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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>South Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_to_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_to_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>17th to 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_to_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Sandwich_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sandwich_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>South Sandwich Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sandwich_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Georgia_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Georgia_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>South Georgia Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Georgia_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islands_within_the_South_Georgia_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands_within_the_South_Georgia_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Islands within the South Georgia Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands_within_the_South_Georgia_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Sandwich_Islands_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Sandwich_Islands_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>South Sandwich Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Sandwich_Islands_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Extreme points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_domain_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_domain_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Internet domain registration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_domain_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Native plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduced_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduced_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Introduced plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduced_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_ecosystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_ecosystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Marine ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8D_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D,_%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D_%D1%85%D1%8B_%D1%82%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Ипшэ Джорджэрэ, Ипшэ Сандуичхэрэ хы тӀыгухэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ипшэ Джорджэрэ, Ипшэ Сандуичхэрэ хы тӀыгухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Georgi%C3%AB_en_die_Suidelike_Sandwicheilande" title="Suid-Georgië en die Suidelike Sandwicheilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Georgië en die Suidelike Sandwicheilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdgeorgien_und_die_S%C3%BCdlichen_Sandwichinseln" title="Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%93_%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%8A%E1%89%BD_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="ደቡብ ጆርጅያና ደቡብ ሳንድዊች ደሴቶች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ ጆርጅያና ደቡብ ሳንድዊች ደሴቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maad%C3%A2-Georgia_j%C3%A1_M%C3%A1dd%C3%A1%C3%A1h_Sandwichsuolluuh" title="Maadâ-Georgia já Máddááh Sandwichsuolluuh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Maadâ-Georgia já Máddááh Sandwichsuolluuh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%BEgeorgia_and_%C3%BE%C4%81_S%C5%AB%C3%BEsandwic_%C4%AAegland" title="Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandwic Īegland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūþgeorgia and þā Sūþsandwic Īegland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Cheorchias_d%27o_Sud_y_Sandwich_d%27o_Sud" title="Islas Cheorchias d'o Sud y Sandwich d'o Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islas Cheorchias d'o Sud y Sandwich d'o Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_Xeorxa_del_Sur_y_Sandwich_del_Sur" title="Islles Xeorxa del Sur y Sandwich del Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles Xeorxa del Sur y Sandwich del Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Georgiya_v%C9%99_C%C9%99nubi_Sendvi%C3%A7_adalar%C4%B1" title="Cənubi Georgiya və Cənubi Sendviç adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Georgiya və Cənubi Sendviç adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Kelod_miwah_Kapuloan_Sandwich_Kelod" title="Georgia Kelod miwah Kapuloan Sandwich Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Georgia Kelod miwah Kapuloan Sandwich Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Salatan_wan_Kapulauan_Sandwich_Salatan" title="Georgia Salatan wan Kapulauan Sandwich Salatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Georgia Salatan wan Kapulauan Sandwich Salatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_Georgia_kap_L%C3%A2m_Sandwich_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Lâm Georgia kap Lâm Sandwich Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm Georgia kap Lâm Sandwich Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Kidul_lan_Kepulauan_Sandwich_Kidul" title="Georgia Kidul lan Kepulauan Sandwich Kidul – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Georgia Kidul lan Kepulauan Sandwich Kidul" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Көньяҡ Георгия һәм Көньяҡ Сандвич утрауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ Георгия һәм Көньяҡ Сандвич утрауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Паўднёвая Георгія і Паўднёвыя Сандвічавы астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвая Георгія і Паўднёвыя Сандвічавы астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Паўднёвая Георгія і Паўднёвыя Сэндвічавыя астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвая Георгія і Паўднёвыя Сэндвічавыя астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Южна Джорджия и Южни Сандвичеви острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Джорджия и Южни Сандвичеви острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgia_i_Ju%C5%BEna_Sendvi%C4%8Dka_ostrva" title="Južna Georgia i Južna Sendvička ostrva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južna Georgia i Južna Sendvička ostrva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_ar_Su_hag_Inizi_Sandwich_ar_Su" title="Georgia ar Su hag Inizi Sandwich ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Georgia ar Su hag Inizi Sandwich ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Ge%C3%B2rgia_del_Sud_i_Sandwich_del_Sud" title="Illes Geòrgia del Sud i Sandwich del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Geòrgia del Sud i Sandwich del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăнтăр Сендвич утравĕсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр Сендвич утравĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Georgie_a_Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Sandwichovy_ostrovy" title="Jižní Georgie a Jižní Sandwichovy ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Georgie a Jižní Sandwichovy ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Georgia_ac_Ynysoedd_Sandwich_y_De" title="De Georgia ac Ynysoedd Sandwich y De – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Georgia ac Ynysoedd Sandwich y De" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_og_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia og South Sandwich Islands – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="South Georgia og South Sandwich Islands" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulli_Georgia_ja_Lulli_Sandwich-sullot" title="Lulli Georgia ja Lulli Sandwich-sullot – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lulli Georgia ja Lulli Sandwich-sullot" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdgeorgien_und_die_S%C3%BCdlichen_Sandwichinseln" title="Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südgeorgien und die Südlichen Sandwichinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowa_Georgiska_a_kupy_P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowy_Sandwich" title="Pódpołdnjowa Georgiska a kupy Pódpołdnjowy Sandwich – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołdnjowa Georgiska a kupy Pódpołdnjowy Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Georgia_ja_L%C3%B5una-Sandwichi_saared" title="Lõuna-Georgia ja Lõuna-Sandwichi saared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Georgia ja Lõuna-Sandwichi saared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Νήσοι Νότια Γεωργία και Νότιες Σάντουιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσοι Νότια Γεωργία και Νότιες Σάντουιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Georgias_del_Sur_y_Sandwich_del_Sur" title="Islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Georgio_kaj_la_Sud-Sandvi%C4%89insuloj" title="Sud-Georgio kaj la Sud-Sandviĉinsuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Georgio kaj la Sud-Sandviĉinsuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoaldeko_Georgiak_eta_Hegoaldeko_Sandwichak" title="Hegoaldeko Georgiak eta Hegoaldeko Sandwichak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoaldeko Georgiak eta Hegoaldeko Sandwichak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جزایر جورجیای جنوبی و ساندویچ جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر جورجیای جنوبی و ساندویچ جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ursandwichoyggjar_og_Su%C3%B0urgeorgia" title="Suðursandwichoyggjar og Suðurgeorgia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðursandwichoyggjar og Suðurgeorgia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgie_du_Sud-et-les_%C3%AEles_Sandwich_du_Sud" title="Géorgie du Sud-et-les îles Sandwich du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géorgie du Sud-et-les îles Sandwich du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Georgje_en_de_S%C3%BAdlike_Sandwicheilannen" title="Súd-Georgje en de Súdlike Sandwicheilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Georgje en de Súdlike Sandwicheilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeoirsia_Theas_agus_Oile%C3%A1in_Sandwich_Theas" title="An tSeoirsia Theas agus Oileáin Sandwich Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeoirsia Theas agus Oileáin Sandwich Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Georgia_hem_%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Sandwich_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Üülen Georgia hem Üülen Sandwich Adaları – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Üülen Georgia hem Üülen Sandwich Adaları" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%C3%B2irsea_a_Deas_is_na_h-Eileanan_Shandwich_a_Deas" title="Sheòirsea a Deas is na h-Eileanan Shandwich a Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sheòirsea a Deas is na h-Eileanan Shandwich a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Xeorxia_do_Sur_e_Sandwich_do_Sur" title="Illas Xeorxia do Sur e Sandwich do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas Xeorxia do Sur e Sandwich do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m_Georgia_l%C3%A2u_N%C3%A0m_Sandwich_Khi%C3%B9n-t%C3%B3" title="Nàm Georgia lâu Nàm Sandwich Khiùn-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm Georgia lâu Nàm Sandwich Khiùn-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%83%8C%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="사우스조지아 사우스샌드위치 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사우스조지아 사우스샌드위치 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D6%87_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հարավային Ջորջիա և Հարավային Սանդվիչյան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Ջորջիա և Հարավային Սանդվիչյան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="दक्षिण जॉर्जिया एवं दक्षिण सैंडविच द्वीप समूह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण जॉर्जिया एवं दक्षिण सैंडविच द्वीप समूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgiska_a_Ju%C5%BEne_Sandwichowe_kupy" title="Južna Georgiska a Južne Sandwichowe kupy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južna Georgiska a Južne Sandwichowe kupy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgia_i_oto%C4%8Dje_Ju%C5%BEni_Sandwich" title="Južna Georgia i otočje Južni Sandwich – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Georgia i otočje Južni Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Selatan_dan_Kepulauan_Sandwich_Selatan" title="Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Хуссар Джорджи æмæ Хуссар Сандвичы сакъадæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Джорджи æмæ Хуссар Сандвичы сакъадæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Georg%C3%ADa_og_Su%C3%B0ur-Sandv%C3%ADkureyjar" title="Suður-Georgía og Suður-Sandvíkureyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Georgía og Suður-Sandvíkureyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_del_Sud_e_Isole_Sandwich_Australi" title="Georgia del Sud e Isole Sandwich Australi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georgia del Sud e Isole Sandwich Australi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A5%27_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="איי ג'ורג'יה הדרומית ואיי סנדוויץ' הדרומיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי ג'ורג'יה הדרומית ואיי סנדוויץ' הדרומיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Kidul_lan_Sandwich_Kidul" title="Georgia Kidul lan Sandwich Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Georgia Kidul lan Sandwich Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სამხრეთი ჯორჯია და სამხრეთ სენდვიჩის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი ჯორჯია და სამხრეთ სენდვიჩის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Оңтүстік Георгия және Оңтүстік Сэндвич аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік Георгия және Оңтүстік Сэндвич аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeorji_Dheghow_hag_Ynysow_Sandwich_Deghow" title="Jeorji Dheghow hag Ynysow Sandwich Deghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jeorji Dheghow hag Ynysow Sandwich Deghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geworugiya_y%E2%80%99Epfo_n%E2%80%99Ibirwa_bya_Sanduwice_y%E2%80%99Epfo" title="Geworugiya y’Epfo n’Ibirwa bya Sanduwice y’Epfo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Geworugiya y’Epfo n’Ibirwa bya Sanduwice y’Epfo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiwa_vya_South_Georgia_na_South_Sandwich" title="Visiwa vya South Georgia na South Sandwich – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Visiwa vya South Georgia na South Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9y%C3%B2rji_di_Sid_k%C3%A9_Zil_Sandwich_di_Sid" title="Jéyòrji di Sid ké Zil Sandwich di Sid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jéyòrji di Sid ké Zil Sandwich di Sid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Түштүк Георгия жана Сандвич аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк Георгия жана Сандвич аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_dl_Sud_y_l%27Ijules_Sandwich_dl_Sud" title="Georgia dl Sud y l'Ijules Sandwich dl Sud – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Georgia dl Sud y l'Ijules Sandwich dl Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidd%C5%BEord%C5%BEija_un_Dienvidsendvi%C4%8Du_Salas" title="Dienviddžordžija un Dienvidsendviču Salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienviddžordžija un Dienvidsendviču Salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdgeorgien_an_d%27S%C3%BCdlech_Sandwichinselen" title="Südgeorgien an d'Südlech Sandwichinselen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Südgeorgien an d'Südlech Sandwichinselen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_D%C5%BEord%C5%BEijos_ir_Piet%C5%B3_Sandvi%C4%8Do_Salos" title="Pietų Džordžijos ir Pietų Sandvičo Salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Džordžijos ir Pietų Sandvičo Salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2rgia_do_Sud_e_isoe_Sandwich_meridion%C3%A6" title="Geòrgia do Sud e isoe Sandwich meridionæ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Geòrgia do Sud e isoe Sandwich meridionæ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_en_de_Zuid-Sandwicheilen" title="South Georgia en de Zuid-Sandwicheilen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="South Georgia en de Zuid-Sandwicheilen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9li-Georgia_%C3%A9s_D%C3%A9li-Sandwich-szigetek" title="Déli-Georgia és Déli-Sandwich-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Déli-Georgia és Déli-Sandwich-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Јужна Џорџија и Јужни Сендвички Острови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужна Џорџија и Јужни Сендвички Острови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="साउथ जॉर्जिया व साउथ सँडविच द्वीपसमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साउथ जॉर्जिया व साउथ सँडविच द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ობჟათე გეორგია დო ობჟათე სენდვიჩიშ კოკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე გეორგია დო ობჟათე სენდვიჩიშ კოკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جزر جورجيا و ساندويتش الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزر جورجيا و ساندويتش الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="جنوبی جورجیا و جنوبی ساندویچ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی جورجیا و جنوبی ساندویچ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Selatan_dan_Kepulauan_Sandwich_Selatan" title="Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_Georgia_g%C3%A2e%CC%A4ng_N%C3%A0ng_Sandwich_G%C3%B9ng-d%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Nàng Georgia gâe̤ng Nàng Sandwich Gùng-dō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng Georgia gâe̤ng Nàng Sandwich Gùng-dō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Georgia_en_de_Zuidelijke_Sandwicheilanden" title="Zuid-Georgia en de Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Georgia en de Zuidelijke Sandwicheilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="サウスジョージア・サウスサンドウィッチ諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サウスジョージア・サウスサンドウィッチ諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdgeorgien_an_S%C3%BC%C3%BCdelk_Sandwich_Eilunen" title="Süüdgeorgien an Süüdelk Sandwich Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdgeorgien an Süüdelk Sandwich Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Georgia_og_S%C3%B8r-Sandwich%C3%B8yene" title="Sør-Georgia og Sør-Sandwichøyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Georgia og Sør-Sandwichøyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Georgia_og_S%C3%B8r-Sandwich%C3%B8yane" title="Sør-Georgia og Sør-Sandwichøyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Georgia og Sør-Sandwichøyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Georgia_e_li_Sud_Sandwich_Isles" title="Sud Georgia e li Sud Sandwich Isles – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sud Georgia e li Sud Sandwich Isles" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Georgia_del_Sud_e_Sandwich_del_Sud" title="Illas Georgia del Sud e Sandwich del Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illas Georgia del Sud e Sandwich del Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਜਾਰਜੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਸੈਂਡਵਿਚ ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਜਾਰਜੀਆ ਅਤੇ ਦੱਖਣੀ ਸੈਂਡਵਿਚ ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Po%C5%82udniowa_i_Sandwich_Po%C5%82udniowy" title="Georgia Południowa i Sandwich Południowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georgia Południowa i Sandwich Południowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_Ge%C3%B3rgia_do_Sul_e_Sandwich_do_Sul" title="Ilhas Geórgia do Sul e Sandwich do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas Geórgia do Sul e Sandwich do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_de_Sud_%C8%99i_Insulele_Sandwich_de_Sud" title="Georgia de Sud și Insulele Sandwich de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georgia de Sud și Insulele Sandwich de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Южная Георгия и Южные Сандвичевы Острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южная Георгия и Южные Сандвичевы Острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Соҕуруу Георгия уонна Соҕуруу Сэндуич арыылара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу Георгия уонна Соҕуруу Сэндуич арыылара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B2rgia_de_su_Sud_e_%C3%8Csulas_Sandwich_meridionales" title="Geòrgia de su Sud e Ìsulas Sandwich meridionales – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Geòrgia de su Sud e Ìsulas Sandwich meridionales" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeorgjia_Jugore_dhe_Ishujt_Jugor%C3%AB_Sandui%C3%A7" title="Gjeorgjia Jugore dhe Ishujt Jugorë Sanduiç – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeorgjia Jugore dhe Ishujt Jugorë Sanduiç" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Georgia_a_Ju%C5%BEn%C3%A9_Sandwichove_ostrovy" title="Južná Georgia a Južné Sandwichove ostrovy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južná Georgia a Južné Sandwichove ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgija_in_Ju%C5%BEni_Sandwichevi_otoki" title="Južna Georgija in Južni Sandwichevi otoki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južna Georgija in Južni Sandwichevi otoki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonfur_Joorjiya_iyo_Koonfurta_Jasiiradaha_Sanwij" title="Koonfur Joorjiya iyo Koonfurta Jasiiradaha Sanwij – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koonfur Joorjiya iyo Koonfurta Jasiiradaha Sanwij" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јужна Џорџија и Јужна Сендвичка Острва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужна Џорџија и Јужна Сендвичка Острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Georgia_i_arhipelag_Ju%C5%BEni_Sandwich" title="Južna Georgia i arhipelag Južni Sandwich – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Georgia i arhipelag Južni Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9orgia_Kidul_jeung_Kapuloan_Sandwich_Kidul" title="Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Géorgia Kidul jeung Kapuloan Sandwich Kidul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Georgia_ja_Etel%C3%A4iset_Sandwichsaaret" title="Etelä-Georgia ja Eteläiset Sandwichsaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Georgia ja Eteläiset Sandwichsaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydgeorgien_och_Sydsandwich%C3%B6arna" title="Sydgeorgien och Sydsandwichöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydgeorgien och Sydsandwichöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="தெற்கு யோர்சியா மற்றும் தெற்கு சண்ட்விச் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்கு யோர்சியா மற்றும் தெற்கு சண்ட்விச் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Көньяк Георгия һәм Көньяк Сандвич утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Георгия һәм Көньяк Сандвич утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9C%E1%82%84%E1%82%88_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ၵျေႃႇၵျႃႇ ပွတ်းၸၢၼ်း လႄႈ မူႇၵုၼ် သၢၼ်းဝိတ်ႉ ပွတ်းၸၢတ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵျေႃႇၵျႃႇ ပွတ်းၸၢၼ်း လႄႈ မူႇၵုၼ် သၢၼ်းဝိတ်ႉ ပွတ်းၸၢတ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="เกาะเซาท์จอร์เจียและหมู่เกาะเซาท์แซนด์วิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะเซาท์จอร์เจียและหมู่เกาะเซาท์แซนด์วิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Ҷорҷияи Ҷанубӣ ва ҷазираҳои Сандвичи Ҷанубӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷорҷияи Ҷанубӣ ва ҷазираҳои Сандвичи Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Georgia_ve_G%C3%BCney_Sandwich_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Güney Georgia ve Güney Sandwich Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Georgia ve Güney Sandwich Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D3%B5%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Лымшор Георгия но Лымшор Сандвич шормуӵъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лымшор Георгия но Лымшор Сандвич шормуӵъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Південна Джорджія і Південні Сандвічеві Острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Джорджія і Південні Сандвічеві Острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%DA%86" title="جنوبی جارجیا و جزائر جنوبی سینڈوچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی جارجیا و جزائر جنوبی سینڈوچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%AF%D9%89%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%DB%8B%DB%95_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8B%D9%89%DA%86_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="جەنۇبىي گىئورگىيە ۋە ساندۋىچ ئاراللىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەنۇبىي گىئورگىيە ۋە ساندۋىچ ئاراللىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3rja_de_el_Sud_e_%C3%8Czo%C5%82e_S%C3%A8nduic_meridiona%C5%82i" title="Jórja de el Sud e Ìzołe Sènduic meridionałi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jórja de el Sud e Ìzołe Sènduic meridionałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Georgia_v%C3%A0_Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Nam_Sandwich" title="Nam Georgia và Quần đảo Nam