CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Papier-mâché - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"41c79af7-e55c-4e4a-828b-4c5512794b8b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Papier-mâché","wgTitle":"Papier-mâché","wgCurRevisionId":1259323876,"wgRevisionId":1259323876,"wgArticleId":674024,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Pages with French IPA","Articles needing additional references from May 2024","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","Commons category link from Wikidata","Papier-mâché"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Papier-mâché","wgRelevantArticleId":674024,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q899363","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/JacmelMardiGras.jpg/1200px-JacmelMardiGras.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="813"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/JacmelMardiGras.jpg/800px-JacmelMardiGras.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="542"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/JacmelMardiGras.jpg/640px-JacmelMardiGras.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="434"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Papier-mâché - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Papier-mâché rootpage-Papier-mâché skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Preparation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imperial China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_and_Far_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_and_Far_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle and Far East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_and_Far_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ladakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ladakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ladakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ladakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_church_in_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_church_in_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>A church in Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_church_in_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands_and_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_and_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>Netherlands and Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_and_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th_century_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>20th century artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_boats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_boats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Paper boats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_boats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper_observatory_domes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_observatory_domes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.3</span> <span>Paper observatory domes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_observatory_domes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carnival_floats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnival_floats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Carnival floats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnival_floats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costuming_and_the_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costuming_and_the_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Costuming and the theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costuming_and_the_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paper_sabots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_sabots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Paper sabots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_sabots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drop_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drop_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Drop tanks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drop_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_decoy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_decoy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Combat decoy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_decoy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papier-mâché</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-mach%C3%A9" title="Papier-maché – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papier-maché" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Пап’е-машэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пап’е-машэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Папиемаше – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папиемаше" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_maix%C3%A9" title="Paper maixé – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paper maixé" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADrma%C5%A1" title="Papírmaš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papírmaš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papmach%C3%A9" title="Papmaché – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papmaché" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappmach%C3%A9" title="Pappmaché – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pappmaché" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papjeema%C5%A1ee" title="Papjeemašee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Papjeemašee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_mach%C3%A9" title="Papel maché – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel maché" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperma%C4%89a%C4%B5o" title="Papermaĉaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papermaĉaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%87" title="پاپیه ماشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپیه ماشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier mâché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papier mâché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_mach%C3%A9" title="Papel maché – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papel maché" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A5-%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5" title="Պապիե-մաշե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պապիե-մաշե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A1irani_papir" title="Kaširani papir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaširani papir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartapesta" title="Cartapesta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartapesta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="עיסת נייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיסת נייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papj%C4%97_ma%C5%A1%C4%97" title="Papjė mašė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papjė mašė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Papier-mâché" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-mach%C3%A9" title="Papier-maché – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papier-maché" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E3%82%8A%E5%AD%90" title="張り子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="張り子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappmasj%C3%A9" title="Pappmasjé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pappmasjé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappmasj%C3%A9" title="Pappmasjé – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pappmasjé" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier mâché – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papier mâché" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_mach%C3%AA" title="Papel machê – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papel machê" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier_m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier mâché – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papier mâché" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Папье-маше – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папье-маше" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papir-ma%C5%A1e" title="Papir-maše – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Papir-maše" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-mach%C3%A9" title="Papier-maché – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papier-maché" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%27%D1%94-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Пап'є-маше – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пап'є-маше" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%AD%90" title="張子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="張子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q899363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&oldid=1259323876" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&id=1259323876&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPapier-m%25C3%25A2ch%25C3%25A9"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPapier-m%25C3%25A2ch%25C3%25A9"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q899363" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Paper-based construction material</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JacmelMardiGras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/JacmelMardiGras.jpg/290px-JacmelMardiGras.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/JacmelMardiGras.jpg/435px-JacmelMardiGras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/JacmelMardiGras.jpg/580px-JacmelMardiGras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> papier-mâché masks, Haiti</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Papier-mâché</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PAP</span>-ee-ay <span style="font-size:90%">MASH</span>-ay</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PAY</span>-pər mə-<span style="font-size:90%">SHAY</span></i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[papje<span class="wrap"> </span>mɑʃe]</a></span> - the French term "mâché" here means "crushed and ground"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a versatile craft technique with roots in ancient China, in which waste paper is shredded and mixed with water and a binder to produce a pulp ideal for modelling or moulding, which dries to a hard surface and allows the creation of light, strong and inexpensive objects of any shape, even very complicated ones. There are various recipes, including those using cardboard and some mineral elements such as chalk or clay (carton-pierre, a <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>). Paper-mâché reinforced with textiles or boiled cardboard (carton bouilli) can be used for durable, sturdy objects. There is even carton-cuir (cardboard and leather)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a "laminating process", a method in which strips of paper are glued together in layers. Binding agents include glue, starch or wallpaper paste. "Carton-paille" or strawboard was already described in a book in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasteboard is made of whole sheets of paper glued together, or layers of paper pulp pressed together. Millboard is a type of strong pasteboard that contains old rope and other coarse materials in addition to paper. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> can be used in a variety of traditional and ceremonial activities, as well as in arts and crafts, for example to make many different inexpensive items such as Christmas decorations (including nativity figures), toys or masks, or models for educational purposes, or even pieces of furniture, and is ideal for large-scale production; Carton-pierre can be used to make decorative architectural elements, sculptures and statues, or theatre or film sets; papier-mâché has also been used to make household objects, which can become valuable if artistically painted (as many boxes and snuffboxes were in the past) or lacquered, sometimes with inlays of mother-of-pearl, for example. Large papier-mâché pieces, such as statues or carnival floats, require a wooden (or bamboo, etc.) frame. Making papier-mâché is also a popular pastime, especially with children. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_methods">Preparation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papier_mache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Papier_mache.jpg/220px-Papier_mache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Papier_mache.jpg/330px-Papier_mache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Papier_mache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Papier-mâché with the strips method for the creation of a pig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG/220px-Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG/330px-Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG/440px-Paper_mache_mask_with_feet_with_grey_background.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>Papier-mâché mask created with the pulp method</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two methods to prepare papier-mâché. The first method makes use of paper strips glued together with adhesive, and the other uses paper pulp obtained by soaking or boiling paper to which glue is then added. </p><p>With the first method, a form for support is needed on which to glue the paper strips. With the second method, it is possible to shape the pulp directly inside the desired form. In both methods, reinforcements with wire, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_wire" title="Chicken wire">chicken wire</a>, lightweight shapes, balloons or textiles may be needed. </p><p>The traditional method of making papier-mâché adhesive is to use a mixture of water and flour or other starch, mixed to the consistency of heavy <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>. Other adhesives can be used if thinned to a similar texture, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a> (PVA) based glues (often sold as wood glue or craft glue). Adding <a href="/wiki/Oil_of_cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil of cloves">oil of cloves</a> or other preservatives, such as salt, to the mixture reduces the chances of the product developing <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Methyl_cellulose" title="Methyl cellulose">Methyl cellulose</a> is a naturally mold free adhesive used in a ratio of one part powder to 16 parts hot water and is a popular choice because it is non-toxic, but is not waterproof. </p><p>For the paper strips method, the paper is cut or torn into strips, and soaked in the paste until saturated. The saturated pieces are then placed onto the surface and allowed to dry slowly. The strips may be placed on an <i>armature</i>, or skeleton, often of wire mesh over a structural frame, or they can be placed on an object to create a cast. Oil or grease can be used as a release agent if needed. Once dried, the resulting material can be cut, sanded and/or painted, and waterproofed by painting with a suitable water-repelling paint.