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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stigma_in_Western_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma_in_Western_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Stigma in Western countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma_in_Western_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Monosodium glutamate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="غلوتامات أحادية الصوديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلوتامات أحادية الصوديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مونوسودیوم قلوتامات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مونوسودیوم قلوتامات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="মনোসোডিয়াম গ্লুটামেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনোসোডিয়াম গ্লুটামেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8E" title="Глутамат натрыю – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глутамат натрыю" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83" title="Глютамат натру – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глютамат натру" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Мононатриев глутамат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мононатриев глутамат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamat_monos%C3%B2dic" title="Glutamat monosòdic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glutamat monosòdic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaman_sodn%C3%BD" title="Glutaman sodný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glutaman sodný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatriumglutamat" title="Mononatriumglutamat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mononatriumglutamat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatriumglutamat" title="Mononatriumglutamat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mononatriumglutamat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naatriumvesinikglutamaat" title="Naatriumvesinikglutamaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naatriumvesinikglutamaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Όξινο γλουταμινικό νάτριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όξινο γλουταμινικό νάτριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamato_monos%C3%B3dico" title="Glutamato monosódico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glutamato monosódico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununatria_glutamato" title="Ununatria glutamato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ununatria glutamato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodio_glutamato" title="Monosodio glutamato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Monosodio glutamato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مونوسدیم گلوتامات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مونوسدیم گلوتامات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_monosodique" title="Glutamate monosodique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glutamate monosodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAtam%C3%A1it_aons%C3%B3idiam" title="Glútamáit aonsóidiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glútamáit aonsóidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamato_monos%C3%B3dico" title="Glutamato monosódico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glutamato monosódico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%ED%83%90%EC%82%B0_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="글루탐산 나트륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글루탐산 나트륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="मोनोसोडियम ग्लूटामेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोनोसोडियम ग्लूटामेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatrijev_glutaminat" title="Mononatrijev glutaminat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mononatrijev glutaminat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatrium_glutamat" title="Mononatrium glutamat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mononatrium glutamat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3n%C3%B3natr%C3%ADum_gl%C3%BAtamat" title="Mónónatríum glútamat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mónónatríum glútamat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutammato_monosodico" title="Glutammato monosodico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glutammato monosodico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%98" title="מונוסודיום גלוטמט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונוסודיום גלוטמט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monon%C4%81trija_glutam%C4%81ts" title="Mononātrija glutamāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mononātrija glutamāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatrio_glutamatas" title="Mononatrio glutamatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mononatrio glutamatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1trium-glutam%C3%A1t" title="Nátrium-glutamát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nátrium-glutamát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B" title="അജിനോമോട്ടോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അജിനോമോട്ടോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="मोनोसोडियम ग्लुटामेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोनोसोडियम ग्लुटामेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="ملح صينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملح صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_glutamat" title="Monosodium glutamat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Monosodium glutamat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8A-s%C3%B3" title="Ê-só – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ê-só" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="အချိုမှုန့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အချိုမှုန့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatriumglutamaat" title="Mononatriumglutamaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mononatriumglutamaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E9%85%B8%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="グルタミン酸ナトリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルタミン酸ナトリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumglutamat" title="Natriumglutamat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Natriumglutamat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A1%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="ဟန်ႏအိုအွီႏဖွန်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟန်ႏအိုအွီႏဖွန်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminian_sodu" title="Glutaminian sodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Glutaminian sodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamato_monoss%C3%B3dico" title="Glutamato monossódico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glutamato monossódico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamat_monosodic" title="Glutamat monosodic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Glutamat monosodic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Глутамат натрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глутамат натрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Monosodium glutamate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="මොනොසෝඩියම් ග්ලූටමේට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොනොසෝඩියම් ග්ලූටමේට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monosodium glutamate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutam%C3%A1t_sodn%C3%BD" title="Glutamát sodný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Glutamát sodný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatrijev_glutamat" title="Mononatrijev glutamat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mononatrijev glutamat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatrijum_glutamat" title="Mononatrijum glutamat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mononatrijum glutamat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatrijum_glutamat" title="Mononatrijum glutamat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mononatrijum glutamat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_glutamat" title="Monosodium glutamat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Monosodium glutamat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumglutamaatti" title="Natriumglutamaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Natriumglutamaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumglutamat" title="Natriumglutamat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Natriumglutamat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsin" title="Betsin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Betsin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மோனோ சோடியம் குளூட்டாமேட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோனோ சோடியம் குளூட்டாமேட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="మోనో సోడియం గ్లూటామేట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోనో సోడియం గ్లూటామేట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95" title="โมโนโซเดียมกลูตาเมต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมโนโซเดียมกลูตาเมต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodyum_glutamat" title="Monosodyum glutamat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monosodyum glutamat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Глутамат натрію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глутамат натрію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%85%DA%A9" title="چینی نمک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی نمک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%87" title="تېتىتقۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تېتىتقۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononatri_glutamat" title="Mononatri glutamat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mononatri glutamat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsin" title="Betsin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Betsin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E4%B9%8B%E7%B4%A0" title="味之素 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="味之素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E7%B2%BE" title="味精 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="味精" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%B3%E7%B2%BE" title="味精 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="味精" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siya_taboh" title="Siya taboh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Siya taboh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound, flavor enhancer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical compound. For its use in food, see <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_flavoring" title="Glutamate flavoring">Glutamate flavoring</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MSG" redirects here. For the arena in New York City, see <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MSG_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MSG (disambiguation)">MSG (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Monosodium glutamate </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chemical composition of monosodium glutamate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/200px-Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/300px-Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg/400px-Monosodium_glutamate_Structural_Formula_V1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png/220px-Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png/330px-Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png/440px-Monosodium_glutamate_spacefill.