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Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>18th–19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ordination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ordination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ordination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_ordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_ordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classical ordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_ordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_ordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_ordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Contemporary ordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_ordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox_and_Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_and_Modern_Orthodox_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_and_Modern_Orthodox_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Orthodox_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Orthodox_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Non-Orthodox Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Orthodox_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservative_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Conservative Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Reform Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seminaries_unaffiliated_with_main_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminaries_unaffiliated_with_main_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminaries_unaffiliated_with_main_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdenominational_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdenominational_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interdenominational recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interdenominational_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_rabbis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_rabbis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Women rabbis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_rabbis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabbi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbyn" title="Rabbyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rabbyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbiner" title="Rabbiner – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rabbiner" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="رباني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رباني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%ADn" title="Rabín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rabín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%ADn" title="Rabín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rabín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravvin" title="Ravvin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ravvin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF" title="রব্বি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রব্বি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рабін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Равин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Равин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%AD" title="Rabí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rabí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%ADn" title="Rabín – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rabín" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi" title="Rabi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rabi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbiner" title="Rabbiner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rabbiner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbiner" title="Rabbiner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rabbiner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi" title="Rabi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rabi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ραββίνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραββίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabeno" title="Rabeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rabeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errabino" title="Errabino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errabino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbin" title="Rabbin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rabbin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌴𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌱𐌴𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%8D%EB%B9%84" title="랍비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랍비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%AB" title="Ռաբբի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռաբբի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="रब्बी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रब्बी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi" title="Rabi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rabbi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabb%C3%ADni" title="Rabbíni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rabbíni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbino" title="Rabbino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rabbino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91" title="רב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi" title="Rabi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rabi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რაბინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაბინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Раввин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Раввин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi" title="Rabi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rabi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaxam" title="Xaxam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xaxam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinus" title="Rabbinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rabbinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C4%ABns" title="Rabīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rabīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbiner" title="Rabbiner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rabbiner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabinas" title="Rabinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rabinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rabbi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рабин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рабин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raby" title="Raby – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raby" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="حاخام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حاخام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabai" title="Rabai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rabai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbijn" title="Rabbijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rabbijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93" title="ラビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbiner" title="Rabbiner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rabbiner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinar" title="Rabbinar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rabbinar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravvin" title="Ravvin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ravvin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੱਬੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੱਬੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ربی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ربی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="រ៉ាប៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រ៉ាប៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Раввин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раввин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabini" title="Rabini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rabini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rabbi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%ADn" title="Rabín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rabín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ڕابی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕابی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рабин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рабин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin" title="Rabin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rabin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rabbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbin" title="Rabbin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rabbin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="รับบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รับบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haham" title="Haham – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haham" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рабин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ربی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ربی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%C3%ADn" title="Rabín – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rabín" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rabbi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabino" title="Rabino – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rabino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="拉比 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉比" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%91" title="רב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94_(%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99)" title="拉比 (猶太教) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉比 (猶太教)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="拉比 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉比" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>rabbi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רַבִּי</span>‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">rabbī</i></span>) is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi—known as <i><a href="/wiki/Semikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Semikha">semikha</a></i>—following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. The basic form of the rabbi developed in the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic</a> (167 BCE–73 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> (70–640 CE) eras, when learned teachers assembled to codify Judaism's written and oral laws. The title "rabbi" was first used in the first century CE. In more recent centuries, the duties of a rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Protestant Christian minister</a>, hence the title "<a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> rabbis", and in 19th-century Germany and the United States rabbinic activities including <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>, pastoral counseling, and representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance. </p><p>Within the various <a href="/wiki/Jewish_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish denominations">Jewish denominations</a>, there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination and differences in opinion regarding who is recognized as a rabbi. Non-Orthodox movements (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a> movements) have chosen to do so for what they view as <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a> reasons (Conservative Judaism) as well as ethical reasons (Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism).<sup id="cite_ref-forward1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forward1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word comes from the <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רְבִּי</span>‎ <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">rǝbbī</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "Master [Name]"; the standard Hebrew noun is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רב</span>‎ <i>rav</i> "master". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רב</span>‎ <i><a href="/wiki/Rav" title="Rav">rav</a></i> is also used as a title for rabbis,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as are <i>rabbeinu</i> ("our master") and <i>ha-rav</i> ("the master"). See also <a href="/wiki/Rav" title="Rav">Rav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a>. </p><p>The Hebrew root in turn derives from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר-ב-ב</span>‎ (R-B-B), which in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a> means "great" in many senses, including "revered", but appears primarily as a prefix in construct forms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the usage <i>rabim</i> "many" (as 1 Kings 18:25, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הָרַבִּים</span>‎) "the majority, the multitude" occurs for the assembly of the community in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, there is no evidence to support an association of this use with the later title "rabbi".