<sup id="cite_ref-costumes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costumes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before painting any product of papier-mâché, the glue must be fully dried, otherwise mold will form and the product will rot from the inside out. </p><p>For the pulp method, the paper is left in water at least overnight to soak, or boiled in abundant water until the paper breaks down to a pulp. The excess water is drained, an adhesive is added and the papier-mâché applied to a form or, especially for smaller or simpler objects, sculpted to shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Special:EditPage/Papier-mâché">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imperial China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Special:EditPage/Papier-mâché">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> appeared to be the first to use papier-mâché around 200 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, not long after they learned how to make paper. They employed the technique to make items such as warrior helmets, mirror cases, or ceremonial masks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No source, and 'appeared to first use' seems to indicate that not even the editor who added it was sure about it... (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Egypt, coffins and <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death masks</a> were often made from <a href="/wiki/Cartonnage" title="Cartonnage">cartonnage</a>—layers of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> covered with <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_and_Far_East">Middle and Far East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle and Far East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Persia, papier-mâché has been used to manufacture small painted boxes, trays, étagères and cases. <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and China also produced laminated paper articles using papier-mâché. In Japan and India, papier-mâché was used to add decorative elements to armor and shields.<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_1896_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton_1896-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Persia, from the 16th century onwards, papier-mâché bookbindings were preferred to leather ones because the paint held better on the paper. This continued at least into the Qajar period, particularly in Tabriz and Isfahan. The Louvre owns a leather and papier-mâché board with a painted scene, and a later papier-mâché board with lacquered or varnished birds and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also made scientific instruments like a celestial globe known as the Kugel globe (1694 / 1726) in painted, gilded and varnished papier-mâché on a wooden core.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other papier-mâché items in the Louvre include a pencil box with floral decoration (1880 / 1890, Tabriz), a lacquered writing case (1900) and a half-moon mirror box with a typical "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gul-i-bulbul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gul-i-bulbul (page does not exist)">gul-i-bulbul</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/gul-i-bulbul" class="extiw" title="fr:gul-i-bulbul">fr</a>]</span>" decoration (1850 / 1900).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a> hariko involves creating papier-mâché figurines of animals like tigers or rabbits, and <a href="/wiki/Daruma_doll" title="Daruma doll">Daruma dolls</a>. Traditionally, Sendai hariko figures were gifted as toys and talismans to protect children or bring good luck. The word "hariko" refers to objects made from "kami" (paper) and "kiji" (wooden moulds), which are layered with papier-mâché, dried, and then painted by hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmir">Kashmir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kashmir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The papier-mâché technique was first adopted in Kashmir in the 14th century by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> mystic, who came to Kashmir during the late 14th century along with his followers, many of whom were craftsmen. These craftsmen used hand-made paper pulp from Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Kashmir papier-mâché">Kashmir papier-mâché</a> has been used to manufacture boxes (small and big), bowls, trays, étagères, useful and decorative items, models, birds and animals, vases, lights, corporate gifts and lot more. It remains highly marketed in India and Pakistan and is a part of the luxury ornamental handicraft market.<sup id="cite_ref-Egerton_1896_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egerton_1896-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product is protected under the Geographic Indication Act 1999 of Indian government, and was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks during the period from April 2011 to March 2012 under the title "Kashmir Paper Machie".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shah <a href="/wiki/Aali_Mosque" title="Aali Mosque">Hamdan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, one of the city's oldest mosques, is celebrated for its intricate papier-mâché work on the walls and ceilings. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Bagh</a>, a garden created by Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, and dubbed the "Versailles of Mughal Emperors," features a papier-mâché ceiling in its central pavilion that has lasted nearly 400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papier-mâché, a popular Kashmiri craft, originated in the 15th century when King <a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_the_Great" title="Zayn al-Abidin the Great">Zain-ul-Abidin</a> invited papier-mâché artists from Central Asia. Prior to this, vibrant patterns had been painted on wood, used in items like ceiling panels and furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ladakh">Ladakh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ladakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, papier-mâché with paper pulp mixed with clay, cotton, flour, and glue, is used to create brightly colored <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ladakh" title="Culture of Ladakh">masks</a> depicting deities and spirits, essential in monastery mystery plays. This technique is also used to make statues for monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg/220px-Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg/330px-Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg/440px-Detail_of_C17th_papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="3407" /></a><figcaption>Detail of gilt papier-mâché as applied to an English picture frame</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originating in Asia, papier-mâché reached Europe in the 15th century, where it was first used for bas-reliefs and nativity figures. By incorporating some mineral elements, artisans were able to make copies of traditional statues for devotional use, which gained popularity after the Counter-Reformation. New devotional practices rested on faithful copies of particularly venerated images reproduced in series in stucco or in papier-mâché, such as <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>'s Madonnas, or Donatello's (c. 1386-1466) bas-relief of the Virgin and Child, known as the <i>Madonna of Verona</i> (Louvre, RF 589, 1450 / 1500 polychrome cartapesta ). Jacopo Sansovino also used papier-mâché, for example in his bas-relief <i>Virgin and Child</i> (polychrome cartapesta, c.1550, Louvre: RF 746). Another <i>Virgin and Child</i> (with two putti) is attributed to Sansovino (1532, found in Venice, soon to be exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_d%27Oro" title="Ca' d'Oro">Ca' d'Oro</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_d%27Abruzzo" title="Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo">Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo</a> has a Saint Jerome (c.1567-1569, polychrome papier-mâché) by <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Cesura" title="Pompeo Cesura">Pompeo Cesura</a>. </p><p>Baroque culture in Italy embraced papier-mâché, fostering devotion among the faithful through vivid religious imagery. In Bologna, in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, with sculptors such as Mazza (<a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Maria_Mazza" title="Giuseppe Maria Mazza">Giuseppe Maria Mazza</a>), his pupil <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Pi%C3%B2" title="Angelo Piò">Angelo Piò</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Scandellari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo Scandellari (page does not exist)">Filippo Scandellari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Scandellari" class="extiw" title="it:Filippo Scandellari">it</a>]</span>, papier-mâché flourished. In the nineteenth century, Emilia-Romagna once again took over with the famous workshops in <a href="/wiki/Faenza" title="Faenza">Faenza</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Ballanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Ballanti (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Ballanti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ballanti" class="extiw" title="it:Giuseppe Ballanti">it</a>]</span> and his sons <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovan_Battista_Ballanti_Graziani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovan Battista Ballanti Graziani (page does not exist)">Giovan Battista Ballanti Graziani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Ballanti_Graziani" class="extiw" title="it:Giovan Battista Ballanti Graziani">it</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Ballanti_Graziani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Ballanti Graziani (page does not exist)">Francesco Ballanti Graziani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Ballanti_Graziani" class="extiw" title="it:Francesco Ballanti Graziani">it</a>]</span> and the followers of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Collina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Collina (page does not exist)">Giovanni Collina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Collina" class="extiw" title="it:Giovanni Collina">it</a>]</span> and Graziani, and the workshop of Gaetano Vitené and his successors, and the latest specialists of cartapesta: Enrico dal Monte and his son Gaetano dal Monte (1916-2006).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early examples of Italian cartapasta seem to include mostly bas-reliefs. For example, there are many copies in cartapasta of <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_da_Maiano" title="Benedetto da Maiano">Benedetto da Maiano</a>'s <i>Madonna 'del Latte</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Nursing_Madonna" title="Nursing Madonna">Nursing Madonna</a>), the earliest ones attributed to his workshop, but some others dating from the early 17th century. Some were made in Tuscany, such as a polychrome papier-mâché of <i>The Deposition of Christ</i> with a papier-mâché Christ on a wooden cross. Another papier-mâché bas-relief representing <i>The Beheading of Saint Paul</i> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Algardi" title="Alessandro Algardi">Alessandro Algardi</a>, who worked almost exclusively in Rome. </p><p>The Louvre owns two very different pieces dating from the very end of the 17th century: a celestial globe (1693 signed 'Coronelli': SN 878 ; SN 340) and an earth globe (1697 signed 'Coronelli', 'P. Vincenzo, Venice': OA 10683 A) </p><p>In the 18th century, cartapesta also developed in Lecce (Puglia), where it remains a speciality.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Charles_V" title="Castle of Charles V">Castle of Charles V</a> houses the Museo della Cartapesta.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious bas-reliefs in papier-mâché were still in vogue, but a man like <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Colombo" title="Giacomo Colombo">Giacomo Colombo</a>, who seems to have worked mainly in Naples, made a high-relief <i>Saint <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Bayl%C3%B3n" title="Paschal Baylón">Paschal Baylón</a></i> (c.1720) measuring 168 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The places of production diversified: we know of a cartapesta 'Jesus Christ Dead in the Tomb' made in Sicily. In Siena, cartapesta products also diversified, from painted and gilded papier-mâché cherubs to boxes, trays, shelves, wall lamps and more. </p><p>In the 19th century, new objects appeared, such as table centrepieces representing a pyramid of papier-mâché and glass fruits under a glass cloche, or views of Italy, probably made for tourists, such as one of "il Colosseo ed i Fori Imperiali".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a> was crowned on 21 March 1800 (during the <a href="/wiki/Marengo_campaign" title="Marengo campaign">Marengo campaign</a>), in Venice, wearing a papier-mâché papal tiara. Founded in 1802 by Giovanni Battista Paravia, Paravia Publishing dominated educational materials in Italian schools by the late 19th century, offering papier-mâché globes, anatomical models, and flower models along with many other things.