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg/200px-Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg/300px-Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg/400px-Monosodium_glutamate_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="2149" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=142-47-2">142-47-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BNa%2B%5D.O%3DC%28%5BO-%5D%29%5BC%40%40H%5D%28N%29CCC%28%3DO%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.76943.html">76943</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.005.035">100.005.035</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179678#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>205-538-1</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number"><span title="E number (food additive code)">E number</span></a> </td> <td>E621 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E600–E699" title="E number">(flavour enhancer)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/23672308">23672308</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/C3C196L9FG">C3C196L9FG</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9020906">DTXSID9020906</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179678#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C5H9NO4.Na/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1/t3-;/m0./s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ-DFWYDOINSA-M<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C5H9NO4.Na/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1/t3-;/m0./s1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: LPUQAYUQRXPFSQ-SYBSRVMOBZ</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[Na+].O=C([O-])[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>Na  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>169.111 g/mol (anhydrous), 187.127 g/mol (monohydrate)    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>White crystalline powder </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>322 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>232 °C (450 °F; 505 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>740 g/L </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /></span><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>16600 mg/kg (oral, rat)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477163037&page2=Monosodium+glutamate">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Monosodium glutamate</b> (<b>MSG</b>), also known as <b>sodium glutamate</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a>. MSG is found naturally in some foods including <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> in this glutamic acid form.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HealthCanada_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealthCanada-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agostoni_2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agostoni_2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSG is used in cooking as a flavor enhancer with a savory taste that intensifies the <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a> flavor of food, as naturally occurring glutamate does in foods such as <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a> and meat soups.<sup id="cite_ref-Ikeda_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ikeda-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OMG_I_love_MSG_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG_I_love_MSG-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MSG was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Kikunae_Ikeda" title="Kikunae Ikeda">Kikunae Ikeda</a>, who tried to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of <i><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">kombu</a></i>, an edible <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> used as a <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">dashi</a></i>) for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>. MSG balances, blends, and rounds the perception of other tastes.<sup id="cite_ref-Loliger_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loliger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi91_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSG, along with <a href="/wiki/Disodium_ribonucleotides" title="Disodium ribonucleotides">disodium ribonucleotides</a>, is commonly used and found in <a href="/wiki/Stock_cube" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock cube">stock (bouillon) cubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiments</a>, savory <a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">snacks</a>, etc. </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> has given MSG its <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS) designation.<sup id="cite_ref-FDAQnA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAQnA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a popular misconception that MSG can cause <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a> and other feelings of discomfort, known as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_restaurant_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese restaurant syndrome">Chinese restaurant syndrome</a>". Several <a href="/wiki/Blinded_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Blinded study">blinded studies</a> show no such effects when MSG is combined with food in normal concentrations, and are inconclusive when MSG is added to broth in large concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FDAQnA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAQnA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ob2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ob2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> classifies it as a <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> permitted in certain foods and subject to quantitative limits. MSG has the <a href="/wiki/HS_code" class="mw-redirect" title="HS code">HS code</a> 29224220 and the <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E621.<sup id="cite_ref-UKGovEnumbr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKGovEnumbr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use"><span class="anchor" id="Usage"></span>Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pure MSG is reported not to have a highly pleasant taste until it is combined with a savory <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolls09_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolls09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic sensory function of MSG is attributed to its ability to enhance savory taste-active compounds when added in the proper concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Loliger_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loliger-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The optimal concentration varies by food; in <a href="/wiki/Clear_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear soup">clear soup</a>, the "pleasure score" rapidly falls with the addition of more than one gram of MSG per 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>mL.<sup id="cite_ref-Umami_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umami-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sodium content (in <a href="/wiki/Mass_percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass percent">mass percent</a>) of MSG, 12.28%, is about one-third of that in <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (39.34%), due to the greater mass of the glutamate counterion.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi06_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi06-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although other salts of glutamate have been used in low-salt soups, they are less palatable than MSG.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Food_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Food scientist">Food scientist</a> Steve Witherly noted in 2017 that MSG may promote healthy eating by enhancing the flavor of food such as <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a> while reducing the use of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide" title="Ribonucleotide">ribonucleotide</a> food additives <a href="/wiki/Disodium_inosinate" title="Disodium inosinate">disodium inosinate</a> (E631) and <a href="/wiki/Disodium_guanylate" title="Disodium guanylate">disodium guanylate</a> (E627), as well as conventional salt, are usually used with monosodium glutamate-containing ingredients as they seem to have a synergistic effect. "Super salt" is a mixture of 9 parts salt, to one part MSG and 0.1 parts <a href="/wiki/Disodium_ribonucleotides" title="Disodium ribonucleotides">disodium ribonucleotides</a> (a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Disodium_inosinate" title="Disodium inosinate">disodium inosinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disodium_guanylate" title="Disodium guanylate">disodium guanylate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MSG is <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> to eat.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular belief is that MSG can cause headaches and other feelings of discomfort, but <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">blinded tests</a> have not provided strong evidence of this.<sup id="cite_ref-Ob2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ob2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International bodies governing food additives currently consider MSG safe for human consumption as a flavor enhancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker00_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker00-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under normal conditions, humans can metabolize relatively large quantities of glutamate, which is naturally produced in the gut in the course of protein hydrolysis. The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD<sub>50</sub>) is between 15 and 18 g/kg body weight in rats and mice, respectively, five times the LD<sub>50</sub> of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">table salt</a> (3 g/kg in rats). The use of MSG as a food additive and the natural levels of glutamic acid in foods are not of toxic concern in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker00_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker00-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically MSG in the diet does not increase glutamate in the brain or affect brain function.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1995 report from the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology" title="Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology">Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</a> (FASEB) for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) concluded that MSG is safe when "eaten at customary levels" and, although a subgroup of otherwise-healthy individuals develop an MSG symptom complex when exposed to 3 g of MSG in the absence of food, MSG as a cause has not been established because the symptom reports are anecdotal.<sup id="cite_ref-FASEB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASEB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the report, no data supports the role of glutamate in <a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic disease">chronic disease</a>. High quality evidence has failed to demonstrate a relationship between the MSG symptom complex and actual MSG consumption. No association has been demonstrated, and the few responses were inconsistent. No symptoms were observed when MSG was used in food.<sup id="cite_ref-freeman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-geha_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geha-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarasoff_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarasoff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adequately controlling for experimental bias includes a blinded, <a href="/wiki/Placebo-controlled" class="mw-redirect" title="Placebo-controlled">placebo-controlled</a> <a href="/wiki/Experimental_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental design">experimental design</a> and administration by capsule, because of the unique aftertaste of glutamates.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarasoff_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarasoff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1993 study, 71 fasting participants were given 5 g of MSG and then a standard breakfast. One reaction (to the placebo, in a self-identified MSG-sensitive individual) occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-freeman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2000 tested the reaction of 130 subjects with a reported sensitivity to MSG. Multiple trials were performed, with subjects exhibiting at least two symptoms continuing. Two people out of the 130 responded to all four challenges. Because of the low prevalence, the researchers concluded that a response to MSG was not reproducible.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies exploring MSG's role in <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> have yielded mixed results.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twsNovK5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsNovK5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although several studies have investigated anecdotal links between MSG and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, current evidence does not support a causal association.