrote: "The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish civil war</a> was both at the centre and on the margin of the era of anti-fascism. It was central, since it was immediately seen as a European war between fascism and anti-fascism, almost as the first battle in the coming world war, some of the characteristic aspects of which – for example, air raids against civilian populations – it anticipated."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_(3334194838).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/220px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="566"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/220px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/330px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg/440px-Strijdlustige_vrouw_-_Woman_ready_to_fight_%283334194838%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Woman with a rifle, soldier of <a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Libres" title="Mujeres Libres">Mujeres Libres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a> Barcelona, 1936 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> In Spain, there were histories of popular uprisings in the late 19th century through to the 1930s against the deep-seated military dictatorships.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> of General Prim and the Primo de la Rivieras<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> These movements further coalesced into large-scale anti-fascist movements in the 1930s, many in the Basque Country, before and during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">republican</a> government and army, the <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a> (MAOC) linked to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Spain (main)">Communist Party</a> (PCE),<a href="#cite_note-Histo-45">[45]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Marxist_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' Party of Marxist Unification">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (POUM), <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spanish anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">militias</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Column" title="Iron Column">Iron Column</a> and the autonomous governments of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, fought the rise of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> with military force. The <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Durruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends of Durruti">Friends of Durruti</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Anarquista_Ib%C3%A9rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Anarquista Ibérica">Federación Anarquista Ibérica</a> (FAI), were a particularly militant group. Thousands of people from many countries went to Spain in support of the anti-fascist cause, joining units such as the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion#Naftali_Botwin_Company" title="Palafox Battalion">Naftali Botwin Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s nephew, <a href="/wiki/Esmond_Romilly" title="Esmond Romilly">Esmond Romilly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Notable anti-fascists who worked internationally against Franco included: <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (who fought in the POUM militia and wrote <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> about his experience), <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (a supporter of the International Brigades who wrote <a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a> about his experience), and the radical journalist <a href="/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn" title="Martha Gellhorn">Martha Gellhorn</a>. The Spanish anarchist <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Sabat%C3%A9_Llopart" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Sabaté Llopart">Francesc Sabaté Llopart</a> fought against Franco's regime until the 1960s, from a base in France. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a>, linked to the PCE, also fought the Franco regime long after the Spanish Civil war had ended.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France:_against_Action_Française_and_Vichy">France: against Action Française and Vichy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France: against Action Française and Vichy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/220px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6829" data-file-height="4819"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/220px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/330px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg/440px-Manifestation_SFIO_1934.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1934 demonstration in Paris, with a sign reading "Down with fascism"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="469"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Maquis_in_La_Tresorerie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a> members in 1944</figcaption></figure> In the 1920s and 1930s in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, anti-fascists confronted aggressive <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a> movement in France, which dominated the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a> students' neighborhood.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After fascism triumphed via invasion, the French Resistance (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: La Résistance française) or, more accurately, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> fought against the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> occupation and against the collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy régime</a>. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the <a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">maquis</a> in rural areas), who, in addition to their <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> activities, were also publishers of <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground newspapers and magazines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arbeiter_und_Soldat" title="Arbeiter und Soldat">Arbeiter und Soldat</a> (Worker and Soldier) during World War Two, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom:_against_Mosley's_BUF">United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom: against Mosley's BUF" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> (BUF) in the 1930s was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> dockmen and <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">London's East End</a>. A high point in the struggle was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a>, when thousands of local residents and others turned out to stop the BUF from marching. Initially, the national Communist Party leadership wanted a mass demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> in solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Spain">Republican Spain</a>, instead of a mobilization against the BUF, but local party activists argued against this. Activists rallied support with the slogan <a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a>, adopted from Republican Spain. There were debates within the anti-fascist movement over tactics. While many East End ex-servicemen participated in violence against fascists,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Communist Party leader <a href="/wiki/Phil_Piratin" title="Phil Piratin">Phil Piratin</a> denounced these tactics and instead called for large demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In addition to the militant anti-fascist movement, there was a smaller current of liberal anti-fascism in Britain; Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Barker" title="Ernest Barker">Ernest Barker</a>, for example, was a notable English liberal anti-fascist in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States,_World_War_II">United States, World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States, World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anti-fascism in the United States" redirects here. For the contemporary anti-fascist movement, see <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa (United States)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2926" data-file-height="3677"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/170px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/255px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg/340px-Woody_Guthrie_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>American singer-songwriter and anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Woody Guthrie</a> and his guitar labelled "<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</figcaption></figure> Anti-fascist Italian expatriates in the United States founded the <a href="/wiki/Mazzini_Society" title="Mazzini Society">Mazzini Society</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a> in September 1939 to work toward ending Fascist rule in Italy. As political refugees from Mussolini's regime, they disagreed among themselves whether to ally with Communists and anarchists or to exclude them. The Mazzini Society joined with other anti-Fascist Italian expatriates in the Americas at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Uruguay in 1942. They unsuccessfully promoted one of their members, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Sforza" title="Carlo Sforza">Carlo Sforza</a>, to become the post-Fascist leader of a republican Italy. The Mazzini Society dispersed after the overthrow of Mussolini as most of its members returned to Italy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">Second Red Scare</a> which occurred in the United States in the years that immediately followed the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the term "premature anti-fascist" came into currency and it was used to describe Americans who had strongly agitated or worked against fascism, such as Americans who had fought for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, before fascism was seen as a proximate and existential threat to the United States (which only occurred generally after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and only occurred universally after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>). The implication was that such persons were either Communists or Communist sympathizers whose loyalty to the United States was suspect.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> However, the historians <a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a> have written that no documentary evidence has been found of the US government referring to American members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> as "premature antifascists": the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> records used terms such as "Communist", "Red", "subversive", and "radical" instead. Indeed, Haynes and Klehr indicate that they have found many examples of members of the <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">XV International Brigade</a> and their supporters referring to themselves sardonically as "premature antifascists".