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> ربّ <i>rabb</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "lord" (generally used when talking about God, but also about temporal lords), and to the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> word <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܪܒܝ</span></span> <i>rabi</i>. </p><p>Some communities, especially <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>, historically pronounced the title <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רִבִּי</span>‎ <i>rībbī</i>; this pronunciation competed with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רְבִּי</span>‎ <i>rǝbbī</i> and רַבִּי <i>rabbī</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenaz</a> until the modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-azor_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wigram_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wigram-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabbi is not an occupation found in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and ancient generations did not employ related titles such as <i>Rabban</i>, <i>Rabbi</i>, or <i>Rav</i> to describe either the Babylonian sages or the sages in Israel. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hillel_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillel I">Hillel I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a> (the religious leaders of the early first century) had no rabbinic title prefixed to their names. The titles "Rabban" and "Rabbi" are first mentioned in Jewish literature in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. <i>Rabban</i> was first used for <a href="/wiki/Gamliel_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamliel I">Rabban Gamaliel the elder</a>, Rabban <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Gamliel" title="Simeon ben Gamliel">Simeon his son</a>, and Rabban <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>, all of whom were patriarchs or presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> in the first century. Early recipients of the title <i>rabbi</i> include <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Zadok" title="Rabbi Zadok">Rabbi Zadok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Eliezer_ben_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob">Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob</a>, beginning in the time of the disciples of Rabban <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>. The title "Rabbi" occurs (in Greek transliteration ῥαββί <i>rabbi</i>) in the books of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, where it is used in reference to "Scribes and <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>" as well as to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wigram_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wigram-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some, the title "rabbi" or "rabban" was first used after 70 CE to refer to Yochanan ben Zakkai and his students, and references in rabbinic texts and the New Testament to rabbis earlier in the 1st century are anachronisms or retroactive honorifics.<sup id="cite_ref-Hezser1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezser1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars believe that the term "rabbi" was a well-known informal title by the beginning of the first century CE, and thus that the Jewish and Christian references to rabbis reflect the titles in fact used in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The governments of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a> were based on a system that included the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Jewish kings</a>, the Jewish prophets, the legal authority of the high court of Jerusalem, the Great <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>, and the ritual authority of the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priesthood</a>. Members of the Sanhedrin had to receive their ordination (<i><a href="/wiki/Semicha" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicha">semicha</a></i>) in an uninterrupted line of transmission from <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, yet rather than being referred to as rabbis they were called priests or scribes, like Ezra, who is called in the Bible "Ezra, the priest, the scribe, a scribe of the words of God's commandments and of His statutes unto Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Rabbi" as a title does not appear in the Hebrew Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though later rabbinic sources occasionally use it as a title for wise Biblical figures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the destruction of the two <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temples in Jerusalem</a>, the end of the Jewish monarchy, and the decline of the dual institutions of prophets and the priesthood, the focus of scholarly and spiritual leadership within the Jewish people shifted to the sages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Men of the Great Assembly</a> (<i>Anshe Knesset HaGedolah</i>). This assembly was composed of the earliest group of "rabbis" in the more modern sense of the word, in large part because they began the formulation and explication of what became known as Judaism's "<a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Law</a>" (<i>Torah SheBe'al Peh</i>). This was eventually encoded and codified within the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and subsequent rabbinical scholarship, leading to what is known as <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_period">Talmudic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Talmudic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional explanation is that from the 1st to 5th centuries, the title "Rabbi" was given to those sages of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> who received formal ordination (<i>semicha</i>), while the lesser title "Rav" was given to sages who taught in the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Academies_in_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Academies in Babylonia">Babylonian academies</a>, as ordination could not be performed outside the Land of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> summarized the relationship between these titles as follows: "Rabbi is greater than Rav, Rabban is greater than Rabbi, one's name is greater than Rabban".<sup id="cite_ref-breuer_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breuer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some modern scholars argue that "Rabbi" and "Rav" are the same title, pronounced differently due to variations in dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-breuer_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breuer-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Patriarchate</a> and Sanhedrin by <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> in 425, there was no more formal ordination in the strict sense. A recognised scholar could be called <i>Rav</i> or <i>Hacham</i>, like the Babylonian sages. The transmission of learning from master to disciple remained of tremendous importance, but there was no formal rabbinic qualification as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Middle Ages "rabbi" was not a formal title, but was used as a term of respect for Jews of great scholarship and reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Karaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaism">Karaism</a>, Jews who still followed the Talmudic traditions became known as "rabbanites".<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially communities might have a religious judge appointed by the central <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">geonate</a>, often possessing a certification known as <i>pitka dedayanuta</i> or bearing the title <i><a href="/wiki/Chaber" title="Chaber">chaver</a></i> (short for <i>chaver besanhedrin hagedolah</i>, used in Israel) or <i>aluf</i> (used in Babylonia).<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 11th century, as the geonate weakened it was common for Jewish communities to elect a local spiritual authority.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th–12th century, some local rabbinic authorities in Spain received formal certification known as <i>ketav masmich</i> or <i>ketav minui</i> in preparation for their leadership role.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> ruled that every congregation is obliged to appoint a preacher and scholar to admonish the community and teach Torah, and the social institution he describes is the germ of the modern congregational rabbinate. </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, Ashkenazi communities typically made religious decisions by consensus of scholars on a council, rather than the decision of a single authority.<sup id="cite_ref-rosensweig_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosensweig-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, the concept arose of a single person who served as religious authority for particular area (the <i>mara de'atra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal ordination is first recorded among Ashkenazim with <a href="/wiki/Meir_ben_Baruch_Halevi" title="Meir ben Baruch Halevi">Meir ben Baruch Halevi</a> (late 14th century), who issued the formal title <i>Moreinu</i> (our teacher) to scholars, though it likely existed somewhat earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, this formal ordination (known as <i>semicha</i>) became necessary in order to be recognized as a rabbi.<sup id="cite_ref-rosensweig_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosensweig-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially some Sephardic communities objected to such formal ordination, but over time the system became adopted by them too.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th–19th_centuries"><span id="18th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>18th–19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 18th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dramatic change in rabbinic functions occurred with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a>. Tasks that were once the primary focus for rabbis, such as settling disputes by presiding over a Jewish court, became less prominent, while other tasks that were secondary, like delivering sermons, increased in importance. </p><p>In 19th-century Germany and the United States, the duties of the rabbi in some respects became increasingly similar to the duties of other clergy, like the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Protestant Christian minister</a>, and the title "<a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a> rabbis" appeared to describe this phenomenon. <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermons</a>, pastoral counseling, representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Orthodox rabbis, on a day-to-day business basis, now spend more time on these functions than they do teaching or answering questions on Jewish law and philosophy. Within the Modern <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> community, many rabbis still mainly deal with teaching and questions of Jewish law, but many are increasingly dealing with these same pastoral functions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, rabbis have never been an intermediary between <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a> and humans. This idea was traditionally considered outside the bounds of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">Jewish theology</a>. Unlike spiritual leaders in many other faiths, they are not considered to be imbued with special powers or abilities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabi_with_kids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rabi_with_kids.JPG/220px-Rabi_with_kids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rabi_with_kids.JPG/330px-Rabi_with_kids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rabi_with_kids.JPG/440px-Rabi_with_kids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi instructing children in 2004</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabbis serve the Jewish community. Hence their functions vary as the needs of the Jewish community vary over time and from place to place. </p> <dl><dt>Study and teaching</dt> <dd>Rabbis have always been the main links in the chain of transmission (<i>masorah</i>) whereby knowledge of the Torah has been passed down through the generations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Learning from their teachers, adding new insights of their own (<i>hidushim</i>), and teaching the public have always been the primary functions of the rabbinate. Studying the Torah is a rabbi's lifelong undertaking that does not end with receiving ordination. A rabbi is expected to set aside time daily for study. A rabbi that does not constantly replenish his or her store of Torah learning will lack the knowledge, inspiration and mastery of Jewish law and traditions required to perform all other rabbinic functions.</dd> <dd>Once acquired, Torah knowledge must be passed on, because it is the heritage of all Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teaching by rabbis occurs in many venues—the schoolroom of course, elementary (<i>heder</i>), intermediate (<i>yeshivah</i>) and advanced (<i>kollel</i>), but also, especially in antiquity, in the vineyard, the marketplace and the disciple circle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, the rabbi will give a short daily class to those who attend morning or evening services. The sermon is another form of public education, often integrating Biblical passages with a contemporary ethical message,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no Jewish meal or celebration is complete without the rabbi's "<i>d'var Torah</i>"—a short explanation of Biblical verses related to the event.