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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9" title="عناصر وراثية متحركة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر وراثية متحركة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_genetik_elementl%C9%99r" title="Mobil genetik elementlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mobil genetik elementlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мабільныя генетычныя элементы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мабільныя генетычныя элементы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_m%C3%B2bil_gen%C3%A8tic" title="Element mòbil genètic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Element mòbil genètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobiles_genetisches_Element" title="Mobiles genetisches Element – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mobiles genetisches Element" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_gen%C3%A9ticos_m%C3%B3viles" title="Elementos genéticos móviles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos genéticos móviles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="عناصر متحرک ژنتیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عناصر متحرک ژنتیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique_mobile" title="Élément génétique mobile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élément génétique mobile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_xen%C3%A9tico_m%C3%B3bil" title="Elemento xenético móbil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elemento xenético móbil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1_%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84_%EC%9D%B8%EC%9E%90" title="이동성 유전 인자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이동성 유전 인자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_trasponibili" title="Elementi trasponibili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi trasponibili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אלמנטים גנטיים ניידים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלמנטים גנטיים ניידים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мобилни генетски елементи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мобилни генетски елементи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8B%95%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="可動遺伝因子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="可動遺伝因子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_gen%C3%A9ticos_m%C3%B3veis" title="Elementos genéticos móveis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elementos genéticos móveis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мобильные генетические элементы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мобильные генетические элементы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_genetic_elements" title="Mobile genetic elements – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mobile genetic elements" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Мобільні елементи геному – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мобільні елементи геному" 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searchaux" style="display:none">DNA sequence whose position in the genome is variable</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg/250px-Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg/375px-Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg/500px-Components_of_the_Human_Genome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>DNA transposons, LTR retrotransposons, SINEs, and LINEs make up a majority of the human genome.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mobile genetic elements</b> (<b>MGEs</b>), sometimes called <b>selfish genetic elements</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a type of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic material">genetic material</a> that can move around within a genome, or that can be transferred from one species or replicon to another. MGEs are found in all organisms. In humans, approximately 50% of the genome are thought to be MGEs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MGEs play a distinct role in evolution. Gene duplication events can also happen through the mechanism of MGEs. MGEs can also cause mutations in protein coding regions, which alters the protein functions. These mechanisms can also rearrange genes in the host genome generating variation. These mechanism can increase fitness by gaining new or additional functions. An example of MGEs in evolutionary context are that virulence factors and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> genes of MGEs can be transported to share genetic code with neighboring bacteria. However, MGEs can also decrease fitness by introducing disease-causing alleles or mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The set of MGEs in an organism is called a <a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">mobilome</a>, which is composed of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Plasmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmids">plasmids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transposons" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposons">transposons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg/220px-PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg/330px-PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg/440px-PBLU_plasmid_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>pBLU is a 5437bp vector plasmid. This vector contains the origin of replication sequence, the restriction enzyme cut site, lacZ gene, and an ampicillin resistance gene.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_genetic_elements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Plasmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmids">Plasmids</a></b>: These are generally circular extrachromosomal <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecules that replicate and are transmitted independently from chromosomal DNA. These molecules are present in <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>) and sometimes in eukaryotic organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>. Fitness of a plasmid is determined by its mobility. The first factor of plasmid fitness is its ability to replicate DNA. The second fitness factor is a plasmid's ability to horizontally transfer. Plasmids during their cycle carry genes from one organism to another through a process called <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation" title="Bacterial conjugation">conjugation</a>. Plasmids usually contain a set of mobility genes that are necessary for conjugation. Some plasmids employ membrane associated mating pair formation (MPF). A plasmid containing its own MPF genes is considered to be self transmissible or conjugative.<sup id="cite_ref-Smillie-2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smillie-2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plasmids can be further divided into mobilizable and non-mobilizable classes. Plasmids that use other genetic element MFPs in the cell are mobilizable. Plasmids that are not mobilizable but spread by transduction or transformation are termed non-mobilizable.<sup id="cite_ref-Smillie-2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smillie-2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plasmids can often inject genes that make bacteria <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">resistant to antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smillie-2010_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smillie-2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloning_vectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloning vectors">Cloning vectors</a>: These are types of hybrid plasmids with <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriophages">bacteriophages</a>, used to transfer and replicate DNA . Fragments of DNA can be inserted by <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> techniques. A viable vector must be able to replicate together with the DNA fragments it carries. These vectors can contain desired genes for insertion into an organism's genome. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Cosmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmids">cosmids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">phagemids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg/440px-Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg/660px-Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg/880px-Bacterial_mobile_elements.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Examples of mobile genetic elements in the cell (left) and the ways they can be acquired (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg/330px-Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg/495px-Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg/660px-Cut_and_Paste_mechanism_of_transposition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Transposition of target sequence into recombination site in DNA by Transposase. Replication of the transposable sequence starts to occur when transposase cuts single strands on opposite sides of the dsDNA. The replication is completed in the transposon complex and excised to target sequence for recombination.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transposons" class="mw-redirect" title="Transposons">Transposons</a>: These are <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequences">DNA sequences</a> that can move and replicate in different parts of a cell's <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>. Also called "jumping genes", they can be transferred horizontally between organisms that live in <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a>. Transposons are present in all <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">living things</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Giant_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant viruses">giant viruses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_transposons" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA transposons">DNA transposons</a>: These are transposons that move directly from one position to another in the genome using a <a href="/wiki/Transposase" title="Transposase">transposase</a> to cut and stick at another <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These genetic elements are cleaved at four single stranded sites in DNA by transposase. In order to achieve max stability of the intermediate transposon, one single strand cleavage at the target DNA occurs. Simultaneously the donor strand is ligated to the target strand after cleavage leaving a single strand overhang on either end of the target sequence. These sites usually contain a 5 to 9 base pair overhang that can create a cohesive end.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro-1979_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-1979-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transposase then holds the sequence in a crossed formation and ligates the donor strand to the target strand. The structure formed by the duplex of DNA and transposase in replicative transposons is known as the Shapiro Intermediate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5 to 9 base pair overhang is left on either side of the target sequence allowing it to join to its target sequence in either orientation. The sequence of these overhangs can determine joining orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro-1979_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-1979-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before site specific recombination can occur, the oligonucleotide ends must be filled. The ligation of these ends generates a replication fork at each end of the transposable element. The single strand displacement causes synthesis from the un-ligated 3' hydroxyl group to form long single stranded sections adjacent to the 5' end. Therefore, the opposite strand is sequenced discontinuously as both replication forks approach the center of the transposable element. This results in two recombinant duplexes containing the semi conserved transposable element flanked by the previous 5 to 9 base pair overhang. Site specific reciprocal recombination takes place between the two transposable elements facilitated by proteins. This reciprocal replication overlaps in time and occurs between duplicated segments of the replication element before replication is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro-1979_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-1979-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The target molecule as a result contains the inserted element flanked by the 5 to 9 base pair sequences. Transposition of these elements duplicates the transposition element leaving a transposition element in its original location and a new transposon at the reciprocal replication site. In doing so, organisms total base pairs in their genomes are increased. Transposition occurrences increase over time and as organisms age.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrotransposons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Retrotransposons.png/300px-Retrotransposons.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Retrotransposons.png/450px-Retrotransposons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Retrotransposons.png/600px-Retrotransposons.png 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Retrotransposon mechanism that uses reverse transcriptase to change mRNA transposon back into DNA for integration.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrotransposons" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrotransposons">Retrotransposons</a>: These are transposons that move in the genome, being transcribed into <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> and later into <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptase</a>. Many retrotransposons also exhibit <a href="/wiki/Replicative_transposition" title="Replicative transposition">replicative transposition</a>. Retrotransposons are present exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retrotransposons consist of two major types, <a href="/wiki/Long_terminal_repeat" title="Long terminal repeat">long terminal repeats</a> (LTRs) and Non-LTR transposons. Non-LTR transposons can be further classified into <a href="/wiki/Long_interspersed_nuclear_element" title="Long interspersed nuclear element">Long interspersed nuclear element</a> (LINEs) and <a href="/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element" title="Short interspersed nuclear element">Short interspersed nuclear element</a> (SINEs).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These retrotransposons are regulated by a family of short non-coding RNAs termed as PIWI [P-element induced wimpy testis]-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).<sup id="cite_ref-Monga_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monga-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> piRNA is a recently discovered class of ncRNAs, which are in the length range of ~24-32 nucleotides. Initially, piRNAs were described as repeat-associated siRNAs (rasiRNAs) because of their origin from the repetitive elements such as transposable sequences of the genome. However, later it was identified that they acted via PIWI-protein. In addition to having a role in the suppression of genomic transposons, various roles of piRNAs have been recently reported like regulation of 3’ UTR of protein-coding genes via RNAi, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance to convey a memory of past transposon activity, and RNA-induced epigenetic silencing.