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma,_World_War_II">Burma, World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burma, World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a> (AFO) was a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> which advocated the independence of Burma and fought against the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a>. The AFO was formed during a meeting which was held in <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bago, Burma">Pegu</a> in August 1944, the meeting was held by the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a> (CPB), the <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a> (BNA) led by General <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a>, and the People's Revolutionary Party (PRP), later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">Burma Socialist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oh-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-ms-58">[58]</a> Whilst in Insein prison in July 1941, CPB leaders <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Than_Tun" title="Thakin Than Tun">Thakin Than Tun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Soe" title="Thakin Soe">Thakin Soe</a> had co-authored the Insein Manifesto, which, against the prevailing opinion in the Burmese nationalist movement led by the <a href="/wiki/Dobama_Asiayone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobama Asiayone">Dobama Asiayone</a>, identified world <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> as the main enemy in the coming war and called for temporary cooperation with the British in a broad allied coalition that included the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Soe had already gone underground to organise resistance against the Japanese occupation, and Than Tun as Minister of Land and Agriculture was able to pass on Japanese intelligence to Soe, while other Communist leaders Thakin Thein Pe and Thakin Tin Shwe made contact with the exiled colonial government in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Aung San was War Minister in the puppet administration which was set up on 1 August 1943 and included the Socialist leaders <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakin Nu">Thakin Nu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Mya" title="Thakin Mya">Thakin Mya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oh-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-ms-58">[58]</a> During a meeting which was held between 1 and 3 March 1945, the AFO was reorganized as a multi-party front which was named the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland,_World_War_II">Poland, World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Poland, World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist Bloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">Anti-Fascist Military Organisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Anti-Fascist_Congress_of_Cultural_Workers" title="Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers">Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/220px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="859"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/220px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/330px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg/440px-Odezwa_Bloku_Antyfaszystowskiego_z_15_maja_1942.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist Bloc</a>, 15 May 1942</figcaption></figure> The Anti-Fascist Bloc was an organization of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> formed in the March 1942 in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>. It was created after an alliance between <a href="/wiki/Left_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Zionism">leftist-Zionist</a>, communist and socialist Jewish parties was agreed upon. The initiators of the bloc were <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Lewartowski" title="Józef Lewartowski">Józef Lewartowski</a> (Aron Finkelstein) from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Kaplan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Kaplan (page does not exist)">Josef Kaplan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Szachno_Sagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szachno Sagan (page does not exist)">Szachno Sagan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a>-Left, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozef_Sak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozef Sak (page does not exist)">Jozef Sak</a> as a representative of socialist-Zionists and <a href="/wiki/Izaak_Cukierman" class="mw-redirect" title="Izaak Cukierman">Izaak Cukierman</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Cywia_Lubetkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cywia Lubetkin">Cywia Lubetkin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Dror</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Bund</a> did not join the bloc though they were represented at its first conference by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Blum" title="Abraham Blum">Abraham Blum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurycy_Orzech" title="Maurycy Orzech">Maurycy Orzech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Antifa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="87"></noscript> </a><figcaption>Anti-fascist <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a>, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlepa_antify,_Warszawa_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2958"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Vlepa_antify%2C_Warszawa_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Antifascist sticker in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> The anti-fascist movements which emerged during the period of classical fascism, both liberal and militant, continued to operate after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in response to the resilience and mutation of fascism both in Europe and elsewhere. In Germany, as Nazi rule crumbled in 1944, veterans of the 1930s anti-fascist struggles formed Antifaschistische Ausschüsse, Antifaschistische Kommittees, or <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a> groups, all typically abbreviated to "antifa".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The socialist government of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> built the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1961, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> referred to it officially as the "Anti-fascist Protection Rampart". Resistance to fascists dictatorships in Spain and Portugal continued, including the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> and others, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, respectively, as well as to similar dictatorships in <a href="/wiki/Armed_resistance_in_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" title="Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990)">Chile</a> and elsewhere. Other notable anti-fascist mobilisations in the first decades of the post-war period include the <a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> With the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the former World War II allies of the United States and the Soviet Union, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> became prominent in Western <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> political discourse as a tool to convert pre-war anti-fascism into post-war anti-communism.<a href="#cite_note-defty-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-siegel-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-guilhot-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-caute-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-reisch-70">[70]</a> Modern antifa politics can be traced to opposition to the infiltration of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> scene by <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="White power skinheads">white power skinheads</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a> in Germany following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>. In Germany, young leftists, including anarchists and punk fans, renewed the practice of street-level anti-fascism. Columnist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Peter Beinart</a> writes that "in the late '80s, left-wing punk fans in the United States began following suit, though they initially called their groups <a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a> (ARA) on the theory that Americans would be more familiar with fighting racism than they would be with fighting fascism".<a href="#cite_note-Beinart-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa (Germany)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:343px;max-width:343px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifalogo_alt2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/200px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/200px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/300px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Antifalogo_alt2.svg/400px-Antifalogo_alt2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Logo of <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a>, the militant anti-fascist network in 1930s Germany that inspired the antifa movement</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/135px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/135px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="135" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/203px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg/270px-Antifa_2008_K%C3%B6ln.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The logo as it appears on a flag held by an antifa protester in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, 2008</div></div></div></div></div> The contemporary antifa movement in Germany comprises different anti-fascist groups which usually use the abbreviation antifa and regard the historical <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a> (Antifa) of the early 1930s as an inspiration, drawing on the historic group for its aesthetics and some of its tactics, in addition to the name. Many new antifa groups formed from the late 1980s onward. According to Loren Balhorn, contemporary antifa in Germany "has no practical historical connection to the movement from which it takes its name but is instead a product of West Germany's squatter scene and autonomist movement in the 1980s".<a href="#cite_note-auto-72">[72]</a> One of the biggest antifascist campaigns in Germany in recent years was the ultimately successful effort to <a href="/wiki/The_nazi_marches_and_counter-mobilization_in_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="The nazi marches and counter-mobilization in Dresden">block the annual Nazi-rallies</a> in the east German city of Dresden in Saxony which had grown into "Europe's biggest gathering of Nazis".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Unlike the original Antifa which had links to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> and which was concerned with industrial working-class politics, the late 1980s and early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomists</a> were independent <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxists">libertarian Marxists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communists">anarcho-communists</a> not associated with any particular party. The publication <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistisches_Infoblatt" title="Antifaschistisches Infoblatt">Antifaschistisches Infoblatt</a>, in operation since 1987, sought to expose <a href="/wiki/Radical_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical nationalists">radical nationalists</a> publicly.<a href="#cite_note-Bray-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_government" class="mw-redirect" title="German government">German government</a> institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education" title="Federal Agency for Civic Education">Federal Agency for Civic Education</a> describe the contemporary antifa movement as part of the extreme left and as partially violent. Antifa groups are monitored by the federal office in the context of its legal mandate to combat <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bpb-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Verfassungsschutz2-78">[78]</a> The federal office states that the underlying goal of the antifa movement is "the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democratic_basic_order" title="Liberal democratic basic order">liberal democratic basic order</a>" and capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-GermanGovernment2-77">[77]</a> In the 1980s, the movement was accused by German authorities of engaging in <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> acts of violence.