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Gedelokaliseerd elektron - Wikipedia
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href="#Golf-eigenschappen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Golf-eigenschappen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-eigenschappen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemische_bindingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemische_bindingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemische bindingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemische_bindingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorbeelden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorbeelden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voorbeelden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Voorbeelden-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voorbeelden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benzeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benzeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Benzeen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benzeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organische_polymeren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organische_polymeren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organische polymeren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organische_polymeren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metalen</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Beschikbaar in 26 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2" title="إلكترون غير متمركز – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون غير متمركز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="সঞ্চারিত ইলেকট্রন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঞ্চারিত ইলেকট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deslocalitzaci%C3%B3_electr%C3%B2nica" title="Deslocalització electrònica – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deslocalització electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokalizace_elektron%C5%AF" title="Delokalizace elektronů – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Delokalizace elektronů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokaliseret_elektron" title="Delokaliseret elektron – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Delokaliseret elektron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokalisierung" title="Delokalisierung – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Delokalisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Απεντοπισμένα ηλεκτρόνια – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απεντοπισμένα ηλεκτρόνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Delocalized electron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deslocalizaci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Deslocalización electrónica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deslocalización electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroi_deslokalizatu" title="Elektroi deslokalizatu – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektroi deslokalizatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="الکترون نامتمرکز – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون نامتمرکز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokalisaatio" title="Delokalisaatio – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Delokalisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9localisation_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Délocalisation électronique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Délocalisation électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreon_d%C3%ADlog%C3%A1naithe" title="Leictreon dílogánaithe – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreon dílogánaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="विस्थानित इलेक्ट्रॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विस्थानित इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokaliz%C3%A1lt_elektron" title="Delokalizált elektron – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Delokalizált elektron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrone_delocalizzato" title="Elettrone delocalizzato – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrone delocalizzato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B1%80%E5%9C%A8%E5%8C%96%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="非局在化電子 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非局在化電子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_dinyahsetempatkan" title="Elektron dinyahsetempatkan – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektron dinyahsetempatkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deslocaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Deslocalização eletrônica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deslocalização eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delocalized_electron" title="Delocalized electron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Delocalized electron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokalizovan%C3%BD_elektr%C3%B3n" title="Delokalizovaný elektrón – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Delokalizovaný elektrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delokaliserad_elektron" title="Delokaliserad elektron – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Delokaliserad elektron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6resizle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_elektron" title="Yöresizleşmiş elektron – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yöresizleşmiş elektron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Делокалізований стан – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Делокалізований стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%9F%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="離域電子 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="離域電子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q899089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p>Een <b>gedelokaliseerd elektron</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> in een <a href="/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul">molecuul</a> of een <a href="/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof">vaste stof</a> dat niet bij een specifiek <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atoom</a> of een specifieke <a href="/wiki/Covalente_binding" title="Covalente binding">covalente binding</a> hoort, maar is "uitgesmeerd" over het molecuul. Dit verschijnsel noemt men <b>delokalisatie</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golf-eigenschappen">Golf-eigenschappen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Golf-eigenschappen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Golf-eigenschappen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delokalisatie is een golf-eigenschap en alle elektronen zijn in meerdere of mindere mate gedelokaliseerd omdat zij volgens het dualiteitsprincipe ook golfkarakter hebben. Voor sommige elektronen is echter een beschrijving met een lokaal karakter voldoende. Dit verklaart waarom oudere deeltjesmodellen van chemische binding zoals Lewis-structuurdiagrammen