Sandwich – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Georgia và Quần đảo Nam Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan_nga_Georgia_ngan_an_Salatan_Kapurupod-an_Sandwich" title="Salatan nga Georgia ngan an Salatan Kapurupod-an Sandwich – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan nga Georgia ngan an Salatan Kapurupod-an Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeoorji_gu_B%C3%ABj-saalum_ak_Duni_Islaand_yi_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Jeoorji gu Bëj-saalum ak Duni Islaand yi Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jeoorji gu Bëj-saalum ak Duni Islaand yi Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E6%90%AD%E5%8D%97%E6%A1%91%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%87%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="南喬治亞搭南桑威奇群島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南喬治亞搭南桑威奇群島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="דרום דזשארדזשיע און די דרום סענדוויטש אינזלען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום דזשארדזשיע און די דרום סענדוויטש אינזלען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_Georgia_%C3%A0ti_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9_Sandwich" title="Gúúsù Georgia àti àwọn Erékùṣù Gúúsù Sandwich – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gúúsù Georgia àti àwọn Erékùṣù Gúúsù Sandwich" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E8%88%87%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%89%E6%96%87%E6%B2%BB%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="南佐治亞與南三文治群島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南佐治亞與南三文治群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%97%E6%A1%91%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%87%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="南乔治亚和南桑威奇群岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南乔治亚和南桑威奇群岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&params=54_15_S_36_45_W_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°15′S</span> <span class="longitude">36°45′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.250°S 36.750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-54.250; -36.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Overseas Territory in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">South Georgia and <span class="nowrap">the South Sandwich Islands</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><img alt="Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/130px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/195px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/260px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><img alt="Official seal of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="837" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto</b>: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">Leo terram propriam protegat</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span> (English: <span lang="en">"Let the lion protect his own land"</span>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Anthem</b>: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=dag&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="dag" label="dagbanli ‪(dag)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=ga&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ga" label="Gaeilge ‪(ga)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=gd&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gd" label="Gàidhlig ‪(gd)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=mi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori ‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=nrm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nrf" label="Nouormand ‪(nrm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean"><img alt="Location of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg/255px-South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg/383px-South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg/510px-South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_in_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the southern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies" title="Falkland Islands Dependencies">Separation from Falkland Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1985</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and largest settlement</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&params=54_17_00_S_36_30_00_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°17′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">36°30′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.28333°S 36.50000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-54.28333; -36.50000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>South Georgian</li><li>South Sandwich Islander</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Directly administered</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Blake" title="Alison Blake">Alison Blake</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe,_North_America_and_Overseas_Territories" title="Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories">Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Doughty" title="Stephen Doughty">Stephen Doughty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,903 km<sup>2</sup> (1,507 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">not ranked</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_pound" title="Falkland Islands pound">Falkland Islands pound</a> (£) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">FKP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202:00" title="UTC−02:00">UTC−02:00</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telephone numbers in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telephone numbers in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">+500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#British_Overseas_Territories" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">UK postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code">SIQQ 1xx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GS" title="ISO 3166-2:GS">GS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.gs/">www<wbr />.gov<wbr />.gs</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</b> (<b>SGSSI</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> and a chain of smaller islands known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>. South Georgia is 165 kilometres (103 mi) long and 35 kilometres (22 mi) wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about 700 kilometres (430 mi) southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is 3,903 km<sup>2</sup> (1,507 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> are about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) west from its nearest point. </p><p>The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, and a very small non-permanent population resides on South Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no scheduled passenger flights or ferries to or from the territory, although visits by cruise liners to South Georgia are increasingly popular, with several thousand visitors each summer. </p><p>The United Kingdom claimed <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over South Georgia in 1775 and the South Sandwich Islands in 1908. The territory of "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" was formed in 1985;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> previously, it had been governed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies" title="Falkland Islands Dependencies">Falkland Islands Dependencies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> claimed South Georgia in 1927 and claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938. </p><p>Argentina maintained a naval station, <a href="/wiki/Corbeta_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbeta Uruguay">Corbeta Uruguay</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule Island</a> in the South Sandwich Islands from 1976 until 1982 when it was closed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. The Argentine claim over South Georgia contributed to the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, during which Argentine forces briefly occupied the island. Argentina <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute">continues to claim sovereignty</a> over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego,_Ant%C3%A1rtida_e_Islas_del_Atl%C3%A1ntico_Sur_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province">Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dissostichus" title="Dissostichus">Toothfish</a> are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, <a href="/wiki/Toothfish_Day" title="Toothfish Day">Toothfish Day</a> is celebrated on 4 September as a <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holiday</a> in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Georgia">South Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: South Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th_to_19th_centuries">17th to 19th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th to 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seale-1744.png/220px-Seale-1744.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seale-1744.png/330px-Seale-1744.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seale-1744.png/440px-Seale-1744.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Richard William Seale's map of 1744, showing Roche Island and noting its discovery in 1675</figcaption></figure> <p>The island of South Georgia was first sighted and visited in April 1675 by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Anthony de la Roché</a>, a London merchant and (despite his French name) an Englishman, who spent a fortnight in one of the island's bays.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island appeared as <i>Roche Island</i> on early maps.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercial Spanish ship <i>León</i>, operating out of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, sighted it on 28 June or 29 June 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">circumnavigated the island</a> in 1775 and made the first landing. He claimed the territory for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, naming it the "Isle of Georgia" in honour of King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a>. British arrangements for the government of South Georgia were established under 1843 British <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>. </p><p>In 1882–1883 a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> expedition for the first <a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">International Polar Year</a> set up its base at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bay" title="Royal Bay">Royal Bay</a> on the southeast side of the island. The scientists of this group observed the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> and recorded waves produced by the <a href="/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa" title="1883 eruption of Krakatoa">1883 eruption of Krakatoa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a> at South Georgia began in 1786 and continued throughout the 19th century. The waters proved treacherous and a number of vessels were wrecked there, such as <a href="/wiki/Earl_Spencer_(1799_ship)" title="Earl Spencer (1799 ship)"><i>Earl Spencer</i></a>, in late 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grytviken_church.jpg/220px-Grytviken_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grytviken_church.jpg/330px-Grytviken_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grytviken_church.jpg/440px-Grytviken_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken" title="Norwegian Anglican Church, Grytviken">Norwegian Lutheran Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a></figcaption></figure> <p>South Georgia became a base for <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">Carl Anton Larsen</a>, established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a> in 1904. It operated through his <a href="/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Argentina_de_Pesca" title="Compañía Argentina de Pesca">Argentine Fishing Company</a>, which settled in Grytviken.