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</div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="DNA Replication Steps and Process" document="ListStructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=LISTSC, documentId=3981005, bestTitle='DNA Replication Steps and Process'}}" data-description="DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA within cells. 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Her work has been featured in "Kaplan AP Biology" and "The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists."" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regina-bailey-372397" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Regina Bailey</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regina-bailey-372397" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Regina Bailey</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Biology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Biology, Emory University</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. Her work has been featured in "Kaplan AP Biology" and "The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists." </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on May 02, 2024</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="list-sc_1-0" class="comp list-sc mntl-block article-content list "><div id="article-intro_1-0" class="comp article-intro mntl-block article-content__description"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> DNA replication is the process in which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It is vital for cell growth, repair, and reproduction in organisms as it helps with the transmission of genetic information. The replication process follows several steps involving multiple <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/proteins-373564" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">proteins</a> called replication enzymes and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In eukaryotic cells, such as <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/all-about-animal-cells-373379" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">animal cells</a> and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-plant-cell-373384" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">plant cells</a>, DNA replication occurs in the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">S phase</a> of the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-the-cell-cycle-373391" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">cell cycle</a>. Before this phase, also known as the synthesis stage, the cell passes through a preparation phase to minimize the chances of errors or mutations being introduced into the new DNA strands.<br> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-callout mntl-sc-block-callout mntl-block theme-keytakeaways" data-tracking-id="mntl-sc-block-callout" data-tracking-container="true"><h3 id="mntl-sc-block-callout-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-heading mntl-text-block">Key Takeaways</h3> <div id="mntl-sc-block-callout-body_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block-callout-body mntl-text-block"><ul><li>Deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA, is a nucleic acid that has three main components: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.</li><li>DNA contains the genetic material for an organism, and it must be copied when a cell divides into daughter cells. The process that copies DNA is called replication.</li><li>Replication involves the production of identical helices of DNA from one double-stranded molecule of DNA.</li><li>Enzymes are vital to DNA replication since they catalyze very important steps in the process.</li><li>The overall DNA replication process is extremely important for both cell growth and reproduction in organisms. It is also vital in the cell repair process.</li></ul></div></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-dna-and-why-does-it-replicate"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What Is DNA and Why Does It Replicate? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> DNA is the genetic material that defines every cell. Before a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-cells-373372" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">cell</a> duplicates and is divided into new <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">daughter cells</a> through either <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">mitosis</a> or <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-meiosis-373512" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">meiosis</a>, biomolecules and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/organelles-meaning-373368" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="5">organelles</a> must be copied to be distributed among the cells. DNA, found within the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-cell-nucleus-373362" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="6">nucleus</a>, must be replicated to ensure each new cell receives the correct number of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chromosome-373462" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="7">chromosomes</a>.<br> </p> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-dna-structure"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> DNA Structure </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-373454" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">DNA</a> or deoxyribonucleic acid is a type of molecule known as a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nucleic-acids-373552" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">nucleic acid</a>. It consists of a five-carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. Double-stranded DNA consists of two spiral nucleic acid chains that are twisted into a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/double-helix-373302" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">double helix</a> shape. This twisting allows DNA to be more compact. To fit within the nucleus, DNA is packed into tightly coiled structures called <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chromatin-373461" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">chromatin</a>. Chromatin condenses to form <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-chromosomes-373553" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="5">chromosomes</a> during cell division. Before DNA replication, the chromatin loosens, giving cell replication machinery access to the DNA strands. </p></div> <div id="list-sc__content_1-0" class="comp list-sc__content mntl-sc-page mntl-block " data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><div id="list-sc-item_1-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_1-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-replication-preparation-and-beginning"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Replication Preparation and Beginning </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Vjoj_2JTk2UFHQoHUZ4e3UmVtn0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA_replication_fork-592876813df78cbe7ea5a96a.