<sup id="cite_ref-Monga_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monga-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrons">Integrons</a>: These are <a href="/wiki/Gene_cassette" title="Gene cassette">gene cassettes</a> that usually carry antibiotic resistance genes to bacterial plasmids and transposons.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introns" class="mw-redirect" title="Introns">Introns</a>: <a href="/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron" title="Group I catalytic intron">Group I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">II introns</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> sequences with catalytic activity that are part of host transcripts and act as ribozymes that can invade genes that encode <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>. They are present in all cellular organisms and viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Introners: Sequences similar to transposons that can jump in the genome leaving new introns where they were, they have been pointed as a possible mechanism of intron gain in the evolution of eukaryotes where they are present in at least 5% of all species, specially in the aquatic taxa due possibly to <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer_in_evolution" title="Horizontal gene transfer in evolution">horizontal gene transfer</a> that occurs more frequently in these animals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were first described in 2009 in the unicellular green algae <a href="/wiki/Micromonas" title="Micromonas">micromonas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acellular_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Acellular life">Viral agents</a>: These are mostly infective <a href="/wiki/Acellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Acellular">acellular</a> agents that replicate in cellular hosts. During their infective cycle they can carry genes from one host to another. They can also carry genes from one organism to another in case that viral agent infects more than two different species. Traditionally they are considered separate entities, but the truth is that many researchers who study their characteristics and evolution refer to them as mobile genetic elements. This is based on the fact that viral agents are simple particles or molecules that replicate and are transferred between various hosts like the remaining non-viral mobile genetic elements. According to this point of view, viruses and other viral agents should not be considered <a href="/wiki/Living_beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Living beings">living beings</a> and should be better conceived as mobile genetic elements. Viral agents are evolutionarily connected with various mobile genetic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These viral agents are thought to have arisen from secreted or ejected plasmids of other organisms. Transposons also provide insight into how these elements may have originally started. This theory is known as the vagrancy hypothesis proposed by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Koonin_2021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koonin_2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolf_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">Viruses</a>: These are viral agents composed of a molecule of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic material">genetic material</a> (DNA or RNA) and with the ability to form complex particles called <a href="/wiki/Virion" class="mw-redirect" title="Virion">virions</a> to be able to move easily between their hosts. Viruses are present in all living things. Viral particles are manufactured by the host's replicative machinery for horizontal transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koonin_2021_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koonin_2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite nucleic acids</a>: These are DNA or RNA molecules, which are encapsulated as a stowaway in the virions of certain helper viruses and which depend on these to be able to replicate. Although they are sometimes considered genetic elements of their helper viruses, they are not always found within their helper viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koonin_2021_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koonin_2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Viroids">Viroids</a>: These are viral agents that consist of small circular RNA molecules that infect and replicate in <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>. These mobile genetic elements do not have a protective protein coating. Specifically, these mobile genetic elements are found in <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ictv_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ictv-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koonin_2021_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koonin_2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a>: These are viral nucleic acids integrated into the genome of a cell. They can move and replicate multiple times in the host cell without causing disease or mutation. They are considered autonomous forms of transposons. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Proviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Proviruses">proviruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retroviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous retroviruses">endogenous retroviruses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_examples">Research examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_genetic_elements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR-Cas</a> systems in bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> are adaptive immune systems to protect against deadly consequences from MGEs. Using comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis, researchers found that CRISPR-Cas variants are associated with distinct types of MGEs such as transposable elements. In <a href="/wiki/CRISPR-associated_transposons" title="CRISPR-associated transposons">CRISPR-associated transposons</a>, CRISPR-Cas controls transposable elements for their propagation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MGEs such as plasmids by a horizontal transmission are generally beneficial to an organism. The ability of transferring plasmids (sharing) is important in an evolutionary perspective. Tazzyman and Bonhoeffer found that fixation (receiving) of the transferred plasmids in a new organism is just as important as the ability to transfer them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beneficial rare and transferable plasmids have a higher fixation probability, whereas deleterious transferable genetic elements have a lower fixation probability because they are lethal to the host organisms. </p><p>One type of MGEs, namely the Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICEs) are central to horizontal gene transfer shaping the genomes of prokaryotes enabling rapid acquisition of novel adaptive traits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a representative example of ICEs, the ICE<i>Bs1</i> is well-characterized for its role in the global DNA damage SOS response of <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also its potential link to the radiation and desiccation resistance of <i>Bacillus pumilus</i> SAFR-032 spores,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> isolated from spacecraft cleanroom facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transposition by transposable elements is mutagenic. Thus, organisms have evolved to repress the transposition events, and failure to repress the events causes cancers in somatic cells. Cecco et al. found that during early age transcription of retrotransposable elements are minimal in mice, but in advanced age the transcription level increases.