<sup id="cite_ref-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The station operated until 1965. <a href="/wiki/Whaling_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling station">Whaling stations</a> operated under leases granted by the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Harbour" title="Prince Olav Harbour">Prince Olav Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_(South_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromness (South Georgia)">Stromness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husvik" title="Husvik">Husvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godthul" title="Godthul">Godthul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Harbour" title="Ocean Harbour">Ocean Harbour</a></li></ol> </div> <p>The whaling stations' <a href="/wiki/Trywork" title="Trywork">tryworks</a> were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a <a href="/wiki/Charnel_house" title="Charnel house">charnel house</a> boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a> wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg/220px-PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg/330px-PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg/440px-PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>South Georgia, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hurley" title="Frank Hurley">Frank Hurley</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Museum" title="South Georgia Museum">South Georgia Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken" title="Norwegian Anglican Church, Grytviken">Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken</a>, only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. </p><p>In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the <a href="/wiki/South_Orkneys" class="mw-redirect" title="South Orkneys">South Orkneys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="South Shetlands">South Shetlands</a>, the South Sandwich Islands, and <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective <a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">possession</a>, enforcement of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom law">British law</a>, and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Dependencies" title="Falkland Islands Dependencies">Falkland Islands Dependencies</a>. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a> of 110 feet (34 m), was landed at Grytviken.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1916, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> became stranded on <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Island" title="Elephant Island">Elephant Island</a>, some 800 miles (1,300 km) southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_Bay" title="King Haakon Bay">King Haakon Bay</a> on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Tom Crean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Worsley" title="Frank Worsley">Frank Worsley</a>, went on to cover 22 miles (35 km) over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at <a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a> whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a <a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">later expedition</a>, Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a>, who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Birchflow_SG.jpg/220px-Birchflow_SG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Birchflow_SG.jpg/330px-Birchflow_SG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Birchflow_SG.jpg/440px-Birchflow_SG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>South Georgia passport entry stamp, issued at the Post Office in Grytviken 1984</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SG-Settlements.png/220px-SG-Settlements.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SG-Settlements.png/330px-SG-Settlements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SG-Settlements.png/440px-SG-Settlements.png 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Historical and modern settlements of South Georgia Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>, which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Marines" title="Argentine Marines">Argentine Marines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mufti_(dress)" title="Mufti (dress)"><i>mufti</i></a>), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at <a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a> on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grytviken" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grytviken">attacked and occupied Grytviken</a>. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Astiz" title="Alfredo Astiz">Alfredo Astiz</a>, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a> who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the <a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War</a> in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paraquet" title="Operation Paraquet">Operation Paraquet</a>. </p><p>In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Sandwich_Islands">South Sandwich Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Sandwich Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png/220px-South_sandwich_islands.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png/330px-South_sandwich_islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png/440px-South_sandwich_islands.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Map of the South Sandwich Islands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich</a>, who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a>, at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>. </p><p>Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugio_Teniente_Esquivel" class="extiw" title="es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel">es</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Bay" title="Ferguson Bay">Ferguson Bay</a> on the southeastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule Island</a>. Argentina maintained a naval base (<a href="/wiki/Corbeta_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbeta Uruguay">Corbeta Uruguay</a>) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sole official language of the territory is English, which is widely spoken amongst residents currently and used for nearly all administrative functions in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although English is used in the majority of government functions, the islands' motto <i>Leo Terram Propriam Protegat</i> is in Latin and is translated as "May the Lion protect his own land".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adoption of new placenames was governed by the <i>Place-names Ordinance of 1956</i> and <i>Place-names Regulation of 1957</i> until 11 September 2020, when a representative was appointed to the regional Antarctic Place-names Committee and a new list of three criteria was created for deciding new names within the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During British captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s navigation of the islands, he set a standard for the adoption of new names in the territory based on four categories: expedition sponsors, the names of officers and crew, notable contemporary events, and descriptive names referring to the physical nature of the place or geographic formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This standard was mostly followed by later visitors in the region, including by explorers from different countries, such as Russian explorer <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a>, who selected six new names within the territory in his 1819-1821 Antarctic expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Locations currently bearing names selected by Cook include <a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Possession_Bay" title="Possession Bay">Possession Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Isles" title="Bay of Isles">Bay of Isles</a>, amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional English names given many years after in recognition of past visits by <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_States" title="Whaling in the United States">American whalers</a> in the territory include <a href="/wiki/Morrell_Point" title="Morrell Point">Morrell Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp_Point" title="Wasp Point">Wasp Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Point">Pacific Point</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comer_Crag" title="Comer Crag">Comer Crag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Russian-language names chosen by Bellingshausen include the <a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zavodovski_Island" title="Zavodovski Island">Zavodovski Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island">Visokoi Island</a> (<i>высокий</i> meaning "high").<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Lowland Scots</a> language presence within the topography of the territory, with some locations being named after notable Scottish individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Geikie_Glacier" title="Geikie Glacier">Geikie Glacier</a><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gnis2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_placenames_in_other_countries#South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish placenames in other countries">amongst others</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of placenames were influenced by the historical presence of <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Norwegian whalers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Hestesletten" title="Hestesletten">Hestesletten</a> ("horse's plain"),<sup id="cite_ref-gnis-HES_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-HES-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skrap_Skerries" title="Skrap Skerries">Skrap Skerries</a> ("skrapskjaer" or "skrapskjar"),<sup id="cite_ref-gnis-ES_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-ES-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a> ("Pot Bay"),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Elsehul" title="Elsehul">Elsehul</a> ("Else's hole"),<sup id="cite_ref-gnis-CP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-CP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a few whaling stations such as <a href="/wiki/Godthul" title="Godthul">Godthul</a> ("good hollow").<sup id="cite_ref-gnis-GOD_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-GOD-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person to be born in South Georgia (and south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>), <a href="/wiki/Solveig_Gunbj%C3%B8rg_Jacobsen" title="Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen">Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen</a>, was also Norwegian.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The small cove <a href="/wiki/Maiviken" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiviken">Maiviken</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Thatcher_Peninsula" title="Thatcher Peninsula">Thatcher peninsula</a>, was originally given the Swedish name <i>Majviken</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May</a> Bay" but was later altered into its current Norwegian spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-gnis-MAI_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-MAI-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, numerous German placenames were also adopted in recognition of the <i>German International Polar Year Expedition</i> of 1882-1883 and an earlier American whaling voyage in 1877-1878 carrying Austrian painter <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klutschak" title="Heinrich Klutschak">Heinrich Klutschak</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Klutschak_Point" title="Klutschak Point">Klutschak Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schrader_Glacier" title="Schrader Glacier">Schrader Glacier</a> commemorating the two trips.