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id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Germaanse_tale" title="Wes-Germaanse tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Germaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen" title="Westgermanische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A5-%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD_%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0%E1%88%A0%E1%89%A5" title="የምዕራብ-ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የምዕራብ-ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች ቤተሠብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanisca_spr%C3%A6ca" title="Westgermanisca spræca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Westgermanisca spræca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات جرمانية غربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات جرمانية غربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chermanicas_occidentals" title="Luengas chermanicas occidentals – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chermanicas occidentals" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_xerm%C3%A1niques_occidentales" title="Llingües xermániques occidentales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües xermániques occidentales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باتی ژرمن دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی ژرمن دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="পশ্চিম জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_German_g%C3%AD-chi" title="Sai German gí-chi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai German gí-chi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Заходнегерманскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходнегерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Заходнегерманскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходнегерманскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पच्छिमी जर्मनिक भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पच्छिमी जर्मनिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Sulnopan_na_Alemaniko" title="Tataramon na Sulnopan na Alemaniko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Sulnopan na Alemaniko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Западногермански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западногермански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprochn" title="Westgermanische Sprochn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Westgermanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques_occidentals" title="Llengües germàniques occidentals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües germàniques occidentals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Západogermánské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západogermánské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermanische_Sprachen" title="Westgermanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westgermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dwjacornogermaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Pódwjacornogermaniske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódwjacornogermaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4negermaani_keeled" title="Läänegermaani keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läänegermaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Δυτικές γερμανικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτικές γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="West Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_germ%C3%A1nicas_occidentales" title="Lenguas germánicas occidentales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas germánicas occidentales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcident%C4%9Dermana_lingvaro" title="Okcidentĝermana lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidentĝermana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_germaniar_hizkuntzak" title="Mendebaldeko germaniar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko germaniar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ژرمنی غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturgermansk_m%C3%A1l" title="Vesturgermansk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vesturgermansk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_germaniques_occidentales" title="Langues germaniques occidentales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues germaniques occidentales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermaanske_talen" title="Westgermaanske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Westgermaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xerm%C3%A1nicas_occidentais" title="Linguas xermánicas occidentais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas xermánicas occidentais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="서게르만어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서게르만어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արևմտագերմանական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտագերմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadogermanske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Zapadogermanske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zapadogermanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadnogermanski_jezici" title="Zapadnogermanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadnogermanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westala_Germana" title="Westala Germana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Westala Germana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik_Barat" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturgerm%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Vesturgermönsk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vesturgermönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche_occidentali" title="Lingue germaniche occidentali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות גרמאניות מערביות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמאניות מערביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujenedes_germaniches_uzidenteles" title="Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rujenedes germaniches uzidenteles" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Germanicae_occidentales" title="Linguae Germanicae occidentales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Germanicae occidentales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietum%C4%A3erm%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Rietumģermāņu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumģermāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_german%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Vakarų germanų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų germanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Germaanse_taole" title="Wes-Germaanse taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wes-Germaanse taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati_germ%C3%A1n_nyelvek" title="Nyugati germán nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati germán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Западногермански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западногермански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Jermanik_Barat" title="Bahasa-bahasa Jermanik Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Jermanik Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germaanse_talen" title="West-Germaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Germaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germoanse_toalen" title="West-Germoanse toalen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="West-Germoanse toalen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A4" title="西ゲルマン語群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ゲルマン語群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waastgermaans_spriaken" title="Waastgermaans spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waastgermaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vestgermanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_germanicas_occidentalas" title="Lengas germanicas occidentalas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas germanicas occidentalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لیندی جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیندی جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenganan_west_german" title="Lenganan west german – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenganan west german" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Joermanik_languij" title="Wes Joermanik languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wes Joermanik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgermaansche_Spraken" title="Westgermaansche Spraken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Westgermaansche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_zachodniogerma%C5%84skie" title="Języki zachodniogermańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki zachodniogermańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_germ%C3%A2nicas_ocidentais" title="Línguas germânicas ocidentais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas germânicas ocidentais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_germanice_de_vest" title="Limbi germanice de vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi germanice de vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Западногерманские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западногерманские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Germanic_leids" title="Wast Germanic leids – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wast