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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Black Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Stereotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavesploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavesploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Slavesploitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavesploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_blaxploitation_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_blaxploitation_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable blaxploitation films</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_blaxploitation_films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable blaxploitation films subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_blaxploitation_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1973</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>1975</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>1976</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>1977</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1970s_Blaxploitation_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1970s_Blaxploitation_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Post-1970s Blaxploitation films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1970s_Blaxploitation_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blaxploitation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سينما استغلال السود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما استغلال السود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سینمای تجارتی سیاهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای تجارتی سیاهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="블랙스플로이테이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블랙스플로이테이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="בלאקספלויטיישן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלאקספלויטיישן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ブラックスプロイテーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラックスプロイテーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitaatio" title="Blaxploitaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Blaxploitaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blaxploitation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Блексплуатаційне кіно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Блексплуатаційне кіно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E5%89%9D%E5%89%8A%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="黑人剝削電影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑人剝削電影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q883179#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film genre</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Blaxploitation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg/220px-Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg/330px-Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg/440px-Sweet_sweetback_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Poster of the Blaxploitation film <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i> (1971)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major figures</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Van_Peebles" title="Melvin Van Peebles">Melvin Van Peebles</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">race film</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_and_Albert_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen and Albert Hughes">Allen and Albert Hughes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Singleton" title="John Singleton">John Singleton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_(culture)" title="Hip hop (culture)">Hip hop culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Blaxploitation</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> subgenre of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">exploitation film</a> that emerged in the United States during the early 1970s, when the combined momentum of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">black power movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panthers</a> spurred <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-American</a> artists to reclaim the power of depiction of their ethnicity, and institutions like <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> to provide financial assistance for African-American students to study filmmaking. This combined with <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> adopting a less restrictive rating system in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words "black" and "exploitation", was coined in August 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Junius_Griffin" title="Junius Griffin">Junius Griffin</a>, the president of the Beverly Hills–Hollywood <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> branch. He claimed the genre was "proliferating offenses" to the black community in its perpetuation of stereotypes often involved in crime.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">After the <a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">race films</a> of the 1940s and 1960s, the genre emerged as one of the first in which black characters and communities were protagonists, rather than sidekicks, <a href="/wiki/Magical_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical negro">supportive characters</a>, or victims of brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyne2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyne2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (November 2023)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> The genre's inception coincides with the rethinking of <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a> in the 1970s. </p><p>Blaxploitation films were originally aimed at an urban <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> audience but the genre's audience appeal soon broadened across racial and ethnic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/U.S._film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. film industry">Hollywood</a> realized the potential profit of expanding the audiences of blaxploitation films. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i> credited <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i> and the less radical Hollywood-financed film <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i> (both released in 1971) with the invention of the blaxploitation genre, although <i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Comes_to_Harlem" title="Cotton Comes to Harlem">Cotton Comes to Harlem</a></i> was released the prior year.<sup id="cite_ref-DariusJames_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DariusJames-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blaxploitation films were also the first to feature <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebertreview_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebertreview-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_themes">General themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[S]upercharged, bad-talking, highly romanticized melodramas about Harlem superstuds, the pimps, the private eyes and the pushers who more or less singlehandedly make whitey's corrupt world safe for black pimping, black private-eyeing and black pushing.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 1976<sup id="cite_ref-canby19760425_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canby19760425-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Blaxploitation films set in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> or <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> mainly take place in poor urban neighborhoods. Pejorative terms for white characters, such as "<a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">cracker</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">honky</a>", are commonly used. Blaxploitation films set in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> often deal with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre's films are often bold in their statements and use violence, sex, drug trafficking and other shocking qualities to provoke the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyne2000_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyne2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The films usually portray black protagonists overcoming "<a href="/wiki/The_Man" title="The Man">The Man</a>" or emblems of the white majority that oppresses the black community. </p><p>Blaxploitation includes several subtypes, including crime (<i><a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(film)" title="Foxy Brown (film)">Foxy Brown</a></i>), action/martial arts (<i><a href="/wiki/Three_the_Hard_Way_(film)" title="Three the Hard Way (film)">Three the Hard Way</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">Westerns</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Boss_Nigger" title="Boss Nigger">Boss Nigger</a></i>), horror (<i><a href="/wiki/Abby_(film)" title="Abby (film)">Abby</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blacula" title="Blacula">Blacula</a></i>), prison (<i><a href="/wiki/Penitentiary_(1979_film)" title="Penitentiary (1979 film)">Penitentiary</a></i>), comedy (<i><a href="/wiki/Uptown_Saturday_Night" title="Uptown Saturday Night">Uptown Saturday Night</a></i>), nostalgia (<i><a href="/wiki/Five_on_the_Black_Hand_Side" title="Five on the Black Hand Side">Five on the Black Hand Side</a></i>), coming-of-age (<i><a href="/wiki/Cooley_High" title="Cooley High">Cooley High</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Cornbread,_Earl_and_Me" title="Cornbread, Earl and Me">Cornbread, Earl and Me</a></i>), and musical (<i><a href="/wiki/Sparkle_(1976_film)" title="Sparkle (1976 film)">Sparkle</a></i>). </p><p>Following the example set by <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i>, many blaxploitation films feature <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">soul jazz</a> soundtracks with heavy <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass</a>, funky beats and <a href="/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal" title="Wah-wah pedal">wah-wah</a> guitars. These soundtracks are notable for complexity that was not common to the radio-friendly funk tracks of the 1970s. They also often feature a rich orchestration which included flutes and violins.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blaxploitation was one of the first film categories to have female leads portray brave, heroic, active protagonists. Actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hendry" title="Gloria Hendry">Gloria Hendry</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Jones" title="Black Belt Jones">Black Belt Jones</a></i> opened the door for actresses to become action stars which inspired later films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1" title="Kill Bill: Volume 1">Kill Bill</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Set_It_Off_(film)" title="Set It Off (film)">Set It Off</a></i>. </p><p>Following the popularity of these films in the 1970s, movies within other genres began to feature black characters with stereotypical blaxploitation characteristics, such as the <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> underworld characters in the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films" title="List of James Bond films">James Bond</a></i> film <i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)" title="Live and Let Die (film)">Live and Let Die</a></i> (1973), <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)" title="Jim Kelly (martial artist)">Jim Kelly</a>'s character in <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a></i> (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a>'s character in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Inglorious_Bastards" title="The Inglorious Bastards">The Inglorious Bastards</a></i> (1978). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Power">Black Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Black Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG/170px-Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG/255px-Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG/340px-Richard_Roundtree_1973.JPG 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a> as <a href="/wiki/John_Shaft" title="John Shaft">John Shaft</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Afeni_Shakur" title="Afeni Shakur">Afeni Shakur</a> claimed that every aspect of culture (including cinema) in the 1960s and 1970s was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a>. <i>Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</i> was one of the first films to incorporate black power <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> and permit black actors to be the stars of their own narratives, rather than being relegated to the typical roles available to them (such as the "<a href="/wiki/Mammy_archetype" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammy archetype">mammy</a>" figure and other low-status characters).