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/n2i40kd65rpDRAsyYaHI8ztW6iM=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA_replication_fork-592876813df78cbe7ea5a96a.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule during replication" class=" universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_1-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_1-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Science Photo Library / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-step-1-replication-fork-formation"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Step 1: Replication Fork Formation </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Before DNA can be replicated, the double-stranded molecule must be “unzipped” into two single strands. DNA has four <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-the-parts-of-nucleotide-606385" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">bases</a> called adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) that form pairs between the two strands. Adenine only pairs with thymine and cytosine only binds with guanine. To unwind DNA, these interactions between base pairs must be broken. This is performed by an enzyme known as DNA helicase. DNA helicase disrupts the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-hydrogen-bond-605872" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">hydrogen bonding</a> between base pairs to separate the strands into a Y shape known as the replication fork. This area will be the template for replication to begin. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> DNA is directional in both strands, signified by a 5' and 3' end. This notation signifies which side group is attached to the DNA backbone. The 5' end has a phosphate (P) group attached, while the 3' end has a hydroxyl (OH) group attached. This directionality is important for replication as it only progresses in the 5' to 3' direction. However, the replication fork is bi-directional; one strand is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction (leading strand) while the other is oriented 5' to 3' (lagging strand). The two sides are therefore replicated with two different processes to accommodate the directional difference. </p> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-replication-begins"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Replication Begins </span> </h2> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-step-2-primer-binding"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Step 2: Primer Binding </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The leading strand is the simplest to replicate. Once the DNA strands have been separated, a short piece of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/rna-373565" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">RNA</a> called a primer binds to the 3' end of the strand. The primer always binds as the starting point for replication. Primers are generated by the enzyme DNA primase. </p></div> <div id="adslot_1-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_2-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_2-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-dna-replication-elongation"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> DNA Replication: Elongation </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OIlu65uQDQH2mggWTatQwHkWPoE=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA_replication_elongation2-f8922f6609444baeab91aac4a9e85d48.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/gJ4IoOr36cUuvKRQk8Hqb5lN_e0=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA_replication_elongation2-f8922f6609444baeab91aac4a9e85d48.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="DNA polymerases (blue) attach themselves to the DNA and elongate the new strands by adding nucleotide bases." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_2-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OIlu65uQDQH2mggWTatQwHkWPoE=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA_replication_elongation2-f8922f6609444baeab91aac4a9e85d48.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/gJ4IoOr36cUuvKRQk8Hqb5lN_e0=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA_replication_elongation2-f8922f6609444baeab91aac4a9e85d48.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="DNA polymerases (blue) attach themselves to the DNA and elongate the new strands by adding nucleotide bases." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_2-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">DNA polymerases (blue) attach themselves to the DNA and elongate the new strands by adding nucleotide bases.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>UIG / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-step-3-elongation"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Step 3: Elongation </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Enzymes known as DNA polymerases are responsible for creating the new strand by a process called elongation. There are five different known types of DNA polymerases in <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/bacteria-friend-or-foe-372431" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">bacteria</a> and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">human cells</a>. In bacteria such as E. coli, polymerase III is the main replication enzyme, while polymerase I, II, IV, and V are responsible for error checking and repair. DNA polymerase III binds to the strand at the site of the primer and begins adding new base pairs complementary to the strand during replication. In eukaryotic cells, polymerases alpha, delta, and epsilon are the primary polymerases involved in DNA replication. Because replication proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, the newly formed strand is continuous. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The lagging strand begins replication by binding with multiple primers. Each primer is only several bases apart. DNA polymerase then adds pieces of DNA, called Okazaki fragments, to the strand between primers. This process of replication is discontinuous as the newly created fragments are disjointed. </p> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-step-4-termination"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Step 4: Termination </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Once both the continuous and discontinuous strands are formed, an enzyme called exonuclease removes all RNA primers from the original strands. These primers are then replaced with appropriate bases. Another exonuclease “proofreads” the newly formed DNA to check, remove, and replace any errors. Another enzyme called DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments together forming a single unified strand. The ends of the linear DNA present a problem as DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The ends of the parent strands consist of repeated DNA sequences called telomeres. Telomeres act as protective caps at the end of chromosomes to prevent nearby chromosomes from fusing. A special type of DNA polymerase enzyme called telomerase catalyzes the synthesis of telomere sequences at the ends of the DNA. Once completed, the parent strand and its complementary DNA strand coils into the familiar double helix shape. In the end, replication produces two DNA molecules, each with one strand from the parent molecule and one new strand. </p></div> <div id="adslot_2-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_3-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_3-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-replication-enzymes"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Replication Enzymes </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7oGM8MkGw2GTk2ZnEd3BhVRhip4=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/dna_polymerase2-18061818527c4615b8a477290deeaf6c.