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Didactic papier-mâché models of flowers were also made by C. Luppi in Modena (1900-1930). Papier-mâché came to be used for carnival masks and floats, in <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Viareggio" title="Carnival of Viareggio">Viareggio</a> for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England">England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1772, an English inventor, Henry Clay (apprenticed to <a href="/wiki/John_Baskerville" title="John Baskerville">John Baskerville</a> in 1740 - died in 1812), patented a process for making laminated sheets of papier-mâché and treating them with <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> to produce waterproof panels. His technique "involved pasting sheets of paper together and then oiling, varnishing and stove-hardening them. This process produced panels suitable for coaches, carriages, sedan chairs and furniture. It was claimed that the material could be ‘sawn, planed, dove-tailed or mitred in the same manner as if made in wood". Clay, <a href="/wiki/Japanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanner">japanner</a>, was a supplier to the Royal Family.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It was probably in the 1660s that Thomas Allgood had pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Pontypool_japan" title="Pontypool japan">japanning</a> on metal.) </p><p>Clay became a papier-mâché manufacturer in or before 1772 (until his death), first in Birmingham and then in London. When his patent expired in 1802 "a number of rival producers<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set up including <a href="/wiki/Jennens_and_Bettridge" title="Jennens and Bettridge">Jennens and Bettridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who opened up in 1816 in Henry Clay's former Birmingham works". <a href="/wiki/Jennens_and_Bettridge" title="Jennens and Bettridge">Theodore Jennens</a> patented a process in 1847 for steaming and pressing laminated sheets into various shapes, which were then used to manufacture trays, chair backs, and structural panels, usually laid over a wood or metal armature for strength. The papier-mâché was smoothed and <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquered</a>, or given a pearl-shell finish. The industry lasted through the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made the material more durable and it could be moulded into objects that would otherwise be difficult to manufacture, such as the globe of Jennens and Bettridge's sewing table,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that could withstand greater wear and tear than traditional papier mâché such as "teatrays, waiters, caddies and dressing cases … japanned and decorated with painted scenes and classical (Etruscan) and Chinoiserie subjects". Jennens and Betridge (London, Birmingham) made large tea caddies circa 1850. Other objects included cane holders, fruit bowls with mother-of-pearl inlays or papier mache head dolls by "Childs & Sons". The papier-mâché stags' heads in <a href="/wiki/Powerscourt_Estate" title="Powerscourt Estate">Powerscourt</a> were German, though.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, papier-mâché (that could be <a href="/wiki/Gilded" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilded">gilded</a>) had begun to appear as a low-cost alternative to similarly treated <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> or carved wood in architecture, even replacing stucco in ceilings and wall decorations. Some Italian craftsmen (and the painter <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mattia_Borgnis" title="Giuseppe Mattia Borgnis">Giuseppe Mattia Borgnis</a>), were invited by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer</a>, around 1750 to work on <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence%27s_Church,_West_Wycombe" title="St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe">St Lawrence's Church, West Wycombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Wycombe_Park" title="West Wycombe Park">West Wycombe Park</a>, maybe importing carta pasta to England. Robert Adam soon embraced paper stucco for elaborate interiors. </p><p>By the 19th century, two London companies—Jackson and Son, founded by fondateur <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(plasterwork)" title="George Jackson (plasterwork)">George Jackson</a>, and Charles Frederick Bielefeld’s workshop—advanced papier-mâché’s architectural use. Jackson had previously worked for Robert Adam ; he established his firm in 1780, and it became one of the leading suppliers of decorative elements, particularly for ceilings, walls, and other architectural details, using plaster and papier-mâché. Jackson and Son won a gold medal at the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">Paris Exposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Owen" title="Jacob Owen">Jacob Owen</a>'s redesign of Dublin Castle featured papier-mâché work by Charles Frederick Bielefeld (1803–1864), known for his cornices and consoles at <a href="/wiki/St_James%E2%80%99s_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="St James’s Palace">St James’s Palace</a>. Bielefeld created papier-mâché ceiling roses, cornices, and Corinthian capitals for the castle, which were later reproduced in plaster after a fire in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, Bielefeld patented large, robust papier-mâché panels that could be painted for ceiling and wall decorations, or used as cabin dividers in steamboats and train carriages as well as prefabricated homes. Bielefeld "modelled, gilt and fixed" the ornaments of papier mâché of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal</a> in Drury Lane in 1847 (some of which were removed in 1851). </p><p>The popularity of papier-mâché declined as electroplating offered a cheaper metal-coated alternative. McCallum and Hodson ("Summer-row, near the Town-hall, Birmingham" <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the last papier-mâché company, closed in 1920. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Travers" title="Martin Travers">Martin Travers</a>, the English ecclesiastical designer, made much use of papier-mâché for his church furnishings in the 1920s, in <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s,_Bourne_Street" title="St Mary's, Bourne Street">St Mary's, Bourne Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s,_Queen%27s_Gate" title="St Augustine's, Queen's Gate">St Augustine's, Queen's Gate</a>, for example. Papier-mâché was still used in the 20th century, for <a href="/wiki/George_Philip_(cartographer)" title="George Philip (cartographer)">George Philip</a> & son's papier-mâché globes (1963) for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_church_in_Norway">A church in Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: A church in Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Christie_(1746%E2%80%931822)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Christie (1746–1822) (page does not exist)">Werner Hosewinckel Christie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Christie_(1746%E2%80%931822)" class="extiw" title="no:Werner Christie (1746–1822)">no</a>]</span> (1746-1822), a cartographer who also quarried marble and extracted lime, had his own farm workers build a large octagonal paper church known as "Hop church", on his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wernersholm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wernersholm (page does not exist)">Wernersholm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernersholm" class="extiw" title="no:Wernersholm">no</a>]</span> estate near Bergen in 1796. It was uniquely constructed using papier-mâché as a building material (a blend of waste paper, lime, and other natural ingredients) that could mimic the look of marble. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_de_Jong_van_Rodenburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius de Jong van Rodenburgh (page does not exist)">Cornelius de Jong van Rodenburgh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_de_Jong_van_Rodenburgh" class="extiw" title="nl:Cornelius de Jong van Rodenburgh">nl</a>]</span> described it: "The supporting structures are made of stone, but the church is covered inside and out in papier-mâché. In each room of the farmhouse, also made of papier-mâché, there is a large stove, and these stoves are literally made of paper".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christie may have drawn inspiration from English papier-mâché techniques that he encountered on a trip to England. Unfortunately, the building deteriorated due to bad weather, and after Christie's death, the new owner, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Krohn" title="Michael Krohn">Michael Krohn</a>, demolished both the church and mansion in 1830. Today, only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_F._L._Dreier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan F. L. Dreier (page does not exist)">Johan F. L. Dreier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_F._L._Dreier" class="extiw" title="de:Johan F. L. Dreier">de</a>]</span>'s watercolour of <i>The octagonal church at Wernersholm</i> (1827)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illustrates what the church once looked like. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cartapesta expert Raffaele Casciaro states that the earliest use of papier-mâché (or "Pappmaché") in Germany dates back to the first half of the 15th century, and he mentions a sculpture of the Virgin Mary that was part of a "Vesperbild" (or Pietà), by an anonymous German sculptor using stucco, pastiglia and cartapesta).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, the North German sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_von_Soest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert von Soest (page does not exist)">Albert von Soest</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_von_Soest" class="extiw" title="de:Albert von Soest">de</a>]</span> carved wooden moulds from which a plaster cast was made. These in turn were used to make multiple copies of papier-mâché Protestant images such as portraits of Martin Luther.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an example in the Danish National Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Staatliches_Museum_Schwerin" title="Staatliches Museum Schwerin">Staatliches Museum Schwerin</a>. </p><p>Georg Heinrich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stobwasser_(Manufaktur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stobwasser (Manufaktur) (page does not exist)">Stobwasser</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stobwasser_(Manufaktur)" class="extiw" title="de:Stobwasser (Manufaktur)">de</a>]</span> (1717-1776) founded a ‘lacquerware factory’ in Braunschweig in 1763 together with his father Georg Siegmund Eustachius Stobwasser. Due to the high quality of the (papier-mâché, wood or metal) goods and the resulting high demand from the Brunswick court, court society, the military and the merchant class, the new ‘factory’ soon employed almost a hundred people and started selling its products nationally and internationally. They produced household items as well as luxury items. However, their main products were snuff boxes and tobacco pipes, in which even the meerschaum was replaced by papier-mâché. The snuffboxes were particularly popular - not least because of their sometimes erotic depictions, which were concealed under a false bottom. High-quality furniture was also produced for courts throughout Europe. The manufactory soon attracted a large number of highly qualified painters, such as the miniature painter <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Weitsch" title="Friedrich Georg Weitsch">Friedrich Georg Weitsch</a>, who applied Stobwasser's miniature motifs (including idealised, romantic landscapes, historical and mythological scenes based on Italian, French or Dutch models) to the objects. Paintings by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Christian_August_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Christian August Schwartz (page does not exist)">Johann Christian August Schwartz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christian_August_Schwartz" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Christian August Schwartz">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pascha_Johann_Friedrich_Weitsch" title="Pascha Johann Friedrich Weitsch">Pascha Johann Friedrich Weitsch</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_Weitsch" title="Friedrich Georg Weitsch">Friedrich Georg Weitsch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Tunica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Tunica (page does not exist)">Christian Tunica</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Tunica" class="extiw" title="fr:Christian Tunica">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Brandes" title="Heinrich Brandes">Heinrich Brandes</a> are also mentioned. King Frederick the Great tried to entice Stobwasser away to Berlin, but in 1772/73 only a branch office (the 'Manufaktur für Lackwaren'<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) was founded, specialising in the manufacture of lacquered lamps. The Brunswick headquarters closed down in 1863. Stobwasser Berlin transitioned to lighting fixture production, becoming, by 1900, one of Germany's leading lamp manufacturers. The Braunschweig Municipal Museum<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a large collection of ‘Stobwasser articles’. </p><p>In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, at the suggestion of one of his footmen, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Bachmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Bachmann (page does not exist)">Johann Georg Bachmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Bachmann" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Georg Bachmann">de</a>]</span>, considered using papier-mâché to redecorate <a href="/wiki/Ludwigslust_Palace" title="Ludwigslust Palace">Ludwigslust Palace</a>. Bachmann became the first head of the Ludwigsluster Carton (papier-mâché) workshop, which initially produced capitals, ornemental mouldings, statues etc for the palace, its church, park, and nearby buildings such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herrenhaus_B%C3%BClow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herrenhaus Bülow (page does not exist)">Herrenhaus Bülow</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrenhaus_B%C3%BClow" class="extiw" title="de:Herrenhaus Bülow">de</a>]</span>. The entire interior decoration of the Golden Hall of Ludwigslust Palace, including the sconces, is made of papier-mâché. Later the workshop turned to the production of small furniture, vases, centrepieces, portrait busts, church decorations and other decorative objects, which were advertised in the Journal des Luxus und der Moden, among other publications, and sold throughout Europe. </p><p>Genuine <a href="/wiki/Mauchline" title="Mauchline">Mauchline</a> ware made in Scotland for the tourist market between the 1820s and 1900, notably hand-painted snuffboxes, was flooded out of the market by German-made imitations, some of them in papier-mâché rather than wood. </p><p>It is difficult to say when the first papier-mâché doll was made. The date 1540 is everywhere on the Internet, but it doesn't refer to anything specific, except sometimes to a book by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Fournier" title="Édouard Fournier">Édouard Fournier</a>, in which he mentions doll makers using a "terrible mixture of clay, paper and plaster" before 1540, and suggests that doll makers used the same mixture when they worked as ornamentalists making cornice and ceiling ornaments in carton-pierre. But he only mentions "un compte de 1540" (probably in the sense of a report or an invoice).