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films such as <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)"><i>Shaft</i></a> brought the black experience to film in a new way, allowing black political and social issues that had been ignored in cinema to be explored. <i>Shaft</i> and its protagonist, John Shaft, brought <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> to the mainstream world.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sweetback</i> and <i>Shaft</i> were both influenced by the black power movement, containing <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> themes, solidarity and social consciousness alongside the genre-typical images of sex and violence. </p><p>Knowing that film could bring about social and cultural change, the Black Power movement seized the genre to highlight black socioeconomic struggles in the 1970s; many such films contained black heroes who were able to overcome the institutional oppression of African-American culture and history.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyne2000_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyne2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Fly_(1972_film)" title="Super Fly (1972 film)">Super Fly</a></i> softened the rhetoric of black power, encouraging resistance within the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> system rather than a radical transformation of society. <i>Super Fly</i> still embraced the <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalist</a> movement in its argument that black and white authority cannot coexist easily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stereotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genre's role in exploring and shaping <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a> in the United States has been controversial. Some held that the blaxploitation trend was a token of black empowerment, but others accused the movies of perpetuating common <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African-Americans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of African-Americans in the United States">white stereotypes about black people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many called for the end of the genre. The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a> joined to form the Coalition Against Blaxploitation. Their influence in the late 1970s contributed to the genre's demise. Literary critic <a href="/wiki/Addison_Gayle" title="Addison Gayle">Addison Gayle</a> wrote in 1974, "The best example of this kind of nihilism / irresponsibility are the Black films; here is freedom pushed to its most ridiculous limits; here are writers and actors who claim that freedom for the artist entails exploitation of the very people to whom they owe their artistic existence."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films such as <i>Super Fly</i> and <i>The Mack</i> received intense criticism not only for the stereotype of the protagonist (generalizing pimps as representative of all African-American men, in this case) but for portraying all black communities as hotbeds for drugs and crime.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blaxploitation films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(film)" title="Mandingo (film)">Mandingo</a></i> (1975) provided mainstream Hollywood producers, in this case <a href="/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis" title="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a>, a cinematic way to depict plantation slavery with all of its brutal, historical and racial contradictions and controversies, including sex, miscegenation, rebellion. The story world also depicts the plantation as one of the main origins of boxing as a sport in the U.S. </p><p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a new wave of acclaimed black film makers, particularly <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Do_the_Right_Thing" title="Do the Right Thing">Do the Right Thing</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton" title="John Singleton">John Singleton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Boyz_n_the_Hood" title="Boyz n the Hood">Boyz n the Hood</a></i><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Hughes_brothers" title="Hughes brothers">Allen and Albert Hughes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Menace_II_Society" title="Menace II Society">Menace II Society</a></i>) focused on black urban life in their movies. These directors made use of blaxploitation elements while incorporating implicit criticism of the genre's glorification of stereotypical "criminal" behavior. </p><p>Alongside accusations of exploiting stereotypes, the NAACP also criticized the blaxploitation genre of exploiting the black community and culture of America, by creating films for a profit that those communities would never see, despite being the vastly misrepresented main focus of many blaxploitation film plots. Many film professionals still believe that there is no truly equal "Black Hollywood" as evidenced by the "<a href="/wiki/Oscars_So_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscars So White">Oscars So White</a>" scandal in 2015 that caused uproar when no black actors were nominated for "<a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Best Actor</a>" at the Academy Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavesploitation">Slavesploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slavesploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg/220px-Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg/330px-Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg/440px-Perry_King_and_Brenda_Sykes_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Sykes" title="Brenda Sykes">Brenda Sykes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perry_King" title="Perry King">Perry King</a> on the set of <i><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(film)" title="Mandingo (film)">Mandingo</a></i> (1975).</figcaption></figure> <p>Slavesploitation, a subgenre of blaxploitation in literature and film, flourished briefly in the late 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As its name suggests, the genre is characterized by sensationalistic depictions of slavery. </p><p>Abrams, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Django_Unchained" title="Django Unchained">Django Unchained</a></i> (2012) finds its historical roots in the slavesploitation genre, observes that slavesploitation films are characterized by "crassly exploitative representations of oppressed slave protagonists".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One early antecedent of the genre is <a href="/wiki/Slaves_(film)" title="Slaves (film)"><i>Slaves</i></a> (1969), which Gaines notes was "not 'slavesploitation' in the vein of later films", but which nonetheless featured graphic depictions of beatings and sexual violence against slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novotny argues that <i>Blacula</i> (1972), although it does not depict slavery directly, is historically linked to the slavesploitation subgenre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By far, the best-known and best-studied exemplar of slavesploitation is <i>Mandingo</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(novel)" title="Mandingo (novel)">1957 novel</a> which was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(play)" title="Mandingo (play)">1961 play</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(film)" title="Mandingo (film)">1975 film</a>. Indeed, <i>Mandingo</i> was so well known that a contemporary reviewer of <i>Die the Long Day</i>, a 1972 novel by <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Orlando Patterson</a>, called it an example of the "Mandingo genre".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film, panned on its release, has been subject to widely divergent critical assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(critic)" title="Robin Wood (critic)">Robin Wood</a>, for instance, argued in 1998 that it is the "greatest film about race ever made in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, certainly prior to Spike Lee and in some respects still".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blaxploitation films have had an enormous and complicated influence on American cinema. Filmmaker and exploitation film fan <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>, for example, has made numerous references to the blaxploitation genre in his films. An early blaxploitation tribute can be seen in the character of "Lite", played by <a href="/wiki/Sy_Richardson" title="Sy Richardson">Sy Richardson</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Repo_Man_(film)" title="Repo Man (film)">Repo Man</a></i> (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richardson later wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Posse_(1993_film)" title="Posse (1993 film)">Posse</a></i> (1993), which is a kind of blaxploitation <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a>. </p><p>Some of the later, blaxploitation-influenced movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Brown" title="Jackie Brown">Jackie Brown</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Undercover_Brother" title="Undercover Brother">Undercover Brother</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers_in_Goldmember" title="Austin Powers in Goldmember">Austin Powers in Goldmember</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1" title="Kill Bill: Volume 1">Kill Bill Vol. 1</a></i> (2003), and <i><a href="/wiki/Django_Unchained" title="Django Unchained">Django Unchained</a></i> (2012) feature <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a> nods to the genre. The parody <i>Undercover Brother</i>, for example, stars <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Griffin" title="Eddie Griffin">Eddie Griffin</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Afro" title="Afro">afro</a>-topped agent for a clandestine organization satirically known as the <i>"B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D."</i>. Likewise, <i>Austin Powers in Goldmember</i> co-stars <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé Knowles</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Dobson" title="Tamara Dobson">Tamara Dobson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a>-inspired heroine, <a href="/wiki/Foxxy_Cleopatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxxy Cleopatra">Foxxy Cleopatra</a>. In the 1977 parody film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kentucky_Fried_Movie" title="The Kentucky Fried Movie">The Kentucky Fried Movie</a></i>, a mock trailer for <i>Cleopatra Schwartz</i> depicts another Grier-like action star married to a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>. In a scene in <i><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs" title="Reservoir Dogs">Reservoir Dogs</a></i>, the protagonists discuss <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Christie_Love!" title="Get Christie Love!">Get Christie Love!</a></i>, a mid-1970s blaxploitation television series. In the catalytic scene of <i><a href="/wiki/True_Romance" title="True Romance">True Romance</a></i>, the characters watch the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mack" title="The Mack">The Mack</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Singleton" title="John Singleton">John Singleton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(2000_film)" title="Shaft (2000 film)">Shaft</a></i> (2000), starring <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a>, is a modern-day interpretation of a classic blaxploitation film. The 1997 film <i><a href="/wiki/Hoodlum_(film)" title="Hoodlum (film)">Hoodlum</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne" title="Laurence Fishburne">Laurence Fishburne</a> portrays a fictional account of black mobster <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_%22Bumpy%22_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson">Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson</a> and recasts gangster blaxploitation with a 1930s twist. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Van_Peebles" title="Mario Van Peebles">Mario Van Peebles</a> released <i><a href="/wiki/Baadasssss!" title="Baadasssss!">Baadasssss!</a></i>, about the making of his father Melvin's movie (with Mario playing Melvin). 2007's <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gangster_(film)" title="American Gangster (film)">American Gangster</a></i>, based on the true story of heroin dealer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lucas_(drug_dealer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lucas (drug dealer)">Frank Lucas</a>, takes place in the early 1970s in Harlem and has many elements similar in style to blaxploitation films, specifically its prominent featuring of the song "<a href="/wiki/Across_110th_Street" title="Across 110th Street">Across 110th Street</a>". </p><p>Blaxploitation films have profoundly impacted contemporary <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop culture">hip-hop culture</a>. Several prominent <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> artists, including <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane" title="Big Daddy Kane">Big Daddy Kane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slick_Rick" title="Slick Rick">Slick Rick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Too_Short" title="Too Short">Too Short</a>, have adopted the no-nonsense <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimp</a> persona popularized first by ex-pimp <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_Slim" title="Iceberg Slim">Iceberg Slim</a>'s 1967 book <i>Pimp</i> and subsequently by films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Fly_(1972_film)" title="Super Fly (1972 film)">Super Fly</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mack" title="The Mack">The Mack</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Willie_Dynamite" title="Willie Dynamite">Willie Dynamite</a></i>. In fact, many hip-hop artists have paid tribute to pimping within their lyrics (most notably <a href="/wiki/50_Cent" title="50 Cent">50 Cent</a>'s hit single "<a href="/wiki/P.I.M.P." title="P.I.M.P.">P.I.M.P.