<a href="#cite_note-Sch%C3%B6ppner-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Greece, anti-fascism is a popular part of leftist and anarchist culture, September 2013 anti-fascist hip-hop artist <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Fyssas" title="Pavlos Fyssas">Pavlos 'Killah P' Fyssas</a> was accosted and attacked with bats and knives by a large group of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> affiliated people leaving Pavlos to be pronounced dead at the hospital. The attack lead international protests and riots, the retaliatory <a href="/wiki/2013_Neo_Irakleio_Golden_Dawn_office_shooting" title="2013 Neo Irakleio Golden Dawn office shooting">shooting of three Golden Dawn members</a> outside of their <a href="/wiki/Neo_Irakleio" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Irakleio">Neo Irakleio</a> as well as condemnations against the party by politicians and other public figures, including <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonis_Samaras" title="Antonis Samaras">Antonis Samaras</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This episode led to Golden Dawn to being criminally investigated, with the result in sixty-eight members of Golden Dawn being declared part of a criminal organization whilst fifteen out of the seventeen members accused in Pavlos's murder were convicted,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> "Effectively banning" the party.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/220px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/220px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/330px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg/440px-2013-04-25_Porta_san_Paolo_Roma.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anti-fascist demonstration at <a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">Porta San Paolo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> on 25 April 2013</figcaption></figure> Today's <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitution">Italian constitution</a> is the result of the work of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a>, which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a> is a national holiday in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> that commemorates the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of the Nazis and <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a> of the fascists, in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in Italy fought during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which takes place on 25 April. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a> of Upper Italy (CLNAI) officially proclaimed the insurgency in a radio announcement, propounding the seizure of power by the CLNAI and proclaiming the death sentence for all fascist leaders (including <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who was shot three days later).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANPI_LOGO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/220px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="232"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/220px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/330px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/ANPI_LOGO.svg/440px-ANPI_LOGO.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia</a> (ANPI; "National Association of Italian <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">Partisans</a>") is an association founded by participants of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascist">Italian Fascist</a> regime and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. ANPI was founded in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1944<a href="#cite_note-Chi_Siamo-84">[84]</a> while the war continued in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. It was constituted as a <a href="/wiki/Charitable_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable foundation">charitable foundation</a> on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defense against <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">constitution</a>, in which the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance</a> were collected.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Bella_ciao,_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_(ROG).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bella_ciao,_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_(ROG).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bella_ciao%2C_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_%28ROG%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Bella_ciao%2C_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_%28ROG%29.ogg/Bella_ciao%2C_Representative_Orchestra_of_Serbian_Guards_%28ROG%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a> (instrumental only version performed by the <a href="/wiki/Band_of_the_Guard_of_the_Serbian_Armed_Forces" title="Band of the Guard of the Serbian Armed Forces">Band of the Guard of the Serbian Armed Forces</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈbɛlla ˈtʃaːo]</a>; "Goodbye beautiful") is an <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk song</a> modified and adopted as an anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> by the partisans who opposed <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and fought against the occupying forces of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> between 1943 and 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>. Versions of this Italian anti-fascist song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa (United States)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> historian Mark Bray, author of <a href="/wiki/Antifa:_The_Anti-Fascist_Handbook" title="Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook">Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook</a>, credits the ARA as the precursor of modern antifa groups in the United States. In the late 1980s and 1990s, ARA activists toured with popular punk rock and skinhead bands in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Klansmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Klansmen">Klansmen</a>, neo-Nazis and other assorted white supremacists from recruiting.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Their motto was "We go where they go" by which they meant that they would confront <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> activists in concerts and actively remove their materials from public places.<a href="#cite_note-bray-wapo-92">[92]</a> In 2002, the ARA disrupted a speech in Pennsylvania by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._Hale" title="Matthew F. Hale">Matthew F. Hale</a>, the head of the white supremacist group <a href="/wiki/World_Church_of_the_Creator" class="mw-redirect" title="World Church of the Creator">World Church of the Creator</a>, resulting in a fight and twenty-five arrests. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Rose_City_Antifa" title="Rose City Antifa">Rose City Antifa</a>, likely the first group to utilize the name antifa, was formed in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bogelburroughs2-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sacco_20202-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Other antifa groups in the United States have other genealogies. In 1987 in <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>, the Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment (NWCAMH) was created in response to the Aryan Nation's annual meeting near <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Lake,_Idaho" title="Hayden Lake, Idaho">Hayden Lake, Idaho</a>. The NWCAMH brought together over 200 affiliated public and private organizations, and helped people, across six states--Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>, a group called the Baldies was formed in 1987 with the intent to fight neo-Nazi groups directly. In 2013, the "most radical" chapters of the ARA formed the <a href="/wiki/Torch_Antifa_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Torch Antifa Network">Torch Antifa Network</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> which has chapters throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Other antifa groups are a part of different associations such as NYC Antifa or operate independently.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Modern antifa in the United States is a highly <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> movement. Antifa <a href="/wiki/Political_activists" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activists">political activists</a> are <a href="/wiki/Anti-racists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-racists">anti-racists</a> who engage in <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a> tactics, seeking to combat <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racists" class="mw-redirect" title="Racists">racists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacists" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacists">white supremacists</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremists">extremists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This may involve <a href="/wiki/Digital_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital activism">digital activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical violence">physical violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a><a href="#cite_note-SLPC_June_2020-101">[101]</a> against those whom they identify as belonging to the far-right.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> According to antifa historian Mark Bray, most antifa activity is nonviolent, involving poster and flyer campaigns, delivering speeches, marching in protest, and community organizing on behalf of anti-racist and anti-<a href="/wiki/White_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="White nationalist">white nationalist</a> causes.<a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp_2020-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sacco_20202-94">[94]</a> A June 2020 study by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> of 893 terrorism incidents in the United States since 1994 found one attack staged by an anti-fascist that led to a fatality (the <a href="/wiki/2019_Tacoma_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Tacoma attack">2019 Tacoma attack</a>, in which the attacker, who identified as an anti-fascist, was killed by police), while attacks by white supremacists or other right-wing extremists resulted in 329 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2020-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Since the study was published, one <a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Aaron_Danielson_and_Michael_Reinoehl" title="Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl">homicide</a> has been connected to anti-fascism.<a href="#cite_note-Beckett_2020-105">[105]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a> draft report from August 2020 similarly did not include "antifa" as a considerable threat, while noting white supremacists as the top domestic terror threat.<a href="#cite_note-Swan_2020-108">[108]</a> There have been multiple efforts to discredit antifa groups via hoaxes on social media, many of them <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> attacks originating from <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> users posing as antifa backers on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vice-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-110">[110]</a> Some hoaxes have been picked up and reported as fact by right-leaning media.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-masslive-112">[112]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> in May and June 2020, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> blamed antifa for orchestrating the mass protests. Analysis of federal arrests did not find links to antifa.