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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oat sensitivity</b> represents a sensitivity to the proteins found in <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <i>Avena sativa</i>. Sensitivity to oats can manifest as a result of allergy to oat seed storage proteins either inhaled or ingested. A more complex condition affects individuals who have <a href="/wiki/Gluten-sensitive_enteropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten-sensitive enteropathy">gluten-sensitive enteropathy</a> in which there is an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune response</a> to avenin, the glutinous protein in oats similar to the gluten within wheat. Sensitivity to oat foods can also result from their frequent contamination by wheat, barley, or rye particles.<sup id="cite_ref-PenaginiDilillo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PenaginiDilillo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oat_allergy">Oat allergy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Oat allergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies on farmers with grain dust allergy and children with <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a> <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> reveal that oat proteins can act as both respiratory and skin allergens.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17919139_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17919139-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16805419_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16805419-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12464060_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12464060-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10871113_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10871113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid6154431_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6154431-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oat dust sensitivity in farms found 53% showed reactivity to dust, second only to barley (70%), and almost double that of wheat dust.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3709486_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3709486-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 66 kDa protein in oats was visualized by 28 out of 33 sera (84%). However, there was evident non-specific binding to this region and thus it may also represent <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a>-like binding.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8087661_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8087661-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IgA and IgG responses, meanwhile, like those seen to <a href="/wiki/Anti-gliadin_antibodies" title="Anti-gliadin antibodies">anti-gliadin antibodies</a> in celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis, are not seen in response to avenins in atopic dermatitis patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8753845_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8753845-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food allergies to oats can accompany atopy dermatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18447144_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18447144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oat avenins share similarities with γ and ω-gliadins of wheat — based on these similarities they could potentiate both enteropathic response and anaphylactic responses. Oat allergy in gluten-sensitive enteropathy can explain an avenin-sensitive individual with no histological abnormality, no T-cell reaction to avenin, bearing the rarer <a href="/wiki/HLA-DQ2#DQ2.2_and_coeliac_disease" title="HLA-DQ2">DQ2.5<i>trans</i></a> phenotype, and with anaphylactic reaction to avenin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15526039_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15526039-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat allergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy#Asthma.2C_anaphylaxis.2C_nasal_allergies" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avenin-sensitive_enteropathy">Avenin-sensitive enteropathy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Avenin-sensitive enteropathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oat toxicity in people with <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a> depends on the oat <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> consumed because the <a href="/wiki/Immunoreactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoreactivity">immunoreactivities</a> of toxic prolamins are different among oat <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">varieties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PenaginiDilillo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PenaginiDilillo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CominoMoreno2015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CominoMoreno2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, oats are frequently cross-contaminated with the other gluten-containing cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-PenaginiDilillo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PenaginiDilillo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure oat (labelled as "pure oat" or "gluten-free oat"<sup id="cite_ref-CiacciCiclitira2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiacciCiclitira2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) refers to oats uncontaminated with any of the other gluten-containing cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-CominoMoreno2015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CominoMoreno2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cultivars of pure oat could be a safe part of a gluten-free diet, requiring knowledge of the oat variety used in food products for a gluten-free diet.<sup id="cite_ref-CominoMoreno2015_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CominoMoreno2015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the long-term effects of pure oats consumption are still unclear<sup id="cite_ref-HaboubiTaylor2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaboubiTaylor2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further studies identifying the cultivars used are needed before making final recommendations on their inclusion in the gluten-free diet.