</a>") and have openly embraced the pimp image in their <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, which include entourages of scantily-clad women, flashy jewelry (known as "<i><a href="/wiki/Bling" class="mw-redirect" title="Bling">bling</a></i>"), and luxury <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado" title="Cadillac Eldorado">Cadillacs</a> (referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Pimpmobile" title="Pimpmobile">pimpmobiles</a>"). The most famous scene of <i>The Mack</i>, featuring the "Annual <a href="/wiki/Players_Ball" title="Players Ball">Players Ball</a>", has become an often-referenced <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a> icon—most recently by <i><a href="/wiki/Chappelle%27s_Show" title="Chappelle's Show">Chappelle's Show</a></i>, where it was parodied as the "Playa Hater's Ball". The genre's overseas influence extends to artists such as Norway's hip-hop duo <a href="/wiki/Madcon" title="Madcon">Madcon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Avenue_(novel)" title="Telegraph Avenue (novel)">Telegraph Avenue</a></i>, set in 2004, two characters are former blaxploitation stars.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, opera director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellars" title="Peter Sellars">Peter Sellars</a> (not to be confused with actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>) produced and directed a staging of <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> in the manner of a blaxploitation film, set in contemporary Spanish Harlem, with African-American singers portraying the anti-heroes as street-thugs, killing by gunshot rather than with a sword, using recreational drugs, and partying almost naked.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later released on commercial video and can be seen on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 video game, <i><a href="/wiki/Mafia_III" title="Mafia III">Mafia III</a></i>, is set in the year 1968 and revolves around Lincoln Clay, a mixed-race African-American orphan raised by <a href="/wiki/African-American_organized_crime" title="African-American organized crime">"black mob"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the murder of his surrogate family at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Italian mafia</a>, Lincoln Clay seeks vengeance on those who took away the only thing that mattered to him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notoriety of the blaxploitation genre has led to many parodies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest attempts to mock the genre, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_(film)" title="Coonskin (film)">Coonskin</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dolemite" title="Dolemite">Dolemite</a></i>, date back to the genre's heyday in 1975. </p><p><i>Coonskin</i> was intended to deconstruct racial stereotypes, from early <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel show</a> stereotypes to more recent stereotypes found in blaxploitation film itself. The work stimulated great controversy even before its release when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> challenged it. Even though distribution was handed to a smaller distributor who advertised it as an exploitation film, it soon developed a cult following with black viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-DariusJames_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DariusJames-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Dolemite</i>, less serious in tone and produced as a spoof, centers around a sexually active black pimp played by Rudy Ray Moore, who based the film on his <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a> act. A sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Tornado" title="The Human Tornado">The Human Tornado</a></i>, followed. </p><p>Later spoofs parodying the blaxploitation genre include <i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Git_You_Sucka" title="I'm Gonna Git You Sucka">I'm Gonna Git You Sucka</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pootie_Tang" title="Pootie Tang">Pootie Tang</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Undercover_Brother" title="Undercover Brother">Undercover Brother</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i>, which featured a Jewish protagonist and was jokingly referred to by its director as a "Jewsploitation" film. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Townsend_(actor)" title="Robert Townsend (actor)">Robert Townsend</a>'s comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Shuffle" title="Hollywood Shuffle">Hollywood Shuffle</a></i> features a young black actor who is tempted to take part in a white-produced blaxploitation film. </p><p>The satirical book <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Dumb_Century" title="Our Dumb Century">Our Dumb Century</a></i> features an article from the 1970s entitled "Congress Passes Anti-Blaxploitation Act: Pimps, Players Subject to Heavy Fines". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fox_Entertainment_Group" title="Fox Entertainment Group">FOX</a>'s network television comedy, <i><a href="/wiki/MADtv" class="mw-redirect" title="MADtv">MADtv</a></i>, has frequently spoofed the <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a>-created franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Dolemite" title="Dolemite">Dolemite</a></i>, with a series of sketches performed by comic actor <a href="/wiki/Aries_Spears" title="Aries Spears">Aries Spears</a>, in the role of "The Son of Dolemite". Other sketches include the characters "<a href="/wiki/Funkenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Funkenstein">Funkenstein</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Dr._Funkenstein" title="Dr. Funkenstein">Dr. Funkenstein</a>" and more recently <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> as a blaxploitation superhero. A recurring theme in these sketches is the inexperience of the cast and crew in the blaxploitation era, with emphasis on ridiculous scripting and shoddy acting, sets, costumes, and editing. The sketches are testaments to the poor production quality of the films, with obvious boom mike appearances and intentionally poor cuts and continuity. </p><p>Another of FOX's network television comedies, <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_(TV_series)" title="Martin (TV series)">Martin</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lawrence" title="Martin Lawrence">Martin Lawrence</a>, frequently references the blaxploitation genre. In the Season Three episode "All The Players Came", when Martin organizes a "Player's Ball" charity event to save a local theater, several stars of the blaxploitation era, such as <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fargas" title="Antonio Fargas">Antonio Fargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony_Williams" title="Dick Anthony Williams">Dick Anthony Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> all make cameo appearances. In one scene, Martin, in character as aging pimp "Jerome", refers to Pam Grier as "<a href="/wiki/Sheba,_Baby" title="Sheba, Baby">Sheba, Baby</a>" in reference to her 1975 blaxploitation feature film of the same name. </p><p>In the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_in_the_Hood" title="Leprechaun in the Hood">Leprechaun in the Hood</a></i>, a character played by <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a> pulls a baseball bat from his Afro. This scene alludes to a similar scene in <i><a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(1974_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxy Brown (1974 film)">Foxy Brown</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> hides a small semi-automatic pistol in her Afro. </p><p>Adult Swim's <i><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Teen_Hunger_Force" title="Aqua Teen Hunger Force">Aqua Teen Hunger Force</a></i> series has a recurring character called "Boxy Brown" – a play on Foxy Brown. An imaginary friend of <a href="/wiki/Meatwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Meatwad">Meatwad</a>, Boxy Brown is a cardboard box with a crudely drawn face with a French cut that dons an afro. Whenever Boxy speaks, '70s funk music, typical of blaxploitation films, plays in the background. The cardboard box also has a confrontational attitude and <a href="/wiki/Jive_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jive (dialect)">dialect</a> similar to many heroes of this film genre. </p><p>Some of the TVs found in the action video game <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_2:_The_Fall_of_Max_Payne" title="Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne">Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne</a></i> feature a Blaxploitation-themed parody of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Payne_(video_game)" title="Max Payne (video game)">Max Payne</a></i> game called <i>Dick Justice</i>, after its main character. Dick behaves much like the original Max Payne (down to the "constipated" grimace and metaphorical speech) but wears an afro and mustache and speaks in <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">Ebonics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Duck_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck King">Duck King</a>, a fictional character created for the video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Fury_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatal Fury (series)">Fatal Fury</a></i>, is a prime example of foreign black stereotypes. </p><p>The sub-cult movie short <i><a href="/wiki/Gayniggers_from_Outer_Space" title="Gayniggers from Outer Space">Gayniggers from Outer Space</a></i> is a blaxploitation-like science fiction oddity directed by Danish filmmaker, DJ, and singer <a href="/wiki/Master_Fatman" title="Master Fatman">Morten Lindberg</a>. </p><p>Jefferson Twilight, a character in <i>The Venture Bros.</i>, is a parody of the comic-book character Blade (a black, half human, half-vampire vampire hunter), as well as a blaxploitation reference. He has an afro, sideburns, and a mustache. He carries swords, dresses in stylish 1970s clothing, and says that he hunts "Blaculas".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scene from the Season 9 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Simpson_Tide" title="Simpson Tide">Simpson Tide</a>", shows Homer Simpson watching <i>Exploitation Theatre.</i> A voice-over announces fake movie titles such as <i>The Blunch Black of Blotre Blame.</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martha_Southgate" title="Martha Southgate">Martha Southgate</a>'s 2005 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Third_Girl_from_the_Left" title="Third Girl from the Left">Third Girl from the Left</a></i> is set in Hollywood during the era of blaxploitation films and references many blaxploitation films and stars such as <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_blaxploitation_films">Notable blaxploitation films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable blaxploitation films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">List of blaxploitation films</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968">1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uptight_(film)" title="Uptight (film)">Uptight</a></i>, a 1968 American drama film directed by Jules Dassin. It was intended as an updated version of John Ford's 1935 film <i>The Informer</i>, based on the book of the same name by Liam O'Flaherty, but the setting was transposed from Dublin to Cleveland. The soundtrack was performed by Booker T. & the MG's. This movie follows the story of a Black nationalist organization in Cleveland (largely based in the Hough and Glenville neighborhoods) that becomes disillusioned with non-violence after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr and prepares for urban guerilla warfare.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970">1970</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Black Angels</i> is about a black motorcycle gang and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">outlaw biker film</a> genre.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Call_Me_MISTER_Tibbs!" class="mw-redirect" title="They Call Me MISTER Tibbs!">They Call Me MISTER Tibbs!</a></i> A sequel to <i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_(film)" title="In the Heat of the Night (film)">In the Heat of the Night</a></i>, it is a pre-<i>Shaft</i> blaxploitation, and stylistically different from the original film.