</dd> <dd>Apart from face to face instruction, rabbis who are inclined to authorship have composed an extensive <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, dealing with all aspects of the Jewish tradition—Bible commentaries, codes of law, responsa, mystical and ethical tracts, and collections of sermons are examples of common genres of rabbinic literature.</dd> <dt>Judging</dt> <dd>Prior to emancipation, rulers delegated discipline and dispute settlement within the Jewish community (<i>kahal</i>) to the Jewish community itself. If a dispute, domestic or commercial, a tort or a petty crime, involved only Jewish residents, then it could be settled in the town's Jewish court according to Jewish law. The town rabbi, with his extensive knowledge of Torah law (<i>halakhah</i>), was expected to preside as Head of the Court (<i>av beth din</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although lay assessors might join him in judgment. The judgments were enforced with fines and various degrees of communal excommunication when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>After emancipation, Jews, as citizens of their countries, turned to civil courts for dispute resolution. Today rabbinical courts remain active under the auspices of each Jewish denomination for religious matters, such as conversion and divorce, and even, on a voluntary basis, for civil matters when the parties voluntarily elect to have the rabbinical judges serve as their arbitrators.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel there are rabbinical courts for matters of personal status.</dd> <dt>Legislating</dt> <dd>During the centuries of Jewish self-government, some problems were considered regional or universal and could not be solved by a single rabbi acting alone. At these times rabbinical synods were convened for concerted action, calling together the prominent rabbis of the region to debate solutions and enact binding regulations (<i><a href="/wiki/Takkanot" class="mw-redirect" title="Takkanot">takkanot</a></i>) for their communities. The regulations involved matters as diverse as dowries and matrimonial law, relations with gentiles, utilizing civil courts, education of orphans, anti-counterfeiting measures, and the hiring of schoolteachers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of these ordinances is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Rabbeinu_Gershom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbeinu Gershom">Rabbeinu Gershom</a>, and was probably enacted in a rabbinic synod he convened c. 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ordinance, still in effect today, prohibits polygamy among Jews in the West.</dd> <dd>In the modern era rabbis have enacted <i>takkanot</i> in the State of Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the major Jewish movements, such as Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist, enact <i>takkanot</i> for their members. Today most congregational rabbis are members of a national rabbinic organization related to their movement<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also an association of local rabbis in their city. When these bodies debate local and national questions, they function in a manner that is similar to the rabbinic synods of the past.</dd> <dt>Religious supervision</dt> <dd>The Jewish community requires a number of religious institutions for daily life, and it falls to rabbis, with their knowledge of Jewish law, to supervise them to ensure they operate in accordance with Jewish law. Examples would be Jewish slaughter (<i>shekhita</i>), Jewish dietary laws in shops and institutions (<i>kashrut</i>), the ritual bath (<i>mikveh</i>), the elementary school (<i>heder</i>), the Sabbath boundaries (<i>eruvin</i>), and the burial society (<i>hevra kadisha</i>). Traditionally this function fell to the town's rabbi. In the modern era, rabbis who specialize in this type of supervision will find full-time employment as a <a href="/wiki/Mashgiach" title="Mashgiach">Mashgiach</a> (supervisor of ritual law), and some of these functions are now performed by national organizations, such as the Orthodox Union which offers kosher certification.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Pastoral counseling</dt> <dd>In addition to answering questions about Jewish law and rituals, a congregational rabbi may often be consulted for advice on personal matters. Much of a modern rabbi's time is devoted to pastoral work, including visiting the sick and officiating at life cycle occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pre-modern era, rabbis had no special training in counseling, relying instead on their personal qualities of empathy and caring. These factors continue to inform rabbinic advising in the modern era. However modern rabbinical seminaries have instituted courses in psychology and pastoral counseling as part of the required rabbinic curriculum and they offer internships in counseling and social services for their rabbinical students.<sup id="cite_ref-ej_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ej-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Hasidic Jews, turning to the <i><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">rebbe</a></i> for advice on personal matters is common.</dd> <dt>Leading prayer services</dt> <dd>Traditionally rabbis did not lead prayer services in the modern sense. There is no requirement that a rabbi be present for public prayer. The Jewish liturgy is fixed and printed in prayer books (<i>siddurim</i>), the vocal portions are chanted by a cantor (<i>hazan</i>) and the Torah portion is read by a trained reader (<i>ba'al koreh</i>). If the rabbi was present, he or she would be seated in front near the Ark, and as a matter of respect the pace at which the rabbi recited his or her prayers may set the pace of the service. If halakhic questions arose about the prayer service, the rabbi would answer them.</dd> <dd>In modern synagogues, the rabbi takes a more active role in leading prayer services. In some synagogues, it is permitted for the rabbi to select passages from the prayer book for public reading, to omit some passages for brevity and to add special prayers to the service. The rabbi may lead the congregation in responsive reading, announce page numbers and comment on the liturgy from time to time. At Sabbath and holiday services, the congregational rabbi may deliver a sermon either right before or right after the Torah is read.</dd> <dt>Celebrating life's events</dt> <dd>Jewish law does not require the presence of a rabbi at a marriage, bar or bat mitzvah, circumcision, funeral, house of mourning, or unveiling of a monument at a cemetery. At the same time, Jewish law has prescribed requirements for each of these events and rituals. It therefore became customary for rabbis to be present and to lead the community in celebration and in mourning. In the modern era, it is virtually obligatory to have the rabbi's participation at these events, and ministering to the congregation in these settings has become a major aspect of the modern rabbinate.</dd> <dd>Jewish divorce, which requires a rabbinical court (<i>beth din</i>), will always have rabbis in attendance.</dd> <dt>Charitable works</dt> <dd>The synagogue has been a place where charity is collected every weekday after services and then distributed to the needy before Sabbaths and holidays. However, most synagogues now suggest that congregants support the synagogue via an annual dues payment, usually collected on a monthly basis. It was not the rabbi who collected these sums; that task was assigned to the sexton, wardens of charity and charitable associations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was the rabbi's task to teach that charity (<i>tzedakah</i>) is a core Jewish value. The rabbi did this by preaching, teaching and by example—hosting poor out of town yeshiva students at the home table and offering Jewish travelers a kosher meal. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> formulated a ladder consisting of eight degrees of charity, starting with reluctant giving and ending with teaching someone a trade.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Israel_Salanter" title="Israel Salanter">Israel Salanter</a> (1809–1883) was once asked, "How do you provide for your spiritual needs?" He answered, "By providing for someone else's physical needs."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Today Jewish federations and foundations collect and distribute most charity within the Jewish community. However the rabbi retains the task of teaching the value of charity and often participates personally in appeals for the synagogue and for national and international causes.</dd> <dt>Role-modeling</dt> <dd>The rabbi serves as a role model for the congregation by his or her conduct and deportment. Congregation members are keen observers of their rabbi's personality traits, family life, professional conduct, leisure activities and in general the way he or she treats others. Rabbis are aware of this and in the best case deliberately model their conduct so that it represents Jewish values to the community and to outsiders.</dd> <dd>This aspect of the rabbinate, setting an example for the public, has a direct application in Jewish law. The way the greatest rabbis and Torah scholars conducted themselves can become a precedent in Jewish law, known as <i>ma'aseh.</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, based on reports of what rabbis did in the Talmud, <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> ruled that one engaged in public affairs should not break off his duties to recite certain prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Outreach, also known as <i>kiruv</i> (bringing close)</dt> <dd>Some rabbis program and guide activities designed to reach Jews who are unaffiliated with Judaism or lapsed in their observances. These include "Beginners' Services" where the Jewish liturgy is shortened and explained, and Shabbatons, where unaffiliated Jews are hosted by an observant family during Sabbath to experience the day in a religious setting and to learn about its rituals and customs. <a href="/wiki/Chabad_outreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad outreach">Chabad outreach</a> sends many rabbis and their wives to be posted in Chabad Houses worldwide for the express purpose of reaching unaffiliated Jews.</dd> <dt>Conversions</dt> <dd>Most rabbis will from time to time encounter someone who is not Jewish seeking information about Judaism or wishing to explore <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a>. This may happen when one member of a couple wishing to marry is seeking conversion or on other occasions when intermarriage is not involved. Based on the rabbi's training and assessment of the person's motivations and goals, the rabbi's approach may range from discouragement of the potential convert to mentoring and directing to a conversion class, in accordance with the policy on conversion of the rabbi's movement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One or three rabbis will serve on the <i>beth din</i> that performs a conversion. There are no rabbis serving as "Jewish missionaries" per se; there is no parallel in Judaism to the proselytizing of other faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Match-making</dt> <dd>In periods when match-making was common, rabbis participated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis were well-acquainted with their community members and in particular with the young unmarried men attending their yeshivas. Parents did not hesitate to consult the rabbi for suitable matches. Today in Orthodox circles where socializing among the sexes is not common, this practice continues, and in all branches of Judaism, a rabbi who can help in this arena will not hesitate to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Synagogue administration</dt> <dd>The modern synagogue is a non-profit religious corporation run by a Board of Directors elected by the members. However, on a day-to-day basis, board members are not present. In most synagogues, it is the rabbi's task to administer the synagogue, supervise personnel, manage the physical plant, review (if not write) the newsletter, and interact with the brotherhood, the sisterhood and the youth organizations. Very large synagogues may employ a separate administrator or assistant rabbi to perform some or all of these functions.