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a Spanish language presence in the territory for a significant amount of time, with the whaling company <i><a href="/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_Argentina_de_Pesca" title="Compañía Argentina de Pesca">Compañía Argentina de Pesca</a></i> operating in the territory for approximately 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are relatively few Spanish names within the territory currently, in part due to <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute">ongoing sovereignty dispute</a> over the islands by Argentina, although since the beginning of Argentine Antarctic Expeditions in 1952, a number of locations have been given Spanish names, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Point" title="Carbon Point">Punta Carbón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punta_Hueca" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta Hueca">Punta Hueca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine naval station</a> called <a href="/wiki/Corbeta_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbeta Uruguay">Corbeta Uruguay</a> was clandestinely built on <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>, on 7 November 1976 before its abandonment by <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Argentine forces</a> following their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/220px-Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/330px-Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/440px-Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Map of the islands</figcaption></figure> <p>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Georgia_Group">South Georgia Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Georgia Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Georgia Group lies about 1,390 kilometres (860 mi; 750 nmi) east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia (island)">South Georgia Island</a> itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of 3,756 square kilometres (1,450 sq mi), including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islands_within_the_South_Georgia_Group">Islands within the South Georgia Group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islands within the South Georgia Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg/220px-1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg/330px-1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg/440px-1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a></figcaption></figure> <p>South Georgia Island lies at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&params=54_15_S_36_45_W_scale:2500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°15′S</span> <span class="longitude">36°45′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.250°S 36.750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-54.250; -36.750</span></span></span></a></span></span> and has an area of 3,528 square kilometres (1,362 sq mi). It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a>. The highest peak is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a> at 2,934 metres (9,626 ft). </p><p>Geologically, the island consists of <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argillaceous_schist" title="Argillaceous schist">argillaceous schists</a> with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-trendall_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trendall-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean system</a>. </p><p>Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: 66%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annenkov_Island" title="Annenkov Island">Annenkov Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island_(South_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird Island (South Georgia)">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Island_(South_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass Island (South Georgia)">Grass Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomfruene" title="Jomfruene">Jomfruene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickersgill_Islands" title="Pickersgill Islands">Pickersgill Islands</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Island_(Willis_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Island (Willis Islands)">Trinity Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Islands" title="Welcome Islands">Welcome Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands_(South_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Islands (South Georgia)">Willis Islands</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)" title="Shag Rocks (South Georgia)">Shag Rocks</a>, 185 km (115 mi; 100 nmi) west-northwest of South Georgia Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rock (South Georgia)">Black Rock</a>, 169 km (105 mi; 91 nmi) west-northwest of South Georgia Island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a>, 56 km (35 mi; 30 nmi) east-southeast of South Georgia Island</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Sandwich_Islands_2">South Sandwich Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Sandwich Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg/220px-South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg/330px-South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg/440px-South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Closeup map of the South Sandwich Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg/220px-Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg/330px-Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg/440px-Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>NASA satellite photograph of Montagu Island</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arc</a> running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about 350 and 500 mi (300 and 430 nmi; 560 and 800 km) southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises <a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vindication_Island" title="Vindication Island">Vindication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands">Saunders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Island" title="Bristol Island">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Island" title="Bellingshausen Island">Bellingshausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands">Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule</a> discovered by Cook, and Thule. </p><p>The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the <a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Islands" title="Candlemas Islands">Candlemas Islands</a> groups, while the southernmost make up <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a>. The three largest islands – <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands">Saunders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Island" title="Bristol Island">Bristol</a> – lie between the two. The islands' highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Belinda" title="Mount Belinda">Mount Belinda</a> (1,370 m or 4,495 ft) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Michael" title="Mount Michael">Mount Michael</a> (990 m or 3,248 ft) on Saunders Island has a persistent <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lake</a>, known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Nytimes2019-07-12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nytimes2019-07-12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather stations</a> are on Thule Island and <a href="/wiki/Zavodovski_Island" title="Zavodovski Island">Zavodovski</a>. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the <a href="/wiki/Protector_Shoal" title="Protector Shoal">Protector Shoal</a>, a submarine volcano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Extreme points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Northernmost point – <a href="/wiki/Cape_North_(South_Georgia)" title="Cape North (South Georgia)">Cape North</a></li> <li>Southernmost point – on <a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands">Cook Island</a></li> <li>Westernmost point – on <a href="/wiki/Main_Island,_Willis_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Island, Willis Islands">Main Island</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands" title="Willis Islands">Willis Islands</a>)</li> <li>Easternmost point – on <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu Island</a></li> <li>Highest point – <a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a>: 2,934 m</li> <li>Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG/220px-SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG/330px-SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG/440px-SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>NASA satellite image of South Georgia Island covered with snow</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg/220px-Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg/330px-Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg/440px-Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>The South Sandwich Islands connect with air currents to make <a href="/wiki/Wave_cloud" title="Wave cloud">wave patterns</a> in clouds.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg/220px-Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg/330px-Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg/440px-Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Royal Bay and South Georgia Island (south-up image)</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate is classified as polar, and the weather is highly variable and harsh, making a <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">ET</a>) in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around 0 °C (32 °F) in winter (August) and 8 °C (46.4 °F) in summer (January). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about −5 °C (23 °F) and rarely dip below −10 °C (14 °F). Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about 1,500 mm (59.1 in), much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible the entire year. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about 300 m (984 ft). </p><p>Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm—indeed, in 1963, 25% of winds were in the calm category at King Edward Point, and the mean wind speed of around 8 knots (9.2 mph; 15 km/h) is around half that of the Falkland Islands. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. </p><p>Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, however, also contributes significantly to the low <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>. A study published during the early 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Point – or, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in the west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover. </p><p>Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">Föhn effect</a>; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over 20 °C (68 °F) on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at the King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is 28.8 °C (83.8 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere 14.5 °C (58.1 °F). As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point is −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), but Bird Island just −11.4 °C (11.5 °F). </p><p>The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a>. They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea temperatures drop to 0 °C (32 °F) in late August and rise to around 4 °C (39.2 °F) only in early April. </p><p>The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being farther south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from the Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of May to late November (even longer at their southern end).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recorded temperature extremes at South Thule Island have ranged from −29.8 to 17.7 °C (−21.6 to 63.9 °F). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bird Island, South Georgia, 1961–1990 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1<br />(28.2) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9<br />(25.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.6<br />(12.9) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5<br />(16.7) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(3.3) </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">95<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">123<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">120<br />(4.7) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">114<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">107<br />(4.2) </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">98<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,204<br />(47.4) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Climatic Research Unit, UEA<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Météo Climat<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Grytviken/King Edward Point, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1<br />(26.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.6<br />(23.7) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.6<br />(29.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1<br />(24.6) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4<br />(11.5) </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6<br />(5.7) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.2<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.2<br />(−2.6) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11<br />(12) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−19.2<br />(−2.