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date 1540 is also too early for carton-pierre. What we do know is that papier-mâché was used in the early 19th century, perhaps since the mid-18th century, in Nuremberg (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Hieronimus_Bestelmeier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Hieronimus Bestelmeier (page does not exist)">Georg Hieronimus Bestelmeier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hieronimus_Bestelmeier" class="extiw" title="de:Georg Hieronimus Bestelmeier">de</a>]</span> had a shop there and published his first mail-order catalog in 1793) and <a href="/wiki/Sonneberg" title="Sonneberg">Sonneberg</a> when they developed into world-renowned toy manufacturing centers. An important doll manufacturer in the last decades of the 19th century was <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._M._Schilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. M. Schilling (page does not exist)">F. M. Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._M._Schilling" class="extiw" title="de:F. M. Schilling">de</a>]</span>, in Sonneberg. There was also <a href="/wiki/Armand_Marseille" title="Armand Marseille">Armand Marseille</a> in Köppelsdorf, a district of Sonneberg, who from 1885 developed into one of the world's largest suppliers of bisque porcelain doll heads, some of them at least with moving eyes and a papier-mâché body. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heubach" title="Ernst Heubach">Ernst Heubach</a>'s doll heads could also be mounted on a papier-mâché body. </p><p>In the middle of the 19th century, another German, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Ludwig_Greiner" title="Theodor Ludwig Greiner">Ludwig Greiner</a> (†1874) had emigrated to the United States of America and founded a papier-mâché doll manufacturing company in 1840. Doll heads (like globes) were moulded in two parts: "For round objects, such as doll heads, for example, two molds are used, one for the front of the head, the other for the back; the two pieces of cardboard made in these different moulds are joined by bringing them together and gluing strips of strong paper over the joint.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All that remained was to smooth the surface before painting and varnishing. </p><p>Many other toys were made of papier-mâché, such as puppets, or puppet heads, and all kinds of animals,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pull toy dogs, rocking horses or horses on wheels, and even elephants on wheels 1910/1920<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, Richard Mahr (1876-1952) founded <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marolin_%E2%80%93_Richard_Mahr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marolin – Richard Mahr (page does not exist)">Marolin – Richard Mahr</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marolin_%E2%80%93_Richard_Mahr" class="extiw" title="de:Marolin – Richard Mahr">de</a>]</span> in Steinach, Germany, producing papier-mâché figures for nativity scenes. Production halted in 1940, but revived in 1990. Today, Marolin offers toy animals and nativity figures in plastic and papier-mâché. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papier-mâché objects were made under Louis XIV, such as a watch-holder in the form of a clock (Cartel porte-montre)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in papier-mâché on a wooden frame, with a finish imitating tortoiseshell, or a polychrome papier-mâché bas-relief depicting the ‘Immaculate Conception’. </p><p>Papier-mâché was used at the Château de Versailles in the 18th century: it allowed ornamentalists to improve the decorations and give them greater freedom to adapt to the different spaces to be decorated. The decoration could also be modified or changed at minimal cost. The decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Reine" title="Théâtre de la Reine">Théâtre de la Reine</a> in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> in Marie-Antoinette's time was largely papier-mâché.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that time, many precious objects were made using papier-mâché. One example is a case<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made around 1760-1770. It was crafted from wood and papier-mâché, covered in black lacquer, and decorated with scenes from mythology inspired by <i>The Birth of Venus</i> and <i>The Abduction of Europa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> in oil paint. The finish was a lacquer imitation called <a href="/wiki/Vernis_Martin" title="Vernis Martin">vernis Martin</a>, developed in 1728. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet" title="Musée Carnavalet">Musée Carnavalet</a> houses a <i>Model of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Pavilion">Chinese Pavilion</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B4tel_de_Montmorency-Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hôtel de Montmorency-Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Hôtel de Montmorency-Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Montmorency-Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="fr:Hôtel de Montmorency-Luxembourg">fr</a>]</span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circa 1775-1785, with papier-mâché rocks that are actually boxes. There were also many papier-mâché mirror frames. </p><p>French <a href="/wiki/Vernis_Martin" title="Vernis Martin">lacquer</a> applied to cardboard is a technique similar to lacquered papier-mâché invented by Guillaume Martin (1689-1749) around 1740. We know of cardboard bowls covered with red lacquer imitating the shape of Chinese bowls attributed to Étienne-Simon Martin (1703-1770).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same technique could be used to make vases,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example. The Louvre owns a round candy box in violet varnished cardboard lined with brown tortoiseshell with a gouache signed van <a href="/wiki/Blarenberghe" title="Blarenberghe">Blarenberghe</a> on its lid.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papier-mâché tableware was also made, like this Déjeuner breakfast tableware) from the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> period, ca. 1790/1800<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasteboard was used for the geocentric armillary sphere attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Charles_Desnos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Charles Desnos (page does not exist)">Louis Charles Desnos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Charles_Desnos" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Charles Desnos">fr</a>]</span> in the Louvre<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Adt papier-mâché dynasty was a family-owned manufacturer of papier-mâché consumer goods that started in the mid-18th century in the Saar region with small-scale hand production and went on to become the world leader in papier-mâché products before being driven into bankruptcy. Its catalog listed over 10,000 products: from buttons and snuff boxes to cardboard casings for grenades, paper wagon wheels and items for the electrical industry, the company produced almost anything that could be made from papier-mâché. After the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the factory in Forbach (Lorraine) surpassed the production output in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensheim_(Sarrebruck)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensheim (Sarrebruck) (page does not exist)">Ensheim (Sarrebruck)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensheim_(Sarrebruck)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ensheim (Sarrebruck)">fr</a>]</span> and became the company headquarters until 1918. </p><p>Mathias Adt, son of the miller Johann Michael Adt (b. 1715), began making functional tobacco boxes. A monk, probably Mathias's brother, introduced him to papier-mâché boxes associated with the Parisian bookbinder Martin, although these had failed commercially in Paris. By 1739, Mathias was producing boxes for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abtei_Wadgassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abtei Wadgassen (page does not exist)">Wadgassen Abbey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtei_Wadgassen" class="extiw" title="de:Abtei Wadgassen">de</a>]</span>, and Abbot Michael Stein saw potential in the trade of what were called miller's tins or monastery tins. They were made by gluing strips of paper around a solid block of wood, which was then removed. The tin was then soaked in linseed oil and dried at low to medium heat, and when the surface was perfectly smooth, it was covered with three to eighteen layers of varnish.<sup id="cite_ref-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias Adt, son of the miller Johann Michael Adt (b. 1715), began making tobacco boxes. A monk, probably Mathias's brother, introduced him to the papier-mâché boxes associated with the Parisian bookbinder Martin, which had proved a commercial failure in Paris. By 1739, Mathias was making boxes for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abtei_Wadgassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abtei Wadgassen (page does not exist)">Wadgassen Abbey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abtei_Wadgassen" class="extiw" title="de:Abtei Wadgassen">de</a>]</span>, and the abbot saw potential in the trade in what were called miller's tins or monastery tins. These were made by gluing strips of paper around a solid block of wood which was then removed. The tin was then soaked in linseed oil and dried at low to medium heat, and when the surface was perfectly smooth, it was covered with three to eighteen layers of varnish.<sup id="cite_ref-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mathias' son Johann Peter (1751-1808) was in charge of the workshop, which was eventually set up in the abbey's provostry. Papier-mâché was a flourishing industry. French troops then occupied the Saar region in 1792 (until 1815) and the monasteries were secularised. Peter III Adt (1798-1879) bought the monastery in 1826 and a few years later founded the company Gebrüder Adt (Adt Brothers) with his three sons. Sales markets and trading offices were opened on all continents. By 1889, the company employed more than 2,500 people and produced more than six million items per year. There was a branch in <a href="/wiki/Forbach" title="Forbach">Forbach</a> (Lorraine) and another one in <a href="/wiki/Pont-%C3%A0-Mousson" title="Pont-à-Mousson">Pont-à-Mousson</a>, which focused entirely on the French market, with a different range of products. Pont-à-Mousson now has a museum of papier maché, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_au_fil_du_papier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée au fil du papier (page does not exist)">Musée au fil du papier</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_au_fil_du_papier" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée au fil du papier">fr</a>]</span>. </p><p>The decline began with the invention of Bakelite in 1907 and the First World War. The Second World War resulted in the destruction of the Ensheim and Schwarzenacker factories and the loss of the London branch. </p><p>There are many more details in the German version of Wikipedia (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappmach%C3%A9dynastie_Adt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pappmachédynastie Adt (page does not exist)">Pappmachédynastie Adt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappmach%C3%A9dynastie_Adt" class="extiw" title="de:Pappmachédynastie Adt">de</a>]</span>). </p><p>Papier-mâché painted with black lacquer and inlaid with mother-of-pearl inlays ("burgauté") was adopted by French furniture makers inspired by English production from 1860 onwards, and then manufactured in the Pont à Mousson workshops, which also made small household objects such as trays and boxes were also made, some of them decorated with Japanese court scenes or battle scenes. Other objects included playing card cases , and jewellery boxes lacquered red on the inside and black on the outside, decorated with stylised flowers and birds of paradise. They also made items for restaurants, such as a waterproof bottle cooler. </p><p>In the 19th century, carton-pierre (papier-mâché into which clay is added, for example<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was used extensively at Versailles and the Palais du Louvre. The Salle des Bijoux in the Musée Royal (now Room 661 in the Musée du Louvre), in the former Grand Cabinet of Louis XIV, was redecorated between 1828 and 1840: the new wall decoration, in wood and carton-pierre painted in faux marble or gilded, can be seen in a painting by Joseph Auguste.