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This age-dependent expression level of transposable elements is reduced by calorie restriction diet. Replication of transposable elements often results in repeated sequences being added into the genome. These sequences are often non coding but can interfere with coding sequences of DNA. Though mutagenetic by nature, transposons increase the genome of an organism that they transpose into. More research should be conducted into how these elements may serve as a rapid adaptation tool employed by organisms to generate variability. Many transposition elements are dormant or require activation. should also be noted that current values for coding sequences of DNA would be higher if transposition elements that code for their own transposition machinery were considered as coding sequences. </p><p>Some others researched examples include Mavericks,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolakhe_2023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolakhe_2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starships<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolakhe_2023_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolakhe_2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Space invaders (or SPINs)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases">Diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_genetic_elements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consequence of mobile genetic elements can alter the transcriptional patterns, which frequently leads to genetic disorders such as immune disorders, breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In humans, stress can lead to transactional activation of MGEs such as <a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">endogenous retroviruses</a>, and this activation has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_notes">Other notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_genetic_elements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">mobilome</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine#1983" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">1983</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" (<a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable elements</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_med_1983_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel_med_1983-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile genetic elements play a critical role in the spread of virulence factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">exotoxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exoenzyme" title="Exoenzyme">exoenzymes</a>, among bacteria. Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by targeting these specific virulence factors and mobile genetic elements have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_genetic_elements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACLAME" title="ACLAME">ACLAME</a> (The CLAssification of Mobile genetic Elements) database</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_novo_gene_birth" title="De novo gene birth">De novo gene birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exon_shuffling" title="Exon shuffling">Exon shuffling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_gene" title="Fusion gene">Gene fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">Gene duplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_Inverted-repeat_Transposable_Elements" title="Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements">Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements</a> (MITEs)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_genetic_elements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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(2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobilegeneticele00wolf"><i>Mobile genetic elements: protocols and genomic applications</i></a></span>. Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58829-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58829-007-6"><bdi>978-1-58829-007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile+genetic+elements%3A+protocols+and+genomic+applications&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58829-007-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobilegeneticele00wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+genetic+elements" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Shapiro" title="James A. Shapiro">Shapiro JA</a>, ed. 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href="/wiki/Template:Genetic_recombination" title="Template:Genetic recombination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetic_recombination" title="Template talk:Genetic recombination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic_recombination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic recombination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genetics:_homologous_recombination_/_mobile_genetic_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">mobile genetic elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primarily <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation" title="Bacterial conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(genetics)" title="Transduction (genetics)">Transduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Transformation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occurs in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_crossover" title="Chromosomal crossover">Chromosomal crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_conversion" title="Gene conversion">Gene conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_gene" title="Fusion gene">Fusion gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_chromatid_exchange" title="Sister chromatid exchange">Sister chromatid exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_shift" title="Antigenic shift">Antigenic shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reassortment" title="Reassortment">Reassortment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral shift">Viral shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Self-replicating_organic_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self-replicating_organic_structures" title="Template:Self-replicating organic structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self-replicating_organic_structures" title="Template talk:Self-replicating organic structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self-replicating_organic_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self-replicating organic structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Self-replicating_organic_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">Self-replicating</a> organic structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Cellular life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_dark_matter" title="Biological dark matter">Biological dark matter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_I:_dsDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">dsDNA virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_virus" title="Giant virus">Giant virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_virus#Group_II:_ssDNA_viruses" title="DNA virus">ssDNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_RNA_viruses" title="Double-stranded RNA viruses">dsRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_IV—positive-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(+)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_virus#Group_V—negative-sense_ssRNA_viruses" title="RNA