</dd> <dt>Chaplaincy</dt> <dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg/170px-USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg/255px-USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg/340px-USAF_Jewish_Chaplain_Insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Jewish <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Chaplain_Corps" title="United States Air Force Chaplain Corps">chaplain</a> insignia, U.S. Air Force</figcaption></figure> Rabbis go into the field wherever members of the Jewish community may be found. This is most noticeable in the military services and on university campuses where some rabbis serve as Jewish chaplains on a full-time basis. All branches of the U. S. military have Jewish chaplains in their ranks<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rabbis serve in the Israeli Defense Forces. The Hillel Foundation provides rabbis and Jewish services on 550 campuses <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Chabad operates Jewish centers with a rabbi near 150 college campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local rabbis perform other chaplaincy functions on a part-time basis in hospitals, senior homes and prisons. Worthy of mention are the rabbis who accompanied Jews to concentration camps during the Nazi era; in dire circumstances they continued to provide rabbinic services, such as ritual observance, advice and counseling, to the victims of Nazi persecution, whenever it was possible to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Public affairs</dt> <dd>As leaders of the Jewish community, many rabbis devote a portion of their time to activities in the public arena, especially where Jewish interests are at stake. They dialogue with public officials and community groups, interact with school boards, advocate for and against legislation, engage in public debates, write newspaper columns, appear in the media and march in parades and demonstrations with others to show support for causes. The extent and tenor of these activities is dictated by the rabbi's own conscience and social and political leanings as informed by Jewish values.</dd> <dt>Defending the faith</dt> <dd>Rabbis are often called upon to defend the Jewish faith. During the Middle Ages, the Church arranged a series of public <a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">disputations</a> between rabbis and priests that were intended to "disprove" the Jewish faith and condemn its religious texts, including the Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rabbis acquitted themselves well in debate with their superior understanding of Jewish texts and mass conversions to Christianity did not take place. However following these disputations local rulers at the Church's behest consigned cartloads of precious Hebrew manuscripts to the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today rabbis are involved in countering the activities of missionaries aimed at converting Jews to other religions, explaining for example that one cannot be of the Jewish faith while believing in either the Christian God or the Christian messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Interfaith activities</dt> <dd>Some rabbis engage in interfaith dialogues with clergy of other faiths. They may host student groups from the religious schools of other faiths and participate in interfaith services. They will view these activities as a means of deepening understanding and reducing misconceptions in a diverse society. Other rabbis, especially those affiliated with Orthodox Judaism, will generally not participate in interfaith dialogues about theology. They will however engage in discussions with the clergy of other faiths about matters of mutual social concern.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Non-practicing rabbis</dt> <dd>There is a segment of the rabbinate that does not engage in rabbinic functions on a daily basis, except perhaps to study. Because rabbinic ordination (<a href="/wiki/Semikhah" title="Semikhah">Semikhah</a>) has the features of a post-graduate academic degree, some study to receive ordination but then follow a different career in secular business, education or the professions. These rabbis may be asked from time to time to perform a rabbinic function on an ad hoc and voluntary basis, e.g. to perform a marriage ceremony or answer a religious question. At other times, they act as regular members of the Jewish community. No negative attitudes attach to rabbis who do not practice the profession. They are likely admired in their communities for their decision to spend years engaged in advanced Torah study for its own sake.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In antiquity those who performed rabbinic functions, such as judging a case or teaching Torah to students, did not receive compensation for their services.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being a rabbi was not a full-time profession and those who served had other occupations to support themselves and their families, such as woodchopper, sandal-maker, carpenter, water-carrier, farmer and tanner.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A respected scholar, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a> (1st cent. CE), had said "never to use the Torah as a spade for digging,"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this was understood to mean never to use one's Torah knowledge for an inappropriate purpose, such as earning a fee. Still, as honored members of the community, Torah sages were allowed a series of privileges and exemptions that alleviated their financial burdens somewhat. These included such things as tax exemption from communal levies,<sup id="cite_ref-Bava_Batra_7b-8a_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bava_Batra_7b-8a-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marketplace priority (first in, first out regarding their trade),<sup id="cite_ref-Bava_Batra_7b-8a_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bava_Batra_7b-8a-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> receiving personal services from their students (<i>shimush talmedei hakhamim</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> silent business partnerships with wealthy merchants,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a substitute fee to replace their lost earnings when they had to leave work to perform a rabbinic function (<i>sekhar battalah</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span>–1050 CE), opinions on compensation shifted. It was deemed inappropriate for the leaders of the Jewish community to appear in the marketplace as laborers or vendors of merchandise, and leading a Jewish community was becoming a full-time occupation. Under these conditions, the Geonim collected taxes and donations at home and abroad to fund their schools (<i>yeshivot</i>) and paid salaries to teachers, officials and judges of the Jewish community, whom they appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204), who supported himself as a physician, reasserted the traditional view of offering rabbinic service to the Jewish community without compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains the ideal. But circumstances had changed. Jewish communities required full-time rabbis, and the rabbis themselves preferred to spend their days studying and teaching Torah rather than working at a secular trade. </p><p>By the fifteenth century it was the norm for Jewish communities to compensate their rabbis, although the rabbi's contract might well refer to a "suspension fee" (<i>sekhar battalah</i>) rather than a salary, as if he were relinquishing a salary from secular employment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of salaries varied, depending on the size of the community served, with rabbis in large cities being well-compensated while rabbis in small towns might receive a small stipend.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis were able to supplement their rabbinic incomes by engaging in associated functions and accepting fees for them, like serving as the community's scribe, notary and archivist, teaching in the elementary school or yeshivah, publishing books, arbitrating civil litigations, or even serving as a matchmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the formation of rabbinical seminaries starting in the nineteenth century, the rabbinate experienced a degree of professionalization that is still underway. At the present time, an ordained graduate of a rabbinical seminary that is affiliated with one of the modern branches of Judaism, Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, or modern Orthodox, will find employment—whether as a congregational rabbi, teacher, chaplain, Hillel director, camp director, social worker or administrator—through the placement office of his or her seminary. Like any modern professional, he or she will negotiate the terms of employment with potential employers and sign a contract specifying duties, duration of service, salary, benefits, pension and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rabbi's salary and benefits today tend to be similar to those of other modern professionals, such as lawyers and accountants, with similar levels of post-graduate education.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible to engage in the rabbinate part-time, e.g. at a synagogue with a small membership; the rabbi's salary will be proportionate to the services rendered and he or she will likely have additional employment outside the synagogue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authority">Authority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></div> <p>The practical basis for rabbinic authority involves the acceptance of the rabbinic individual and their scholarly credentials. In practical terms, Jewish communities and individuals commonly proffer allegiance to the authority of the rabbi they have chosen. Such a rabbinic leader is sometimes called the "Master of the Locale" (<i>mara d'atra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish individuals may acknowledge the authority of others but will defer legal decisions to the <i>mara d'atra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-friedman04_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman04-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rabbi derives authority from achievements within a meritocratic system. Rabbis' authority is neither nominal nor spiritual—it is based on credentials. Typically the rabbi receives an institutional stamp of approval. It is this authority that allows them to engage in the halakhic process and make legal prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same pattern is true within broader communities, ranging from Hasidic communities to rabbinical or congregational organizations: there will be a formal or <i>de facto</i> structure of rabbinic authority that is responsible for the members of the community. However, Hasidic communities do not have a mere rabbi: they have a <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a>, who plays a similar role but is thought to have a special connection to God. The Rebbes' authority, then, is based on a spiritual connection to God and so they are venerated in a different way from rabbis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honor">Honor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Talmud, it is a commandment (<i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a></i>) to honor a rabbi and a Torah scholar, along with the elderly, as it is written in Leviticus 19:32, "Rise up before the elderly, and honor the aged."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One should stand in their presence and address them with respect.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a> (priests) are required to honor rabbis and Torah scholars like the general public. However, if one is more learned than the rabbi or the scholar there is no need to stand. The spouse of a Torah scholar must also be shown deference.<sup id="cite_ref-yutorah1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yutorah1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a commandment for teachers and rabbis to honor their students.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbis and Torah scholars, in order to ensure discipline within the Jewish community, have the authority to place individuals who insult them under a ban of excommunication.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordination">Ordination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semikhah" title="Semikhah">Semikhah</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_ordination">Classical ordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classical ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded examples of ordination are <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> transmitting his authority to <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 70 elders.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> transmitted his authority to <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a>, ordination was transmitted without interruption from Moses to Joshua, to the elders, to the prophets, to the men of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Zugot" title="Zugot">Zugot</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chain of <i>semikhah</i> was probably lost in the 4th or 5th century, though possibly as late as the 12th century. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (12th century), if it were possible to gather the greatest sages of the generation, a reconstituted court could confer classic semikhah or ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, a number of <a href="/wiki/Modern_attempts_to_revive_the_Sanhedrin" title="Modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin">modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin</a> have been made. So far, no such attempt has been accepted as valid among the consensus of rabbis, or persisted for longer than about a century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_ordination">Contemporary ordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary ordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of classical ordination, other forms of ordination have developed which use much of the same terminology, but have a lesser significance in Jewish law. </p><p>Nowadays, a rabbinical student is awarded <i>semikhah</i> (rabbinic ordination) after the completion of a learning program in a yeshiva or modern rabbinical seminary or under the guidance of an individual rabbi. The exact course of study varies by denomination, but most are in the range of 3–6 years. The programs all include study of Talmud, the codes of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a> to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the branch of Judaism. In addition to rabbinical literature, modern seminaries offer courses in pastoral subjects such as counseling, education, comparative religion and delivering sermons. Most rabbinical students will complete their studies in their mid-20s. There is no hierarchy and no central authority in Judaism that either supervises rabbinic education or records ordinations; each branch of Judaism regulates the ordination of the rabbis affiliated with it. </p><p>The most common formula used on a certificate of <i>semikhah</i> is <i>Yore yore</i> ("He may teach, he may teach", sometimes rendered as a question and answer, "May he teach? He may teach."). Most Rabbis hold this qualification; they are sometimes called a <i>moreh hora'ah</i> ("a teacher of rulings"). A more advanced form of <i>semikhah</i> is <i>yadin yadin</i> ("He may judge, he may judge" or "May he judge? He may judge."). This enables the recipient to serve as a judge on a rabbinical court and adjudicate cases of monetary law, among other responsibilities. The recipient of this ordination can be formally addressed as a <i>dayan</i> ("judge") and also retain the title of rabbi. Only a small percentage of rabbis earn the <i>yadin yadin</i> ordination. Although not strictly necessary, many Orthodox rabbis hold that a <i><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a></i> (court of Jewish law) should be made up of <i>dayanim</i> with this ordination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_and_Modern_Orthodox_Judaism">Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Semikhah#Concept" title="Semikhah">Semikhah § Concept</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Talmud_study" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Talmud study</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Jewish_law" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Jewish law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reb_Moshe_Feinstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Reb_Moshe_Feinstein.jpg/220px-Reb_Moshe_Feinstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Reb_Moshe_Feinstein.jpg/330px-Reb_Moshe_Feinstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Reb_Moshe_Feinstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a>, a leading Rabbinical authority for Orthodox Judaism of the second half of the twentieth century.</figcaption></figure> <p>An Orthodox <i>semikhah</i> requires the successful completion of a program encompassing Jewish law ("<i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></i>") and <a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">responsa</a> in keeping with longstanding tradition. Orthodox rabbis typically study at <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a></i>, "colleges" which provide <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a> generally, and increasingly at dedicated institutions known as <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">kollelim</a>; both are also referred to as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Orthodox" title="List of rabbinical schools">Talmudical/Rabbinical schools or academies</a>". In both cases, the program is effectively <a href="/wiki/Post-graduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-graduate">post-graduate</a>, comprising two years on average, following at least four years' yeshiva study. </p><p>In achieving <i>semikhah</i>, rabbinical students work to gain knowledge in specific and relevant <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sugya" title="Sugya">sugyas</a></i>, and their development in the <a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a> (early and late medieval commentators), leading to their application in <i>Halakha</i>—particularly as traced by the <a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim#Later_developments" title="Arba'ah Turim"><i>Tur</i></a>. Building on this, is the study of those sections of the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> (codified Jewish law)—together with its <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch#Major_commentaries" title="Shulchan Aruch">main commentaries</a>—that pertain to daily-life questions (such as the laws of keeping <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, and the laws of <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">family purity</a>). An element of <i>shimush</i>, or "apprenticeship", is often also required. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> rabbinical students, such as those at the <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder yeshivot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> respectively, additionally formally study <i><a href="/wiki/Hashkafa" title="Hashkafa">hashkafa</a></i>, i.e. the major elements of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">theology and philosophy</a> and their application to contemporary questions, proceeding systematically through the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Jewish_philosophy" title="Rabbinic literature">classical rabbinic works here</a>; other students will have studied these works independently (see <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Ethics,_mysticism_and_philosophy" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Ethics, mysticism and philosophy</a>). </p><p>The entrance requirements for an Orthodox yeshiva include a strong background within Jewish law, liturgy, Talmudic study, and attendant languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>). Specifically, students are expected to have acquired <a href="/wiki/Gemara#Argumentation_and_debate" title="Gemara">deep analytic skills</a>, and breadth, in Talmud before commencing their rabbinic studies. At the same time, since rabbinical studies typically flow from other yeshiva studies, those who seek semichah are typically not required to have completed a university education. Exceptions exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>, which requires all rabbinical students to complete an undergraduate degree before entering the program, and a Masters or equivalent before ordination. </p><p>Historically, women could not become Orthodox rabbis. Starting in 2009, some Modern Orthodox institutions began ordaining women with the title of "<a href="/wiki/Maharat" title="Maharat">Maharat</a>", and later with titles including "Rabbah" and "Rabbi". This is currently a contested issue for many Orthodox institutions, leading some to seek alternate clerical titles and roles for women (see <a href="/wiki/Women_rabbis_and_Torah_scholars#Orthodox_Judaism" title="Women rabbis and Torah scholars">Women rabbis and Torah scholars § Orthodox Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toanot_Rabniyot" title="Toanot Rabniyot">Toanot Rabniyot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoetzet_Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoetzet Halacha">Yoetzet Halacha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-nadell2019_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nadell2019-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> do grant official ordination to many students wishing to become rabbis, most of the students within the yeshivas engage in <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">learning Torah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> without the goal of becoming rabbis or holding any official positions. The curriculum for obtaining ordination as rabbis for Haredi scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of "Rabbi" and to be recognized as such. </p><p>Within the Hasidic world, the positions of spiritual leadership are dynastically transmitted within established families, usually from fathers to sons, while a small number of students obtain official ordination to become <a href="/wiki/Dayan_(rabbinic_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayan (rabbinic judge)">dayanim</a> ("judges") on <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">religious courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">poskim</a> ("decisors" of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>), as well as teachers in the Hasidic schools. The same is true for the non-Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Litvish" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvish">Litvish</a> yeshivas that are controlled by dynastically transmitted <a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">rosh yeshivas</a> and the majority of students will not become rabbis, even after many years of post-graduate <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">kollel</a> study. </p><p>Some yeshivas, such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Rabbeinu_Yisrael_Meir_HaKohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen">Yeshivas Chafetz Chaim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, may encourage their students to obtain <i>semichah</i> and mostly serve as rabbis who teach in other yeshivas or Hebrew day schools. Other yeshivas, such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Rabbi_Chaim_Berlin" title="Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin">Yeshiva Chaim Berlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York) or the Mirrer Yeshiva (in <a href="/wiki/Mir_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (Jerusalem)">Jerusalem</a>), do not have an official "semichah/rabbinical program" to train rabbis, but provide semichah on an "as needed" basis if and when one of their senior students is offered a rabbinical position but only with the approval of their <i>rosh yeshivas</i>. </p><p>Haredim will often prefer using <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> names for rabbinic titles based on older traditions, such as: <i><a href="/wiki/Rav" title="Rav">Rav</a></i> (denoting "rabbi"), <i>HaRav</i> ("the rabbi"), <i>Moreinu HaRav</i> ("our teacher the rabbi"), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moreinu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moreinu (page does not exist)">Moreinu</a></i> ("our teacher"), <i>Moreinu VeRabeinu HaRav</i> ("our teacher and our rabbi/master the rabbi"), <i>Moreinu VeRabeinu</i> ("our teacher and our rabbi/master"), <i><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></i> ("[the] head [of the] yeshiva"), <i><a href="/wiki/Rosh_HaYeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh HaYeshiva">Rosh HaYeshiva</a></i> ("head [of] the yeshiva"), "Mashgiach" (for <a href="/wiki/Mashgiach_ruchani" title="Mashgiach ruchani">Mashgiach ruchani</a>) ("spiritual supervisor/guide"), <i><a href="/wiki/Mara_d%27atra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mara d'atra">Mora DeAsra</a></i> ("teacher/decisor" [of] the/this place"), <i>HaGaon</i> ("the genius"), <i><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></i> ("[our/my] rabbi"), <i>HaTzadik</i> ("the righteous/saintly"), "ADMOR" ("Adoneinu Moreinu VeRabeinu") ("our master, our teacher and our rabbi/master") or often just plain <i><a href="/wiki/Reb_(Yiddish)" title="Reb (Yiddish)">Reb</a></i> which is a shortened form of <i>rebbe</i> that can be used by, or applied to, any married Jewish male as the situation applies. </p><p>Note: A <i><a href="/wiki/Rebbetzin" title="Rebbetzin">rebbetzin</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> usage common among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a>) or a <i><a href="/wiki/Rabbanit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbanit">rabbanit</a></i> (in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and used among <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a>) is the official "title" used for, or by, the wife of any Orthodox, Haredi, or Hasidic rabbi. <i>Rebbetzin</i> may also be used as the equivalent of <i>Reb</i> and is sometimes abbreviated as such as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Orthodox_Judaism">Non-Orthodox Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-Orthodox Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservative_Judaism">Conservative Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservative Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> confers semikhah after the completion of a program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa in keeping with Jewish tradition. In addition to knowledge and mastery of the study of Talmud and <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a>, Conservative <i>semikhah</i> also requires that its rabbinical students receive intensive training in <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, classical biblical commentaries, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidut</a>, the historical development of Judaism from antiquity to modernity, Jewish ethics, the halakhic methodology of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_responsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative responsa">Conservative responsa</a>, classical and modern works of Jewish theology and philosophy, synagogue administration, <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaplaincy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaplaincy">chaplaincy</a>, non-profit management, and navigating the modern world in a Jewish context. Entrance requirements to Conservative rabbinical study centers include a background within Jewish law and liturgy, familiarity with <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, Talmud, etc., ritual observance according to Conservative halakha, and the completion of an undergraduate university degree. In accordance with national collegiate accreditation requirements, Conservative rabbinical students earn a Master of Arts in Rabbinic Literature in addition to receiving ordination. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Conservative" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools § Conservative</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_Judaism">Reform Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reform Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> rabbinic studies are mandated in pastoral care, the historical development of Judaism, academic biblical criticism, in addition to the study of traditional rabbinic texts. Rabbinical students also are required to gain practical rabbinic experience by working at a congregation as a rabbinic intern during each year of study from year one onwards. All Reform seminaries ordain women and openly <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people as rabbis and <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantors</a>. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Reform" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools § Reform</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seminaries_unaffiliated_with_main_denominations">Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Non-denominational" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools § Non-denominational</a></div> <p>There are several possibilities for receiving rabbinic ordination in addition to seminaries maintained by the large Jewish denominations; these are the <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(New_York)" title="Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)">Academy for Jewish Religion</a> in New York City, <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_(California)" title="Academy for Jewish Religion (California)">AJR in California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal#Ordination_training" title="Jewish Renewal">ALEPH Ordination Program, the Jewish Renewal Seminary</a> online, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_College" title="Hebrew College">Hebrew College</a> in Boston, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Seminary" title="Hebrew Seminary">Hebrew Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. The structure and curricula here are largely as at other non-Orthodox yeshivot. </p><p>More recently established are several non-traditional, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") seminaries. These grant semicha with lesser requirements re time, and with a modified curriculum, generally focusing on leadership and pastoral roles. These are <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Spiritual_Leaders_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute">JSLI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Seminary_International" title="Rabbinical Seminary International">RSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_Rabbinical_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary">PRS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Non-denominational" title="List of rabbinical schools">Ateret Tzvi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mesifta_Adath_Wolkowisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk">Wolkowisk Mesifta</a> is aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience, and provides a tailored curriculum to each candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interdenominational_recognition">Interdenominational recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interdenominational recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically and until the present, recognition of a rabbi relates to a community's perception of the rabbi's competence to interpret Jewish law and act as a teacher on central matters within Judaism. More broadly speaking, it is also an issue of being a worthy successor to a sacred legacy. </p><p>As a result, there have always been greater or lesser disputes about the legitimacy and authority of rabbis. Historical examples include <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaite_(Jewish_sect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaite (Jewish sect)">Karaites</a>. </p><p>The divisions between Jewish denominations may have their most pronounced manifestation on whether rabbis from one denomination recognize the legitimacy or authority of rabbis in another. </p><p>As a general rule within Orthodoxy and among some in the Conservative movement, rabbis are reluctant to accept the authority of other rabbis whose Halakhic standards are not as strict as their own. In some cases, this leads to an outright rejection of even the legitimacy of other rabbis; in others, the more lenient rabbi may be recognized as a spiritual leader of a particular community but may not be accepted as a credible authority on Jewish law. </p> <ul><li>The Orthodox rabbinical establishment rejects the validity of Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis on the grounds that their movements' teachings are in violation of traditional Jewish tenets. Some <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> rabbis are respectful toward non-Orthodox rabbis and focus on commonalities even as they disagree on interpretation of some areas of Halakha (with Conservative rabbis) or the authority of Halakha (with Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis).</li> <li>Conservative rabbis accept the legitimacy of Orthodox rabbis, though they are often critical of Orthodox positions. Although they would rarely look to Reform or Reconstructionist rabbis for Halakhic decisions, they accept the legitimacy of these rabbis' religious leadership.</li> <li>Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis, on the premise that all the main movements are legitimate expressions of Judaism, will accept the legitimacy of other rabbis' leadership, though will not accept their views on Jewish law, since Reform and Reconstructionists reject <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> as binding.</li></ul> <p>These debates cause great problems for recognition of Jewish marriages, conversions, and other life decisions that are touched by Jewish law. Orthodox rabbis do not recognize conversions by non-Orthodox rabbis. Conservative rabbis recognise all conversions done according to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>. Finally, the North American Reform and Reconstructionists recognize <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineality</a>, under certain circumstances, as a valid claim towards Judaism, whereas Conservative and Orthodox maintain the position expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and Codes that one can be a Jew only through <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineality</a> (born of a Jewish mother) or through <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_rabbis">Women rabbis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women rabbis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_rabbis_and_Torah_scholars" title="Women rabbis and Torah scholars">Women rabbis and Torah scholars</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_rabbis" title="Timeline of women rabbis">Timeline of women rabbis</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Women in Judaism</a></div> <p>With few rare exceptions, Jewish women have historically been excluded from serving as rabbis. This changed in the 1970s; coinciding with the shift in American society involving <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College-Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion">Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion</a> began ordaining women as rabbis.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1972_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1972-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Jewish women serve as rabbis within all progressive branches of Judaism, while in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> women rabbis is a contested matter, though many communities allow alternate clerical roles for women (see: <a href="/wiki/Yoetzet_Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoetzet Halacha">Yoetzet Halacha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-nadell2019_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nadell2019-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cohen2012_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of modern titles have been coined for female rabbis, including Rabbah <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">(רבה)</span>‎, Rabbanit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">(רבנית)</span>‎, and Maharat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">(מהר"ת)</span>‎.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Hakham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">List of rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashpia" title="Mashpia">Mashpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rav_muvhak" title="Rav muvhak">Rav muvhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reb_(Yiddish)" title="Reb (Yiddish)">Reb (Yiddish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmid_Chakham" title="Talmid Chakham">Talmid Chakham</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These include the Central Council of American Rabbis for Reform rabbis,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Rabbinical Council of America for Orthodox rabbis,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Rabbinical Assembly for Conservative rabbis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/rabbi">rabbi | Definition, History, & Functions | Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurtzer2024" class="citation web cs1">Kurtzer, Yehuda (April 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sourcesjournal.org/articles/rabbi">"Rabbi"</a>. <i>Sources Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sources+Journal&rft.atitle=Rabbi&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft.aulast=Kurtzer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourcesjournal.org%2Farticles%2Frabbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forward1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forward1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forward.com/articles/106320/">"Orthodox Women To Be Trained As Clergy, If Not Yet as Rabbis"</a>. Forward.com. May 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206073454/http://www.forward.com/articles/106320/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Women+To+Be+Trained+As+Clergy%2C+If+Not+Yet+as+Rabbis&rft.pub=Forward.com&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forward.com%2Farticles%2F106320%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>PRI.org</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-09/can-orthodox-jewish-women-be-rabbis">Can Orthodox Jewish Women be Rabbis?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112190207/http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-09/can-orthodox-jewish-women-be-rabbis">Archived</a> January 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, November 9, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2021/06/03/%d7%a8%d7%91-%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%a0%d7%99%d7%9d/"><bdi lang="he">רב ורבנים</bdi></a>. June 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A8%D7%91+%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.org.il%2F2021%2F06%2F03%2F%25d7%25a8%25d7%2591-%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8%25d7%2591%25d7%25a0%25d7%2599%25d7%259d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">האקדמיה ללשון העברית</span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/rav">"Rav"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rav&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Frav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz-Josef Fabry entry <i>Rab</i> in <i>Theological dictionary of the Old Testament</i> Vol. 13 pp. 273–75 ed. G. Johannes Botterweck, <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmer_Ringgren" class="extiw" title="sv:Helmer Ringgren">sv:Helmer Ringgren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Josef_Fabry" title="Heinz-Josef Fabry">Fabry</a> 2004 p. 273 "RAB... is also well attested in Phoenician.9 Here too rab functions as a title; its specific meaning can be determined only by its relationship to other offices and functions.10 Aramaic in all its dialects makes copious use of this root."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Josef_Fabry" title="Heinz-Josef Fabry">Fabry</a> entry <i>Rab</i> in <i>Theological dictionary of the Old Testament</i> Volume 13, p. 298 G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry – 2004 "There is no evidence to support an association, commonly cited in discussions of this usage.160 with the use of the title "Rabbi" ... Already suggested by <a href="/wiki/Millar_Burrows" title="Millar Burrows">M. Burrows</a> and repeated by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carmignac" title="Jean Carmignac">Carmignac</a>, 584"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/rabbi">"What does rabbi mean?