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duke of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">Nemours</a> (1814-1896), after the death of his elder brother in 1842, had the first floor of the <a href="/wiki/Pavillon_de_Marsan" title="Pavillon de Marsan">Pavillon de Marsan</a> refurbished and engaged the services of sculptor and ornamentalist Michel-Victor Cruchet (1815-1899), who made carved wooden furniture and architectural ornaments in carton-pierre.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less prestigious items are the dummy heads ("marottes") used by milliners, hatters or wigmakers and hairdressers to model or display their products. They could be made of polychrome papier-mâché or carton bouilli ("boiled cardboard"), and some had "yeux sulfure" which were simply glass eyes. Male heads are relatively rare. There were also papier-mâché hats to decorate a hatter's window. A surprising item is a bear's head: it was a taxidermist's dummy used to make fashionable bearskin carpets or bedside rugs. Schoolchildren may have been lucky enough to get a papier-mâché pencil box decorated with a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_printing" title="Transfer printing">transfer print</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while their parents seated on a <a href="/wiki/Gondola_chair" title="Gondola chair">gondola chair</a> made of wood and black-lacquered papier-mâché sorted their mail into the papier-mâché or boiled cardboard letter rack decorated with mother-of-pearl inlays. There might be somewhere a bowl of papier-mâché fruit painted in all the colours of the rainbow under a glass cloche. There would be papier-mâché statues in churches. This was also the time of the very accurate human and veterinary papier-mâché anatomical models by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ameline" title="Jean-François Ameline">Jean-François Ameline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Auzoux" title="Louis Thomas Jérôme Auzoux">Louis Auzoux</a>. Didactic pieces were also made by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Deyrolle" title="Émile Deyrolle">Émile Deyrolle</a> in France. In mid-19th-century France, high-quality artists' articulated mannequins or "lay figures"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Paul Huot and others, like "Child No. 98," (in the <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>) with its removable papier-mâché head, became invaluable tools for painters. </p><p>In 1904, La Revue universelle described Paris's small-scale toy industry relying on couples who worked in modest Temple and Belleville apartments and made papier-mâché items, with women pressing the papier-mâché into a mould and then unmoulding items, while men coloured and assembled them. Items included masks, carnival heads, streamers, zobos called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigophone (page does not exist)">bigophone</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/bigophone" class="extiw" title="fr:bigophone">fr</a>]</span>s in French, <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> fish, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheval-jupon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheval-jupon (page does not exist)">horse costumes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/cheval-jupon" class="extiw" title="fr:cheval-jupon">fr</a>]</span>, meats and pastries for theatre productions, fairground ball toss games, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands_and_Belgium">Netherlands and Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Netherlands and Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ceiling made of papier-mâché can be found at <a href="/wiki/Soestdijk_Palace" title="Soestdijk Palace">Soestdijk Palace</a> and in the spectacular hall of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_railway_station" title="Groningen railway station">Groningen railway station</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">Museum aan de Stroom</a> in Antwerp owns the papier-mâché head of <a href="/wiki/Druon_Antigoon" title="Druon Antigoon">Druon Antigoon</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst" title="Pieter Coecke van Aelst">Pieter Coecke van Aelst</a> in 1534-35.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used to be carried in a procession, together with that of Pallas Athena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papier-mâché was introduced to Russia in the early 18th century, likely through Western Europe. By the mid-19th century, Russian artisans had mastered and uniquely developed papier-mâché crafting, leading to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Russian_lacquer_art" title="Russian lacquer art">Russian lacquer art</a>, a style particularly centred in villages like Fedoskino, famous for <a href="/wiki/Fedoskino_miniature" title="Fedoskino miniature">Fedoskino miniatures</a> (there are many details in the pages in French and in German). Cardboard houses built by a Russian engineer, one Melnikov, are sometimes mentioned: a railway hut in Benderi (probably <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender, Moldova</a>) and a hut for the sick in Bucharest’ seem to have been assembled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catrinas_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Catrinas_2011.jpg/290px-Catrinas_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Catrinas_2011.jpg/435px-Catrinas_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Catrinas_2011.jpg/580px-Catrinas_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Papier-mâché <a href="/wiki/La_Calavera_Catrina" title="La Calavera Catrina">Catrinas</a>, traditional figures for <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the dead">day of the dead</a> celebrations in Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cartoner%C3%ADa" title="Cartonería">Cartonería</a> or papier-mâché sculpture is a traditional handcraft in Mexico. The papier-mâché works are also called "carton Piedra" (rock cardboard) for the rigidness of the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-costumes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costumes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sculptures today are generally made for certain yearly celebrations, especially for the Burning of Judas during Holy Week and various decorative items for Day of the Dead. However, they also include piñatas, mojigangas, masks, dolls and more made for various other occasions. There is also a significant market for collectors as well. Papier-mâché was introduced into Mexico during the colonial period, originally to make items for church. Since then, the craft has developed, especially in central Mexico. In the 20th century, the creation of works by Mexico City artisans Pedro Linares and Carmen Caballo Sevilla were recognized as works of art with patrons such as Diego Rivera. The craft has become less popular with more recent generations, but various government and cultural institutions work to preserve it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takang_Paete_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Takang_Paete_%282%29.jpg/220px-Takang_Paete_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Takang_Paete_%282%29.jpg/330px-Takang_Paete_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Takang_Paete_%282%29.jpg/440px-Takang_Paete_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Papier-mâché found in the DIY taka workshop kit created by the Adao Family from Paete, Laguna</figcaption></figure> <p>Papier-mâché, locally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Taka_(paper_mache)" title="Taka (paper mache)">taka</a>, is a known folk art of the town of <a href="/wiki/Paete" title="Paete">Paete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Carving Capital of the Philippines. It is said that the first known taka "was wrapped around a mold carved from wood and painted with decorative pattern."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_artists">20th century artists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 20th-century France, papier-mâché was used in the performing arts, whether to make Noh theatre masks, or masks for the play for ‘’Compère le Renard‘’,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a one-act farce by Georges Polti (1867-1946), created before the First World War (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy-Pierre_Fauconnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy-Pierre Fauconnet (page does not exist)">Guy-Pierre Fauconnet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy-Pierre_Fauconnet" class="extiw" title="fr:Guy-Pierre Fauconnet">fr</a>]</span>, 1920). Georges Lafaye (1915-1989) also built up a collection of puppets over the course of the century, some in papier mâché.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This material is also used in the decorative arts, for example by Catherine David to create the frame of a large papier-mâché mirror with mirror marquetry (1970s). More recently, artists such as Gilles Jonemann, with his brooch in white coral and papier mâché,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christian Astuguevieille<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have introduced papier mâché into jewellery design. Sculptors also used it, whether <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jules_Chasse-Pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Jules Chasse-Pot (page does not exist)">Jean-Jules Chasse-Pot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jules_Chasse-Pot" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Jules Chasse-Pot">fr</a>]</span> in works such as ‘’Homme au lévrier‘’ or Jean Dubuffet, in the 1960s, who experimented with papier mâché in sculptures such as Bouche en coup de sabre<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fruits de terre.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His use of this material reflects his exploration of so-called ‘poor’ materials to create raw, singular forms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%B6cklin" title="Arnold Böcklin">Arnold Böcklin</a>, with the help of his son-in-law <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Bruckmann_(Bildhauer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Bruckmann (Bildhauer) (page does not exist)">Peter Bruckmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bruckmann_(Bildhauer)" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Bruckmann (Bildhauer)">de</a>]</span>, made several copies of <i> Shield with Medusa's face</i> (Musée d’Orsay : S RF 2007 12). </p><p>The expressionist painter <a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">James Ensor</a> owned a papier-mâché "Fiji Mermaid," which was displayed at the Grand Palais in 2009 as part of an exhibition of his works. The original Fiji Mermaid was the one in <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P. T. Barnum</a>'s 19th-century sideshow attraction. Other examples are found in museums like the Harvard Museum and MUCEM in Marseille. </p><p>Some artists take old ideas, play with them, and give them a new twist: for instance, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Pistoletto" title="Michelangelo Pistoletto">Michelangelo Pistoletto</a>, a pioneer of Arte Povera, used humble materials like paper mâché and iron in his work Mappamondo (1966-1968).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Dalisi" title="Riccardo Dalisi">Riccardo Dalisi</a>’s Sedia in cartapesta -1973)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a chair entirely crafted from papier mâché. German surrealist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bellmer" title="Hans Bellmer">Hans Bellmer</a> reinvented papier-mâché dolls with his polychrome wood and paper-mâché figures with natural hair and painted details, a form that blurs innocence with unsettling complexity. Paolo Spalluto (from Lecce), inspired by the paper church in Norway, constructed the "Paper Room" in Tjøme, with walls covered in papier-mâché, and has also crafted a paper mosaic and a wall made with papier-mâché bricks. </p><p>Mexico is also home to a synthesis of ancient art and modern creations. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> showed an interest in Mexican folk art, including cartonería, and collected traditional crafts. The <a href="/wiki/Museo_Dolores_Olmedo" title="Museo Dolores Olmedo">Museo Dolores Olmedo</a> preserves some of them. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Linares" title="Pedro Linares">Pedro Linares</a> is famous for creating the first papier-mâché figures of ‘alebrijes’ (fantastic, colourful creatures typical of Mexican culture). </p><p>Many contemporary sculptors have used papier-mâché, for example <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Smith" title="Kiki Smith">Kiki Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Connell" class="mw-disambig" title="John Connell">John Connell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a>'s first one-man show in 1959 included papier-mâché sculptures. <a href="/wiki/Mirka_Mora" title="Mirka Mora">Mirka Mora</a> used papier-mâché to create playful, colourful sculptures, sometimes reminiscent of big heads and giant carnival figures (Little Miss Muffet, 1974). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paper_boats">Paper boats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paper boats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One common item made in the 19th century in America was the paper <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a>, most famously made by Waters & Sons of <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a>, New York. The invention of the continuous sheet paper machine allows paper sheets to be made of any length, and this made an ideal material for building a seamless boat <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a>. The paper of the time was significantly stretchier than modern paper, especially when damp, and this was used to good effect in the manufacture of paper boats. A layer of thick, dampened paper was placed over a hull mold and tacked down at the edges. A layer of glue was added, allowed to dry, and sanded down. Additional layers of paper and glue could be added to achieve the desired thickness, and cloth could be added as well to provide additional strength and stiffness. The final product was trimmed, reinforced with wooden strips at the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunwale" title="Gunwale">gunwales</a> to provide stiffness, and waterproofed. Paper <a href="/wiki/Racing_shell" title="Racing shell">racing shells</a> were highly competitive during the late 19th century. Few examples of paper boats survived. One of the best known paper boats was the canoe, the "Maria Theresa", used by Nathaniel Holmes Bishop to travel from New York to Florida in 1874–75. An account of his travels was published in the book <i>Voyage of the Paper Canoe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paper_observatory_domes">Paper observatory domes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Paper observatory domes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papier-mâché panels were used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to produce lightweight domes, used primarily for <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatories</a>. The domes were constructed over a wooden or iron framework, and the first ones were made by the same manufacturer that made the early paper boats, Waters & Sons. The domes used in observatories had to be light in weight so that they could easily be rotated to position the telescope opening in any direction, and large enough so that it could cover the large <a href="/wiki/Refractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Refractor">refractor</a> <a href="/wiki/Telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopes">telescopes</a> in use at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With modern plastics and composites taking over the decorative and structural roles that papier-mâché played in the past, papier-mâché has become less of a commercial product. There are exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Micarta" title="Micarta">Micarta</a>, a modern paper composite, and traditional applications such as the <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">piñata</a>. It is still used in cases where the ease of construction and low cost are important, such as in <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">arts and crafts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnival_floats">Carnival floats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Carnival floats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparazione_vendola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Preparazione_vendola.jpg/220px-Preparazione_vendola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Preparazione_vendola.jpg/330px-Preparazione_vendola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Preparazione_vendola.jpg/440px-Preparazione_vendola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Building of a papier-mâché mask for the sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a>, in the Carnival of Massafra</figcaption></figure> <p>Papier-mâché is commonly used for large, temporary sculptures such as <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> <a href="/wiki/Float_(parade)" title="Float (parade)">floats</a>. A basic structure of wood, metal and metal wire mesh, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_wire" title="Chicken wire">poultry netting</a>, is covered in papier-mâché. Once dried, details are added. The papier-mâché is then sanded and painted. Carnival floats can be very large and comprise a number of characters, props and scenic elements, all organized around a chosen theme. They can also accommodate several dozen people, including the operators of the mechanisms. The floats can have movable parts, like the facial features of a character, or its limbs. It is not unusual for local professional architects, engineers, painters, sculptors and ceramists to take part in the design and construction of the floats. <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">New Orleans Mardi Gras</a> float maker Blaine Kern, operator of the <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_World" title="Mardi Gras World">Mardi Gras World</a> float museum, brings Carnival float artists from Italy to work on his floats.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costuming_and_the_theatre">Costuming and the theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Costuming and the theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Creating papier-mâché masks is common among elementary school children and craft lovers. Either one's own face or a balloon can be used as a mold. This is common during Halloween time as a facial mask complements the costume.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papier-mâché is an economical building material for both sets and costume elements.<sup id="cite_ref-costumes_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-costumes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also employed in puppetry. A famous company that popularized it is <a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Puppet_Theater" title="Bread and Puppet Theater">Bread and Puppet Theater</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schumann" title="Peter Schumann">Peter Schumann</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_uses">Military uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper_sabots">Paper sabots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Paper sabots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schenkl_projectile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Schenkl_projectile.jpg/220px-Schenkl_projectile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Schenkl_projectile.jpg/330px-Schenkl_projectile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Schenkl_projectile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>The Schenkl projectile, used in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, used a papier-mâché <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">sabot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Papier-mâché was used in a number of firearms as a material to form <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">sabots</a>. Despite the extremely high pressures and temperatures in the bore of a firearm, papier-mâché proved strong enough to contain the pressure, and push a sub-<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> projectile out of the barrel with a high degree of accuracy. Papier-mâché sabots were used in everything from small arms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dreyse_needle_gun" title="Dreyse needle gun">Dreyse needle gun</a>, up to <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, such as the Schenkl projectile.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spon_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spon-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drop_tanks">Drop tanks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Drop tanks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, military aircraft fuel tanks were constructed out of plastic-impregnated paper and used to extend the range or loiter time of aircraft. These tanks were plumbed to the regular fuel system via detachable fittings and dropped from the aircraft when the fuel was expended, allowing short-range aircraft such as fighters to accompany long-range aircraft such as bombers on longer missions as protection forces. Two types of paper tanks were used, a 200-gallon (758 L) <a href="/wiki/Conformal_fuel_tank" title="Conformal fuel tank">conformal fuel tank</a> made by the United States for the <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a>, and a 108-gallon (409 L) cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">drop tank</a> made by the British and used by the P-47 and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_decoy">Combat decoy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Combat decoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From about 1915 in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the British were beginning to counter the highly effective sniping of the Germans. Among the techniques the British developed was to employ papier-mâché figures resembling soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with an apparatus that produced smoke from a cigarette, to increase the realism of the effect. Bullet holes in the decoys were used to determine the position of enemy snipers who had fired the shots. Very high success rates were claimed for this experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesketh-Pritchard_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesketh-Pritchard-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carmen y los superhéroes de la Naturaleza, Catrina exhibited at the Interactive Museum-Labyrinth of Science and Arts in San Luis Potosí City (San Luis Potosí, Mexico)"><img alt="Carmen y los superhéroes de la Naturaleza, Catrina exhibited at the Interactive Museum-Labyrinth of Science and Arts in San Luis Potosí City (San Luis Potosí, Mexico)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg/90px-%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg/135px-%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg/180px-%22Carmen_y_los_superh%C3%A9roes_de_la_Naturaleza%22_expuesta_al_Museo_Interactivo_Laberinto_de_las_Ciencias_y_las_Artes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Carmen y los superhéroes de la Naturaleza</i>, <a href="/wiki/La_Calavera_Catrina" title="La Calavera Catrina">Catrina</a> exhibited at the Interactive Museum-Labyrinth of Science and Arts in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí City</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chair decorated with papier-mâché and mother of pearl, exhibited in the Museum of Carmen de Maipú (Chile)"><img alt="Chair decorated with papier-mâché and mother of pearl, exhibited in the Museum of Carmen de Maipú (Chile)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg/90px-Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg/135px-Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg/180px-Silla_Segundo_Imperio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Chair decorated with papier-mâché and <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>, exhibited in the Museum of Carmen de Maipú (<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papier-mâché shark"><img alt="Papier-mâché shark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg/160px-Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg/240px-Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg/320px-Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_shark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papier-mâché shark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Papier-mâché rooster at Lisbon (Portugal)"><img alt="Papier-mâché rooster at Lisbon (Portugal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg/90px-Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg/135px-Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg/180px-Galo_Portugu%C3%AAs_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Papier-mâché rooster at <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vytynanky_(Wycinanki)" title="Vytynanky (Wycinanki)">Vycinanka (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish paper art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_lacquer_art" title="Russian lacquer art">Russian lacquer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanning" title="Japanning">Japanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanji_(Korean_paper_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanji (Korean paper art)">Hanji (Korean paper art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_binding" title="Papier-mâché binding">Papier-mâché binding</a>, a form of binding a book used in the 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9_Tiara" class="mw-redirect" title="Papier-mâché Tiara">Papier-mâché Tiara</a>, a papal tiara made in exile for Pope Pius VII's papal coronation in a church in Venice in 1800</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet-folding" title="Wet-folding">Wet-folding</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">origami</a> technique that uses damp paper.