virus">(−)ssRNA virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">ssRNA-RT virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DsDNA-RT_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="DsDNA-RT virus">dsDNA-RT virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Subviral_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Subviral agents">Subviral<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">Viroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pospiviroidae" title="Pospiviroidae">Pospiviroidae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avsunviroidae" title="Avsunviroidae">Avsunviroidae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Helper_virus" title="Helper virus">Helper-virus<br />dependent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(biology)" title="Satellite (biology)">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ssRNA satellite virus</li> <li>dsDNA satellite virus (<a href="/wiki/Virophage" title="Virophage">Virophage</a>)</li> <li>ssDNA satellite virus</li> <li>ssDNA satellite</li> <li>dsRNA satellite</li> <li>ssRNA satellite (<a href="/wiki/Virusoid" title="Virusoid">Virusoid</a>)</li> <li>Satellite-like nucleic acids <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;background:#CEDAF2;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defective_interfering_particle" title="Defective interfering particle">Defective interfering particle</a> <ul><li>RNA</li> <li>DNA</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Prion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">Mammalian prion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_prion" title="Fungal prion">Fungal prion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">Nucleic acid</a><br />self-replication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mobile genetic<br />elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobilome" title="Mobilome">Mobilome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_island" title="Genomic island">Genomic island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">Transposable element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrotransposon" title="Retrotransposon">Class I or retrotransposon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_transposon" title="DNA transposon">Class II or DNA transposon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_factor_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility factor (bacteria)">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-factor" class="mw-redirect" title="R-factor">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colicin" title="Colicin">Col</a></li> <li>Degradative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ti_plasmid" title="Ti plasmid">Ti</a></li> <li>Cryptic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmid" title="Cosmid">Cosmid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosmid" title="Fosmid">Fosmid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagemid" title="Phagemid">Phagemid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_I_catalytic_intron" title="Group I catalytic intron">Group I intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_II_intron" title="Group II intron">Group II intron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrozyme" title="Retrozyme">Retrozyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: center;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase" title="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase">RNA replication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_chromosome" title="Linear chromosome">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_chromosome" title="Circular chromosome">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrachromosomal_DNA" title="Extrachromosomal DNA">Extrachromosomal DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_chromosome" title="Secondary chromosome">Secondary chromosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">Gene duplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">Non-coding DNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_replication" title="Origin of replication">Origin of replication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)" title="Replicon (genetics)">Replicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_viral_element" title="Endogenous viral element">Endogenous viral element</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provirus" title="Provirus">Provirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophage" title="Prophage">Prophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_retrovirus" title="Endogenous retrovirus">Endogenous retrovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpoviron" title="Transpoviron">Transpoviron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeated_sequence_(DNA)" title="Repeated sequence (DNA)">Repeated sequences in DNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">Tandem repeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspersed_repeat" title="Interspersed repeat">Interspersed repeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">Endosymbiosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">Mitochondrion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitosome" title="Mitosome">Mitosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenosome" title="Hydrogenosome">Hydrogenosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">Chloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromoplast" title="Chromoplast">Chromoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontoplast" title="Gerontoplast">Gerontoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucoplast" title="Leucoplast">Leucoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">Apicoplast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_organism" title="Kappa organism">Kappa organism</a></li> <li>Organs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriome" title="Bacteriome">Bacteriome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophosome" title="Trophosome">Trophosome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroplast" title="Nitroplast">Nitroplast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribozyme" title="Ribozyme">Ribozyme</a></li></ul></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coacervate" title="Coacervate">Coacervate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinoid" title="Proteinoid">Proteinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphobes" title="Sulphobes">Sulphobe</a></li> <li>Research <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer" title="Model lipid bilayer">Model lipid bilayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeewanu" title="Jeewanu">Jeewanu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">Cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">Cell division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cell" title="Artificial cell">Artificial cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cellular_life" title="Non-cellular life">Non-cellular life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_virology" title="Synthetic virology">Synthetic virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">Viral vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helper_dependent_virus" title="Helper dependent virus">Helper dependent virus</a></li></ul></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobacterium" title="Nanobacterium">Nanobacterium</a></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Nanobe" title="Nanobe">Nanobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virome" title="Virome">Virome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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