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_antifa-113">[113]</a> There had been repeated calls by the Trump administration to designate antifa as a terrorist organization,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> a move that academics, legal experts and others argued would both exceed the authority of the presidency and violate the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HabermanSavage-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perez-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bray_2020-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Elsewhere" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some post-war anti-fascist action took place in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_of_German_Workers_in_Romania" title="Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania">Anti-Fascist Committee of German Workers in Romania</a>, founded in March 1949.<a href="#cite_note-a-118">[118]</a> A Swedish group, <a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a>, was formed in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Use_of_the_term">Use of the term</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use of the term" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (insult)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_analogies" title="Nazi analogies">Nazi analogies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">Reductio ad Hitlerum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Tim_Peters_(political_scientist)" title="Tim Peters (political scientist)">Tim Peters</a> notes that the term is one of the most controversial terms in <a href="/wiki/Political_discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Political discourse">political discourse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-120">[120]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Richter_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Richter (historian) (page does not exist)">Michael Richter</a>, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt_Institute_for_Research_on_Totalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism">Hannah Arendt Institute for Research on Totalitarianism</a>, highlights the ideological use of the term in the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, in which the term fascism was applied to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc_dissidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc dissidents">Eastern bloc dissidents</a> regardless of any connection to historical fascism, and where the term anti-fascism served to legitimize the ruling government.<a href="#cite_note-Richter-121">[121]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_of_Cham_Immigrants" title="Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants">Anti-Fascist Committee of Cham Immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Front_of_Slavs_in_Hungary" title="Antifascist Front of Slavs in Hungary">Antifascist Front of Slavs in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Slavic_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="All-Slavic Anti-Fascist Committee">All-Slavic Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_against_Holocaust_denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws against Holocaust denial">Laws against Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin_(subculture)" title="Redskin (subculture)">Redskin (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeinart2017" class="citation web cs1">Beinart, Peter (6 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/the-rise-of-the-violent-left/534192/">"The Rise of the Violent Left"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Violent+Left&rft.date=2017-08-06&rft.aulast=Beinart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2017%2F09%2Fthe-rise-of-the-violent-left%2F534192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2020" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Zack (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2020/6/8/21277320/antifa-anti-fascist-explained">"Antifa, explained"</a>. Vox. 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Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 119–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-28231-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-28231-9"><bdi>978-1-349-28231-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Anti-Fascism%3A+Britain+in+the+Inter-War+Period&rft.pages=119-139&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-349-28231-9&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaCoss_2001_p.-6"><a href="#cite_ref-LaCoss_2001_p._6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaCoss2001" class="citation book cs1">LaCoss, D.W. 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Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp.1–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-i006-8"><a href="#cite_ref-i006_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway_IIIZubrodChanMcFarland2023" class="citation journal cs1">Conway III, Lucian Gideon; Zubrod, Alivia; Chan, Linus; McFarland, James D.; Van de Vliert, Evert (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9944136">"Is the myth of left-wing authoritarianism itself a myth?"</a>. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.1041391">10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9944136">9944136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36846476">36846476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Is+the+myth+of+left-wing+authoritarianism+itself+a+myth%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9944136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36846476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.1041391&rft.aulast=Conway+III&rft.aufirst=Lucian+Gideon&rft.au=Zubrod%2C+Alivia&rft.au=Chan%2C+Linus&rft.au=McFarland%2C+James+D.&rft.au=Van+de+Vliert%2C+Evert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9944136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Seidman, Michael. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 252 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. 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Delzell, edit., Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945, New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2022. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3123-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-3123-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%2C+Anti-fascism%2C+and+the+Resistance+in+Italy%3A+1919+to+the+Present&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3123-9&rft.aulast=Pugliese&rft.aufirst=Stanislao+G.&rft.au=Pugliese%2C+Stanislao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDyqHO2LVosC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTollardo2016" class="citation book cs1">Tollardo, Elisabetta (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6JlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922-1935</a>. Springer. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95028-7"><bdi>978-1-349-95028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascist+Italy+and+the+League+of+Nations%2C+1922-1935&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95028-7&rft.aulast=Tollardo&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6JlDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScala1988" class="citation book cs1">Scala, Spencer M. 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Wilkinson (1981). The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe. Harvard University Press. p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Stanislao G. Pugliese (1999). Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile. Harvard University Press. p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collettiva.it/rubriche/buona-memoria/2023/05/07/news/_oggi_in_spagna_domani_in_italia_-2984121/">""Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia""</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Oggi+in+Spagna%2C+domani+in+Italia%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collettiva.it%2Frubriche%2Fbuona-memoria%2F2023%2F05%2F07%2Fnews%2F_oggi_in_spagna_domani_in_italia_-2984121%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pirjevec" title="Jože Pirjevec">Jože Pirjevec</a>, Storia degli sloveni in Italia : 1866–1998 (Venice: Marsilio, 1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Milica Kacin Wohinz, Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev : 1921–1928 (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1977) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Milica_Kacin_Wohinz" title="Milica Kacin Wohinz">Milica Kacin Wohinz</a>, Prvi antifašizem v Evropi (Koper: Lipa, 1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Mira Cenčič, TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Vid Vremec, Pinko Tomažič in drugi tržaški proces 1941 (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darbysrangers.tripod.com/id102.htm">"Intelligence and Operational Support for the Anti-Nazi Resistance"</a>. 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Primorski dnevnik [The Littoral Daily] (in Slovenian). 2010. pp. 14–15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/COBISS_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBISS (identifier)">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/bib/11683661">11683661</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primorski.eu/dossiers/dossier/10/31/130144/">the original</a> on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. <q>Požig Narodnega doma ali šentjernejska noč tržaških Slovencev in Slovanov [Arson of the National Hall or the St. Bartholomew's Night of the Triestine Slovenes and Slavs]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primorski+dnevnik+%5BThe+Littoral+Daily%5D&rft.atitle=90+let+od+po%C5%BEiga+Narodnega+doma+v+Trstu&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primorski.eu%2Fdossiers%2Fdossier%2F10%2F31%2F130144%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sestani2012-02-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Sestani2012-02_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSestani,_Armando2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sestani, Armando, ed. (10 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provincia.lucca.it/scuolapace/uploads/quaderni/ricordo2012.pdf">"Il confine orientale: una terra, molti esodi"</a> [The Eastern Border: One Land, Multiple Exoduses] (PDF). I profugi istriani, dalmati e fiumani a Lucca [The Istrian, Dalmatian and Rijeka Refugees in Lucca] (in Italian). Instituto storico della Resistenca e dell'Età Contemporanea in Provincia di Lucca. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Il+confine+orientale%3A+una+terra%2C+molti+esodi&rft.btitle=I+profugi+istriani%2C+dalmati+e+fiumani+a+Lucca&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Instituto+storico+della+Resistenca+e+dell%27Et%C3%A0+Contemporanea+in+Provincia+di+Lucca&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provincia.lucca.it%2Fscuolapace%2Fuploads%2Fquaderni%2Fricordo2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehn2005" class="citation book cs1">Hehn, Paul N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOALhEZkYDkC&q=%22signed%20a%20treaty%20on%20November%2012%2C%201920%2C%20at%20Rapallo&pg=PA45">A low dishonest decade: the great powers, Eastern Europe, and the economic origins of World War II, 1930–1941</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1761-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-1761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+low+dishonest+decade%3A+the+great+powers%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+and+the+economic+origins+of+World+War+II%2C+1930%E2%80%931941&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1761-9&rft.aulast=Hehn&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnOALhEZkYDkC%26q%3D%2522signed%2520a%2520treaty%2520on%2520November%252012%252C%25201920%252C%2520at%2520Rapallo%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations_32-0">^</a> Cresciani, Gianfranco (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk">Clash of civilisations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506152156/https://docs.google.com/open?id=0B1aAzmXBjZO5eFQySUlrdTBYRkk">Archived</a> 6 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Italian Historical Society Journal, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Jože Pirjevec, Milica Kacin-Wohinz: Zgodovina primorskih Slovencev (The history of the Slovenians living on the Coast), Nova revija, Ljubljana 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Eve Rosenhaft, Beating the Fascists?