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What is Chromatin's Structure and Function?

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class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">What is Chromatin&#39;s Structure and Function?</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">Chromatin is located in the nucleus of our cells</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="What is Chromatin&#39;s Structure and Function?" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=373461, bestTitle='What is Chromatin&#39;s Structure and Function?'}}" data-description="Chromatin is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span 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Her work has been featured in &#34;Kaplan AP Biology&#34; and &#34;The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists.&#34;" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regina-bailey-372397" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Regina Bailey</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/regina-bailey-372397" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Regina Bailey</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Biology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Biology, Emory University</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. Her work has been featured in &#34;Kaplan AP Biology&#34; and &#34;The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists.&#34; </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on February 15, 2020</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Chromatin<strong> </strong>is a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/protein-function-373550" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">proteins</a> that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-cell-nucleus-373362" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">nucleus</a> of our <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-cells-373361" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">cells</a>. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The primary function of chromatin is to compress the DNA into a compact unit that will be less voluminous and can fit within the nucleus. Chromatin consists of complexes of small proteins known as histones and DNA. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Histones help organize DNA into structures called nucleosomes by providing a base on which the DNA can be wrapped around. A nucleosome consists of a DNA sequence of about 150 base pairs that is wrapped around a set of eight histones called an octamer.<span class="ql-inline-citation" data-cite="1"></span> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The nucleosome is further folded to produce a chromatin fiber. Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to form chromosomes. Chromatin makes it possible for many cell processes to occur including <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-replication-3981005" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">DNA replication</a>, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-transcription-373398" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">transcription</a>, DNA repair, <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/genetic-recombination-373450" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">genetic recombination</a>, and cell division. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-euchromatin-and-heterochromatin"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Euchromatin and Heterochromatin </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Chromatin within a cell may be compacted to varying degrees depending on a cell's stage in the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-the-cell-cycle-373391" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">cell cycle</a>. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In the nucleus, chromatin exists as euchromatin or heterochromatin. During <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">interphase</a> of the cycle, the cell is not dividing but undergoing a period of growth. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Most of the chromatin is in a less compact form known as euchromatin. More of the DNA is exposed in euchromatin allowing replication and DNA transcription to take place. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> During transcription, the DNA <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/double-helix-373302" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">double helix</a>&nbsp;unwinds and opens to allow the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/genes-373456" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">genes</a> coding for <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/protein-function-373550" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">proteins</a> to be copied. DNA replication and transcription are needed for the cell to synthesize DNA, proteins, and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/organelles-meaning-373368" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="4">organelles</a> in preparation for cell division (<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-mitosis-373534" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="5">mitosis</a> or <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/stages-of-meiosis-373512" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="6">meiosis</a>). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> A small percentage of chromatin exists as heterochromatin during interphase. This chromatin is tightly packed, not allowing gene transcription. Heterochromatin stains more darkly with dyes than does euchromatin. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-chromatin-in-mitosis"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Chromatin in Mitosis </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Prophase: </strong>During prophase of mitosis, chromatin fibers become coiled into chromosomes. Each replicated chromosome consists of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chromatid-373540" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">two chromatids</a> joined at a <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/centromere-373539" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">centromere</a>. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Metaphase: </strong>During metaphase, the chromatin becomes extremely condensed. The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Anaphase: </strong>During anaphase, the paired chromosomes (<a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sister-chromatids-373547" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">sister chromatids</a>) separate and are pulled by <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spindle-fibers-373548" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">spindle microtubules</a> to opposite ends of the cell. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <strong>Telophase: </strong>In telophase, each new <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-chromosome-373542" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">daughter chromosome</a> is separated into its own nucleus. Chromatin fibers uncoil and become less condensed. Following cytokinesis, two genetically identical daughter cells are produced. Each cell has the same number of chromosomes. The chromosomes continue to uncoil and elongate, forming chromatin. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-chromatin-chromosome-and-chromatid"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Chromatin, Chromosome, and Chromatid </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> People often have trouble distinguishing the difference between the terms chromatin, chromosome, and chromatid. While all three structures are composed of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-373454" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">DNA</a> and found within the nucleus, each is uniquely defined. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li>Chromatin is composed of DNA and histones that are packaged into thin, stringy fibers. These chromatin fibers are not condensed but can exist in either a compact form (heterochromatin) or less compact form (euchromatin). Processes including DNA replication, transcription, and recombination occur in euchromatin. During cell division, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes.</li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chromosome-373462" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Chromosomes</a> are single-stranded groupings of condensed chromatin. During the cell division processes of mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes replicate to ensure that each new daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes. A duplicated chromosome is double-stranded and has the familiar X shape. The two strands are identical and connected in a central region called the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/centromere-373539" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">centromere</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chromatid-373540" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">chromatid</a> is either of the two strands of a replicated chromosome. Chromatids connected by a centromere are called sister chromatids. At the end of cell division, sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes in the newly formed daughter cells.</li> </ul> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-additional-reference"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Additional Reference </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <cite>Cooper, Geoffrey. <em>The Cell: A Molecular Approach</em>. 8th Edition, Sinauer Associates (Oxford University Press), 2018, Oxford, U.K.</cite> </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block has-sources"><div id="mntl-article-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources mntl-expandable-block" data-scroll-offset="65"><div class="loc toggle-content"><div id="mntl-article-sources__wrapper_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__wrapper mntl-block" data-click-tracked="true"><span id="mntl-article-sources__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__heading mntl-text-block">View Article Sources</span> <svg class="icon icon-sources-show show-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-sources-show" href="#icon-sources-show"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-sources-hide hide-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-sources-hide" href="#icon-sources-hide"></use> </svg></div> </div><div class="loc expandable-content"> <div id="mntl-article-sources__citation-sources_1-0" class="comp mntl-article-sources__citation-sources mntl-citation-sources mntl-sources" data-tracking-container="true"> <ol class="mntl-sources__content"> <li class="mntl-sources__source" id="citation-1"><p>“<a href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/highereducation/topics/dna-genes-chromosomes" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">DNA, Genes and Chromosomes</a>.” <em>University of Leicester</em>, 17 Aug. 2017.</p></li> </ol> </div> </div></div> <div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Bailey, Regina. "What is Chromatin&#39;s Structure and Function?" ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/chromatin-373461.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Bailey, Regina. (2023, April 5). What is Chromatin&#39;s Structure and Function? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/chromatin-373461</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Bailey, Regina. "What is Chromatin&#39;s Structure and Function?" 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