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+rabbi+mean%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.definitions.net%2Fdefinition%2Frabbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azor-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-azor_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Siddur Azor Eliyahu</i>, p. 18 (on "Ribbi Yishmael Omer" before Pesukei deZimra). Text with acronyms expanded according to its glossary (parentheses in original, square brackets added based on the glossary): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רִבי ישמעאל. בחיריק—כך הוא בכל סידורים ישנים [הכוונה לסידורי אשכנז שנדפסו עד לסידור ר' שבתי סופר מפרעמישלא] (כמו שקלאוו תקמ"ח, דיהרנפורט תקמ"ח, תקנ"ב, תקס"ב, זולצבאך תקנ"ג), כך הוא בהגדה של פסח על ביאור הגר"א שהדפיס רמ"מ משקלאוו בהוראדנא בשנת תקס"ה (וכן הוא בסידורי הספרדים והתימנים). והשינוי לרַבי בפתח הוא משינויי ויעתר יצחק (ספר הגהות על סידור אשכנז וסידור תפילה מאת יצחק סאטאנוב, ברלין תקמ"ד) ובעקבותיו ניקד כן גם ר' וואלף היידנהיים (ויעב"ץ ניקד רְבי בשווא והאריך בזה בלוח ארש). בגמרא מופיע בריבי מלא (מכות ה' ב' חולין פ"ד ב' קל"ז א' שבת קט"ו א' ערובין נ"ג א') וחסר (חולין י"א ב', כ"ח א') ומשמע מכך שאמרו רִבי בחיריק, וגם מפירוש רבינו חננאל (פסחים נ"ב ב' וסוכה מ"ה א') משמע כן.</span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wigram-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wigram_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wigram_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament</i> by Wigram, George V.; citing Matthew 26:25, Mark 9:5 and John 3:2 (among others)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hezser" title="Catherine Hezser">Catherine Hezser</a>, <i>The social structure of the rabbinic movement in Roman Palestine</i>, 1997, p. 59 "<b>b – Rabbi as an Honorary Address</b> ... Since Jesus was called "Rabbi" but did not conform to the traditional image of post-70 Jewish rabbis, and since pre-70 sages do not bear the title "Rabbi" in the Mishnah, 29 most scholars assume that the meaning and usage of the term "Rabbi" at the time of Jesus differed from the meaning which it acquired after the destruction of the Temple: in pre-70 times, "Rabbi" was used as an unofficial honorary address for any person held in high esteem; after 70 it was almost exclusively applied to ordained teachers of the Law."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hezser1997-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hezser1997_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHezser1997" class="citation book cs1">Hezser, Catherine (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKMkEVSvCoUC&pg=PA64"><i>The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 64–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-146797-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-146797-4"><bdi>978-3-16-146797-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208031241/https://books.google.com/books?id=bKMkEVSvCoUC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2018. <q>We suggest that the avoidance of the title "Rabbi" for pre-70 sages may have originated with the editors of the Mishnah. The editors attributed the title to some sages and not to others. The avoidance of the title for pre-70 sages may perhaps be seen as a deliberate program on the part of these editors who wanted to create the impression that the "rabbinic movement" began with R. Yochanan b. Zakkai and that the Yavnean "academy" was something new, a notion that is sometimes already implicitly or explicitly suggested by some of the traditions available to them. This notion is not diminished by the occasional claim to continuity with the past which was limited to individual teachers and institutions and served to legitimize rabbinic authority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Structure+of+the+Rabbinic+Movement+in+Roman+Palestine&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-16-146797-4&rft.aulast=Hezser&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKMkEVSvCoUC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks1963" class="citation journal cs1">Shanks, Hershel (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1453387.pdf">"Is the Title "Rabbi" Anachronistic in the Gospels?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 337–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1453387">10.2307/1453387</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1453387">1453387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Is+the+Title+%22Rabbi%22+Anachronistic+in+the+Gospels%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337-345&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1453387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1453387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shanks&rft.aufirst=Hershel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F1453387.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> 7:11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ej-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ej_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, eds. (2007). "Rabbi, Rabbinate". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 11–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rabbi%2C+Rabbinate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=11-19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a> 6:3 – "One who learns from their companion a single chapter, a single halakha, a single verse, a single Torah statement, or even a single letter, must treat them with honor. For so we find with David King of Israel, who learned nothing from <a href="/wiki/Ahitophel" title="Ahitophel">Ahitophel</a> except two things, yet called him his teacher [Hebrew text: <i>rabbo</i>], his guide, his intimate."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand" class="citation web cs1">Brand, Ezra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezrabrand.com/p/understanding-honorifics-in-the-talmudic">"Understanding Honorifics in the Talmudic Era"</a>. <i>www.ezrabrand.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ezrabrand.com%2F&rft.atitle=Understanding+Honorifics+in+the+Talmudic+Era&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezrabrand.com%2Fp%2Funderstanding-honorifics-in-the-talmudic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breuer-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breuer_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breuer_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFברויארBreuer1996" class="citation journal cs1">ברויאר, יוחנן; Breuer, Yochanan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23599889">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rabbi is Greater than Rav, Rabban is Greater than Rabbi, the Simple Name is Greater than Rabban' / 'גדול מרב רבי, גדול מרבי רבן, גדול מרבן שמו'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tarbiz / תרביץ</i>. <b>סו</b> (א): 41–59. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23599889">23599889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tarbiz+%2F+%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5&rft.atitle=%27Rabbi+is+Greater+than+Rav%2C+Rabban+is+Greater+than+Rabbi%2C+the+Simple+Name+is+Greater+than+Rabban%27+%2F+%27%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%91+%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%2C+%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F%2C+%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%95%27&rft.volume=%D7%A1%D7%95&rft.issue=%D7%90&rft.pages=41-59&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23599889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8&rft.aufirst=%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F&rft.au=Breuer%2C+Yochanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23599889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosensweig-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosensweig_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosensweig_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosensweig, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23256354">"The Emergence of the Professional Rabbi in Ashkenaxic Jewry"</a>. <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>, vol. 11, no. 3, 1970, pp. 22–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/meir-ben-baruch-ha-levi">Meir ben Baruch Ha-Levi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zef Eleff, <i>Modern Orthodox Judaism: A Documentary History</i>, p. 247, quote: "In the 1980s, rabbis and congregants replaced the "scholar-rabbi" with the "pastor-rabbi." With greater frequency, rabbinic search committees asked Orthodox seminaries to supply them with candidates who possessed excellent pastoral skills and deemphasized the importance of intellectual attainment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah, Avot, chap. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy 33">Deuteronomy 33</a>:4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Goodblatt, <i>Rabbinic Instruction In Sasanian Babylonia,</i> Brill, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Saperstein, <i>Jewish Preaching,</i> Yale, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Schwarzfuchs, <i>Concise History of the Rabbinate,</i> 1993, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5933-excommunication">"Excommunication"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220180034/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5933-excommunication">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Excommunication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5933-excommunication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rabbinical Courts: Modern Day Solomons," 6 Colum J.L. & Soc. Probs. 49 (1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14204-takkanah">"TaḲḲanah"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108185942/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14204-takkanahb">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Ta%E1%B8%B2%E1%B8%B2anah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14204-takkanah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6615-gershom-ben-judah">"GERSHOM BEN JUDAH"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093912/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6615-gershom-ben-judah">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=GERSHOM+BEN+JUDAH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6615-gershom-ben-judah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorff and Roset, <i>A Living Tree,</i> SUNY, 1988, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccarnet.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108095325/https://ccarnet.org/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccarnet.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024095458/http://www.rabbis.org/about_us.cfm">"Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) – About Us"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbis.org/about_us.cfm">the original</a> on October 24, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbinical+Council+of+America+%28RCA%29+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbis.org%2Fabout_us.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/">"Rabbinical Assembly"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011129090316/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbinical+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbinicalassembly.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oukosher.org/">"OU Kosher: Certification and Supervision by the Orthodox Union"</a>. <i>OU Kosher Certification</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228185202/https://oukosher.org/">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OU+Kosher+Certification&rft.atitle=OU+Kosher%3A+Certification+and+Supervision+by+the+Orthodox+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foukosher.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbis.org/pdfs/SemichaGuidelines22Dec2015.pdf">RCA Semicha Guidelines</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4248-charity-and-charitable-institutions">"CHARITY AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113105711/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4248-charity-and-charitable-institutions">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=CHARITY+AND+CHARITABLE+INSTITUTIONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4248-charity-and-charitable-institutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Levels_of_Giving.html">"Eight Levels of Charitable Giving"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112135746/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Levels_of_Giving.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Eight+Levels+of+Charitable+Giving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2FLevels_of_Giving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rabbisacks.org/credo-someone-elses-material-needs-are-my-spiritual-responsibility/">"Someone else's material needs are my spiritual responsibility"</a>. January 26, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113131747/http://www.rabbisacks.org/credo-someone-elses-material-needs-are-my-spiritual-responsibility/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Someone+else%27s+material+needs+are+my+spiritual+responsibility&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbisacks.org%2Fcredo-someone-elses-material-needs-are-my-spiritual-responsibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12945.html">"Ma'aseh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605031854/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0013_0_12945.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ma%27aseh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0013_0_12945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, Kri'at Shema 2:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126044405/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conversion-to-judaism/">"Conversion to Judaism"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/conversion-to-judaism/">the original</a> on January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Conversion+to+Judaism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fconversion-to-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Judaism: Converting to Judaism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201120016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/beliefs/conversion.