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/P2fFTz03WqrE8SR7VTb802-oI3w=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/dna_polymerase2-18061818527c4615b8a477290deeaf6c.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="DNA polymerase molecule" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_3-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7oGM8MkGw2GTk2ZnEd3BhVRhip4=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/dna_polymerase2-18061818527c4615b8a477290deeaf6c.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/P2fFTz03WqrE8SR7VTb802-oI3w=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/dna_polymerase2-18061818527c4615b8a477290deeaf6c.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="DNA polymerase molecule" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_3-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">DNA polymerase molecule.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Cultura / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> DNA replication would not occur without enzymes that catalyze various steps in the process. Enzymes that participate in the eukaryotic DNA replication process include: </p> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><strong>DNA helicase:</strong> Unwinds and separates double-stranded DNA as it moves along the DNA. It forms the replication fork by breaking <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-causes-hydrogen-bonding-603991" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">hydrogen bonds</a> between nucleotide pairs in DNA.</li> <li><strong>DNA primase:</strong> A type of RNA polymerase that generates RNA primers. Primers are short RNA molecules that act as templates for the starting point of DNA replication.</li> <li><strong>DNA polymerases:</strong> Synthesize new DNA molecules by adding <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-the-parts-of-nucleotide-606385" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">nucleotides</a> to leading and lagging DNA strands.</li> <li><strong>Topoisomerase</strong> <strong>or DNA Gyrase:</strong> Unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled.</li> <li><strong>Exonucleases: </strong>Group of enzymes that remove nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain.</li> <li><strong>DNA ligase:</strong> Joins DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.</li> </ul></div> <div id="adslot_3-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div> <div id="list-sc-item_4-0" class="comp list-sc-item mntl-block mntl-sc-list-item"><div id="list-marker_4-0" class="comp list-marker list-marker--none"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-dna-replication-summary"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-list-item-title"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> DNA Replication Summary </span> </h2> <figure id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-image mntl-sc-block-universal-image mntl-sc-block-image--no-theme no-theme mntl-sc-block-image figure-landscape figure-high-res"> <div class="figure-media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4lRcu0DPTvHPXClx-_64FKewxW0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA-replication2-a889653226444f79ab6f3f44164b4a31.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" data-srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TNCyqYIdVkeAwOrfoeeGPBXUCSw=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA-replication2-a889653226444f79ab6f3f44164b4a31.jpg 750w" data-sizes="750px" alt="Replication of DNA" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" id=mntl-sc-block-image_4-0 data-tracking-container="true" data-img-lightbox="true" data-click-tracked="true" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4lRcu0DPTvHPXClx-_64FKewxW0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA-replication2-a889653226444f79ab6f3f44164b4a31.jpg" width="1500" height="1000" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TNCyqYIdVkeAwOrfoeeGPBXUCSw=/750x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/DNA-replication2-a889653226444f79ab6f3f44164b4a31.jpg 750w" sizes="750px" alt="Replication of DNA" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="mntl-figure-caption_4-0" class="comp mntl-figure-caption type--mouse figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Replication of DNA.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Francis Leroy / Getty Images</p></span> </figcaption></figure> <p id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> DNA replication is the production of identical DNA helices from a single double-stranded DNA molecule. Each molecule consists of a strand from the original molecule and a newly formed strand. Prior to replication, the DNA uncoils and strands separate. A replication fork is formed which serves as a template for replication. Primers bind to the DNA and DNA polymerases add new nucleotide sequences in the 5′ to 3′ direction. </p> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> This addition is continuous in the leading strand and fragmented in the lagging strand. Once elongation of the DNA strands is complete, the strands are checked for errors, repairs are made, and telomere sequences are added to the ends of the DNA. </p></div> <div id="adslot_4-0" class="comp adslot mntl-block mntl-sc-block-adslot"></div></div> <div id="article-outro_1-0" class="comp article-outro mntl-block"></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Bailey, Regina. "DNA Replication Steps and Process." ThoughtCo, May. 2, 2024, thoughtco.com/dna-replication-3981005.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Bailey, Regina. (2024, May 2). DNA Replication Steps and Process. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-replication-3981005</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Bailey, Regina. "DNA Replication Steps and Process." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-replication-3981005 (accessed November 25, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="listsc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp listsc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp 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