<sup id="cite_ref-DeSouzaDeschenes2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSouzaDeschenes2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders#Treatment" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders § Treatment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunological_evidence">Immunological evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immunological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-avenin_antibodies">Anti-avenin antibodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anti-avenin antibodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992, six proteins were extracted from oats that reacted with a single coeliac sera. Three of the proteins were <a href="/wiki/Prolamin" title="Prolamin">prolamins</a>, and have been called CIP 1 (gamma avenin), CIP 2, and CIP3. They had the following amino acid sequences: </p> <pre>Antibody recognition sites on three avenins CIP1 (γ-avenin) P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F CIP2 (γ-avenin) T T T V Q Y D P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q P P F CIP3 (α-avenin) T T T V Q Y N P S E Q Y Q P Y </pre> <p>Within the same study, three other proteins were identified, one of them an α-<a href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</a> inhibitor as identified by protein homology. A follow-up study showed that most celiacs have anti-avenin antibodies (AVAs), with a specificity and sensitivity comparable to <a href="/wiki/Anti-gliadin_antibodies" title="Anti-gliadin antibodies">anti-gliadin antibodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10964162_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10964162-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent study found that these AVAs did not result from cross-reaction with wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12889560_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12889560-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recently it has been found that AVAs drop as soon as <a href="/wiki/Triticeae_glutens" title="Triticeae glutens"><i>Triticeae</i> glutens</a> are removed from the diet.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18224563_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18224563-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-avenin antibodies declined in treated celiacs on an oat diet in 136 individuals, suggesting oats can be involved in celiac disease when wheat is present, but are not involved when wheat is removed from the diet. The study, however, did find an increased number of patients with higher intraepithelial <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> (IELs, a type of white bloodcell) in the oat-eating cohort. Regardless of whether or not this observation is a direct allergic immune response, by itself this is essentially <a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">benign</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cellular_immunity">Cellular immunity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cellular immunity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In gluten-sensitive enteropathy, prolamins mediate between T-cells and antigen-presenting cells, whereas <a href="/wiki/Anti-transglutaminase_antibodies" title="Anti-transglutaminase antibodies">anti-transglutaminase antibodies</a> confer autoimmunity via covalent attachment to gliadin. In 16 examined coeliacs, none produced a significant <a href="/wiki/Th1_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Th1 cell">Th1</a> response.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12477758_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12477758-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Th1 responses are needed to stimulate T-helper cells that mediate disease. This could indicate that coeliac disease does not directly involve avenin or that the sample size was too small to detect the occasional responder. </p><p>Evidence that there are exceptional cases came in a 2004 study on oats.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15526039_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15526039-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patients drafted for this study were those who had symptoms of celiac disease when on a "pure-oat" challenge, therefore not representative of a celiac sample. This study found that four patients had symptoms after oat ingestion, and three had elevated <a href="/wiki/Gluten_sensitivity#Gluten-sensitive_enteropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten sensitivity">Marsh scores</a> for histology and avenin responsive T-cells, indicating <b>avenin-sensitive enteropathy</b> (ASE). All three patients were the <a href="/wiki/HLA-DQ2#DQ2.5" title="HLA-DQ2">DQ2.5</a>/<a href="/wiki/HLA-DQ2" title="HLA-DQ2">DQ2</a> (<a href="/wiki/HLA_DR3-DQ2" title="HLA DR3-DQ2">HLA DR3-DQ2</a>/DR7-DQ2) phenotype. Patients with DQ2.5/DQ2.2 tend to be the most prone toward gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE), have the highest risk for <a href="/wiki/Gluten-sensitive_enteropathy_associated_conditions#GSEA_Lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten-sensitive enteropathy associated conditions">GS-EATL</a>, and shows signs of more severe disease at diagnosis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the DQ2.5/DQ2 phenotype represents only 25% of celiac patients, it accounts for all of the ASE celiacs, and 60-70% of patients with GS-EATL.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Synthetic avenin peptides were synthesized either in native or deamidated form, and the deamidated peptides showed higher response. </p> <pre>DQ2.5/T-cell receptor recognition from 2 Oat-sensitive coeliacs TCR-Site1 Y Q P Y P E Q E~E~P F V TCR-Site2 Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q Q Antibody recognition site(see above) CIP2 (γ-avenin) T T T V Q Y D P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q P P F </pre> <p>The overlap of the antibody and T-cell sites, given trypsin digestion of avenin, suggest this region is dominant in immunity. The TCR-site1 was synthetically made as deamidated ("~E~"), and native peptide requires transglutaminase to reach full activation. Two studies to date have looked at the ability of different oat strains to promote various immunochemical aspects of celiac disease. While preliminary, these studies indicate different strains may have different risks for avenin sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17852883_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17852883-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17376046_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17376046-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of allergies">List of allergies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oat_sensitivity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PenaginiDilillo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PenaginiDilillo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PenaginiDilillo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PenaginiDilillo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oat sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">nervous system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-sensitive_idiopathic_neuropathies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten-sensitive idiopathic neuropathies">GS idiopathic neuropathies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">digestive system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-sensitive_enteropathy-associated_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten-sensitive enteropathy-associated conditions">GSE associated conditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">integumentary