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carter%27s_Army" title="Carter's Army">Carter's Army</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> about a unit of black soldiers in World War II.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Comes_to_Harlem" title="Cotton Comes to Harlem">Cotton Comes to Harlem</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a>) is based on <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Comes_to_Harlem_(novel)" title="Cotton Comes to Harlem (novel)">a novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chester_Himes" title="Chester Himes">Chester Himes</a>. Features two black NYPD detectives, <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Ed_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffin Ed Johnson">Coffin Ed Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raymond_St._Jacques" title="Raymond St. Jacques">Raymond St. Jacques</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gravedigger_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravedigger Jones">Gravedigger Jones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Cambridge" title="Godfrey Cambridge">Godfrey Cambridge</a>), on the hunt for a money-filled cotton bale stolen by a corrupt reverend named Deke O'Malley.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971">1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Sweetback%27s_Baadasssss_Song" title="Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song">Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</a></i> is written, produced, scored, directed by and stars <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Van_Peebles" title="Melvin Van Peebles">Melvin Van Peebles</a>. The hero, named Sweetback because of his sexual powers, is an apolitical sex worker. His pimp, Beadle, makes a deal with a couple of police officers to let them take Sweetback into the station so it looks like the cops are picking up suspects. While Sweetback is in custody, the police arrest a young black militant and take him to a rural area to torture him. Sweetback steps in and beats the police unconscious. With the police chasing him, Sweetback comes to understand the power of the black community sticking together. He uses his ingenuity and survival skills to outwit the police and escape to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music by Earth Wind & Fire.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(1971_film)" title="Shaft (1971 film)">Shaft</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a>) features <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a> as detective <a href="/wiki/John_Shaft" title="John Shaft">John Shaft</a>. The soundtrack features contributions from <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>, whose recording of the titular song won several awards, including an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>. <i>Shaft</i> was deemed culturally relevant by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and it spawned two sequels, <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft%27s_Big_Score" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft's Big Score">Shaft's Big Score</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_in_Africa" title="Shaft in Africa">Shaft in Africa</a></i> (1973), as well as a <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(TV_film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft (TV film series)">short-lived TV series</a> starring Roundtree.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was revived in 2000 with an all-new <a href="/wiki/Shaft_(2000_film)" title="Shaft (2000 film)">sequel</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> as the nephew of the original John Shaft, with Roundtree reprising his role as the original Shaft. A direct sequel to the 2000 film was released in 2019, also titled <i><a href="/wiki/Shaft_(2019_film)" title="Shaft (2019 film)">Shaft</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bus_Is_Coming" title="The Bus Is Coming">The Bus Is Coming</a></i> is a 1971 American drama film about a young black soldier who returns home to Los Angeles from combat in Vietnam to find out that his brother had been killed by a gang of racist cops. He struggles between maintaining his beliefs surrounding liberalism and centrism, or being radicalized from his brother's death, and possibly joining the Black nationalist organization the Black Fist. This movie was directed by Wendell James Franklin and starred Mike B. Simms and, Burl Bullock.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972">1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Come_Back,_Charleston_Blue" title="Come Back, Charleston Blue">Come Back, Charleston Blue</a></i>, starring Godfrey Cambridge and Raymond St. Jacques, loosely based on Chester Himes' novel The Heat's On. It is a sequel to the 1970 film Cotton Comes to Harlem. All tracks written by <a href="/wiki/Donny_Hathaway" title="Donny Hathaway">Donny Hathaway</a> except "Little Ghetto Boy"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hit_Man_(1972_film)" title="Hit Man (1972 film)">Hit Man</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/George_Armitage" title="George Armitage">George Armitage</a>) is the story of an <a href="/wiki/Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a> hit man, played by former <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> player <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Casey" title="Bernie Casey">Bernie Casey</a>, who comes to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> after his brother is murdered. He learns that his niece has been forced into pornography. She is eventually murdered. He sets out to murder everyone directly involved, from a porn star (<a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a>), to a theater owner (<a href="/wiki/Ed_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Cambridge">Ed Cambridge</a>), to a man he looked up to as a child (<a href="/wiki/Rudy_Challenger" title="Rudy Challenger">Rudy Challenger</a>), and a mobster (<a href="/wiki/Don_Diamond" title="Don Diamond">Don Diamond</a>).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Fly_(1972_film)" title="Super Fly (1972 film)">Super Fly</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks_Jr." title="Gordon Parks Jr.">Gordon Parks Jr.</a>) features a soundtrack by <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a>. <i>Super Fly</i> is one of the most controversial, profitable and popular classics of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Nigger_Charley" title="The Legend of Nigger Charley">The Legend of Nigger Charley</a></i> (dir. Martin Goldman) is written by, co-produced by and stars <a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a>. It was followed by the sequel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_Nigger_Charley" title="The Soul of Nigger Charley">The Soul of Nigger Charley</a></i> (1973).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(1972_film)" title="Hammer (1972 film)">Hammer</a></i> (dir. Bruce D. Clark) stars Fred Williamson as B.J. Hammer, a boxer who gets mixed up with a crooked manager who wants him to throw a fight for the Mafia.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Across_110th_Street" title="Across 110th Street">Across 110th Street</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Barry_Shear" title="Barry Shear">Barry Shear</a>) is a crime thriller about two detectives (played by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaphet_Kotto" title="Yaphet Kotto">Yaphet Kotto</a>) who try to catch a group of robbers who stole $300,000 from the Mob before the Mob catches up with them. The <a href="/wiki/Across_110th_Street_(song)" title="Across 110th Street (song)">title track</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Womack" title="Bobby Womack">Bobby Womack</a> reached #19 on the <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles_%26_Tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks">Billboard Black Singles Chart</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mama,_White_Mama" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mama, White Mama">Black Mama, White Mama</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">women in prison film</a> partly inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Defiant_Ones" title="The Defiant Ones">The Defiant Ones</a></i> (1958) starring <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Markov" title="Margaret Markov">Margaret Markov</a> in the roles originated by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blacula" title="Blacula">Blacula</a></i> is a take on <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i> which features an African prince (played by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Marshall">William H. Marshall</a>) who is bitten and imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>. Once freed from his coffin, he spreads terror in modern-day Los Angeles.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melinda_(film)" title="Melinda (film)">Melinda</a></i> (dir. Hugh Robertson) features music by Jerry Peters and Jerry Butler.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter_(1972_film)" title="Slaughter (1972 film)">Slaughter</a></i> stars Jim Brown as an ex-Green Beret who seeks revenge against a crime syndicate for the murder of his parents. It spawned the sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter%27s_Big_Rip-Off" title="Slaughter's Big Rip-Off">Slaughter's Big Rip-Off</a></i> (1973).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trouble_Man_(film)" title="Trouble Man (film)">Trouble Man</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooks" title="Robert Hooks">Robert Hooks</a> as "Mr. T.", a hard-edged private detective who tends to take justice into his own hands. Although the film itself was unsuccessful, it did enjoy a successful soundtrack written, produced and performed by <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Comedown" title="The Final Comedown">The Final Comedown</a></i> (dir. Oscar Williams) features music by Grant Green and Wade Marcus, and stars Billy Dee Williams. The film is an examination of racism in the United States and depicts a shootout between a radical black nationalist group and the police, with the backstory leading up to the shootout told through flashbacks.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Gunn" title="Black Gunn">Black Gunn</a></i> is a 1972 American neo-noir crime thriller film, directed by Robert Hartford-Davis and starring Jim Brown, Martin Landau, Brenda Sykes, Herbert Jefferson Jr. and Luciana Paluzzi. The film is considered an entry blaxploitation sub-genre, but is unique to the genre in several different ways. The film is set in Los Angeles where a nighttime robbery of an illegal mafia bookmaking operation is carried out by the militant African-American organization BAG (Black Action Group). Though successful, several of the bookmakers and one of the burglars are killed. The mastermind behind the robbery, a Vietnam veteran named Scott, is the brother of a prominent nightclub owner, Gunn. Seeking safe haven, Scott hides out at his brother's mansion after a brief reunion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973">1973</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1973"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(film)" title="Black Caesar (film)">Black Caesar</a></i>, Tommy Gibbs (<a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a>) is a street-smart hoodlum who has worked his way up to being the crime boss of Harlem. Music by <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackenstein" title="Blackenstein">Blackenstein</a></i> is a parody of <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i> and features a black <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Jones" title="Cleopatra Jones">Cleopatra Jones</a></i> (1973) and its sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Jones_and_the_Casino_of_Gold" title="Cleopatra Jones and the Casino of Gold">Cleopatra Jones and the Casino of Gold</a></i> (1975), star <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Dobson" title="Tamara Dobson">Tamara Dobson</a> as a karate-chopping government agent, with the mutual support of the Black Nationalist B&S (Brothers & Sisters) House. The first film marks the beginning of a subgenre of blaxploitation films focusing on strong female leads taking an active role in shootouts and fights. Some of these films include <i><a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Jones" title="Black Belt Jones">Black Belt Jones</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(film)" title="Foxy Brown (film)">Foxy Brown</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/T.N.T._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="T.N.T. Jackson">T.N.T. Jackson</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffy" title="Coffy">Coffy</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> stars as Coffy, a nurse turned vigilante who takes revenge on all those who hooked her 11-year-old sister on heroin. <i>Coffy</i> marks Grier's biggest hit and was re-worked for <i>Foxy Brown</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Foster_(film)" title="Friday Foster (film)">Friday Foster</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sheba_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheba Baby">Sheba Baby</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_9000" title="Detroit 9000">Detroit 9000</a></i> is set in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_MI" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, MI">Detroit, MI</a> and features street-smart white detective Danny Bassett (<a href="/wiki/Alex_Rocco" title="Alex Rocco">Alex Rocco</a>) who teams with educated black detective Sgt. Jesse Williams (Hari Rhodes) to investigate the theft of $400,000 at a fund-raiser for Representative Aubrey Hale Clayton (Rudy Challenger). Championed by <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>, it was released on video by <a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> in April 1999.