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Australia_New_Zealand" title="Food Standards Australia New Zealand">Food Standards Australia New Zealand</a> (FSANZ) MSG technical report concludes, </p><blockquote><p>"There is no convincing evidence that MSG is a significant factor in causing systemic reactions resulting in severe illness or mortality. The studies conducted to date on Chinese restaurant syndrome (CRS) have largely failed to demonstrate a causal association with MSG. Symptoms resembling those of CRS may be provoked in a clinical setting in small numbers of individuals by the administration of large doses of MSG without food. However, such effects are neither persistent nor serious and are likely to be attenuated when MSG is consumed with food. In terms of more serious adverse effects such as the triggering of <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a> in asthmatic individuals, the evidence does not indicate that MSG is a significant trigger factor."<sup id="cite_ref-FSANZreport_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSANZreport-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FSANZsearch_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSANZsearch-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, the FSANZ MSG report says that although no data is available on average MSG consumption in Australia and New Zealand, "data from the United Kingdom indicates an average intake of 590mg/day, with extreme users (97.5th percentile consumers) consuming 2,330mg/day" (Rhodes et al. 1991).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a highly seasoned restaurant meal, intakes as high as 5,000 mg or more may be possible (Yang et al. 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When very large doses of MSG (>5 g MSG in a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(medicine)" title="Bolus (medicine)">bolus</a> dose) are ingested, plasma glutamate concentration will significantly increase. However, the concentration typically returns to normal within two hours. In general, foods providing metabolizable <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> significantly attenuate peak plasma glutamate levels at doses up to 150mg/kg body weight. Two earlier studies – the 1987 Joint <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>/<a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology" title="Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology">Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</a> (FASEB) – concluded, "there may be a small number of unstable asthmatics who respond to doses of 1.5–2.5 g of MSG in the absence of food". The FASEB evaluation concluded, "sufficient evidence exists to indicate some individuals may experience manifestations of CRS when exposed to a ≥3 g bolus dose of MSG in the absence of food".<sup id="cite_ref-FSANZreport_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSANZreport-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MSG has been produced by three methods: <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of vegetable proteins with hydrochloric acid to disrupt <a href="/wiki/Peptide_bond" title="Peptide bond">peptide bonds</a> (1909–1962); direct chemical synthesis with <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a> (1962–1973), and <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial fermentation">bacterial fermentation</a> (the current method).<sup id="cite_ref-Sano09_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sano09-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a> was originally used for <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> because it contains more than 30 g of glutamate and glutamine per 100 g of protein. As demand for MSG increased, chemical synthesis and fermentation were studied. The <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">polyacrylic</a> fiber industry began in Japan during the mid-1950s, and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a> was adopted as a base material to synthesize MSG.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida70_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida70-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016, most MSG worldwide is produced by <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial fermentation">bacterial fermentation</a> in a process similar to making vinegar or yogurt. <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> is added later, for neutralization. During fermentation, <i><a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a></i> species, cultured with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, excrete amino acids into a culture broth from which L-glutamate is isolated. Kyowa Hakko Kogyo (currently <a href="/wiki/Kyowa_Kirin" title="Kyowa Kirin">Kyowa Kirin</a>) developed industrial fermentation to produce L-glutamate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinoshita57_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinoshita57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion yield and production rate (from sugars to glutamate) continues to improve in the industrial production of MSG, keeping up with demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Sano09_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sano09-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product, after filtration, concentration, acidification, and crystallization, is glutamate, sodium ions, and water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The compound is usually available as the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_hydration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water of hydration">monohydrate</a>, a white, odorless, crystalline powder. The solid contains separate sodium cations <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> and glutamate anions in <a href="/wiki/Zwitterion" title="Zwitterion">zwitterionic</a> form, <sup>−</sup>OOC-CH(<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>)-(<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>)<sub>2</sub>-COO<sup>−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-struc_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-struc-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In solution it <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(chemistry)" title="Dissociation (chemistry)">dissociates</a> into glutamate and sodium ions. </p><p>MSG is freely soluble in water, but it is not <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> and is insoluble in common organic solvents (such as <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Biochemistry_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biochemistry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally stable under food-processing conditions. MSG does not break down during cooking and, like other amino acids, will exhibit a <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a> (browning) in the presence of sugars at very high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi98_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi98-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a> was discovered and identified in 1866 by the German chemist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Ritthausen" title="Karl Heinrich Ritthausen">Karl Heinrich Ritthausen</a>, who treated wheat <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a> (for which it was named) with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kikunae_Ikeda" title="Kikunae Ikeda">Kikunae Ikeda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Imperial_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Imperial University">Tokyo Imperial University</a> isolated glutamic acid as a taste substance in 1908 from the seaweed <i><a href="/wiki/Laminaria_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminaria japonica">Laminaria japonica</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">kombu</a></i>) by aqueous extraction and crystallization, calling its taste <i><a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a></i> ("delicious taste").<sup id="cite_ref-Lindemann02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindemann02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikeda noticed that <i><a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">dashi</a></i>, the Japanese broth of <i><a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">katsuobushi</a></i> and <i>kombu</i>, had a unique taste not yet scientifically described (not sweet, salty, sour, or bitter).<sup id="cite_ref-Lindemann02_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindemann02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To determine which glutamate could result in the taste of <i>umami</i>, he studied the taste properties of numerous glutamate salts such as calcium, potassium, ammonium, and magnesium glutamate. Of these salts, monosodium glutamate was the most soluble and palatable, as well as the easiest to crystallize.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ikeda called his product "monosodium glutamate" and submitted a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> to produce MSG;<sup id="cite_ref-IkedaPatent_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IkedaPatent-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Suzuki brothers began commercial production of MSG in 1909 using the term <a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a> ("essence of taste").<sup id="cite_ref-Sano09_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sano09-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchi98_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchi98-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kurihara09_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurihara09-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_flavoring#Regulations" title="Glutamate flavoring">Glutamate flavoring § Regulations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MSG is one of several forms of glutamic acid found in foods, in large part because glutamic acid (an amino acid) is pervasive in nature. Glutamic acid and its salts may be present in a variety of other additives, including <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" title="Hydrolyzed vegetable protein">hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autolyzed_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Autolyzed yeast">autolyzed yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyzed yeast">hydrolyzed yeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeast_extract" title="Yeast extract">yeast extract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> extracts, and protein isolate, which must be specifically labeled. Since 1998, MSG cannot be included in the term "spices and flavorings". However, the term "<i>natural flavor/s</i>" is used by the food industry for glutamic acid (chemically similar to MSG, lacking only the sodium <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) does not require disclosure of components and amounts of "<i>natural flavor/s</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FDACFR_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDACFR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard 1.2.4 of the Australia and New Zealand Food Standards Code requires MSG to be labeled in packaged foods. The label must have the food-additive class name (e.g. "flavour enhancer"), followed by the name of the additive ("MSG") or its <a href="/wiki/International_Numbering_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Numbering System">International Numbering System</a> (INS) number, 621.