system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gliadin_antibodies" title="Anti-gliadin antibodies">Anti-gliadin antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-transglutaminase_antibodies" title="Anti-transglutaminase antibodies">Anti-transglutaminase antibodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HLA-DQ" title="HLA-DQ">HLA-DQ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HLA-DQ2" title="HLA-DQ2">HLA-DQ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLA-DQ8" title="HLA-DQ8">HLA-DQ8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluten_immunochemistry" title="Gluten immunochemistry">Gluten immunochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">Gluten-free diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten_challenge_test" title="Gluten challenge test">Gluten challenge test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_diagnosed_with_coeliac_disease" title="List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease">List of people diagnosed with coeliac disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oats" title="Template:Oats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oats" title="Template talk:Oats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Avena" title="Avena">Avena</a></i> species and cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avena_abyssinica" title="Avena abyssinica">Avena abyssinica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avena_insularis" title="Avena insularis">Avena insularis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avena_nuda" title="Avena nuda">Avena nuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avena_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Avena sativa">Avena sativa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kherson_oat" title="Kherson oat">Kherson oat</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avena_byzantina" title="Avena byzantina">Avena byzantina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avena_strigosa" title="Avena strigosa">Avena strigosa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic preparations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groat_(grain)" title="Groat (grain)">Groat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">Oatmeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat_milk" title="Oat milk">Oat milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">Rolled oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel-cut_oats" title="Steel-cut oats">Steel-cut oats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culinary usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzac_biscuit" title="Anzac biscuit">Anzac biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atholl_brose" title="Atholl brose">Atholl brose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avena_(drink)" title="Avena (drink)">Avena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">Bannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">Black pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenntar" title="Brenntar">Brenntar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranachan" title="Cranachan">Cranachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_pudding" title="Dock pudding">Dock pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_fermented_cereal_soups" class="mw-redirect" title="West Slavic fermented cereal soups">fermented soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapjack_(oat_bar)" title="Flapjack (oat bar)">Flapjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_pudding" title="Fruit pudding">Fruit pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomme_(food)" title="Gomme (food)">Gomme (food)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granola" title="Granola">Granola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">Gruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havreflarn" title="Havreflarn">Havreflarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobnob_biscuit" title="Hobnob biscuit">Hobnob biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasha" title="Kasha">Kasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muesli" title="Muesli">Muesli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_ball" title="Oatmeal ball">Oatmeal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Oat bread">Oat bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatcake" title="Oatcake">Oatcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_Crisp" title="Oatmeal Crisp">Oatmeal Crisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_raisin_cookie" title="Oatmeal raisin cookie">Oatmeal raisin cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatmeal stout">Oatmeal stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">Porridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cake" title="Rock cake">Rock cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirlie" title="Skirlie">Skirlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowans" title="Sowans">Sowans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_oatcake" title="Staffordshire oatcake">Staffordshire oatcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stornoway_black_pudding" title="Stornoway black pudding">Stornoway black pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throdkin" title="Throdkin">Throdkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pudding" title="White pudding">White pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cool-A-Coo" title="Cool-A-Coo">Cool-A-Coo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s-It_Ice_Cream" title="It's-It Ice Cream">It's-It Ice Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroom_Oatmeal" title="Macroom Oatmeal">Macroom Oatmeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypo" title="Maypo">Maypo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann%27s_Steel_Cut_Irish_Oatmeal" title="McCann's Steel Cut Irish Oatmeal">McCann's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McOatmeal" class="mw-redirect" title="McOatmeal">McOatmeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mornflake" title="Mornflake">Mornflake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatly" title="Oatly">Oatly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_Creme_Pie" title="Oatmeal Creme Pie">Oatmeal Creme Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Oats_Company" title="Quaker Oats Company">Quaker Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready_Brek" title="Ready Brek">Ready Brek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tobys" title="Uncle Tobys">Uncle Tobys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenanthramide" title="Avenanthramide">Avenanthramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatmeal_cookie_(cocktail)" title="Oatmeal cookie (cocktail)">Oatmeal cookie (cocktail)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oat_diseases" title="List of oat diseases">Oat diseases</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oat sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_v_Hughes" title="Smith v Hughes">Smith v Hughes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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