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordon%27s_War" title="Gordon's War">Gordon's War</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Paul_Winfield" title="Paul Winfield">Paul Winfield</a> as a Vietnam vet who recruits ex-Army buddies to fight the Harlem drug dealers and pimps responsible for the heroin-fueled death of his wife.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hell_Up_in_Harlem" title="Hell Up in Harlem">Hell Up in Harlem</a></i> is the sequel to <i>Black Caesar</i> and stars <a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hendry" title="Gloria Hendry">Gloria Hendry</a>, with a soundtrack by Motown singer <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Starr" title="Edwin Starr">Edwin Starr</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)" title="Live and Let Die (film)">Live and Let Die</a></i>, a <i>James Bond</i> movie directed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Hamilton" title="Guy Hamilton">Guy Hamilton</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moore" title="Roger Moore">Roger Moore</a>. Many of the villains and allies are based on stock blaxploitation characters.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mack" title="The Mack">The Mack</a></i> is a film starring Max Julien and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pryor" title="Richard Pryor">Richard Pryor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was produced during the era of such Blaxploitations as <i>Dolemite</i>. It is not considered by its makers a true blaxploitation picture. It is more a social commentary according to <i>Mackin' Ain't Easy</i>, a documentary about the making of <i>The Mack</i>, which can be found on the DVD edition of the film. The movie tells the story of the life of John Mickens (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Goldie), a former drug dealer recently released from prison who becomes a big-time pimp. Standing in his way is another pimp: Pretty Tony. Two corrupt white cops, a local crime lord, and his own brother (a black nationalist), all try to force him out of the business. Set in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, it was the highest grossing blaxploitation of its time. Its soundtrack was recorded by Motown artist <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scream_Blacula_Scream" title="Scream Blacula Scream">Scream Blacula Scream</a></i> is the sequel to <i>Blacula</i>. William H. Marshall reprises his role as Blacula/Mamuwalde.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spook_Who_Sat_by_the_Door_(film)" title="The Spook Who Sat by the Door (film)">The Spook Who Sat By the Door</a></i> is adapted from <a href="/wiki/Sam_Greenlee" title="Sam Greenlee">Sam Greenlee</a>'s novel and directed by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dixon" title="Ivan Dixon">Ivan Dixon</a> with music by <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>. A token black <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> employee, who is secretly a <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black nationalist">black nationalist</a>, leaves his position to train a street gang in CIA tactics and guerilla warfare to become an army of "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighter" title="Freedom fighter">freedom fighters</a>". The film was reportedly pulled from distribution because of its politically controversial message and depictions of an American <a href="/wiki/Race_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Race war">race war</a>. Until its 2004 <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> release, it was hard to find, save for infrequent <a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">bootleg</a> <a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> copies. In 2012, the film was included in the USA Library of Congress National Film Registry.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superfly_TNT" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfly TNT">Superfly TNT</a></i> (dir. Ron O'Neil)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That_Man_Bolt" title="That Man Bolt">That Man Bolt</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a>, is the first <a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">spy film</a> in this genre, combining elements of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> with martial arts action in an international setting.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trick_Baby" title="Trick Baby">Trick Baby</a></i> is based on the book of the same name by ex-pimp <a href="/wiki/Iceberg_Slim" title="Iceberg Slim">Iceberg Slim</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willie_Dynamite" title="Willie Dynamite">Willie Dynamite</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Orman" title="Roscoe Orman">Roscoe Orman</a> (Gordon from <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i> fame) plays a pimp. As in many blaxploitation films, the lead character drives a customized Cadillac Eldorado Coupe (the same car was used in <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Force" title="Magnum Force">Magnum Force</a></i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974">1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abby_(film)" title="Abby (film)">Abby</a></i> is a version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist" title="The Exorcist">The Exorcist</a></i> and stars <a href="/wiki/Carol_Speed" title="Carol Speed">Carol Speed</a> as a virtuous young woman possessed by a demon. Ms. Speed also sings the title song. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Marshall">William H. Marshall</a> (of <i><a href="/wiki/Blacula" title="Blacula">Blacula</a></i> fame) conducts the exorcism of Abby on the floor of a <a href="/wiki/Discotheque" class="mw-redirect" title="Discotheque">discotheque</a>. A hit in its time, it was later pulled from the theaters after Warner Bros. successfully sued AIP over copyright issues.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_Jones" title="Black Belt Jones">Black Belt Jones</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)" title="Jim Kelly (martial artist)">Jim Kelly</a>, who is better known for his role as "Mister Williams" in the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Dragon" title="Enter the Dragon">Enter the Dragon</a></i>, is given a leading role. He plays Black Belt Jones, a federal agent/martial arts expert who takes on the mob as he avenges the murder of a karate school owner.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Eye_(film)" title="Black Eye (film)">Black Eye</a></i> is an action-mystery starring Fred Williamson as a private detective investigating murders connected with a drug ring.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Godfather" title="The Black Godfather">The Black Godfather</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Rod_Perry_(actor)" title="Rod Perry (actor)">Rod Perry</a> as a man rising to underworld power based on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">The Godfather</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Six" title="The Black Six">The Black Six</a></i> is about a black motorcycle gang seeking revenge. It combines blaxploitation and <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">outlaw biker film</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudine_(film)" title="Claudine (film)">Claudine</a></i>: Music by <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a>. Cast/<a href="/wiki/Diahann_Carroll" title="Diahann Carroll">Diahann Carroll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foxy_Brown_(film)" title="Foxy Brown (film)">Foxy Brown</a></i> is largely a remake of the hit film <i>Coffy</i>. Pam Grier once again plays a nurse on a vendetta against a drug ring, who seeks help from the Black Panthers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally written as a sequel to <i>Coffy</i>, the film's working title was <i>Burn, Coffy, Burn!</i>. The soundtrack was recorded by Willie Hutch.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Get_Christie_Love!" title="Get Christie Love!">Get Christie Love!</a></i> is a TV movie later released to some theaters. This police drama, starring an attractive young black woman (<a href="/wiki/Teresa_Graves" title="Teresa Graves">Teresa Graves</a>) as an undercover cop, was later made into a short-lived TV series.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Tough" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Tough">Johnny Tough</a></i> stars Dion Gossett and <a href="/wiki/Renny_Roker" title="Renny Roker">Renny Roker</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Is_the_Place" title="Space Is the Place">Space Is the Place</a></i> is a psychedelically themed blaxploitation film featuring <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ra" title="Sun Ra">Sun Ra</a> & His Intergalactic Solar Arkestra.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Hill_(1974_film)" title="Sugar Hill (1974 film)">Sugar Hill</a></i> is set in Houston and features a female fashion photographer (played by <a href="/wiki/Marki_Bey" title="Marki Bey">Marki Bey</a>) who wreaks revenge on the local crime Mafia that murdered her fiancé with the use of <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">voodoo</a> magic.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_the_Hard_Way_(film)" title="Three the Hard Way (film)">Three the Hard Way</a></i> features three black men (<a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)" title="Jim Kelly (martial artist)">Jim Kelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>) who must stop a white supremacist plot to eliminate all blacks with a serum in the water supply. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks_Jr." title="Gordon Parks Jr.">Gordon Parks Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Tough_Guys" title="Three Tough Guys">Three Tough Guys</a></i> stars Isaac Hayes and music by Isaac Hayes.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TNT_Jackson" title="TNT Jackson">TNT Jackson</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bell" title="Jean Bell">Jean Bell</a> (one of the first black <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> playmates) and is partly set in Hong Kong. It is notable for blending blaxploitation with the then-popular "chop-socky" martial arts genre.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Together_Brothers" title="Together Brothers">Together Brothers</a></i> is set in <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>, where a street gang solves the murder of a police officer (played by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Bernard" title="Ed Bernard">Ed Bernard</a>) who had been a mentor to the gang leader. This was the first blaxploitation film to feature a <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> character as the villain. Galveston, TX native <a href="/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a> composed the score. The soundtrack features music by the <a href="/wiki/Love_Unlimited_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Love Unlimited Orchestra">Love Unlimited Orchestra</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truck_Turner" title="Truck Turner">Truck Turner</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kaplan" title="Jonathan Kaplan">Jonathan Kaplan</a>) stars Isaac Hayes, Yaphet Kotto and <a href="/wiki/Nichelle_Nichols" title="Nichelle Nichols">Nichelle Nichols</a>. A former football player turned bounty hunter is pitted against a powerful prostitution crime syndicate in Los Angeles. Music by Isaac Hayes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975">1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheba,_Baby" title="Sheba, Baby">Sheba, Baby</a></i>, a female private eye (Pam Grier) tries to help her father save his loan business from a gang of thugs.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Gestapo" title="The Black Gestapo">The Black Gestapo</a></i>, Rod Perry plays General Ahmed, who has started an inner-city People's Army to try to relieve the misery of the citizens of Watts, Los Angeles. When the Mafia moves in, they establish a military-style squad.