<sup id="cite_ref-AUGovLbl4231_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUGovLbl4231-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Food_Authority" title="Punjab Food Authority">Punjab Food Authority</a> banned Ajinomoto, commonly known as Chinese salt, which contains MSG, from being used in food products in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab Province</a> of Pakistan in January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are alternative names for MSG:<sup id="cite_ref-RiveniMSG_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiveniMSG-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DesmoExportsProductMSG_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesmoExportsProductMSG-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Chemical names and identifiers <ul><li>Monosodium glutamate or sodium glutamate</li> <li>Sodium 2-aminopentanedioate</li> <li>Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate</li> <li>L-Glutamic acid, monosodium salt, monohydrate</li> <li>L-Monosodium glutamate monohydrate</li> <li>Monosodium L-glutamate monohydrate</li> <li>MSG monohydrate</li> <li>Sodium glutamate monohydrate</li> <li>UNII-W81N5U6R6U</li> <li>Flavour enhancer E621</li></ul></li> <li>Trade names <ul><li>Accent, produced by <a href="/wiki/B%26G_Foods" title="B&G Foods">B&G Foods</a> Inc., Parsippany, New Jersey, US<sup id="cite_ref-BandGAccent_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BandGAccent-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGFoods_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGFoods-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aji-No-Moto, produced by <a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a>, 26 countries, head office Japan<sup id="cite_ref-AjiNoMotoMSG_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AjiNoMotoMSG-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AjinomotoCorpGuide_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AjinomotoCorpGuide-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tasting Powder</li> <li>Ve-Tsin by <a href="/wiki/Tien_Chu_Ve-Tsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Chu Ve-Tsin">Tien Chu Ve-Tsin</a></li> <li>Sazón, distributed by <a href="/wiki/Goya_Foods" title="Goya Foods">Goya Foods</a>, Jersey City, NJ<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigma_in_Western_countries">Stigma in Western countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stigma in Western countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin">Origin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A controversy surrounding the safety of MSG began on 4 April 1968, when Robert Ho Man Kwok wrote a letter to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a></i>, coining the term "Chinese restaurant syndrome".<sup id="cite_ref-lem-up_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lem-up-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-colgate_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colgate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letter, Kwok suggested several possible causes before he nominated MSG for his symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freeman_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This letter was initially met with insider satirical responses, some using race as prop for humorous effect, within the medical community.<sup id="cite_ref-lem-up_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lem-up-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some claimed that during the discursive uptake in media, the conversations were recontextualized as legitimate while the supposed race-based motivations of the humor were not parsed.<sup id="cite_ref-lem-up_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lem-up-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2018, Howard Steel claimed to Jennifer Lemesurier of <a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a> (who had published an article on the letter) that the letter was actually a prank submission by him under the pseudonym Ho Man Kwok.<sup id="cite_ref-colgate_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colgate-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thelongfuse_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelongfuse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was a Robert Ho Man Kwok who worked at the National Biomedical Research Foundation, both names Steel claimed to have invented.<sup id="cite_ref-thelongfuse_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelongfuse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kwok's children, his colleague at the research foundation, and the son of his boss there confirmed that Robert Ho Man Kwok, who had died in 2014, wrote this letter.<sup id="cite_ref-thelongfuse_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelongfuse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When told this about Kwok's family, Steel's daughter Anna was not very surprised that the story her late father had told so many times over the years was false. He liked to prank people.<sup id="cite_ref-thelongfuse_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelongfuse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions">Reactions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers, doctors, and activists have tied the controversy about MSG to <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> against Chinese culture,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that East Asian cuisine is being targeted while the widespread use of MSG in other <a href="/wiki/Ultra-processed_food" title="Ultra-processed food">ultra-processed foods</a> has not been stigmatized.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These activists have claimed that the perpetuation of the negative image of MSG through the Chinese restaurant syndrome was caused by "xenophobic" or "racist" biases.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food historian Ian Mosby wrote that fear of MSG in Chinese food is part of the US's long history of viewing the "exotic" cuisine of Asia as dangerous and dirty.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bourdain" title="Anthony Bourdain">Anthony Bourdain</a> stated in <a href="/wiki/Parts_Unknown_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts Unknown (TV series)"><i>Parts Unknown</i></a> that "I think MSG is good stuff ... You know what causes Chinese restaurant syndrome? Racism."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ajinomoto" title="Ajinomoto">Ajinomoto</a>, the first corporation to mass-produce MSG for consumers and today its leading manufacturer, launched a campaign called "Redefine CRS" to combat what it said was the myth that MSG is harmful to people's health, saying it intended to highlight the xenophobic <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> against <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">East Asian cuisine</a> and the scientific evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">Adenosine monophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">Garum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanosine_monophosphate" title="Guanosine monophosphate">Guanosine monophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" title="Hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine-guanine_phosphoribosyltransferase" title="Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase">Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosinic_acid" title="Inosinic acid">Inosinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodized_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodized salt">Iodized salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopotassium_glutamate" title="Monopotassium glutamate">Monopotassium glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murri_(condiment)" title="Murri (condiment)">Murri (condiment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleoside" title="Ribonucleoside">Ribonucleoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Blaylock" title="Russell Blaylock">Russell Blaylock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">Table salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_extract" title="Yeast extract">Yeast extract</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPinto-ScognamiglioAmoricoGatti1972" class="citation journal cs1">Pinto-Scognamiglio, W.; Amorico, L.; Gatti, G. L. (1972). "[Toxicity and tolerance to monosodium glutamate studied by a conditioned avoidance test]". <i>Il Farmaco; Edizione Pratica</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 19–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0430-0912">0430-0912</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5059711">5059711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Farmaco%3B+Edizione+Pratica&rft.atitle=%5BToxicity+and+tolerance+to+monosodium+glutamate+studied+by+a+conditioned+avoidance+test%5D&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-27&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5059711&rft.issn=0430-0912&rft.aulast=Pinto-Scognamiglio&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Amorico%2C+L.&rft.au=Gatti%2C+G.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonosodium+glutamate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm328728.htm">"Questions and Answers on Monosodium glutamate (MSG)"</a>. <i>www.fda.gov</i>. 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(8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13008%2F2151-2957.1253">"Uptaking Race: Genre, MSG, and Chinese Dinner"</a>. <i>Poroi</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13008%2F2151-2957.1253">10.13008/2151-2957.1253</a></span>. <q>Introduction: 'Chinese Restaurant Syndrome' as Rhetorical [...] Finally, I trace how the journalistic uptakes of this discussion, in only taking up certain medical phrases and terms, reproduce the tacit racism of this boundary policing while avowing the neutrality of medical authority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poroi&rft.atitle=Uptaking+Race%3A+Genre%2C+MSG%2C+and+Chinese+Dinner&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13008%2F2151-2957.1253&rft.aulast=LeMesurier&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13008%252F2151-2957.1253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonosodium+glutamate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermain2017" class="citation journal cs1">Germain, Thomas (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52214%2Fcurj.v2i1.4115">"A Racist Little Hat: The MSG Debate and American Culture"</a>. <i>Columbia Undergraduate Research Journal</i>. <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52214%2Fcurj.v2i1.4115">10.52214/curj.v2i1.4115</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Undergraduate+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Racist+Little+Hat%3A+The+MSG+Debate+and+American+Culture&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52214%2Fcurj.v2i1.4115&rft.aulast=Germain&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.52214%252Fcurj.v2i1.4115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonosodium+glutamate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Barry-Jester, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-msg-got-a-bad-rap-flawed-science-and-xenophobia/">"How MSG Got A Bad Rap: Flawed Science And Xenophobia,"</a> FiveThirtyEight, 8 January 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2020" class="citation news cs1">Yeung, Jessie (19 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/18/asia/chinese-restaurant-syndrome-msg-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">"MSG in Chinese food isn't unhealthy – you're just racist, activists say"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MSG+in+Chinese+food+isn%27t+unhealthy+%E2%80%93+you%27re+just+racist%2C+activists+say&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F01%2F18%2Fasia%2Fchinese-restaurant-syndrome-msg-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonosodium+glutamate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2020" class="citation web cs1">Yeung, Jessie (19 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/18/asia/chinese-restaurant-syndrome-msg-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">"MSG in Chinese food isn't unhealthy – you're just racist, activists say"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=MSG+in+Chinese+food+isn%27t+unhealthy+%E2%80%93+you%27re+just+racist%2C+activists+say&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F01%2F18%2Fasia%2Fchinese-restaurant-syndrome-msg-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonosodium+glutamate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monosodium_glutamate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monosodium_glutamate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://www.eufic.org/en/food-today/article/the-facts-on-monosodium-glutamate">The Facts on Monosodium Glutamate (EUFIC)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322182410/http://www.eufic.org/en/food-today/article/the-facts-on-monosodium-glutamate">Archived</a> 22 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (17 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4706">"Skeptoid #706: MSG: How a Friendly Flavor Became Your Enemy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i>.</cite><span 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_salt" title="History of salt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">In the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Salt_Co._v._United_States" title="International Salt Co. v. United States">International Salt Co. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_salt_in_Middlewich" title="History of salt in Middlewich">In Middlewich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Salt_Route" title="Old Salt Route">Old Salt Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_history" title="Salt in Chinese history">In Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_road" title="Salt road">Salt road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_salts" title="List of edible salts">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraum_salts" title="Abraum salts">Abraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaea_salt" title="Alaea salt">Alaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberger_process" title="Alberger process">Alberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As%C3%ADn_tibuok" title="Asín tibuok">Asín tibuok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bittern_(salt)" title="Bittern (salt)">Bittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Black lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_salt" title="Butter salt">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_salt" title="Celery salt">Celery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_salt" title="Curing salt">Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_salt" title="Cyclic salt">Cyclic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flake_salt" title="Flake salt">Flake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur_de_sel" title="Fleur de sel">Fleur de sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_salt" title="Himalayan salt">Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">Iodised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugyeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugyeom">Jugyeom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_namak" title="Kala namak">Kala namak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_brining_salt" title="Korean brining salt">Korean brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_salt" title="Kosher salt">Kosher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monosodium glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshio_salt" title="Moshio salt">Moshio salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling_salt" title="Pickling salt">Pickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_reed_salt" title="River reed salt">River reed salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder#Onion_salt" title="Onion powder">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salammoniac" title="Salammoniac">Salammoniac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_substitute" title="Salt substitute">Salt substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_salt" title="Sea salt">Sea salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoned_salt" title="Seasoned salt">Seasoned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_gris" title="Sel gris">Sel gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salt" title="Smoked salt">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Truffle salt">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asin_tibuok#Guimaras_and_Capiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Asin tibuok">Túltul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salted_foods" title="Category:Salted foods">Food usage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brining" title="Brining">Brining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brined_cheese" title="Brined cheese">Brined cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-cured_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-cured meat">Salt-cured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_salt" title="Health effects of salt">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Salt and cardiovascular disease">Salt and cardiovascular disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce<br />and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">Salt mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_well" title="Salt well">Salt well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_works" title="Sink works">Sink works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pan_salt_making" title="Open-pan salt making">Open-pan salt making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_salt_production" title="List of countries by salt production">List of countries by salt production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tectonics" title="Salt tectonics">Salt tectonics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_Cheshire" title="Salt in Cheshire">In Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_industry_in_Ghana" title="Salt industry in Ghana">In Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds" title="San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khewra_Salt_Mine" title="Khewra Salt Mine">In Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_of_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain of salt">Grain of salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_Bible" title="Salt in the Bible">Salt in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">Salting the earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_lick" title="Mineral lick">Mineral lick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_salt" title="Road salt">Road salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelling_salts" title="Smelling salts">Smelling salts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">Water softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximenes_Redoubt" title="Ximenes Redoubt">Ximenes Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tax" title="Salt tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_salt" title="Category:Edible salt">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sodium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sodium_compounds" title="Template:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sodium_compounds" title="Template talk:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sodium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sodium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_compounds" title="Sodium compounds">Sodium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inorganic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bifluoride" title="Sodium bifluoride">NaHF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">NaBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">NaI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_astatide" title="Sodium astatide">NaAt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ozonide" title="Sodium ozonide">NaO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">NaOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_deuteroxide" title="Sodium deuteroxide">NaOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">Na<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydrosulfide" title="Sodium hydrosulfide">NaSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenide" title="Sodium selenide">Na<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroselenide" title="Sodium hydroselenide">NaSeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_telluride" title="Sodium telluride">Na<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydrogen_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hydrogen telluride (page does not exist)">NaHTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_polonide" title="Sodium polonide">Na<sub>2</sub>Po</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitride" title="Sodium nitride">Na<sub>3</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">NaN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_amide" title="Sodium amide">NaNH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphide" title="Sodium phosphide">Na<sub>3</sub>P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na<sub>3</sub>As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxyhalides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">NaClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorite" title="Sodium chlorite">NaClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">NaClO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perchlorate" title="Sodium perchlorate">NaClO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypobromite" title="Sodium hypobromite">NaBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromite" title="Sodium bromite">NaBrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromate" title="Sodium bromate">NaBrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perbromate" title="Sodium perbromate">NaBrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodate" title="Sodium iodate">NaIO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_periodate" title="Sodium periodate">NaIO<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxychalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfite" title="Sodium bisulfite">NaHSO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate" title="Sodium bisulfate">NaHSO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabisulfite" title="Sodium metabisulfite">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionate" title="Sodium dithionate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pyrosulfate" title="Sodium pyrosulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_persulfate" title="Sodium persulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenate" title="Sodium selenate">Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_biselenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium biselenite">NaHSeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tellurite" title="Sodium tellurite">Na<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxypnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">NaNO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">NaNO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hyponitrite" title="Sodium hyponitrite">Na<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypophosphite" title="Sodium hypophosphite">NaPO<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_phosphite" title="Disodium hydrogen phosphite">Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium fluorophosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithiophosphate" title="Sodium dithiophosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate" title="Sodium triphosphate">Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasodium_pyrophosphate" title="Tetrasodium pyrophosphate">Na<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_pyrophosphate" title="Disodium pyrophosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenite" title="Sodium arsenite">Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenate" title="Sodium arsenate">Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Disodium hydrogen arsenate">Na<sub>2</sub>HAsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dihydrogen_arsenate" title="Sodium dihydrogen arsenate">NaH<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_antimonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium antimonate">NaSbO<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium aluminium hydride">NaAlH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">NaAlO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Sodium hexafluoroaluminate">Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_alum" title="Sodium alum">NaAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaurate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaurate">NaAuCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroantimonate" title="Sodium hexafluoroantimonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaSbF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroarsenate" title="Sodium hexafluoroarsenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaAsF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Sodium hexafluorotitanate"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">NaBH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanoborohydride" title="Sodium cyanoborohydride">NaBH<sub>3</sub>(CN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metaborate" title="Sodium metaborate">NaBO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_enneaborate" title="Disodium enneaborate">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_octaborate" title="Disodium octaborate">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>8</sub>O<sub>13</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">NaBiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">NaCN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fulminate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium fulminate (page does not exist)">NaCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobalt_oxide" title="Sodium cobalt oxide">NaCoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_perxenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium perxenate (page does not exist)">Na<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_xenate" title="Monosodium xenate">NaHXeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_permanganate" title="Sodium permanganate">NaMnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanate" title="Sodium cyanate">NaOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perrhenate" title="Sodium perrhenate">NaReO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">NaSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatechnetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium metatechnetate">NaTcO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pertechnetate" title="Sodium pertechnetate">NaTcO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metavanadate" title="Sodium metavanadate">NaVO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxalate" title="Sodium oxalate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate" title="Sodium 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chromate" title="Sodium chromate">Na<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dichromate" title="Sodium dichromate">Na<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_trichromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium trichromate (page does not exist)">Na<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_germanate" title="Sodium germanate">Na<sub>2</sub>GeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_helide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium helide">Na<sub>2</sub>He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub>]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_manganate" title="Sodium manganate">Na<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">Na<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroiridate(III)" title="Sodium hexachloroiridate(III)">Na<sub>3</sub>IrCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Sodium hexachloroplatinate">Na<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_uranate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium uranate">Na<sub>2</sub>O(UO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrathionate" title="Sodium tetrathionate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatitanate" title="Sodium metatitanate">Na<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_diuranate" title="Sodium diuranate">Na<sub>2</sub>U<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">Na<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_zincate" title="Sodium zincate">Na<sub>2</sub>Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthovanadate" title="Sodium orthovanadate">Na<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_decavanadate" title="Sodium decavanadate">Na<sub>6</sub>V<sub>10</sub>O<sub>28</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrocyanide" title="Sodium ferrocyanide">Na<sub>4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_ferricyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium ferricyanide (page does not exist)">Na<sub>3</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrioxalate" title="Sodium ferrioxalate">Na<sub>3</sub>Fe(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthosilicate" title="Sodium orthosilicate">Na<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate" title="Sodium fluorosilicate">Na<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexanitritocobaltate(III)" title="Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)">Na<sub>3</sub>[Co(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(trimethylsilyl)amide" title="Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide">NaNSi<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloropalladate" title="Sodium tetrachloropalladate">Na<sub>2</sub>PdCl<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organosodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosodium">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_methoxide" title="Sodium methoxide">CH<sub>3</sub>ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ethoxide" title="Sodium ethoxide">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_formate" title="Sodium formate">HCOONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_propionate" title="Sodium propionate">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_butyrate" title="Sodium butyrate">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tartrate" title="Sodium tartrate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bitartrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium bitartrate">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NaO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_acetate" title="Sodium acetate">NaCH<sub>3</sub>COO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_laurate" title="Sodium laurate">NaC<sub>12</sub>H<sub>23</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_naphthalene" title="Sodium naphthalene">NaC<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe[CN<sub>5</sub>]NO]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>16</sub>AlNaO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_erythorbate" title="Sodium erythorbate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosodium Glutamate">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsodium" title="Phenylsodium">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butylsodium" title="N-Butylsodium">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclopentadienide" title="Sodium cyclopentadienide">NaC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Palmitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Palmitate (page does not exist)">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Oleate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Oleate (page does not exist)">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>33</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>35</sub>O<sub>2</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">C<sub>164</sub>H<sub>256</sub>O<sub>68</sub>S<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumer_food_safety" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster_1959&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959 (page does not exist)">Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_politics" title="Food politics">Food politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Food preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/9px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/14px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/19px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety" title="Category:Food safety">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Food_safety" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Food safety">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_food_and_drink" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_food_and_drink" title="Template:Japanese food and drink"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_food_and_drink" title="Template talk:Japanese food and drink"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_food_and_drink" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese food and drink"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_food_and_drink" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese food and drink</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shushoku</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahan_(dish)" title="Chahan (dish)">Chahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Curry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katsu_curry" title="Katsu curry">Katsu curry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Glutinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germinated_brown_rice" title="Germinated brown rice">Hatsuga genmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Kayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donburi" title="Donburi">Donmono</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABkadon" title="Chūkadon">Chūkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsudon" title="Katsudon">Katsudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyakodon" title="Oyakodon">Oyakodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkadon" title="Tekkadon">Tekkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenshindon" title="Tenshindon">Tenshindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unadon" title="Unadon">Unadon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_rice" title="Hayashi rice">Hayashi rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%AB-sansai" title="Ichijū-sansai">Ichijū-sansai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okowa" title="Okowa">Okowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onigiri" title="Onigiri">Onigiri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenmusu" title="Tenmusu">Tenmusu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurice" title="Omurice">Omurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sushi" title="Sustainable sushi">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_rice" title="Red bean rice">Sekihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takikomi_gohan" title="Takikomi gohan">Takikomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosui" title="Zosui">Zosui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_noodles" title="Japanese noodles">Noodles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane_noodles#Japan" title="Cellophane noodles">Harusame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyamugi" title="Hiyamugi">Hiyamugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiyashi_ch%C5%ABka" title="Hiyashi chūka">Hiyashi chūka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">Ramen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champon" title="Champon">Champon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_ramen" title="Kagoshima ramen">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muroran_curry_ramen" title="Muroran curry ramen">Muroran curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan_noodles#Related_dishes" title="Dandan noodles">Tantan-men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkotsu_ramen" title="Tonkotsu ramen">Tonkotsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukemen" title="Tsukemen">Tsukemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirataki_noodles" title="Shirataki noodles">Shirataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soba" title="Soba">Soba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_soba" title="Okinawa soba">Okinawa soba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soki" title="Soki">Soki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen" title="Sōmen">Sōmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmen_salad" title="Sōmen salad">Salad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">Udon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaki_udon" title="Yaki udon">Yakiudon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakisoba" title="Yakisoba">Yakisoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Hōtō">Hōtō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konamono</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monjayaki" title="Monjayaki">Monjayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">Okonomiyaki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirayachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirayachi">Hirayachi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">Takoyaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bread</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anpan" title="Anpan">Anpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_bread" title="Curry bread">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melonpan" title="Melonpan">Melonpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_milk_bread" title="Japanese milk bread">Milk bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Water roux">Yudane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Okazu" title="Okazu">Okazu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agedashi_d%C5%8Dfu" title="Agedashi dōfu">Agedashi dōfu</a></li> <li>Agemono <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furai" title="Furai">Furai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaage" title="Karaage">Karaage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korokke" title="Korokke">Korokke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushikatsu" title="Kushikatsu">Kushikatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma-age" title="Satsuma-age">Satsuma-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempura" title="Tempura">Tempura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawanmushi" title="Chawanmushi">Chawanmushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(ginger)" title="Gari (ginger)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi#Gyōza" title="Jiaozi">Gyōza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuni" title="Kakuni">Kakuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabemono" title="Nabemono">Nabemono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasu_(Food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namasu (Food)">Namasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natt%C5%8D" title="Nattō">Nattō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikujaga" title="Nikujaga">Nikujaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oden" title="Oden">Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen_tamago" title="Onsen tamago">Onsen tamago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu">Fugusashi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabu-shabu" title="Shabu-shabu">Shabu-shabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiokara" title="Shiokara">Shiokara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki" title="Sukiyaki">Sukiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagoyaki" title="Tamagoyaki">Tamagoyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokoroten" title="Tokoroten">Tokoroten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu" title="Tonkatsu">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tororo_(food)" title="Tororo (food)">Tororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukemono" title="Tsukemono">Tsukemono</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukazuke" title="Nukazuke">Nukazuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan" title="Takuan">Takuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukudani" title="Tsukudani">Tsukudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukune" title="Tsukune">Tsukune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakiniku" title="Yakiniku">Yakiniku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakitori" title="Yakitori">Yakitori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soup<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">Shirumono</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butajiru" title="Butajiru">Butajiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenchin-jiru" title="Kenchin-jiru">Kenchin-jiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso_soup" title="Miso soup">Miso soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suimono" class="mw-redirect" title="Suimono">Suimono</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:吸い物">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Set menu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaraben" title="Kyaraben">Kyaraben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makunouchi" title="Makunouchi">Makunouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappameshi" title="Wappameshi">Wappameshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honzen-ry%C5%8Dri" title="Honzen-ryōri">Honzen-ryōri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osechi" title="Osechi">Osechi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alcoholic beverage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigori" title="Nigori">Nigori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toso" title="Toso">Toso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habushu" title="Habushu">Habushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeshu" title="Umeshu">Umeshu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_tea#Japan" title="Green tea">Green tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tea_in_Japan" title="History of tea in Japan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bancha" title="Bancha">Bancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuro" title="Gyokuro">Gyokuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Djicha" title="Hōjicha">Hōjicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuse_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuse tea">Kabuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukicha" title="Kukicha">Kukicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">Matcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sencha" title="Sencha">Sencha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uji_tea" title="Uji tea">Uji</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbal tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genmaicha" title="Genmaicha">Genmaicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_tea" title="Buckwheat tea">Sobacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_tea" title="Kelp tea">Kombu-cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Mugicha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soft drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramune" title="Ramune">Ramune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarius (beverage)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.C._Lemon" title="C.C. Lemon">C.C. Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpis" title="Calpis">Calpis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boss_Coffee" title="Boss Coffee">Boss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(coffee)" title="Georgia (coffee)">Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipovitan" title="Lipovitan">Lipovitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oronamin_C" title="Oronamin C">Oronamin C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocari_Sweat" title="Pocari Sweat">Pocari Sweat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakult" title="Yakult">Yakult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks /<br />desserts/<br /> <a href="/wiki/Wagashi" title="Wagashi">Wagashi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanatt%C5%8D" title="Amanattō">Amanattō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_Rice_Candy" title="Botan Rice Candy">Botan Rice Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daifuku" title="Daifuku">Daifuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dango" title="Dango">Dango</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichi_dango" title="Chichi dango">Chichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibi_dango_(millet_dumpling)" title="Kibi dango (millet dumpling)">Kibi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorayaki" title="Dorayaki">Dorayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukan" title="Karukan">Karukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konpeit%C5%8D" title="Konpeitō">Konpeitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manj%C5%AB" title="Manjū">Manjū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agemochi" title="Agemochi">Agemochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goheimochi" title="Goheimochi">Goheimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankoro_Mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankoro Mochi">Kankoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzumochi" title="Kuzumochi">Kuzumochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunda-mochi" title="Zunda-mochi">Zunda-mochi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbei" title="Senbei">Senbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arare_(food)" title="Arare (food)">Arare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiruko" title="Shiruko">Shiruko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyaki" title="Taiyaki">Taiyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uir%C5%8D" title="Uirō">Uirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warabimochi" title="Warabimochi">Warabimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkan" title="Yōkan">Yōkan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_watermelon" title="Square watermelon">Square watermelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubari_King" title="Yubari King">Yubari King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Roman" title="Ruby Roman">Ruby Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shine_Muscat" title="Shine Muscat">Shine Muscat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ingredients /<br />condiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_bean_paste" title="Red bean paste">Anko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">Bamboo shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_sh%C5%8Dga" title="Beni shōga">Beni shōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctium" title="Arctium">Burdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikon" title="Daikon">Daikon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima_radish" title="Sakurajima radish">Sakurajima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashi" title="Dashi">Dashi</a></li> <li>Fish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamaboko" title="Kamaboko">Kamaboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Mentaiko / tarako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijiki" title="Hijiki">Hijiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzuri" title="Kanzuri">Kanzuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karashi" title="Karashi">Karashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">Katsuobushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombu" title="Kombu">Kombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konnyaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudzu_powder" title="Kudzu powder">Kuzuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise#Japan" title="Mayonnaise">Mayonnaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menma" title="Menma">Menma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MSG</a></li> <li>Mushrooms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flammulina_filiformis" title="Flammulina filiformis">Enokitake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">Shiitake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoga" title="Myoga">Myoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nori" title="Nori">Nori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake_kasu" title="Sake kasu">Sake kasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_crumbs#Panko" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread crumbs">Panko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum#Japanese_cuisine" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sansyō</a></li> <li>Sauce <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponzu" title="Ponzu">Ponzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tare_sauce" title="Tare sauce">Tare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkatsu_sauce" title="Tonkatsu sauce">Tonkatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce#Japan" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasu" title="Tenkasu">Tenkasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeboshi" title="Umeboshi">Umeboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cooking_utensils" title="List of Japanese cooking utensils">Utensils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cooker" title="Rice cooker">Rice cooker</a></li> <li>Knives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Deba bōchō">Deba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef%27s_knife" title="Chef's knife">Gyuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen_knife" title="Japanese kitchen knife">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Maguro bōchō">Maguro bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakiri_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Nakiri bōchō">Nakiri bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoku" title="Santoku">Santoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Sashimi bōchō">Sashimi bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usuba_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Usuba bōchō">Usuba bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanagi_ba" title="Yanagi ba">Yanagi ba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamoji">Shamoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suribachi" title="Suribachi">Suribachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaru" title="Zaru">Zaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_condiments" title="List of Japanese condiments">Condiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_desserts_and_sweets" title="List of Japanese desserts and sweets">Desserts and sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_dishes" title="List of Japanese dishes">Dishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ramen_dishes" title="List of ramen dishes">Ramen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_soups_and_stews" title="List of Japanese soups and stews">Soups