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933, Cambridge University Press, 25 Aug 1983, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Heinrich August Winkler: Der Weg in die Katastrophe. Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik 1930–1933. Bonn 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8012-0095-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-8012-0095-7">3-8012-0095-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Hoppe, Bert (2011). In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928–1933. Oldenbourg Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486711738" title="Special:BookSources/9783486711738">9783486711738</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pieroth-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Pieroth_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephan1994" class="citation book cs1">Stephan, Pieroth (1994). Parteien und Presse in Rheinland-Pfalz 1945–1971: ein Beitrag zur Mediengeschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mainzer SPD-Zeitung 'Die Freiheit'. v. Hase & Koehler Verlag. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783775813266" title="Special:BookSources/9783775813266"><bdi>9783775813266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parteien+und+Presse+in+Rheinland-Pfalz+1945%E2%80%931971%3A+ein+Beitrag+zur+Mediengeschichte+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Mainzer+SPD-Zeitung+%27Die+Freiheit%27&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=v.+Hase+%26+Koehler+Verlag&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9783775813266&rft.aulast=Stephan&rft.aufirst=Pieroth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Braunthal, Julius (1963). Geschichte der Internationale: 1914–1943. Vol. 2, p. 414. Dietz. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Siegfried Lokatis: Der rote Faden. Kommunistische Parteigeschichte und Zensur unter Walter Ulbricht. Böhlau Verlag, Köln 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-04603-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-04603-5">3-412-04603-5</a> (Zeithistorische Studien series, vol. 25), p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Loren Balhorn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">"The Lost History of Antifa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824134555/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">Archived</a> 24 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jacobin May 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann2017" class="citation web cs1">Friedmann, Sarah (15 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bustle.com/p/what-do-the-antifa-symbols-mean-the-flags-often-feature-three-arrows-76629">"This Is What The Antifa Flag Symbols Mean"</a>. Bustle. Retrieved 16 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bustle&rft.atitle=This+Is+What+The+Antifa+Flag+Symbols+Mean&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bustle.com%2Fp%2Fwhat-do-the-antifa-symbols-mean-the-flags-often-feature-three-arrows-76629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobsbawm2007" class="citation news cs1">Hobsbawm, Eric (17 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/17/historybooks.featuresreviews">"The Spanish civil war united a generation of young writers, poets and artists in political fervour, says Eric Hobsbawm"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+civil+war+united+a+generation+of+young+writers%2C+poets+and+artists+in+political+fervour%2C+says+Eric+Hobsbawm&rft.date=2007-02-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2Ffeb%2F17%2Fhistorybooks.featuresreviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2008" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, David R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpq-zsLq7k4C&q=general+prim+military+dictatorship&pg=PA86">Sin Perdón</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-8094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4343-8094-4"><bdi>978-1-4343-8094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sin+Perd%C3%B3n&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4343-8094-4&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpq-zsLq7k4C%26q%3Dgeneral%2Bprim%2Bmilitary%2Bdictatorship%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NR85AQAAIAAJ&q=uprisings+against+primo+de+la+rivera&pg=PA15">The Literary Digest</a>. Funk & Wagnalls. April 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Digest&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1929-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNR85AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Duprisings%2Bagainst%2Bprimo%2Bde%2Bla%2Brivera%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histo-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Histo_45-0">^</a> De Miguel, Jesús y Sánchez, Antonio: Batalla de Madrid, in his Historia Ilustrada de la Guerra Civil Española. Alcobendas, Editorial Libsa, 2006, pp. 189–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Boadilla by <a href="/wiki/Esmond_Romilly" title="Esmond Romilly">Esmond Romilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Clapton_Press" title="The Clapton Press">The Clapton Press</a> Limited, London. 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1999654306" title="Special:BookSources/978-1999654306">978-1999654306</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> See Wolf Moon by <a href="/wiki/Julio_Llamazares" title="Julio Llamazares">Julio Llamazares</a>, Peter Owen Publications, London 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0720619454" title="Special:BookSources/978-0720619454">978-0720619454</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1991" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Joe (1991) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/tags/joe-jacobs">Out of the Ghetto</a>. London: Phoenix Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Ghetto&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Ftags%2Fjoe-jacobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Phil Piratin Our Flag Stays Red. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Andrzej Olechnowicz, 'Liberal anti-fascism in the 1930s the case of Sir Ernest Barker', Albion 36, 2005, pp. 636–660 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirabassi1984–1985" class="citation journal cs1">Tirabassi, Maddalena (1984–1985). "Enemy Aliens or Loyal Americans?: the Mazzini Society and the Italian-American Communities". Rivista di Studi Anglo-Americani (4–5): 399–425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+Studi+Anglo-Americani&rft.atitle=Enemy+Aliens+or+Loyal+Americans%3F%3A+the+Mazzini+Society+and+the+Italian-American+Communities&rft.issue=4%E2%80%935&rft.pages=399-425&rft.date=1984%2F1985&rft.aulast=Tirabassi&rft.aufirst=Maddalena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow1943" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Morrow" title="Felix Morrow">Morrow, Felix</a> (June 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/morrow-felix/1943/06/italy.htm">"Washington's Plans for Italy"</a>. Fourth International. 4 (6): 175–179. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fourth+International&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Plans+for+Italy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=1943-06&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmorrow-felix%2F1943%2F06%2Fitaly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/premature-antifascists-and-the-post-war-world/?searchterm=bill%20susman">Premature antifascists and the Post-war world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231001607/http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/premature-antifascists-and-the-post-war-world/?searchterm=bill%20susman">Archived</a> 31 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives Bill Susman Lecture Series. King Juan Carlos I of Spain Center at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Knox" title="Bernard Knox">Knox, Bernard</a> (Spring 1999). "Premature Anti-Fascist". Antioch Review. 57 (2): 133–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4613837">10.2307/4613837</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4613837">4613837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antioch+Review&rft.atitle=Premature+Anti-Fascist&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-149&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4613837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4613837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Nichols2009" class="citation web cs1">John Nichols (26 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://host.madison.com/news/local/govt_and_politics/clarence-kailin-premature-antifascist----and-proudly-so/article_a1f96356-c21c-11de-a1da-001cc4c03286.html">"Clarence Kailin: 'Premature Antifascist' – and proudly so"</a>. Cap Times. Capital Times (Madision, Wisconsin). Retrieved 29 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cap+Times&rft.atitle=Clarence+Kailin%3A+%27Premature+Antifascist%27+%E2%80%93+and+proudly+so&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft.au=John+Nichols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhost.madison.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fgovt_and_politics%2Fclarence-kailin-premature-antifascist----and-proudly-so%2Farticle_a1f96356-c21c-11de-a1da-001cc4c03286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesKlehr2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBSbKS1FlegC&q=%22premature%20anti-fascist%22&pg=PA277">In Denial: Historians, Communism & Espionage</a>. San Francisco: Encounter Books. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594030888" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594030888"><bdi>978-1594030888</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Denial%3A+Historians%2C+Communism+%26+Espionage&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1594030888&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft.au=Klehr%2C+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBSbKS1FlegC%26q%3D%2522premature%2520anti-fascist%2522%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oh-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oh_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oh_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Hensengerth2005" class="citation book cs1">Oliver Hensengerth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528034733/http://www.smlc.leeds.ac.uk/eas/eas_content/resources/documents/67LEAP.pdf#search=%22%22Thakin%20Than%20Tun%22%22">The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma</a> (PDF). Leeds East Asia Papers. pp. 10–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smlc.leeds.ac.uk/eas/eas_content/resources/documents/67LEAP.pdf#search=%22%22Thakin%20Than%20Tun%22%22">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burmese+Communist+Party+and+the+State-to-State+Relations+between+China+and+Burma&rft.pages=10-12&rft.pub=Leeds+East+Asia+Papers&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Oliver+Hensengerth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smlc.leeds.ac.uk%2Feas%2Feas_content%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2F67LEAP.pdf%23search%3D%2522%2522Thakin%2520Than%2520Tun%2522%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ms-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ms_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ms_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Smith1991" class="citation book cs1">Martin Smith (1991). Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. 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Keter Publishing House. 1972. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Yitzhak</a> (1993). Harshav, Barbara (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVGI15EjM2IC&pg=PA183">A Surplus of Memory: Chronicle of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>. University of California Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91259-5"><bdi>978-0-520-91259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Surplus+of+Memory%3A+Chronicle+of+the+Warsaw+Ghetto+Uprising&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91259-5&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCVGI15EjM2IC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalhorn2017" class="citation web cs1">Balhorn, Loren (8 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">"The Lost History of Antifa"</a>. Jacobin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+Lost+History+of+Antifa&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft.aulast=Balhorn&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fantifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bray" title="Mark Bray">Mark Bray</a> (2017). "'Never Again': The Development of Modern Antifa, 1945–2003". In Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. Melville House Publishing. pp. 39–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-defty-66"><a href="#cite_ref-defty_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefty2007" class="citation book cs1">Defty, Brook (2007). Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–1953. Chapters 2–5. The Information Research Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+America+and+Anti-Communist+Propaganda+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=The+Information+Research+Department&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Defty&rft.aufirst=Brook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siegel-67"><a href="#cite_ref-siegel_67-0">^</a> Siegel, Achim (1998). The Totalitarian Paradigm after the End of Communism: Towards a Theoretical Reassessment. Rodopi. p. 200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042005525" title="Special:BookSources/9789042005525">9789042005525</a>. "Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold War constellation."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-guilhot-68"><a href="#cite_ref-guilhot_68-0">^</a> Guilhot, Nicholas (2005). The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order. Columbia University Press. p. 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231131247" title="Special:BookSources/9780231131247">9780231131247</a>. "The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as 'lies' and as the product of a deliberate and multiform propaganda. [...] In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism." </li> <li id="cite_note-caute-69"><a href="#cite_ref-caute_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaute2010" class="citation book cs1">Caute, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttmCWwuxX8cC&pg=PA95">Politics and the Novel during the Cold War</a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 95–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412831369" title="Special:BookSources/9781412831369"><bdi>9781412831369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Novel+during+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=95-99&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781412831369&rft.aulast=Caute&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttmCWwuxX8cC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reisch-70"><a href="#cite_ref-reisch_70-0">^</a> Reisch, George A. (2005). How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic. 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Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Trump+Gets+Wrong+About+Antifa&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Beinart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2017%2F08%2Fwhat-trump-gets-wrong-about-antifa%2F537048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-72"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/05/antifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war">"The Lost History of Antifa"</a>. Jacobin Mag. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin+Mag&rft.atitle=The+Lost+History+of+Antifa&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2017%2F05%2Fantifascist-movements-hitler-nazis-kpd-spd-germany-cold-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFocus-Online" class="citation web cs1">Focus-Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.focus.de/regional/dresden/einschraenkungen-in-der-innenstadt-demo-samstag-in-dresden-nazi-aufmaersche-und-linke-treffen-aufeinander_id_6631107.html">"Demo-Samstag in Dresden: Nazi-Aufmärsche und Linke treffen aufeinander"</a>. Focus-Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demo-Samstag+in+Dresden%3A+Nazi-Aufm%C3%A4rsche+und+Linke+treffen+aufeinander&rft.pub=Focus-Online&rft.au=Focus-Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fregional%2Fdresden%2Feinschraenkungen-in-der-innenstadt-demo-samstag-in-dresden-nazi-aufmaersche-und-linke-treffen-aufeinander_id_6631107.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bray-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Bray_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bray_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Bray (historian)">Bray, Mark</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_C5DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Antifa: The Antifascist Handbook</a>. Melville House Publishing. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612197043" title="Special:BookSources/9781612197043"><bdi>9781612197043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antifa%3A+The+Antifascist+Handbook&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Melville+House+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781612197043&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_C5DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpb-75"><a href="#cite_ref-bpb_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfahl-Traughber2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Armin_Pfahl-Traughber" title="Armin Pfahl-Traughber">Pfahl-Traughber, Armin</a> (6 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/linksextremismus/33612/antifaschismus?p=all">"Antifaschismus als Thema linksextremistischer Agitation, Bündnispolitik und Ideologie"</a> [Anti-fascism as a topic of far-left extremist agitation, political alliances and ideology]. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education" title="Federal Agency for Civic Education">Federal Agency for Civic Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antifaschismus+als+Thema+linksextremistischer+Agitation%2C+B%C3%BCndnispolitik+und+Ideologie&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+for+Civic+Education&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Pfahl-Traughber&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fpolitik%2Fextremismus%2Flinksextremismus%2F33612%2Fantifaschismus%3Fp%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GermanGovernment-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200515202725/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/print/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017">"Aktionsfeld 'Antifaschismus'"</a> [The field of "anti-fascism"]. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-linksextremismus/zahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus/aktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017/aktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017">the original</a> on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2019. <q>Das Aktionsfeld "Antifaschismus" ist seit Jahren ein zentrales Element der politischen Arbeit von Linksextremisten, insbesondere aus dem gewaltorientierten Spektrum. [...] Die Aktivitäten von Linksextremisten in diesem Aktionsfeld zielen aber nur vordergründig auf die Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Im eigentlichen Fokus steht der Kampf gegen die freiheitliche demokratische Grundordnung, die als "kapitalistisches System" diffamiert wird, und deren angeblich immanente "faschistische" Wurzeln beseitigt werden sollen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aktionsfeld+%27Antifaschismus%27&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Protection+of+the+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fde%2Farbeitsfelder%2Faf-linksextremismus%2Fzahlen-und-fakten-linksextremismus%2Faktionsfelder-von-linksextremisten-2017%2Faktionsfeld-antifaschismus-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GermanGovernment2-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment2_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GermanGovernment2_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602075325/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf">Linksextremismus: Erscheinungsformen und Gefährdungspotenziale</a> [Far-left extremism: Manifestations and danger potential] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a>. 2016. pp. 33–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/broschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 June 2020. <q>Die Aktivitäten "antifaschistischer" Linksextremisten (Antifa) dienen indes nur vordergründig der Bekämpfung rechtsextremistischer Bestrebungen. Eigentliches Ziel bleibt der "bürgerlich-demokratische Staat", der in der Lesart von Linksextremisten den "Faschismus" als eine mögliche Herrschaftsform akzeptiert, fördert und ihn deshalb auch nicht ausreichend bekämpft. Letztlich, so wird argumentiert, wurzle der "Faschismus" in den gesellschaftlichen und politischen Strukturen des "Kapitalismus". Dementsprechend rücken Linksextremisten vor allem die Beseitigung des "kapitalistischen Systems" in den Mittelpunkt ihrer "antifaschistischen" Aktivitäten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linksextremismus%3A+Erscheinungsformen+und+Gef%C3%A4hrdungspotenziale&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+the+Protection+of+the+Constitution&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fdownload%2Fbroschuere-2016-05-linksextremismus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verfassungsschutz2-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Verfassungsschutz2_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Linksextremismus" [Far-left extremism]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902112330/https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/vsbericht-2018.pdf">Verfassungsschutzbericht 2018</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior,_Building_and_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community">Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community</a>. 2019. pp. 106–167. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/download/vsbericht-2018.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linksextremismus&rft.btitle=Verfassungsschutzbericht+2018&rft.pages=106-167&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+of+the+Interior%2C+Building+and+Community&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verfassungsschutz.de%2Fdownload%2Fvsbericht-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schöppner-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Sch%C3%B6ppner_79-0">^</a> Horst Schöppner: Antifa heißt Angriff: Militanter Antifaschismus in den 80er Jahren (pp. 129–132). Unrast, Münster 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89771-823-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89771-823-5">3-89771-823-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsroom2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Newsroom (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.gr/ellada/liveblog/237415/diki-xrysis-aygis-live-enimerosi-apo-to-cnn-greece">"Δίκη Χρυσής Αυγής: Ένοχοι για εγκληματική οργάνωση Μιχαλολιάκος και πολιτικά στελέχη"</a>. CNN.