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">114<br />(4.5) </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">136<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">139<br />(5.5) </td> <td style="background: #3232FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">137<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">135<br />(5.3) </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">149<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">149<br />(5.9) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">93<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,394<br />(54.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">154 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #3E3E3E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #161616; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #282828; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #878787; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,282 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<sup id="cite_ref-DMI_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMI-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/170px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/255px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/340px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Executive power is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch of the United Kingdom</a> and is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner</a>, a post held by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Governor of the Falkland Islands">Governor of the Falkland Islands</a>. The current Commissioner is <a href="/wiki/Alison_Blake" title="Alison Blake">Alison Blake</a>, who took the post on 1 July 2022. </p><p>The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. </p><p>The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed <i>ex officio</i> similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. </p><p>On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. </p><p>As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no <a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">legislative council</a> and no elections are needed. The UK <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office</a> (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day" title="Liberation Day">Liberation Day</a> on 25 April. </p><p>The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, <i>Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited</i> [2005] UKHL 57<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> occurred on the islands between 1817 and 1909. During that period 20 visits are recorded by sealing vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of £6.3 million, 80% of which is derived from fishing licences (2020 figures).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps and coins, tourism, and customs and harbour dues.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">cod icefish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a> (CCAMLR) system. </p><p>In 2001 the South Georgia government was cited by the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a> for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, certifying that South Georgia met the MSC's environmental standards. The certificate places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught.<sup id="cite_ref-Whole_Foods_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whole_Foods-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisheries and environmental protection is the responsibility of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) which contracts with Workboat Services Limited (WBS), a Falkland Islands company, to operate the vessel MV <i>Pharos SG</i> in the South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone. The current contract for that service runs until 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ships</a> often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>. </p><p>Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a 200 m (656 ft) exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Postage stamps and postal history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Postage stamps and postal history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. </p><p>A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with <a href="/wiki/Topical_stamp_collecting" title="Topical stamp collecting">topical stamp collectors</a>. </p><p>There are only four genuine <a href="/wiki/First_day_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="First day cover">first day cover</a> sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_currency_in_the_South_Atlantic_and_the_Antarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic">British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_domain_registration">Internet domain registration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet domain registration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_code" title="Country code">country code</a> <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> (<a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a>) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is <a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Giant_petrel.jpg/220px-Giant_petrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Giant_petrel.jpg/330px-Giant_petrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Giant_petrel.jpg/440px-Giant_petrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_giant_petrel" title="Southern giant petrel">Southern giant petrel</a> on South Georgia Island</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_%285719368307%29.jpg/200px-King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_%285719368307%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_%285719368307%29.jpg/300px-King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_%285719368307%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_%285719368307%29.jpg/400px-King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_%285719368307%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A colony of up to 60,000 <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguins</a> (<i>Aptenodytes patagonicus</i>) on <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia" title="Salisbury Plain, South Georgia">Salisbury Plain</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg/220px-King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg/330px-King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg/440px-King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>King penguins at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia" title="St Andrews Bay, South Georgia">St Andrews Bay, South Georgia</a> Island, 1996</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_South_Georgia" title="Flora of South Georgia">Flora of South Georgia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_plants">Native plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Native plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a> Islands <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. In total there are 26 known species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> native to South Georgia; six species of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rushes</a>, a single <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedge</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">clubmoss</a> and nine small <a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">forbs</a>. There are also about 125 species of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>, 85 of <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> and 150 <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<sup id="cite_ref-Headland_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headland-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest plant is the tussock grass <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_flabellata" title="Poa flabellata">Poa flabellata</a></i>. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach 2 m (7 ft). Other grasses include the tufted fescue (<i><a href="/wiki/Festuca_contracta" title="Festuca contracta">Festuca contracta</a></i>), the Alpine cat's-tail (<i><a href="/wiki/Phleum_alpinum" title="Phleum alpinum">Phleum alpinum</a></i>) and Antarctic hair-grass (<i><a href="/wiki/Deschampsia_antarctica" title="Deschampsia antarctica">Deschampsia antarctica</a></i>), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (<i><a href="/wiki/Acaena_magellanica" title="Acaena magellanica">Acaena magellanica</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Headland_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Headland-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduced_plants">Introduced plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Introduced plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. </p><p>Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Georgia supports many sea birds, including <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a>, a large colony of <a href="/wiki/King_penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="King penguins">king penguins</a>, Macaroni penguins<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> of various other species, along with <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prion_(bird)" title="Prion (bird)">prions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shag_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shag (bird)">shags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a>. Birds unique to the archipelago are the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_shag" title="South Georgia shag">South Georgia shag</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pipit" title="South Georgia pipit">South Georgia pipit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_pintail" title="South Georgia pintail">South Georgia pintail</a>. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Areas</a> (IBA) by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Georgia_Island_nonmarine_fauna" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna">South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Seals</a> frequent the islands, and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">mice</a> were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. </p><p>Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">The University of Dundee</a> who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, <a href="/wiki/Brodifacoum" title="Brodifacoum">brodifacoum</a>, were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_in_South_Georgia" title="Reindeer in South Georgia">Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia</a> in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_ecosystem">Marine ecosystem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Marine ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seas around South Georgia have a high level of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Galápagos">Galápagos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area – comprising 1.07 million km<sup>2</sup> (410,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wonder_albat.jpg/220px-Wonder_albat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wonder_albat.jpg/330px-Wonder_albat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wonder_albat.jpg/440px-Wonder_albat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering albatross">Wandering albatross</a> at South Georgia Island</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg/220px-Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg/330px-Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg/440px-Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Pearlwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Pearlwort">Antarctic Pearlwort</a> at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg/220px-South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg/330px-South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg/440px-South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>South Georgia glacier and penguin colony</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg/220px-Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg/330px-Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg/440px-Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2708" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Protector</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Military of the Falkland Islands">Military of the Falkland Islands</a></div> <p>After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a> on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main British military facility in the region is at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Mare_Harbour" title="Mare Harbour">Mare Harbour</a> naval base on <a href="/wiki/East_Falkland" title="East Falkland">East Falkland</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Remote_Radar_Head" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Radar Head">Remote Radar Heads</a> on the Falklands: <a href="/wiki/RRH_Mount_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="RRH Mount Kent">RRH Mount Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/RRH_Byron_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="RRH Byron Heights">RRH Byron Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/RRH_Mount_Alice" class="mw-redirect" title="RRH Mount Alice">RRH Mount Alice</a>. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A400M">Airbus A400M</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Airbus A330 MRTT</a> (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. </p><p>A Royal Navy warship carries out the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments" title="Standing Royal Navy deployments">Atlantic Patrol Tasking South</a> mission in the surrounding area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/HMS_Endurance_(A171)" title="HMS Endurance (A171)">HMS <i>Endurance</i></a>, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group <a href="/wiki/BSES_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="BSES Expeditions">BSES Expeditions</a>. While the final decision on the fate of <i>Endurance</i> was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed <a href="/wiki/HMS_Protector_(A173)" title="HMS Protector (A173)">HMS <i>Protector</i></a>, to act as replacement for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2013 the British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> purchased the ship outright.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that <i>Endurance</i> would be sold for scrap.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_scrapped_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_scrapped-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South America">South America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Bibliography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flannery" title="Cape Flannery">Cape Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Point" title="Hardy Point">Hardy Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_Point" title="Herd Point">Herd Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsburgh_Point" title="Horsburgh Point">Horsburgh Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hueca_Point" title="Hueca Point">Hueca Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands-related articles">Index of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Lists of islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Rail transport in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Rail transport in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>, CIA <i>World Factbook</i>, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-population_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/">"South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status"</a>. Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+%26+the+South+Sandwich+Islands+%E2%80%93+Current+Status&rft.pub=Government+of+South+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands+%28GSGSSI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.gs%2Finformation%2Fabout-sgssi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made">"The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+Georgia+and+South+Sandwich+Islands+Order+1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1985%2F449%2Fcontents%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands">"Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands"</a>. <i>MercoPress</i>. 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MercoPress&rft.atitle=Toothfish+Day+celebration+in+South+Georgia+and+South+Sandwich+Islands&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2015%2F09%2F04%2Ftoothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html">"The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Living+Edens+%E2%80%93+South+Georgia+Island+%E2%80%93+Ice+and+Isolation&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fedens%2Fsouthgeorgia%2Funique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm">"French Map of South Atlantic, 1705"</a>. <i>The British Empire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Empire&rft.atitle=French+Map+of+South+Atlantic%2C+1705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Fmaproom%2Ffalkland%2Ffalklands1705map.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iberoamerica_–_Bienvenido_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm">"Iberoamerica – Bienvenido --"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm">the original</a> on 29 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iberoamerica+%E2%80%93+Bienvenido+--&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cema.edu.ar%2Fceieg%2Farg-rree%2F7%2F7-104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur</i>, Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false">"On the Minds of the Whales"</a> by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231">The Island of South Georgia</a>, The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231">Archived</a> 16 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm">Whaling</a>, South Georgia Heritage Trust <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm">Archived</a> 12 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Headland, R. 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Richmond, Surrey, UK: Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-652-0"><bdi>978-1-84246-652-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209">1007331209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+guide+to+the+introduced+flora+of+South+Georgia&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey%2C+UK&rft.pub=Kew+Publishing%2C+Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1007331209&rft.isbn=978-1-84246-652-0&rft.aulast=Upson&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.au=Myer%2C+Bradley&rft.au=Floyd%2C+Kelvin&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Clubbe%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1007331209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2016" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Robert (2016). <i>South Georgia</i>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ecologists+turn+exterminators+in+the+great+rat+hunt&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Fecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2011" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (4 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Success' in South Georgia rat eradication"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=%27Success%27+in+South+Georgia+rat+eradication&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-13282806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogenboom2013" class="citation news cs1">Hogenboom, Melissa (4 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430">"South Georgia rat removal hits milestone"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Georgia+rat+removal+hits+milestone&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=Hogenboom&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-23143430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookson2013" class="citation web cs1">Cookson, Clive (3 July 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L">"Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Fbi9u">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Rats+removed+from+South+Georgia+in+biggest+mass+poisoning&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Cookson&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz2Y3xemB5L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarsfield2014" class="citation cs2">Sarsfield, Kate (3 December 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/">"Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flightglobal" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightglobal">Flightglobal</a></i>, Reed Business Information<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flightglobal&rft.atitle=Habitat+Restoration+Project+gears+up+for+final+phase+of+airborne+rodent+eradication+programme&rft.date=2014-12-03&rft.aulast=Sarsfield&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fhabitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472">"Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"</a>, <i>BBC Website</i>, 9 May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html">"Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 25 June 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarris2018" class="citation web cs1">Marris, Emma (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island">"Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Birdlife+Recovering+on+Rat-Free+Island&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Marris&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fanimals%2F2018%2F05%2Fbirdlife-recovering-rat-free-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf"><i>Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf">Archived</a> 16 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2013" class="citation news cs1">Doyle, Alister (18 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318">"Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Hunters+slay+3%2C500+reindeer+on+island+near+Antarctica&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109">"Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise"</a>. George Wright Society. 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+has+more+biodiversity%2C+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+or+the+sub-Antarctic+island+South+Georgia%3F+Surprise%2C+surprise&rft.pub=George+Wright+Society&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgewright.org%2Fnode%2F4109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerco_Press2011" class="citation web cs1">Merco Press (27 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands">"South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+marine+biodiversity+richer+than+the+Gal%C3%A1pagos+Islands&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.au=Merco+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2011%2F05%2F27%2Fsouth-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html">"The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 27 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+island+that%27s+richer+in+biodiversity+than+the+Galapagos&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Fthe-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf">Marine Protected Areas Order 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf">Archived</a> 6 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette</i>, 29 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf">"SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SGSSI+Marine+Protection+Area+%28Management+Plan%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.gs%2Fdocsarchive%2FEnvironment%2FMarine%2520Protected%2520Area%2FMPA%2520Management%2520Plan%2520v2.0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2">Good Planet: Denmark.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2">Archived</a> 12 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Largest protected area in the world.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/">"King Edward Point Research Station"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Edward+Point+Research+Station&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fpolar-operations%2Fsites-and-facilities%2Ffacility%2Fking-edward-point%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp">HMS <i>Protector</i> will be <i>Endurance</i> replacement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp">Archived</a> 15 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The News</i>. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector">"UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS <i>Protector</i>"</a>. <i>IHS Jane's 360</i>. 