and stews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_snacks" title="List of Japanese snacks">Snacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sushi_and_sashimi_ingredients" title="List of sushi and sashimi ingredients">Sushi and sashimi ingredients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinmi" title="Chinmi">Chinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omakase" title="Omakase">Omakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teppanyaki" title="Teppanyaki">Teppanyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusanhin" title="Tokusanhin">Tokusanhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriyaki" title="Teriyaki">Teriyaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">Umami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Japanese_dining" title="Customs and etiquette in Japanese dining">Customs and etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_cuisine" title="Category:Japanese cuisine">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Template talk:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-Chinese sentiment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-Chinese_sentiment_(Sinophobia)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a> (Sinophobia)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Invasion" title="The Unparalleled Invasion">The Unparalleled Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Minzoku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By persecutor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Valckenier" title="Adriaan Valckenier">Adriaan Valckenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Bryant" title="Andrew Jackson Bryant">Andrew Jackson Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Kearney" title="Denis Kearney">Denis Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_China_conflict" title="Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Chinese Indians">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">Racism in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Chinese_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Taiwan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Laos_and_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinophobia#Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophobia">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By institution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_Union" title="Anti-Chinese Union">Anti-Chinese Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League" title="Asiatic Exclusion League">Asiatic Exclusion League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Brotherhood_of_Railway_Employees" title="Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees">Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By incident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Rebellion" title="Sangley Rebellion">Sangley Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Sangley_Rebellion_(1639)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)">2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangley_Massacre_(1662)" title="Sangley Massacre (1662)">Sangley Massacre (1662)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_Saigon_massacre" title="1782 Saigon massacre">1782 Saigon massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckland_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland Riot">Buckland Riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Coolie_Act" title="Anti-Coolie Act">Anti-Coolie Act</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_massacre_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese massacre of 1871">Chinese massacre of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigtail_Ordinance" title="Pigtail Ordinance">Pigtail Ordinance</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Outrage" title="Trout Creek Outrage">Trout Creek Outrage</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_head_tax" title="New Zealand head tax">New Zealand head tax</a> (1881–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> (1882–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Chinese_Immigration_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)">Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Immigration Act of 1885">Chinese Immigration Act of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Squak_Valley_Chinese_laborers,_1885" title="Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885">Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaquah_riot_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Issaquah riot of 1885">Issaquah riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma_riot_of_1885" title="Tacoma riot of 1885">Tacoma riot of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_massacre" title="Rock Springs massacre">Rock Springs massacre</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Chinese_expulsion_from_Eureka" title="1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka">1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese head tax in Canada">Chinese head tax in Canada</a> (1885–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_riot_of_1886" title="Seattle riot of 1886">Seattle riot of 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Chinese_riots,_1886" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886">Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hells Canyon Massacre">Hells Canyon Massacre</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act</a> (1892–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Colliery_Co_of_British_Columbia_v_Bryden" title="Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden">Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> (1901–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_anti-Asian_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver anti-Asian riots">Vancouver anti-Asian riots</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre%C3%B3n_massacre" title="Torreón massacre">Torreón massacre</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Kudus_riot" title="1918 Kudus riot">1918 Kudus riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_of_Chinese_people" title="Soviet deportations of Chinese people">Soviet deportations of Chinese people</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923" title="Chinese Immigration Act, 1923">Chinese Immigration Act, 1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937-1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanshitou Massacre">Nanshitou Massacre</a> (1942-1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">Three Alls Policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sook Ching massacre">Sook Ching massacre</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkiao_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Changkiao massacre">Changkiao massacre</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Office_213/926" title="Home Office 213/926">Home Office 213/926</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a></i> (1945–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergosono_massacre" title="Mergosono massacre">Mergosono massacre</a> (1947)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_on_Chinese_Indonesians" title="Legislation on Chinese Indonesians">Legislation on Chinese Indonesians</a> (1950s-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Confession_Program" title="Chinese Confession Program">Chinese Confession Program</a> (1956–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese-Indians" title="Internment of Chinese-Indians">Internment of Chinese-Indians</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_anti-Chinese_riots_in_Burma" title="1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma">1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Controversy">Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_May_incident_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="13 May incident (Malaysia)">13 May incident (Malaysia)</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malari_incident" title="Malari incident">Malari incident</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Banjarmasin_riot" title="1997 Banjarmasin riot">1997 Banjarmasin riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abacus_Federal_Savings_Bank#Prosecution_and_exoneration" title="Abacus Federal Savings Bank">Abacus Bank prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kunming_bus_bombings" title="2008 Kunming bus bombings">2008 Kunming bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Amendment" title="Wolf Amendment">Wolf Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Vietnam_anti-China_protests" title="2014 Vietnam anti-China protests">2014 Vietnam anti-China protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Plaza_Low_Yat_riot" title="2015 Plaza Low Yat riot">2015 Plaza Low Yat riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Aksu_colliery_attack" title="2015 Aksu colliery attack">2015 Aksu colliery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">Trump tariffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Cold_War" title="Artificial Intelligence Cold War">Artificial Intelligence Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Initiative" title="China Initiative">China Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings" title="2021 Atlanta spa shootings">2021 Atlanta spa shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Solomon_Islands_unrest" title="2021 Solomon Islands unrest">2021 Solomon Islands unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Papua_New_Guinean_unrest" title="2024 Papua New Guinean unrest">2024 Papua New Guinean unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Chinese_products" title="Boycotts of Chinese products">Boycotts of Chinese products</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By victim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chae_Chan_Ping_v._United_States" title="Chae Chan Ping v. United States">Chae Chan Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Yue_Ting_v._United_States" title="Fong Yue Ting v. United States">Fong Yue Ting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_v._Hurley" title="Tape v. Hurley">Mary Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">Wong Kim Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Vincent_Chin" title="Killing of Vincent Chin">Vincent Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Martadinata_Haryono" title="Ita Martadinata Haryono">Ita Martadinata Haryono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velma_Demerson" title="Velma Demerson">Velma Demerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Ho_Lee" title="Wen Ho Lee">Wen Ho Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Anming_Hu" title="Trial of Anming Hu">Anming Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Danny_Chen" title="Suicide of Danny Chen">Danny Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ee_Lee" title="Murder of Ee Lee">Ee Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gu" title="Eileen Gu">Eileen Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Feng_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Feng Tao">Franklin Feng Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_Chen_(engineer)" title="Gang Chen (engineer)">Gang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haoyang_Yu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haoyang Yu (page does not exist)">Haoyang Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jiansheng_Chen" title="Murder of Jiansheng Chen">Jiansheng Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiayang_Fan" title="Jiayang Fan">Jiayang Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immolation_of_Leung_Chi-cheung" class="mw-redirect" title="Immolation of Leung Chi-cheung">Leung Chi-cheung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mi_Gao_Huang_Chen" title="Murder of Mi Gao Huang Chen">Mi Gao Huang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chen_(hydrologist)" title="Sherry Chen (hydrologist)">Sherry Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoh_Beng_Hock" title="Teoh Beng Hock">Teoh Beng Hock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoxing_Xi#False_accusation_of_spying" title="Xiaoxing Xi">Xiaoxing Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yao_Pan_Ma" title="Killing of Yao Pan Ma">Yao Pan Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Michelle_Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Michelle Go">Michelle Go</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinaman%27s_chance" title="Chinaman's chance">Chinaman's chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese,_Japanese,_dirty_knees" title="Chinese, Japanese, 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