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7+%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82%3A+%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7+%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B7&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.au=Newsroom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.gr%2Fellada%2Fliveblog%2F237415%2Fdiki-xrysis-aygis-live-enimerosi-apo-to-cnn-greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltezouPapadimas2020" class="citation news cs1">Maltezou, Renee; Papadimas, Lefteris (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/world/greek-court-rules-leaders-of-far-right-golden-dawn-political-party-ran-a-crime-group">"Greek court rules leaders of far-right Golden Dawn political party ran a crime group"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Greek+court+rules+leaders+of+far-right+Golden+Dawn+political+party+ran+a+crime+group&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Maltezou&rft.aufirst=Renee&rft.au=Papadimas%2C+Lefteris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgreek-court-rules-leaders-of-far-right-golden-dawn-political-party-ran-a-crime-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGaw_Smyth1948" class="citation journal cs1">McGaw Smyth, Howard (September 1948). "Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946)". The Western Political Quarterly. 1 (3): 205–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F442274">10.2307/442274</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/442274">442274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Italy%3A+From+Fascism+to+the+Republic+%281943%E2%80%931946%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-222&rft.date=1948-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F442274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F442274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McGaw+Smyth&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm">"Fondazione ISEC – cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano – 25 aprile"</a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved 14 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Website&rft.atitle=Chi+Siamo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anpi.it%2Fchi-siamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclibresciane.it/attivita/riscoprire-i-valori-della-resistenza-nella-costituzione">"RISCOPRIRE I VALORI DELLA RESISTENZA NELLA COSTITUZIONE"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 22 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RISCOPRIRE+I+VALORI+DELLA+RESISTENZA+NELLA+COSTITUZIONE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclibresciane.it%2Fattivita%2Friscoprire-i-valori-della-resistenza-nella-costituzione&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524160027/http://www.anpifesta.org/">"Festa dell'anpi"</a>. anpi.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anpifesta.org/">the original</a> on 24 May 2010. 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Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Far-right+smear+campaign+against+Antifa+exposed+by+Bellingcat&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs-trending-41036631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2017" class="citation news cs1">Feldman, Brian (21 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/08/how-to-spot-a-fake-antifa-account.html">"How to Spot a Fake Antifa Account"</a>. New York. 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Some criminal complaints described vague, anti-government political leanings among suspects, but a majority of the violent acts that have taken place at protests have been attributed by federal prosecutors to individuals with no affiliation to any particular group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Federal+Arrests+Show+No+Sign+That+Antifa+Plotted+Protests&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Adam&rft.au=MacFarquhar%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F11%2Fus%2Fantifa-protests-george-floyd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiser2020" class="citation news cs1">Peiser, Jaclyn (10 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/08/10/barr-fox-antifa-blm/">"'Their tactics are fascistic': Barr slams Black Lives Matter, accuses the left of 'tearing down the system'"</a>. 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"Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute ("The double dictatorship: experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to the dictatorship today")". In Besier, Gerhard; Stoklosa, Katarzyna (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222195717/http://www.vemdl-sachsen.de/vortraege/richter/">Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart</a> [Burdens of a dictatorial past – challenges of a democratic present]. LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825887896" title="Special:BookSources/9783825887896"><bdi>9783825887896</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vemdl-sachsen.de/vortraege/richter/">the original</a> on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+doppelte+Diktatur%3A+Erfahrungen+mit+Diktatur+in+der+DDR+und+Auswirkungen+auf+das+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+zur+Diktatur+heute+%28%22The+double+dictatorship%3A+experiences+with+dictatorship+in+the+GDR+and+effects+on+the+relationship+to+the+dictatorship+today%22%29&rft.btitle=Lasten+diktatorischer+Vergangenheit+%E2%80%93+Herausforderungen+demokratischer+Gegenwart&rft.pages=195-208&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783825887896&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vemdl-sachsen.de%2Fvortraege%2Frichter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2016" class="citation book cs1">Copsey, Nigel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzQlDwAAQBAJ">Anti-Fascism in Britain</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39762-5"><bdi>978-1-317-39762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Fascism+in+Britain&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39762-5&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzQlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinerGundermann1996" class="citation journal cs1">Diner, Dan; Gundermann, Christian (1996). "On the Ideology of Antifascism". New German Critique (67): 123–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827781">10.2307/827781</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827781">827781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=On+the+Ideology+of+Antifascism&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=123-132&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827781%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827781&rft.aulast=Diner&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Gundermann%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEley1996" class="citation journal cs1">Eley, Geoff (1996). "Legacies of Antifascism: Constructing Democracy in Postwar Europe". New German Critique (67): 73–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827778">10.2307/827778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827778">827778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=Legacies+of+Antifascism%3A+Constructing+Democracy+in+Postwar+Europe&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=73-100&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827778&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jarausch, Konrad H. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/37910">"The Failure of East German Antifascism: Some Ironies of History as Politics"</a>. German Studies Review. 14 (1): 85–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1430155">10.2307/1430155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-7952">0149-7952</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1430155">1430155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+East+German+Antifascism%3A+Some+Ironies+of+History+as+Politics&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-102&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0149-7952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1430155%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1430155&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=Konrad+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F37910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammone2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mammone, Andrea (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/daily-revision-of-the-past-fascism-antifascism-and-memory-in-contemporary-italy/8BC4BD75B0E4874F1EAAE7958EA7D177">"A Daily Revision of the Past: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Memory in Contemporary Italy"</a>. Modern Italy. 11 (2): 211–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13532940600709338">10.1080/13532940600709338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-2944">1353-2944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145602289">145602289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=A+Daily+Revision+of+the+Past%3A+Fascism%2C+Anti-Fascism%2C+and+Memory+in+Contemporary+Italy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-226&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145602289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-2944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13532940600709338&rft.aulast=Mammone&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmodern-italy%2Farticle%2Fdaily-revision-of-the-past-fascism-antifascism-and-memory-in-contemporary-italy%2F8BC4BD75B0E4874F1EAAE7958EA7D177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinbach1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinbach, Anson (1996). "Introduction: Legacies of Antifascism". New German Critique (67): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F827774">10.2307/827774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/827774">827774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Legacies+of+Antifascism&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=3-17&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F827774&rft.aulast=Rabinbach&rft.aufirst=Anson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Anti-fascism <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-fascism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-fascism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-fascism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>David Berry "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821183723/http://raforum.info/spip.php?article238">'Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933–39</a>" Contemporary European History Volume 8, Issue 1 March 1999, pp. 51–71</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchall,_Sean2013" class="citation book cs1">Birchall, Sean, ed. (2013). Beating The Fascists: The Untold Story of Anti-Fascist Action. Freedom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904491-12-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904491-12-5"><bdi>978-1-904491-12-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+The+Fascists%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Anti-Fascist+Action&rft.pub=Freedom+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-904491-12-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brasken, Kasper. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/making-antifascism-transnational-the-origins-of-communist-and-socialist-articulations-of-resistance-in-europe-19231924/B2A05C6190FFE23C7D3CA06A99D08FF3">Making Anti-Fascism Transnational: The Origins of Communist and Socialist Articulations of Resistance in Europe, 1923–1924</a>." Contemporary European History 25.4 (2016): 573–596.