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CNRTL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/m%C3%A2cher">[1]</a> The first tab is about mâcher / chew ; the second one is about crush or tear</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Made from crushed and ground leather waste and scraps, then mixed with papier-mâché. Carton-cuir was used for decorative architectural elements that were to be gilded. Many details on papier-mâché (p. 195), carton-pierre (p. 207) and carton-cuir (p. 215) can be found in <i>Nouveau manuel complet du mouleur en plâtre, au ciment, à l'argile, à la cire, à la gelatine : traitant du moulage du carton, du carton-pierre, du carton-cuir, du carton-toile, du bois, de l'écaille, de la corne, de la baleine, etc., 1875. Gallica (in French): <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62536781/f226.item.r=%22Carton%20cuir%22">[2]</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1170349m/f100.image.r=">"carton%20pâte"?rk=193134;0 Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-costumes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-costumes_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-costumes_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-costumes_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaley2002" class="citation book cs1">Haley, Gail E (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/costumesforplays00hale"><i>Costumes for Plays and Playing</i></a></span>. Parkway Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887905-62-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-887905-62-6"><bdi>1-887905-62-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Costumes+for+Plays+and+Playing&rft.pub=Parkway+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-887905-62-6&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Gail+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcostumesforplays00hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egerton_1896-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_1896_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egerton_1896_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1896" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Wilbraham (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptionind00egergoog"><i>A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour</i></a>. WH Allen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+Indian+and+Oriental+Armour&rft.pub=WH+Allen+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Wilbraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadescriptionind00egergoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louvre: AD 27659 a and AD 12131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louvre: MAO 2300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louvre: MAO 2239; MAO 2291; AD 37641</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraf1987" class="citation book cs1">Saraf, D. N. (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&pg=PA125"><i>Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-204-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+and+Crafts%2C+Jammu+and+Kashmir%3A+Land%2C+People%2C+Culture&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-204-8&rft.aulast=Saraf&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQShV9jNzIUC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327150038/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_30March2015.pdf">"State Wise Registration Details Of G.I Applications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/treasures_protected/registered_GI_30March2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Wise+Registration+Details+Of+G.I+Applications&rft.pub=Controller+General+of+Patents+Designs+and+Trademarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipindia.nic.in%2Fgirindia%2Ftreasures_protected%2Fregistered_GI_30March2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. N. Saraf, <i>Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture</i>, Google books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">[3]</a> (pages 28-29)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. N. Saraf, <i>Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture</i>, Google books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">[4]</a> (page 125, with technical details on page 126)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. N. Saraf, <i>Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture</i>, Google books: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">[5]</a> (page 131)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smbr.it/dal-monte-gaetano/">SMBR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benedetto_da_maiano_e_bottega,_madonna_del_latte,_cartapesta,_1490_ca.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benedetto_da_maiano_e_bottega,_madonna_del_latte,_cartapesta,_1490_ca.jpg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecceprima.it/attualita/arte-della-cartapesta-lecce-storia-tradizione.html">"L'arte della cartapesta a Lecce. Storia e tradizione"</a>. <i>LeccePrima</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LeccePrima&rft.atitle=L%27arte+della+cartapesta+a+Lecce.+Storia+e+tradizione&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecceprima.it%2Fattualita%2Farte-della-cartapesta-lecce-storia-tradizione.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.castellocarlov.it/museo-della-cartapesta/">http://www.castellocarlov.it/museo-della-cartapesta/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latribunedelart.com/l-edition-2024-de-la-tefaf">La Tribune de l'Art </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Fogli, <i>La cartapesta nell'arte ovvero le statue da l'arie pietose</i>, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.collezionemarzadori.it/sites/default/files/2021-05/Catalogo-LaCameraDeiBambini.pdf">https://www.collezionemarzadori.it/sites/default/files/2021-05/Catalogo-LaCameraDeiBambini.pdf</a> p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/dict-english-furniture-makers/c">British-history.ac</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bifmo.furniturehistorysociety.org/find-people?occupation=Papier%20mache%20maker">BIFMO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bifmo.furniturehistorysociety.org/entry/jennens-bettridge-1816-40">BIFMO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiversUmney2003" class="citation book cs1">Rivers, Shayne; Umney, Nick (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservationfurn00rive"><i>Conservation of Furniture</i></a></span>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservationfurn00rive/page/n239">205</a>–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-0958-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-0958-3"><bdi>0-7506-0958-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+Furniture&rft.pages=205-6&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7506-0958-3&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Shayne&rft.au=Umney%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservationfurn00rive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madparis.fr/Jennens-Bettridge-Travailleuse-Birmingham-vers-1850">Musée des Arts Décoratifs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Hall is decorated with a large collection of German and Austrian stags' heads, collected by myself at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Munich, Vienna, Buda-Pesth, and other places. … Some of those on the front of the pillars, and which have papier-mache heads, imitating life, were purchased at Munich, with the assistance of Count Arco Zinneberg, whose collection at his house in the Wittelsbacher Platz, Munich, is one of the finest in the world. (<i>A description and history of Powerscourt, by Viscount Powerscourt</i>, London: Mitchell and Hughes, 1903. Archive.org: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/descriptionhisto00powe/descriptionhisto00powe_djvu.txt">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k67683143/f2.item.r=%22Jackson%20and%20Son%22.zoom">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dublincastle.ie/what-is-behind-these-closed-doors-4/">Dublincastle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k67790189/f4.item.r=%22McCallum%20and%20Hodson%22.zoom">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reizen naar de Kaap de Goede Hoop, Ierland en Noorwegen 1791–97</i>, 1802</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Picture Collection, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raffaele Casciaro (Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salento" title="University of Salento">University of Salento</a>, Lecce), « Entre stuc et papier mâché : sculptures polymatérielles de la Renaissance italienne », Technè [Online]: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.openedition.org/techne/8689">http://journals.openedition.org/techne/8689</a> ; DOI : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.8689">https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.8689</a>. Photo provided.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Decker, Bernhard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/lang_de/anzeige.php?aufsatz=Reformatoren+-+nicht+von+Pappe%3A+Martin+Luther+und+die+Bildpropaganda+des+Albert+von+Soest+in+Pappmach%C3%A9&pk=1826363">"Reformatoren - nicht von Pappe. Martin Luther und die Bildpropaganda des Albert von Soest in Pappmaché"</a>. <i>Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anzeiger+des+Germanischen+Nationalmuseums&rft.atitle=Reformatoren+-+nicht+von+Pappe.+Martin+Luther+und+die+Bildpropaganda+des+Albert+von+Soest+in+Pappmach%C3%A9&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.regesta-imperii.de%2Flang_de%2Fanzeige.php%3Faufsatz%3DReformatoren%2B-%2Bnicht%2Bvon%2BPappe%253A%2BMartin%2BLuther%2Bund%2Bdie%2BBildpropaganda%2Bdes%2BAlbert%2Bvon%2BSoest%2Bin%2BPappmach%25C3%25A9%26pk%3D1826363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samlinger.natmus.dk/dmr/asset/168013">"Portræt, Martin Luther"</a>. <i>Nationalmuseets Samlinger Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalmuseets+Samlinger+Online&rft.atitle=Portr%C3%A6t%2C+Martin+Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamlinger.natmus.dk%2Fdmr%2Fasset%2F168013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lacquer_Art" title="Museum of Lacquer Art">Museum of Lacquer Art</a> in Münster</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.braunschweig.de/kultur/museen/staedtisches-museum/index.php%7C">https://www.braunschweig.de/kultur/museen/staedtisches-museum/index.php%7C</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Édouard Fournier (1819-1880), <i>Histoire des jouets et des jeux d'enfants</i>, E. Dentu (Paris), 1889. Gallica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t5255848v?rk=21459;2">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Larousse, <i>Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle</i>, 1866-1890</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pig and her baby, France, c.1900: Musée des Arts Décoratifs: 992.474.1-2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://collections.madparis.fr/cochon-et-son-petit">[8]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée des Arts Décoratifs: 51448 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://collections.madparis.fr/elephant-4">[9]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.madparis.fr/cartel-porte-montre">MAD Paris</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Les carnets de Versailles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lescarnetsdeversailles.fr/2019/12/sous-les-ors-platre-et-carton/">http://www.lescarnetsdeversailles.fr/2019/12/sous-les-ors-platre-et-carton/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Tribune de l'Art</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latribunedelart.">com/les-secrets-de-la-laque-francaise-le-vernis-martin-4959</a>. This piece was housed in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lacquer_Art" title="Museum of Lacquer Art">Museum of Lacquer Art</a> (now being incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_State_Museum_of_Art_and_Cultural_History" title="Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History">Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History</a> in Münster.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latribunedelart.com/une-pagode-pour-le-musee-carnavalet"><i>La Tribune de l'Art</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée des Arts décoratifs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée Nissim de Camondo: CAM 82.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris, 1752. Louvre: OA 2211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proantic.com/1267439-dejeuner-d039epoque-directoire-en-papier-mache-france-fin-18ieme.html">Proantic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1753. Louvre: OAR 648</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jürgen_Boldorf_1998,_p._40_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Boldorf: 'Gebrauchskunst aus Papier' In: <i>Sammler Journal</i>. 11/1998, p. 40 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carton-pierre : Waste paper boiled into a pulp and mixed with glue and crushed chalk [or clay or other mineral matter], which, when cold, takes on the consistency and whiteness of stone. While still liquid, this paste is poured into moulds and then formed into ornaments, which are arranged and assembled for interior decoration. / "Vieux papiers cuits, convertis en pâte, recevant un mélange de colle et de craie broyée, qui, à froid, lui donne la consistance et la blancheur de la pierre. A l'état liquide, cette pâte est répandue dans des moules et en sort confectionnée en ornements, que l'on dispose et assemble pour les décorations intérieures.", P. Joudou, <i>Nomenclature générale des termes et mode de métré appliqués aux travaux de construction : le répertoire du bâtiment</i>, Lyon, 1873. Gallica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9738048n/f53.image.r=%22carton%20pierre%22?rk=600861;2">[10]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louvre: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010065521">[11]</a> ; Louvre: RF 3630</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010116760">https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010116760</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proantic.com/1417019-plumier-d039ecolier-en-papier-mache-et-image-de-transfert-a-l039inscription-quotplumes-.html">ProAntic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Dutch word 'ledenman', meaning "man with limbs", they were used to study realistic poses and realistic draping of clothing when no model was present.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Revue universelle</i>, 1904, tome IV, n°101, p. 15: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5808379t/f21.image.r=bigotphone.langFR">« L'Industrie des jouets »</a>: <b>Carton-pâte.