die niet van dualiteit uitgaan een behoorlijke mate van succes kenden. In veel gevallen is het echter een noodzaak om een beroep te doen op het golfkarakter van een elektron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemische_bindingen">Chemische bindingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Chemische bindingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Chemische bindingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruwweg kunnen de elektronen in een molecuul in twee groepen worden verdeeld: elektronen die in lagere <a href="/wiki/Elektronenschil" title="Elektronenschil">schillen</a> in de atomen zitten, en sterk aan een atoom gebonden zijn en daarmee in hoge mate gelokaliseerd zijn, en de elektronen die de <a href="/wiki/Covalente_binding" title="Covalente binding">covalente bindingen</a> verzorgen. De <a href="/wiki/Valentiebindingstheorie" title="Valentiebindingstheorie">valentiebindingstheorie</a> beschrijft dit in termen van <a href="/wiki/Orbitaal" title="Orbitaal">orbitalen</a>: de orbitalen van twee atomen overlappen gedeeltelijk, wat energetisch voordelig kan zijn. In dat geval ontstaat er een <a href="/wiki/Chemische_binding" title="Chemische binding">binding</a> tussen de twee atomen. Een benaderend model dat veel gehanteerd wordt is de beschrijving van de elektronenstructuur in termen van <a href="/wiki/Hybridisatie_(scheikunde)" title="Hybridisatie (scheikunde)">hybridisatie</a> theorie: mengvormen van verschillende typen orbitalen geven een grotere overlap, daarmee een lagere energie en een stabielere binding. In dit model wordt de binding echter nog steeds als lokaal tussen twee atomen beschreven. In veel gevallen gaat een dergelijke lokale beschrijving niet meer op: in de toestand met de laagste energie (<a href="/wiki/Grondtoestand" title="Grondtoestand">grondtoestand</a>) strekken orbitalen zich over meerdere atomen uit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorbeelden">Voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benzeen">Benzeen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Benzeen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Benzeen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg/180px-Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg/270px-Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg/360px-Benzene-6H-delocalized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Structuurformule van benzeen met aanduiding van de delokalisatie van de elektronen in de dubbele bindingen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Het bekendste voorbeeld van delokalisatie is het <a href="/wiki/Benzeen" title="Benzeen">benzeenmolecuul</a>: de zes elektronen die de pi-bindingen tussen de C-atomen verzorgen, zijn gedelokaliseerd over de gehele ring. Men geeft dit vaak grafisch weer door een cirkel in het midden van de zeshoek. Een dergelijke structuur is niet goed te beschrijven in termen van <a href="/wiki/Hybridisatie_(scheikunde)" title="Hybridisatie (scheikunde)">gehybridiseerde</a> gelokaliseerde orbitalen. </p><p>In principe zouden we alle elektronen als gedelokaliseerde orbitalen kunnen beschrijven, maar voor de andere elektronen dan de zes pi-elektronen leidt dat niet echt tot een betere beschrijving. Wel tot een boel extra werk, en daarom wordt dat meestal achterwege gelaten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organische_polymeren">Organische polymeren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Organische polymeren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Organische polymeren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ook bij bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Polymeer" title="Polymeer">polymeren</a> komt delokalisatie voor. Hierbij zijn elektronorbitalen over de "ruggengraat" van het polymeer verspreid. Doordat de elektronen zich makkelijk over het polymeer kunnen verplaatsen, kunnen zulke polymeren elektrische <a href="/wiki/Geleider" title="Geleider">geleiders</a> of (vaker) <a href="/wiki/Halfgeleider_(elektronica)" title="Halfgeleider (elektronica)">halfgeleiders</a> zijn, terwijl de meeste organische polymeren zeer slechte geleiders zijn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalen">Metalen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Metalen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Metalen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In metalen en andere (bij benadering) periodieke (<a href="/wiki/Kristal_(natuurwetenschappen)" title="Kristal (natuurwetenschappen)">kristallijne</a>) materialen zorgt de delokalisatie van de elektronen voor een <a href="/wiki/Bandstructuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandstructuur">bandstructuur</a>. Dergelijke delokalisatie vereist dus niet dat de elektronenstructuur beschreven kan worden als een systeem van <a href="/wiki/%CE%A0-binding" class="mw-redirect" title="Π-binding">π-bindingen</a>, zoals bij organische moleculen het geval is. Dit geldt overigens ook voor de bindingen in een halfgeleider als diamant. Ook daar is een sterk gedelokaliseerde beschrijving onontbeerlijk. Diamant is een halfgeleider met een hoge mobiliteit en niet een isolator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Andere_beschrijvingen">Andere beschrijvingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Andere beschrijvingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedelokaliseerd_elektron&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Andere beschrijvingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Benz3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Benz3.svg/200px-Benz3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Benz3.svg/300px-Benz3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Benz3.svg/400px-Benz3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>De twee resonante structuren van <a href="/wiki/Benzeen" title="Benzeen">benzeen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De <a href="/wiki/Lewistheorie" title="Lewistheorie">Lewistheorie</a> voor covalente bindingen beschrijft de structuur van een molecuul enkel in termen van enkele, dubbele en drievoudige bindingen, en kan geen goede beschrijving bieden van delokalisatie. Een <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologie" title="Fenomenologie">fenomenologische</a> "verklaring" wordt geboden door zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Resonantie_(scheikunde)" title="Resonantie (scheikunde)">resonantiestructuren</a>. Bij benzeen bijvoorbeeld, zijn er twee "mogelijke" structuurformules. Geen van beide beschrijft het molecuul correct, en men stelt het molecuul voor alsof het het 'gemiddelde' is van beide structuren (en de waarheid ligt vaak meer aan ene kant dan aan de andere kant, behalve bij symmetrische resonantie). </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐w49w4 Cached time: 20241122051043 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.014 seconds Real time usage: 0.051 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 42/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 2/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key nlwiki:pcache:idhash:776978-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122051043 and revision id 64575396. 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