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boss_Nigger" title="Boss Nigger">Boss Nigger</a></i>, along with his friend Amos (<a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Martin" title="D'Urville Martin">D'Urville Martin</a>), Boss Nigger (<a href="/wiki/Fred_Williamson" title="Fred Williamson">Fred Williamson</a>) takes over the vacated position of Sheriff in a small western town in this <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> blaxploitation film. Because of its controversial title, it was released in some markets as <i>The Boss</i>, <i>The Black Bounty Killer</i> or <i>The Black Bounty Hunter</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_(film)" title="Coonskin (film)">Coonskin</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a>) is a controversial animated/live-action film about Br'er Fox, Br'er Rabbit and Br'er Bear in a blaxploitation parody of <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_South" title="Song of the South">Song of the South</a></i>. It features the voice of <a href="/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a> as Br'er Bear.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darktown_Strutters" title="Darktown Strutters">Darktown Strutters</a></i> (dir. William Witney) is a farce produced by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a>'s brother, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corman" title="Gene Corman">Gene</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Sanders" title="Colonel Sanders">Colonel Sanders</a>-type figure with a chain of urban fried chicken restaurants is trying to wipe out the black race by making them impotent through his drugged fried chicken.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Black,_Mr._Hyde" title="Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde">Dr. Black, Mr. Hyde</a></i> is the retelling of <a href="/wiki/Strange_Case_of_Dr_Jekyll_and_Mr_Hyde" title="Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde">the Jekyll and Hyde tale</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Casey" title="Bernie Casey">Bernie Casey</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolemite" title="Dolemite">Dolemite</a></i> is also the name of its principal character, played by <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a>, who co-wrote the script. Moore had developed the alter-ego as a stand-up comedian and released several comedy albums using this persona. The film was directed by <a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Martin" title="D'Urville Martin">D'Urville Martin</a>, who appears as the villain Willie Green. The film has attained cult status, earning it a following and making it more well-known than many of its counterparts. A sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Tornado" title="The Human Tornado">The Human Tornado</a></i>, was released in 1976.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_(film)" title="Mandingo (film)">Mandingo</a></i> is based on a series of lurid Civil War novels and focuses on the abuses of slavery and the sexual relations between slaves and slave owners. It features <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ward_(actor)" title="Richard Ward (actor)">Richard Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Norton" title="Ken Norton">Ken Norton</a>. It was followed by a sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Drum_(1976_film)" title="Drum (1976 film)">Drum</a></i> (1976) starring <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Candy_Tangerine_Man" title="The Candy Tangerine Man">The Candy Tangerine Man</a></i> opens with pageantry pimp Baron (John Daniels) driving his customized two-tone red and yellow Rolls-Royce around downtown L.A at night. His ladies have been coming up short lately and he wants to know why. It turns out that two L.A.P.D. cops - Dempsey and Gordon, who have been after Baron for some time now, have resorted to rousting his girls every chance they get. Indeed, in the next scene they have set Baron up with a cop in drag to entrap him with procurement of prostitutes.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Cocoa" title="Lady Cocoa">Lady Cocoa</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Matt_Cimber" title="Matt Cimber">Matt Cimber</a>) stars <a href="/wiki/Lola_Falana" title="Lola Falana">Lola Falana</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Do_It_Again_(1975_film)" title="Let's Do It Again (1975 film)">Let's Do It Again</a></i>, Music: Composed by Curtis Mayfield.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Home_Brother_Charles" title="Welcome Home Brother Charles">Welcome Home Brother Charles</a></i>. After being released from prison, a wrongfully imprisoned black man takes vengeance on those who previously crossed him by strangling them with his penis.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976">1976</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1976"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Shampoo" title="Black Shampoo">Black Shampoo</a></i> is a take-off of the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> hit <i><a href="/wiki/Shampoo_(film)" title="Shampoo (film)">Shampoo</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebony,_Ivory_%26_Jade" title="Ebony, Ivory & Jade">Ebony, Ivory & Jade</a></i> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Cirio_Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirio Santiago">Cirio Santiago</a>) (also known as <i>She Devils in Chains</i>, <i>American Beauty Hostages</i>, <i>Foxfire</i>, <i>Foxforce</i>), features three female athletes who are kidnapped during an international track meet in Hong Kong and fight their way to freedom. This is another cross-genre blend of blaxploitation and martial arts action films.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muthers" title="The Muthers">The Muthers</a></i> is another Cirio Santiago combination of Filipino martial arts action and women-in-prison elements. Jeanne Bell and Jayne Kennedy rescue prisoners held at an evil coffee plantation.</li> <li><i>Passion Plantation</i> (a.k.a. <i>Black Emmanuel, White Emmanuel</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">)</span> is a blend of the <i>Mandingo</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_(1974_film)" title="Emmanuelle (1974 film)">Emmanuelle</a>,</i> erotic films with interracial sex and savagery.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Smooth" title="Velvet Smooth">Velvet Smooth</a></i>, Johnnie Hill is a female private detective hired to infiltrate the criminal underworld.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Tornado" title="The Human Tornado">The Human Tornado</a></i> a.k.a. <i>Dolemite II</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a> reprises his role as Dolemite in the sequel to the 1975 film <i><a href="/wiki/Dolemite" title="Dolemite">Dolemite</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._D.%27s_Revenge" title="J. D.'s Revenge">J. D.'s Revenge</a></i>, a cab driver is possessed by a dead gangster who seeks revenge for his murder over 30 years ago.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977">1977</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1977"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Black Fist</i> features a street fighter who goes to work for a white gangster and a corrupt cop. The film is in the public domain. Cast members include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lawson_(actor)" title="Richard Lawson (actor)">Richard Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dabney_Coleman" title="Dabney Coleman">Dabney Coleman</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Samurai" title="Black Samurai">Black Samurai</a></i> (dir. Al Adamson) is based on a novel of the same name by Marc Olden, and stars <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)" title="Jim Kelly (martial artist)">Jim Kelly</a>. The script is credited to B. Readick, with additional story ideas from Marco Joachim.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bare_Knuckles" title="Bare Knuckles">Bare Knuckles</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Robert_Viharo" title="Robert Viharo">Robert Viharo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Jackson" title="Sherry Jackson">Sherry Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Hendry" title="Gloria Hendry">Gloria Hendry</a>. The film is written and directed by Don Edmonds and follows L.A. bounty hunter Zachary Kane (Viharo) on the hunt for a masked serial killer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petey_Wheatstraw_(film)" title="Petey Wheatstraw (film)">Petey Wheatstraw</a></i> (a.k.a. <i>Petey Wheatstraw, the Devil's Son-In-Law</i>) is written by <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Roquemore" title="Cliff Roquemore">Cliff Roquemore</a> and stars popular blaxploitation genre comedian <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a> along with Jimmy Lynch, Leroy Daniels, Ernest Mayhand and Ebony Wright. It is typical of Moore's other films of the era, <i><a href="/wiki/Dolemite" title="Dolemite">Dolemite</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Tornado" title="The Human Tornado">The Human Tornado</a></i>, in that it features Moore's rhyming dialogue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1978">1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_Dimension" title="Death Dimension">Death Dimension</a></i> is a martial arts film directed by Al Adamson and starring <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kelly_(martial_artist)" title="Jim Kelly (martial artist)">Jim Kelly</a>, Harold Sakata, George Lazenby, Terry Moore, and <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Ray" title="Aldo Ray">Aldo Ray</a>. The film also goes by the names <i>Death Dimensions</i>, <i>Freeze Bomb</i>, <i>Icy Death</i>, <i>The Kill Factor</i> and <i>Black Eliminator</i>. A scientist, Professor Mason, invents a powerful freezing bomb for a gangster leader nicknamed "The Pig" (<i>Sakata</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)"><i>The Wiz</i></a> is a musical fantasy film which reimagines <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i> with an African-American cast.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979">1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Disco_Godfather" title="Disco Godfather">Disco Godfather</a>,</i> also known as <i>The Avenging Disco Godfather</i>, is an action film starring <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Speed" title="Carol Speed">Carol Speed</a>. Moore's character, a retired cop, owns and operates a disco and tries to shut down the local <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">angel dust</a> dealer after his nephew becomes hooked on the drug.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penitentiary_(1979_film)" title="Penitentiary (1979 film)">Penitentiary</a></i> (dir. Jamaa Franklin) follows the travails of Martel "Too Sweet" Gordone (<a href="/wiki/Leon_Isaac_Kennedy" title="Leon Isaac Kennedy">Leon Isaac Kennedy</a>) after his wrongful imprisonment. Set in a prison, the film exploits all of the tropes of the genre, including violence, sexuality and the eventual triumph of the lead character.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1970s_Blaxploitation_films">Post-1970s Blaxploitation films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Post-1970s Blaxploitation films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dragon" title="The Last Dragon">The Last Dragon</a></i> (1985) is a martial arts action film with blaxploitation elements.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Git_You_Sucka" title="I'm Gonna Git You Sucka">I'm Gonna Git You Sucka</a></i> (1988) is a comedic spoof of classic 1970s blaxploitation and features many of its stars: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Casey" title="Bernie Casey">Bernie Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fargas" title="Antonio Fargas">Antonio Fargas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Jackson_(1988_film)" title="Action Jackson (1988 film)">Action Jackson</a></i> (1988) is a film where the protagonist Jericho Jackson (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Weathers" title="Carl Weathers">Carl Weathers</a>), uses catchphrases to taunt his opponents. <a href="/wiki/Craig_T._Nelson" title="Craig T. Nelson">Craig T. Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Stone" title="Sharon Stone">Sharon Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanity_(singer)" title="Vanity (singer)">Vanity</a> also star.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Hood" title="Tales from the Hood">Tales from the Hood</a></i> (1995, dir. <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Cundiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusty Cundiff">Rusty Cundiff</a>) is a Comedy horror anthology film with Urban themes.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Original_Gangstas" title="Original Gangstas">Original Gangstas</a></i> (1996) brings together 1970s blaxploitation stars Pam Grier, Richard Roundtree, Fred Williamson and Jim Brown.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Brown" title="Jackie Brown">Jackie Brown</a></i> (1997, dir. <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>) stars <a href="/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> in an homage to the blaxploitation genre. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Elmore_Leonard" title="Elmore Leonard">Elmore Leonard</a> novel <i>Rum Punch</i>, Tarantino's title change, casting of Grier and 1970s-style poster art, are all references to Grier's 1974 film <i>Foxy Brown</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pootie_Tang" title="Pootie Tang">Pootie Tang</a></i> (2001) incorporates many blaxploitation elements comedically.</li> <li><i>The Return of Dolemite</i> (2002), the third chapter to the <i>Dolemite</i> series, later retitled as <i>The Dolemite Explosion</i> for the DVD release.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undercover_Brother" title="Undercover Brother">Undercover Brother</a></i> (2002) stars <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Griffin" title="Eddie Griffin">Eddie Griffin</a> as a blaxploitation-style secret agent.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Clip" title="Full Clip">Full Clip</a></i> (2004) is made in the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> style.</li> <li><i>Hookers In Revolt</i> (2008, dir. <a href="/wiki/Sean_Weathers" title="Sean Weathers">Sean Weathers</a>). With its prevalence of pimps and prostitutes, it is an inventive throwback to early 1970s blaxploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009) stars <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jai_White" title="Michael Jai White">Michael Jai White</a> and spoofs blaxploitation films.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proud_Mary_(film)" title="Proud Mary (film)">Proud Mary</a></i> (2018) is an action thriller starring <a href="/wiki/Taraji_P._Henson" title="Taraji P. Henson">Taraji P. Henson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Get_Christie_Love!#Reboot" title="Get Christie Love!">Get Christie Love!</a></i> (2018), a made-for-TV remake of the 1974 film starring <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Bunbury" title="Kylie Bunbury">Kylie Bunbury</a> which, unlike the original, was never picked up for a TV series.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superfly_(2018_film)" title="Superfly (2018 film)">Superfly</a></i> (2018) is a remake of the 1972 film, starring <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Jackson (actor)">Trevor Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mitchell_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason Mitchell (actor)">Jason Mitchell</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undercover_Brother_2" title="Undercover Brother 2">Undercover Brother 2</a></i> (2019), a sequel to the 2002 film starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jai_White" title="Michael Jai White">Michael Jai White</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harder_They_Fall_(2021_film)" title="The Harder They Fall (2021 film)">The Harder They Fall</a></i> (2021) is a <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> film starring <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Majors" title="Jonathan Majors">Jonathan Majors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idris_Elba" title="Idris Elba">Idris Elba</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Cloned_Tyrone" title="They Cloned Tyrone">They Cloned Tyrone</a></i> (2023) is <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> Afrofuturistic neo-Blaxploitation film starring <a href="/wiki/John_Boyega" title="John Boyega">John Boyega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teyonah_Parris" title="Teyonah Parris">Teyonah Parris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Foxx" title="Jamie Foxx">Jamie Foxx</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baadasssss!" title="Baadasssss!">Baadasssss!</a></i> (2003), a <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biopic</a> about the making of <i>Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Mario_Van_Peebles" title="Mario Van Peebles">Mario Van Peebles</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolemite_Is_My_Name" title="Dolemite Is My Name">Dolemite Is My Name</a></i> (2019), a biopic about the making of <i>Dolemite</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Ray_Moore" title="Rudy Ray Moore">Rudy Ray Moore</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_record" title="Race record">Race record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blaxploitation_films" title="List of blaxploitation films">List of blaxploitation films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_Black_and_African_people#Cinema_and_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics related to Black and African people">List of topics related to Black and African people § Cinema and theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African-Americans#Film_and_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of African-Americans">Stereotypes of African-Americans § Film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post-civil rights era African-American history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/say-it-loud-the-black-cinema-revolution">"Say It Loud! The Black Cinema Revolution"</a>. <i>Harvard Film Archive</i>. October 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Film+Archive&rft.atitle=Say+It+Loud%21+The+Black+Cinema+Revolution&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardfilmarchive.org%2Fprograms%2Fsay-it-loud-the-black-cinema-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Tre’vell (June 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-blaxploitation-superfly-20180608-story.html">"A look back at the blaxploitation era through 2018 eyes"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180608212324/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-ca-mn-blaxploitation-superfly-20180608-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"African-American images on television and film". <i>The Crisis</i>. <b>103</b> (2): 22–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crisis&rft.atitle=African-American+images+on+television+and+film&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-24&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-youtube.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-youtube.com_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeztha_zienne2016" class="citation web cs1">eztha_zienne (June 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Taek_b3CM30">"BaadAsssss Cinema Documentary 2002"</a> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BaadAsssss+Cinema+Documentary+2002&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft.au=eztha_zienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DTaek_b3CM30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20040219/blaxploitation19/despite-incendiary-name-blaxploitation-genre-was-about-empowerment">"Despite its incendiary name, Blaxploitation was viewed by many as being a token of empowerment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Times">Seattle Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927191734/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040219&slug=blaxploitation19">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+its+incendiary+name%2C+Blaxploitation+was+viewed+by+many+as+being+a+token+of+empowerment.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F20040219%2Fblaxploitation19%2Fdespite-incendiary-name-blaxploitation-genre-was-about-empowerment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addison Gayle, Black World, December 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachanMask2016" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, Ian Gregory; Mask, Mia (May 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfRaEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22blaxploitation%22+%22super+fly%22+%22drugs%22+%22crime%22&pg=PA241"><i>Poitier Revisited: Reconsidering a Black Icon in the Obama Age</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-1982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-1982-2"><bdi>978-1-5013-1982-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poitier+Revisited%3A+Reconsidering+a+Black+Icon+in+the+Obama+Age&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-1982-2&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=Ian+Gregory&rft.au=Mask%2C+Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDfRaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522blaxploitation%2522%2B%2522super%2Bfly%2522%2B%2522drugs%2522%2B%2522crime%2522%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerra2010" class="citation book cs1">Berra, John (May 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twHsEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22blaxploitation%22+%22repo+man%22&pg=PA86"><i>Directory of World Cinema: American Independent</i></a>. Intellect Books. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84150-385-1"><bdi>978-1-84150-385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+World+Cinema%3A+American+Independent&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84150-385-1&rft.aulast=Berra&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwHsEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522blaxploitation%2522%2B%2522repo%2Bman%2522%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamletColeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamlet, Janice D.; Coleman, Robin R. Means (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joryxO1L2IgC&dq=%22blaxploitation%22+%22the+mack%22+%22drugs%22+%22crime%22&pg=PA257"><i>Fight the Power!: The Spike Lee Reader</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0236-3"><bdi>978-1-4331-0236-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fight+the+Power%21%3A+The+Spike+Lee+Reader&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0236-3&rft.aulast=Hamlet&rft.aufirst=Janice+D.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+Robin+R.+Means&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoryxO1L2IgC%26dq%3D%2522blaxploitation%2522%2B%2522the%2Bmack%2522%2B%2522drugs%2522%2B%2522crime%2522%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernierDurkin2016" class="citation book cs1">Bernier, Celeste-Marie; Durkin, Hannah, eds. (2016). "Strategic Remembering and Tactical Forgetfulness in Depicting the Plantation: A Personal Account". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mIjADAAAQBAJ"><i>Visualising Slavery: Art Across the African Diaspora</i></a>. Liverpool: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-267-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-267-7"><bdi>978-1-78138-267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strategic+Remembering+and+Tactical+Forgetfulness+in+Depicting+the+Plantation%3A+A+Personal+Account&rft.btitle=Visualising+Slavery%3A+Art+Across+the+African+Diaspora&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78138-267-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIjADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2015" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Erica L. (November 2, 2015). "The Politics of Pain: Representing the Violence of Slavery in American Popular Culture". In Schmid, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsLQCgAAQBAJ"><i>Violence in American Popular Culture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3206-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3206-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-3206-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Pain%3A+Representing+the+Violence+of+Slavery+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.btitle=Violence+in+American+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3206-2&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Erica+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsLQCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2012" class="citation web cs1">Abrams, Simon (December 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/2012/12/5-spaghetti-westerns-5-slavesploitation-films-that-paved-the-way-for-django-unchained-249928/">"5 Spaghetti Westerns & 5 Slavesploitation Films That Paved the Way for 'Django Unchained'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IndieWire" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=5+Spaghetti+Westerns+%26+5+Slavesploitation+Films+That+Paved+the+Way+for+%27Django+Unchained%27&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2012%2F12%2F5-spaghetti-westerns-5-slavesploitation-films-that-paved-the-way-for-django-unchained-249928%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Gaines, Mikal J. (2005). <i>The Black Gothic Imagination: Horror, Subjectivity, and Spectatorship from the Civil Rights Era to the New Millennium</i> (MA thesis). <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/986221383">986221383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Black+Gothic+Imagination%3A+Horror%2C+Subjectivity%2C+and+Spectatorship+from+the+Civil+Rights+Era+to+the+New+Millennium&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=College+of+William+and+Mary&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F986221383&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Mikal+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2007" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Novotny (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7-SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Deadlier than Dracula!': Blacula and the Horror Genre"</a>. <i>Blaxploitation Films of the 1970s</i>. pp. 45–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203932223">10.4324/9780203932223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93222-3"><bdi>978-0-203-93222-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Deadlier+than+Dracula%21%27%3A+Blacula+and+the+Horror+Genre&rft.btitle=Blaxploitation+Films+of+the+1970s&rft.pages=45-61&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203932223&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93222-3&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Novotny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7-SAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/orlando-patterson-3/die-the-long-day/">"Review of <i>Die the Long Day</i> by Orlando Patterson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews">Kirkus Reviews</a></i>. June 26, 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+Die+the+Long+Day+by+Orlando+Patterson&rft.date=1972-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fa%2Forlando-patterson-3%2Fdie-the-long-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristmas2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Christmas, Danielle (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indigo.uic.edu/articles/Auschwitz_and_the_Plantation_Labor_and_Social_Death_in_American_Holocaust_and_Slavery_Fiction/10800029/files/19311437.pdf"><i>Auschwitz and the Plantation: Labor and Social Death in American Holocaust and Slavery Fiction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Auschwitz+and+the+Plantation%3A+Labor+and+Social+Death+in+American+Holocaust+and+Slavery+Fiction&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Illinois+at+Chicago&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Christmas&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findigo.uic.edu%2Farticles%2FAuschwitz_and_the_Plantation_Labor_and_Social_Death_in_American_Holocaust_and_Slavery_Fiction%2F10800029%2Ffiles%2F19311437.