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2017" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. New York: Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612197036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612197036"><bdi>978-1612197036</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016082358">1016082358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antifa%3A+The+Anti-Fascist+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016082358&rft.isbn=978-1612197036&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brinks, J. H. “Political Anti-Fascism in the German Democratic Republic.” Journal of Contemporary History 32, no. 2 (1997): 207–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/261241">[1]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullstreet2001" class="citation book cs1">Bullstreet, K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/bash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993">Bash the Fash: Anti-Fascist Recollections 1984–1993</a>. Kate Sharpley Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-87-5"><bdi>978-1-873605-87-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bash+the+Fash%3A+Anti-Fascist+Recollections+1984%E2%80%931993&rft.pub=Kate+Sharpley+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-873605-87-5&rft.aulast=Bullstreet&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fbash-the-fash-anti-fascist-recollections-1984-1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Class War/3WayFight/Kate Sharpley Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anarkismo.net/newswire.php?story_id=1583">Interview from Beating Fascism: Anarchist Anti-Fascism in Theory and Practice</a>, anarkismo.net</li> <li>Copsey, N. (2011) "From direct action to community action: The changing dynamics of anti-fascist opposition", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2011" class="citation book cs1">Copsey, Nigel (2011). The British National Party : contemporary perspectives. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48384-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48384-1"><bdi>978-0-415-48384-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/657270952">657270952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+National+Party+%3A+contemporary+perspectives&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F657270952&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48384-1&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nigel Copsey & Andrzej Olechnowicz (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230282674">Varieties of Anti-fascism. Britain in the Inter-war Period</a>, Palgrave Macmillan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dauv%C3%A9" title="Gilles Dauvé">Gilles Dauvé</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/dst">Fascism/Antifascism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130144309/http://libcom.org/dst">Archived</a> 30 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", libcom.org</li> <li>David Featherstone "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045608.2013.779551">Black Internationalism, Subaltern Cosmopolitanism, and the Spatial Politics of Antifascism</a>" Annals of the Association of American Geographers Volume 103, 2013, Issue 6, pp. 1406–1420</li> <li>Fisher, David James. “Malraux: Left Politics and Anti-Fascism in the 1930’s.” Twentieth Century Literature 24, no. 3 (1978): 290–302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/441270">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Joseph Fronczak <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/dh/article/39/2/245/468665/Local-People-s-Global-Politics-A-Transnational">"Local People's Global Politics: A Transnational History of the Hands Off Ethiopia Movement of 1935"</a> Diplomatic History, Volume 39, Issue 2, 1 April 2015, pp. 245–274</li> <li>Hugo Garcia, ed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/transnational-antifascism-agents-networks-circulations/66C7BB6E0DA823AE3712837108CFCE10">Transnational Anti-Fascism: Agents, Networks, Circulations</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/transnational-antifascism-agents-networks-circulations/66C7BB6E0DA823AE3712837108CFCE10"> Contemporary European History</a> Volume 25, Issue 4 November 2016, pp. 563–572</li> <li>Gottfried, Paul. Antifascism: The Course of a Crusade. Cornell University Press, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1fkgbr1">[3]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey,_Anna2005" class="citation book cs1">Key, Anna, ed. (2005). Beating Fascism: Anarchist anti-fascism in theory and practice. Kate Sharpley Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-88-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873605-88-2"><bdi>978-1-873605-88-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+Fascism%3A+Anarchist+anti-fascism+in+theory+and+practice&rft.pub=Kate+Sharpley+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-873605-88-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Renton, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9780333760857">Fascism, Anti-fascism and Britain in the 1940s</a>. Springer, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2020" class="citation web cs1">Stout, James (24 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-anti-fascism-180975152/">"A Brief History of Anti-Fascism"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Anti-Fascism&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history-anti-fascism-180975152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newpol.org/content/intellectuals-and-anti-fascism-critical-historization">"Intellectuals and Anti-Fascism: For a Critical Historization"</a> New Politics, vol. 9, no. 4 (new series), whole no. 36, Winter 2004</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenhategroupsco0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up">When Hate Groups Come to Town: A Handbook of Effective Community Responses</a>. Atlanta: Center for Democratic Renewal. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881320-05-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881320-05-0"><bdi>978-1-881320-05-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Hate+Groups+Come+to+Town%3A+A+Handbook+of+Effective+Community+Responses&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Center+for+Democratic+Renewal&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-881320-05-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenhategroupsco0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-fascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-fascism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 13:08 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معاداة الفاشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة الفاشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismu" title="Antifascismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antifascismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%9Fist_h%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Antifaşist hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antifaşist hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыфашызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыфашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антифашизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антифашизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izam" title="Antifašizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antifašizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enepfaskouriezh" title="Enepfaskouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enepfaskouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifeixisme" title="Antifeixisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antifeixisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1ismus" title="Antifašismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antifašismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaschismus" title="Antifaschismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antifaschismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1ism" title="Antifašism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antifašism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADfa%C5%9Dismo" title="Kontraŭfaŝismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭfaŝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaxismo" title="Antifaxismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antifaxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ضدفاشیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضدفاشیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%98" title="반파시즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반파시즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հակաֆաշիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակաֆաշիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izam" title="Antifašizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antifašizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasisme" title="Antifasisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antifasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטי-פשיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטי-פשיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1isms" title="Antifašisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antifašisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifassism" title="Antifassism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antifassism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasizmus" title="Antifasizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antifasizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антифашизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антифашизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fasisme" title="Anti-fasisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anti-fasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="反ファシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反ファシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascisme" title="Antifascisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antifascisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifaissisme" title="Antifaissisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antifaissisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7" title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ-ਵਿਰੋਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ-ਵਿਰੋਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B6%D8%AF" title="د فاشيزم ضد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فاشيزم ضد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyfaszyzm" title="Antyfaszyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyfaszyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antifascismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascism" title="Antifascism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antifascism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifashizmi" title="Antifashizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antifashizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆැසිස්ට් විරෝධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆැසිස්ට් විරෝධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-fascism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izmus" title="Antifašizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antifašizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izem" title="Antifašizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antifašizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антифашизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антифашизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%A1izam" title="Antifašizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antifašizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasismi" title="Antifasismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antifasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifascism" title="Antifascism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antifascism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifa%C5%9Fizm" title="Antifaşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antifaşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антифашизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антифашизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifasizmo" title="Antifasizmo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antifasizmo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%91ng_ph%C3%A1t_x%C3%ADt" title="Chống phát xít – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chống phát xít" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反法西斯主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反法西斯主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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