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IHS+Jane%27s+360&rft.atitle=UK+purchases+Arctic+patrol+vessel+HMS+Protector&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janes.com%2Farticle%2F27601%2Fuk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_scrapped-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_scrapped_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594">"HMS <i>Endurance</i>: Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HMS+Endurance%3A+Former+ice+patrol+ship+to+be+scrapped&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-hampshire-24436594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Basberg, Bjorn L. – <i>The Shore Whaling Stations at South Georgia: A Study in Antarctic Industrial Archaeology.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Burton, Robert. <i>South Georgia</i>. (4th edition ed.). The Commissioner, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.</li> <li>Chaplin, J. M. – <i>Narrative of Hydrographic Survey Operations in South Georgia and the South Shetland Islands, 1926–1930.</i></li> <li>Galbraith, Deirdre. (2011). <i>A field guide to the flora of South Georgia</i>. Great Britain: South Georgia Heritage Trust. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956454607" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956454607">978-0956454607</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/714041780">714041780</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Forster, Georg</a> (1777). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_Round_the_World" title="A Voyage Round the World">A Voyage Round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop <i>Resolution</i> Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4 and 5</a></i> (2 vols.). London.</li> <li>Greene, Dorothy M. – <i>A Conspectus of the Mosses of Antarctica, South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and Southern South America.</i></li> <li>Gregory, J. W. – <i>Geological Relations and Some Fossils of South Georgia.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hardy, A. C. and E. R. Gunther – <i>The Plankton of the South Georgia Whaling Grounds and Adjacent Waters, 1926–1927.</i></li> <li>Headland, R. K. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Island of South Georgia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521252741" title="Special:BookSources/0521252741">0521252741</a>.</li> <li>Holdgate, Martin W., and Peter Edward Baker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509194/1/The%20South%20Sandwich%20Islands%20-%20I%20-%20General%20description%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%2091.pdf">The South Sandwich Islands: I. General description</a>. Vol. 91. British Antarctic Survey, 1979.</li> <li>Ivanov, Lyubomir, and Nusha Ivanova. <i>The World of Antarctica</i>. Generis Publishing, 2022. 241 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1">979-8-88676-403-1</a></li> <li>Kemp, Stanley, A. L. Nelson, and G. W. Tyrell – <i>The South Sandwich Islands.</i></li> <li>Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig and William Barr – <i>South Georgia, Gateway to Antarctica.</i></li> <li>Leader-Williams, N. – <i>Reindeer on South Georgia: The Ecology of an Introduced Population.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Harrison_Matthews" title="L. Harrison Matthews">Matthews, L. Harrison</a> – <i>South Georgia: The British Empire’s Subantarctic Outpost.</i></li> <li>Murphy, Robert Cushman – <i>The Penguins of South Georgia.</i></li> <li>Ovstedal, DO and RI Lewis Smith – <i>Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology.</i></li> <li>Poncet, Sally and Crosbie, Kim. <i>A visitor's guide to South Georgia : the essential guide for any visitor</i>. (2nd edition ed.). Princeton, New Jersey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691156583" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691156583">978-0691156583</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/801599569">801599569</a></li> <li>Skottsberg, C. – <i>The Vegetation in South Georgia.</i></li> <li>Stonehouse, Bernard – <i>The King Penguin Aptenodytes Patagonica of South Georgia 1. Breeding Behaviour and Development.</i></li> <li>Upson, Rebecca,. <i>Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia</i>. Myer, Bradley, Floyd, Kelvin, Lee, Jennifer, Clubbe, Colin,. Richmond, Surrey, UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842466520" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842466520">978-1842466520</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209">1007331209</a></li> <li>Verrill, G. E. – <i>Notes on Birds and Eggs from the Islands of Gough, Kerguelen, and South Georgia, With Two Plates.</i></li> <li>Wheeler, Tony (2004). <i>The Falklands & South Georgia Island</i>. Lonely Planet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1740596435" title="Special:BookSources/978-1740596435">978-1740596435</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/South_Georgia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/South Georgia">South Georgia</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="extiw" title="c:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="extiw" title="voy:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.gs/">South Georgia government website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Wikimedia Atlas of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512172540/http://www.argentina.gob.ar/advf/documentos/4e5d320f6b465.pdf">Map of the Argentine claim over Islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019233139/http://www.southgeorgiaassociation.org/">South Georgia Association website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sght.org/">South Georgia Heritage Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.gs/media-2/webcams/">Live picture from the South Georgia webcam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001211071200/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Operation-Paraquat.html">Operation Paraquat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014125543/http://britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/South-Georgia.html">Argentine invasion of South Georgia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Template:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Template talk:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span data-sort-value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Georgians" title="List of South Georgians">List of South Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paraquet" title="Operation Paraquet">Operation "Paraquet"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Public holidays in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish_Day" title="Toothfish Day">Toothfish Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Museum" title="South Georgia Museum">South Georgia Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Georgia" title="Invasion of South Georgia">Invasion of South Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements / Whaling stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godthul" title="Godthul">Godthul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husvik" title="Husvik">Husvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Harbour" title="Ocean Harbour">Ocean Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Harbour" title="Prince Olav Harbour">Prince Olav Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbeta_Uruguay_base" title="Corbeta Uruguay base">Corbeta Uruguay base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Georgia islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annenkov_Island" title="Annenkov Island">Annenkov Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_South_Georgia" title="Black Rock, South Georgia">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rocks,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rocks, South Georgia">Black Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Grass Island, South Georgia">Grass Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassholm,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassholm, South Georgia">Grassholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupriyanov_Islands" title="Kupriyanov Islands">Kupriyanov Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickersgill_Islands" title="Pickersgill Islands">Pickersgill Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion_Island" title="Prion Island">Prion Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Saddle Island, South Georgia">Saddle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)" title="Shag Rocks (South Georgia)">Shag Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Islands" title="Welcome Islands">Welcome Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands" title="Willis Islands">Willis Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Sandwich Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Island" title="Bristol Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands">Saunders</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candlemas_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Islands" title="Candlemas Islands">Candlemas Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindication_Island" title="Vindication Island">Vindication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leskov_Island" title="Leskov Island">Leskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island">Visokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavodovski_Island" title="Zavodovski Island">Zavodovski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Island" title="Bellingshausen Island">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seamounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protector_Shoal" title="Protector Shoal">Protector Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Caldera" title="Kemp Caldera">Kemp Caldera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Peak" title="Admiralty Peak">Admiralty Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barff_Peninsula" title="Barff Peninsula">Barff Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Harbour" title="Gold Harbour">Gold Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_Harbour" title="Larsen Harbour">Larsen Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baume" title="Mount Baume">Mount Baume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Belinda" title="Mount Belinda">Mount Belinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cunningham" title="Mount Cunningham">Mount Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Roots" title="Mount Roots">Mount Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca_Peak" title="Orca Peak">Orca Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggotty_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggotty Bluff">Peggotty Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia" title="Salisbury Plain, South Georgia">Salisbury Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvesen_Range" title="Salvesen Range">Salvesen Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcher_Peninsula" title="Thatcher Peninsula">Thatcher Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Isles" title="Bay of Isles">Bay of Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_Bay,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromness Bay, South Georgia">Stromness Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Bay" title="Cumberland Bay">Cumberland Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_Bay" title="Possession Bay">Possession Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busen_Point" title="Busen Point">Busen Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Outlying territories of European countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Territories under European <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_and_Amsterdam_Islands" title="Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands">Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam"> Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul"> Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser"> Geyser Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_Soberan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazas de Soberanía">Plazas de Soberanía</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velez_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Velez Islands">Velez Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" 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href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">NZ Subantarctic Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>") does <i><b>not</b></i> include <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claims in Antarctica</a> itself.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&oldid=1260623673#Government">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&oldid=1260623673#Government</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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