</b> — Ici nous trouvons la petite fabrication, parce que ce commerce n'exige ni capitaux ni matériel important. La main-d’œuvre est tout. Du papier d'emballage ramassé dans les sous-sols des magasins, et vendu 16 francs les 100 kilogrammes; de la colle de farine et alun (2 francs les 40 kilogrammes), un moule en pierre pour y tasser la pâte avec la mailloche ; et cela suffit pour monter, par moitiés qu'on soude ensuite, des masques, des chevaux, des accessoires de cotillon, des <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigophone (page does not exist)">bigotphones</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheval-jupon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheval-jupon (page does not exist)">chevaux-jupons</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/cheval-jupon" class="extiw" title="fr:cheval-jupon">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> fish, charcuterie et pâtisserie de théâtre, passe-boules, quilles fantaisie. / Ces articles se fabriquent dans de modestes chambres du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartier_du_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quartier du Temple (page does not exist)">quartier du Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/quartier_du_Temple" class="extiw" title="fr:quartier du Temple">fr</a>]</span> et de <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Paris" title="Belleville, Paris">Belleville</a> ; la femme tasse et démoule, le mari soude et colorie, puis va vendre ou livrer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.mas.be/Details/collect/96662">Museum aan de Stroom</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/6/paete-s-taka">"Paete's Taka : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities"</a>. <i>artesdelasfilipinas.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artesdelasfilipinas.com&rft.atitle=Paete%27s+Taka+%3A+Philippine+Art%2C+Culture+and+Antiquities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartesdelasfilipinas.com%2Farchives%2F6%2Fpaete-s-taka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b550078970.r=%22papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9%22?rk=214593;2">Gallica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b54100151m.r=%22papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9%22?rk=257512;0">& https://wepa.unima.org/en/georges-lafaye/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée des Arts Décoratifs: 2015.109.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée des Arts Décoratifs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée des Arts Décoratifs: 41607 and 41463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musée Rodin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-rodin.fr/fr/exposition/linvention-de-loeuvre/oeuvres-liees/20">Jean Dubuffet (1901-1985)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collection FRAC Corsica, Corte, «Oggetti in meno» series. Another one in Peggy Guggenheim Collection (Venice)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaubourg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘’<a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>‘’, 21 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘’<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>‘’, 6 May 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cupery.net/SH.html"><i>A history of paper boats</i></a>, Cupery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723064510/http://www.cupery.net/SH.html">archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+paper+boats&rft.pub=Cupery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cupery.net%2FSH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop" class="citation cs2">Bishop, Nathaniel Holmes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1082"><i>Voyage of the Paper Canoe</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420203037/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1082">archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+of+the+Paper+Canoe&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F1082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cupery.net/dome.html">"Paper observatory domes"</a>. Cupery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723064459/http://www.cupery.net/dome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper+observatory+domes&rft.pub=Cupery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cupery.net%2Fdome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/04/11/106276949.pdf">"Columbia's New Observatory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 11, 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626103117/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/04/11/106276949.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+New+Observatory&rft.date=1884-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1884%2F04%2F11%2F106276949.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126043442/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=316698">"The special feature of the new observatory at Columbia College will be a paper dome"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i>. March 19, 1883. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=316698">the original</a> on January 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=The+special+feature+of+the+new+observatory+at+Columbia+College+will+be+a+paper+dome&rft.date=1883-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fref%3D316698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarghetti2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barghetti, Adriano (2007). <i>1994–2003: 130 anni di storia del Carnevale di Viareggio, Carnevale d'Italia e d'Europa</i> (in Italian). Pezzini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1994%E2%80%932003%3A+130+anni+di+storia+del+Carnevale+di+Viareggio%2C+Carnevale+d%27Italia+e+d%27Europa&rft.pub=Pezzini&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Barghetti&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams2006" class="citation book cs1">Abrahams, Roger D (2006). <i>Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras And America's Creole Soul</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3959-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3959-8"><bdi>0-8122-3959-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blues+for+New+Orleans%3A+Mardi+Gras+And+America%27s+Creole+Soul&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8122-3959-8&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Roger+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"How to Make Paper Mache Masks", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109081005/http://familycrafts.about.com/od/papermache/a/plmaskcraft.htm"><i>Family crafts</i></a>, About, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://familycrafts.about.com/od/papermache/a/plmaskcraft.htm">the original</a> on 2017-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+Make+Paper+Mache+Masks&rft.btitle=Family+crafts&rft.pub=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamilycrafts.about.com%2Fod%2Fpapermache%2Fa%2Fplmaskcraft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendick1945" class="citation book cs1">Bendick, Jeanne (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.188297"><i>Making the Movies</i></a>. Whittlesey House: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Movies&rft.place=Whittlesey+House&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Bendick&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.188297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolley1865" class="citation cs2">Holley, Alexander Lyman (1865), <i>A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor</i>, Trübner & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Ordnance+and+Armor&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spon-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spon_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponByrne1872" class="citation cs2">Spon, Edward; Byrne, Oliver (1872), <i>Spon's Dictionary of Engineering</i>, E&FN</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spon%27s+Dictionary+of+Engineering&rft.pub=E%26FN&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Spon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Byrne%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1970" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Roger Anthony (1970). <i>The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men, and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force)</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mighty+Eighth%3A+Units%2C+Men%2C+and+Machines+%28A+History+of+the+US+8th+Army+Air+Force%29&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Roger+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1980" class="citation book cs1">Grant, William Newby (1980). <i>P-51 Mustang</i>. Chartwell Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89009-320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89009-320-7"><bdi>978-0-89009-320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P-51+Mustang&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-89009-320-7&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=William+Newby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesketh-Pritchard-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hesketh-Pritchard_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu319240279466191920">"H. Hesketh-Pritchard, "Sniping in France", page 46+, pub: E P Dutton"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.+Hesketh-Pritchard%2C+%22Sniping+in+France%22%2C+page+46%2B%2C+pub%3A+E+P+Dutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu319240279466191920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/papier-mâché"><i>papier-mâché</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/papier-mache">Papier-mâché</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decorative_arts" title="Template talk:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decorative arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Decorative_arts_and_handicraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decorative_arts" title="History of decorative arts">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner-making" title="Banner-making">Banner-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas work">Canvas work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crocheting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stitch" title="Cross-stitch">Cross-stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_bracelet" title="Friendship bracelet">Friendship bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucet" title="Lucet">Lucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macrame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Millinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlepoint" title="Needlepoint">Needlepoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Ribbon embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rug_hooking" title="Rug hooking">Rug hooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning (textiles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_art" title="String art">String art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">Tatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altered_book" title="Altered book">Altered book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardmaking" title="Cardmaking">Cardmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_paper" title="Cast paper">Cast paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoupage" title="Decoupage">Decoupage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomontage" title="Photomontage">Photomontage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">Decal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_folding" title="Iris folding">Iris folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi">Jianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikiri_(papercutting)" title="Kamikiri (papercutting)">Kamikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirigami" title="Kirigami">Kirigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneygami" title="Moneygami">Moneygami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Papercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papercutting" title="Papercutting">Papercutting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycinanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycinanki">Slavic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_flower_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed flower craft">Pressed flower craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899363#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4173210-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Papier-m\u00E2ch\u00E9"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097672">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="papier-maché"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph206866&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000258378&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563274905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papier-mâché&oldid=1259323876">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papier-mâché&oldid=1259323876</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Category:Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 15:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-l8v4j","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.161","walltime":"1.341","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7133,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":94947,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4474,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":129666,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1131.347 1 -total"," 25.86% 292.592 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.41% 163.041 1 Template:IPA"," 13.22% 149.611 33 Template:Interlanguage_link"," 12.67% 143.315 9 Template:Cite_book"," 11.02% 124.678 1 Template:Decorative_arts"," 10.67% 120.667 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.98% 90.326 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.39% 60.978 33 Template:Separated_entries"," 5.24% 59.301 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.644","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22904583,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-44lgf","timestamp":"20241128015816","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Papier-m\u00e2ch\u00e9","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q899363","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q899363","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-23T06:10:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T15:08:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d9\/JacmelMardiGras.jpg","headline":"paper-based construction material"}</script> </body> </html>