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymmons2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Symmons, Tom (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8630"><i>The Historical Film in the Era of New Hollywood, 1967–1980</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a>. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Historical+Film+in+the+Era+of+New+Hollywood%2C+1967%E2%80%931980&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Queen+Mary+University+of+London&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Symmons&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqmro.qmul.ac.uk%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F8630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wood_(critic)" title="Robin Wood (critic)">Wood, Robin</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DI4wKg6W8JIC"><i>Sexual Politics and Narrative Film: Hollywood and Beyond</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07605-0"><bdi>978-0-231-07605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sexual+Politics+and+Narrative+Film%3A+Hollywood+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07605-0&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDI4wKg6W8JIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2013" class="citation book cs1">Wall, B. (March 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TSz8e1Y14Y4C&dq=%22blaxploitation%22+%22repo+man%22&pg=PT62"><i>Theodor Adorno and Film Theory: The Fingerprint of Spirit</i></a>. Springer. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30614-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30614-2"><bdi>978-1-137-30614-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Adorno+and+Film+Theory%3A+The+Fingerprint+of+Spirit&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-137-30614-2&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTSz8e1Y14Y4C%26dq%3D%2522blaxploitation%2522%2B%2522repo%2Bman%2522%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2011" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Dennis (December 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7msrAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22repo+man%22+%22sy+richardson%22&pg=PA135"><i>Science Fiction Film Directors, 1895-1998</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8505-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8505-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-8505-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Film+Directors%2C+1895-1998&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8505-5&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7msrAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522repo%2Bman%2522%2B%2522sy%2Brichardson%2522%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ync5XfNNPo">"Beggin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Youtube.com. November 22, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7ync5XfNNPo">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beggin%27&rft.pub=Youtube.com&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7ync5XfNNPo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/08/22/158198740/exclusive-first-read-telegraph-avenue">"Michael Chabon, Telegraph Avenue: Read an exclusive excerpt"</a>. National Public Radio. August 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peter Sellars (Part 1 of 3) [English Subtitles]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/vMXU5pjhPTM">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozart%3A+Don+Giovanni+-+dir.+Peter+Sellars+%28Part+1+of+3%29+%5BEnglish+Subtitles%5D&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.au=Opera+Nerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvMXU5pjhPTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi2016" class="citation web cs1">Takahashi, Dean (September 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2016/09/18/how-developers-created-the-story-behind-mafia-iii-and-its-lead-character-lincoln-clay/">"How developers created the story behind Mafia III and its lead character Lincoln Clay"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=How+developers+created+the+story+behind+Mafia+III+and+its+lead+character+Lincoln+Clay&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2016%2F09%2F18%2Fhow-developers-created-the-story-behind-mafia-iii-and-its-lead-character-lincoln-clay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaynard2000" class="citation news cs1">Maynard, Richard (June 16, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jun-16-ca-41409-story.html">"The Birth and Demise of the 'Blaxploitation' Genre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Birth+and+Demise+of+the+%27Blaxploitation%27+Genre&rft.date=2000-06-16&rft.aulast=Maynard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-jun-16-ca-41409-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2024" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Simon (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OI4CEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jefferson+Twilight%22+%22The+venture+bros%22&pg=PA1328"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of the Vampire</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 1328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-36253-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-36253-8"><bdi>978-3-031-36253-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+the+Vampire&rft.pages=1328&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-031-36253-8&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOI4CEQAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Jefferson%2BTwilight%2522%2B%2522The%2Bventure%2Bbros%2522%26pg%3DPA1328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymmons2015" class="citation journal cs1">Symmons, Tom (2015). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Birth of Black Consciousness on the Screen'?: The African American Historical Experience, Blaxploitation, and the Production and Reception of <i>Sounder</i> (1972)". <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. <b>35</b> (2): 277–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439685.2014.933645">10.1080/01439685.2014.933645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=%27The+Birth+of+Black+Consciousness+on+the+Screen%27%3F%3A+The+African+American+Historical+Experience%2C+Blaxploitation%2C+and+the+Production+and+Reception+of+Sounder+%281972%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-299&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439685.2014.933645&rft.aulast=Symmons&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Dawson, "Challenging Lilywhite Hollywood: African-Americans and the Demand for Racial Equality in the Motion Picture Industry, 1963–1974" The Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 45, No. 6, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Guerrero" title="Ed Guerrero">Ed Guerrero</a>, <i>FRAMING BLACKNESS</i>. Temple U. Press. pp. 95–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/3265/Melinda/">"Melinda (1972) - Overview - TCM.com"</a>. <i>Turner Classic Movies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Melinda+%281972%29+-+Overview+-+TCM.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle%2F3265%2FMelinda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutka1997" class="citation news cs1">Dutka, Elaine (June 30, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-06-30-ca-8308-story.html">"ReDiggin' the Scene"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=ReDiggin%27+the+Scene&rft.date=1997-06-30&rft.aulast=Dutka&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-06-30-ca-8308-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2012/12-226.html">News from the Library of Congress: December 19, 2012 (REVISED December 20, 2012)</a> Retrieved: 29 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/diahann-carroll-died-pioneering-actress-julia-oscar-nominee-dead-age-84-cause-of-death-cancer-2019-10-04/">CBS News - Diahann Carroll, pioneering actress and Oscar nominee, has died at age 84</a> Retrieved 3 November 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herocomplex.latimes.com/2010/06/04/pam-grier/">"Pam Grier looks back on blaxploitation: 'At the time some people were horrified'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pam+Grier+looks+back+on+blaxploitation%3A+%27At+the+time+some+people+were+horrified%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherocomplex.latimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F04%2Fpam-grier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unterberger, Richie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/truck-turner-mw0000738805">Review: <i>Truck Turner</i></a> Allmusic Retrieved 2021-10-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055352/http://www.shockingimages.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1060">"Filmfanaddict.com review of the film"</a>. Shockingimages.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shockingimages.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=1060">the original</a> on August 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filmfanaddict.com+review+of+the+film&rft.pub=Shockingimages.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shockingimages.com%2Fmodules%2Fsmartsection%2Fitem.php%3Fitemid%3D1060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://screencrush.com/pam-grier-blaxploitation-movies-streaming/">"Five Pam Grier Classics to Stream After 'Proud Mary'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ScreenCrush</i>. January 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScreenCrush&rft.atitle=Five+Pam+Grier+Classics+to+Stream+After+%27Proud+Mary%27&rft.date=2018-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscreencrush.com%2Fpam-grier-blaxploitation-movies-streaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Blaxploitation</i> <i>Films</i> by Mikel J. Koven, 2010, Kamera Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903047-58-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903047-58-3">978-1-903047-58-3</a></li> <li>"The Rise and Fall of Blaxploitation" by Ed Guerrero, in <i>The Wiley-Blackwell History of American Film</i>, eds. Cynthia Lucia, Roy Grundmann, Art Simon, (New York, 2012): Vol 3, pp. 435–469, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7984-3">978-1-4051-7984-3</a>.</li> <li><i>What It Is ... What It Was!; The Black Film Explosion of the '70s in Words and Pictures</i> by Andres Chavez, Denise Chavez, Gerald Martinez <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-8377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-8377-4">0-7868-8377-4</a></li> <li>"The So Called Fall of Blaxploitation" by Ed Guerrero, <i>The Velvet Light Trap</i> #64 Fall 2009</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wright (2014). "Black Outlaws and the Struggle for Empowerment in Blaxploitation Cinema". <i>Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fspectrum.2.2.63">10.2979/spectrum.2.2.63</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum%3A+A+Journal+on+Black+Men&rft.atitle=Black+Outlaws+and+the+Struggle+for+Empowerment+in+Blaxploitation+Cinema&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fspectrum.2.2.63&rft.au=Wright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlaxploitation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blaxploitation&action=edit&section=26" 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romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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