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Judaism%3A+Converting+to+Judaism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fbeliefs%2Fconversion.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey I. Roth, <i>Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law,</i> Univ. of So. Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 29, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalverson1992" class="citation news cs1">Halverson, Kim (February 16, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-16-me-4431-story.html">"Rabbi Plays Cupid in Bid to Keep Faith Among Jews : Matchmaking: His concern that many are marrying non-Jews prompts him to establish dating service so that singles may find others of same religious persuasion"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116191008/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-16/local/me-4431_1_religious-persuasion">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Rabbi+Plays+Cupid+in+Bid+to+Keep+Faith+Among+Jews+%3A+Matchmaking%3A+His+concern+that+many+are+marrying+non-Jews+prompts+him+to+establish+dating+service+so+that+singles+may+find+others+of+same+religious+persuasion&rft.date=1992-02-16&rft.aulast=Halverson&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-02-16-me-4431-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcca.org/what-we-do/jwb/become-a-chaplain/">"Become a Chaplain: Serving Jews Who Serve"</a>. <i>JCC Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093726/http://jcca.org/what-we-do/jwb/become-a-chaplain/">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JCC+Association&rft.atitle=Become+a+Chaplain%3A+Serving+Jews+Who+Serve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcca.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fjwb%2Fbecome-a-chaplain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hillel.org/">"Hillel International – The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life at Colleges and Universities"</a>. <i>hillel.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231055441/http://www.hillel.org/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hillel.org&rft.atitle=Hillel+International+%E2%80%93+The+Foundation+for+Jewish+Campus+Life+at+Colleges+and+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhillel.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.edu/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/387553/jewish/About.htm">"About"</a>. <i>Chabad on Campus International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093924/http://www.chabad.edu/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/387553/jewish/About.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad+on+Campus+International&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.edu%2Ftemplates%2Farticlecco_cdo%2Faid%2F387553%2Fjewish%2FAbout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Irving Rosenbaum, <i>The Holocaust and Halakhah,</i> Ktav, 1976, pp. 9–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5226-disputations">"DISPUTATIONS"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150306212554/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5226-disputations">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=DISPUTATIONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5226-disputations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/TalmudBurning.html">"Burning of the Talmud"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215024907/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/TalmudBurning.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Burning+of+the+Talmud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fanti-semitism%2FTalmudBurning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/atr/Jews-for-J.html">"Jews-for-J: Messiah & Redemption Response on Ask the Rabbi"</a>. September 20, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094329/http://www.aish.com/atr/Jews-for-J.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews-for-J%3A+Messiah+%26+Redemption+Response+on+Ask+the+Rabbi&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fatr%2FJews-for-J.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=scholar">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021054/http://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=scholar">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1102%26context%3Dscholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey I. Roth, <i>Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law: The Struggle for Rabbinic Compensation, Tenure and Inheritance Rights,</i> Univ. of So. Carolina Press, 2006, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Encyclopedia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494-rabbi">"RABBI"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131102116/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494-rabbi">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=RABBI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F12494-rabbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishnah, <i>Avot</i> 4:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bava_Batra_7b-8a-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bava_Batra_7b-8a_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bava_Batra_7b-8a_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bava Batra</i> 7b–8a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ketubot</i> 96a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Berakhot</i> 34b,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Talmud Yerushalmi, Nedarim</i> 4:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, 10–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mishnah Torah, Talmud Torah</i> 3:10; <i>Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot</i> 4:7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simha Assaf, <i>LeKorot HaRabbanut,</i> <i>B'Ohalei Yaakov</i> (Mosad HaRav Kook, 5703), pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, 28–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2003/09/17/life-religion/features/different-denominations-same-pay">"Different denominations, same pay"</a>. September 17, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082824/http://www.jta.org/2003/09/17/life-religion/features/different-denominations-same-pay">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Different+denominations%2C+same+pay&rft.date=2003-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2003%2F09%2F17%2Flife-religion%2Ffeatures%2Fdifferent-denominations-same-pay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschenbaum1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kirschenbaum, Aaron (1993). "MARA DE-ATRA: A Brief Sketch". <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 35–40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260883">23260883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tradition%3A+A+Journal+of+Orthodox+Jewish+Thought&rft.atitle=MARA+DE-ATRA%3A+A+Brief+Sketch&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=35-40&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23260883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirschenbaum&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedman04-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-friedman04_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, M. (2004). Halachic rabbinic authority in the modern open society. Jewish Religious Leadership, Image, and Reality, 2, 757–770.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Corrigan, Frederick Denny, Martin S. Jaffee, and Carlos Eire. <i>Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions</i>. New York: Routledge, 2012, 124–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Talmud Kidushin daf 30–40, Bava Metziah 33a, Rambam's Mishneh Torah tractate Hilkhot Talmud Torah 5:7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Hilchot Talmud Torah 5:7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yutorah1-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yutorah1_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/746702/Rabbi_Hanan_Balk/The_Obligation_to_Respect_the_Wife_of_a_Torah_Scholar_or_a_Talmidat_Chacham">"YUTorah Online – The Obligation to Respect the Wife of a Torah Scholar or a Talmidat Chacham (Rabbi Hanan Balk)"</a>. Yutorah.org. June 24, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607153904/http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/746702/Rabbi_Hanan_Balk/The_Obligation_to_Respect_the_Wife_of_a_Torah_Scholar_or_a_Talmidat_Chacham">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YUTorah+Online+%E2%80%93+The+Obligation+to+Respect+the+Wife+of+a+Torah+Scholar+or+a+Talmidat+Chacham+%28Rabbi+Hanan+Balk%29&rft.pub=Yutorah.org&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yutorah.org%2Flectures%2Flecture.cfm%2F746702%2FRabbi_Hanan_Balk%2FThe_Obligation_to_Respect_the_Wife_of_a_Torah_Scholar_or_a_Talmidat_Chacham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Hilchot Talmud Torah 5:12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides, Hilchot Talmud Torah 6:12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0427.htm#15">Numbers 27:15–23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0534.htm#9">Deuteronomy 34:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0411.htm#16">Numbers 11:16–25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b02.htm#9">2 Kings 2:9–15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirkei Avot chapter 1 (especially 1:1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>, Hilchot Sanhedrin 4:11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nadell2019-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nadell2019_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nadell2019_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadell, P. S. (2019). <i>Paving the Road to Women Rabbis. Gender and Religious Leadership: Women Rabbis, Pastors, and Ministers</i>, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cohen2012_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohen2012_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel-Cohen, Y. (2012). "Chapter Five: Orthodox Women Rabbis? It's Only a Matter of Time". In <i>Between Feminism and Orthodox Judaism</i> (pp. 69–78). Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1972-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1972_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blau, Eleanor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1972/06/04/archives/1st-woman-rabbi-in-us-ordained-she-may-be-only-the-second-in.html">"1st Woman Rabbi in U.S. Ordained; She May Be Only the Second in History of Judaism"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 4, 1972. Retrieved September 17, 2009. "Sally HJ. Priesand was ordained at the Isaac M. Wise Temple here today, becoming the first woman rabbi in this country and it is believed, the second in the history of Judaism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnakin2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anakin, Michael (March 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrew-academy.org.il/2010/03/25/רַב-בנקבה/"><bdi lang="he">רַב בנקבה</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="he">האקדמיה ללשון העברית</bdi> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A8%D6%B7%D7%91+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft.aulast=Anakin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.org.il%2F2010%2F03%2F25%2F%D7%A8%D6%B7%D7%91-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some also connect it to <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רֶבִּי</span>‎ <i>rebbī,</i> (Kaufmann A50 RH 2:12)/<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> רִבִּי</span>‎ <i>rībbī</i> (Parma A RH 2:12) "my master" but this term is extremely rare in ancient texts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumSkolnik2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a>, eds. (2007). "Rabbi, Rabbinate". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 11–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rabbi%2C+Rabbinate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=11-19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARabbi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Aaron Kirchenbaum, <i>Mara de-Atra: A Brief Sketch,</i> Tradition, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1993, pp. 35–40.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Lichtenstein" title="Aharon Lichtenstein">Aharon Lichtenstein</a>, <i>The Israeli Chief Rabbinate: A Current Halakhic Perspective,</i> Tradition, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1992, pp. 26–38.</li> <li>Jeffrey I. Roth, <i>Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law: The Struggle for Rabbinic Compensation, Tenure and Inheritance Rights,</i> Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2006.</li> <li>S. Schwarzfuchs, <i>A Concise History of the Rabbinate</i>, Oxford, 1993.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12494-rabbi/">Jewish Encyclopedia: Rabbi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4176751-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110190">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rabbins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948214v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText 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