Germanic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4stgermaniske_Sproaken" title="Wäästgermaniske Sproaken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wäästgermaniske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_perendimore_gjermanike" title="Gjuhët perendimore gjermanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët perendimore gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padogerm%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Západogermánske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západogermánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Западногермански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западногермански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsigermaaniset_kielet" title="Länsigermaaniset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsigermaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayin_ti%C7%A7ermanin_tutrimin" title="Tutlayin tiǧermanin tutrimin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayin tiǧermanin tutrimin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิกตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Cermen_dilleri" title="Batı Cermen dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Cermen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Західногерманські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західногерманські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="مغربی جرمن زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی جرمن زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_German_ph%C3%ADa_T%C3%A2y" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ German phía Tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germoans" title="West-Germoans – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="West-Germoans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼语支 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西日耳曼语支" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_%C3%8Cw%E1%BB%8D%CC%80or%C3%B9n_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%ACk%C3%AC" title="Àwọn èdè Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánìkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánìkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西日耳曼語支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="西日耳曼語支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西日耳曼語支" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">West Germanic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution:</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally between the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>; today worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>West Germanic</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions:</th><td class="infobox-data"><div></div> <div><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic (not yet started)">Weser-Rhine Germanic</a></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elbe_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elbe Germanic (not yet started)">Elbe Germanic</a></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_639-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 639-5 (not yet started)">ISO 639-5</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><tt>gmw</tt></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/300px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/450px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/600px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="857" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">Extent of Germanic languages in present day Europe<br /> <p><b>North Germanic languages</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7263850">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00CED1; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#007ffe; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#003f7f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></div> <p><b>West Germanic languages</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#D2691E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffa500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#E2BD00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFF435; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#418824; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German">Low German</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a></div> Dots indicate areas where <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingualism</a> is common.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>West Germanic Languages</b> are a branch of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> first spoken in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. The branch has three parts: the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a> languages, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic (not yet started)">Weser-Rhine Germanic</a> languages, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elbe_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elbe Germanic (not yet started)">Elbe Germanic</a> languages. The most spoken languages in the branch are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These languages were spread around the world in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonial Era (not yet started)">Colonial Era</a>. English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal2006424–426_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2006424–426-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_languages&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Branches" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Branches"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three branches of West Germanic languages: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic languages</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" title="Anglic languages">English Languages/Anglic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yola language">Yola</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingalian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fingalian language (not yet started)">Fingalian</a> (extinct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">East Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German">Low German</a> / <a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" title="West Low German">Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Low_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Low Saxon (not yet started)">Northern Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schleswig (not yet started)">Schleswig</a> dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastphalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastphalia (not yet started)">Eastphalia</a> dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> dialects ("Märkisch")</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomeranian_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomeranian dialects (not yet started)">Pomeranian</a> (moribund)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Prussian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Prussian dialect (not yet started)">Low Prussian</a> (moribund)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic (not yet started)">Weser-Rhine Germanic</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istvaeones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istvaeones (not yet started)">Istvaeonic languages</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Frankish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Frankish (not yet started)">Netherlandic</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Frankish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Frankish (not yet started)">Low Frankish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Flemish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Flemish (not yet started)">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Flemish (not yet started)">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeelandic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeelandic (not yet started)">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic">Hollandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabantic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabantic (not yet started)">Brabantine</a></li> <li>Clevian/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Meuse-Rhenish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meuse-Rhenish (not yet started)">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irminones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irminones (not yet started)">Elbe Germanic</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irminones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irminones (not yet started)">Irminonic languages</a> / <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-disambig" title="High German">High German</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Franconian" title="Rhine Franconian">Rhine Franconian</a>, including the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania German</a>, and most of those from <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian</a> (moribund)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombardic language (not yet started)">Lombardic</a> <abbr title="also known as">AKA</abbr> Langobardic (extinct, unless <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimbrian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimbrian (not yet started)">Cimbrian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mocheno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mocheno (not yet started)">Mocheno</a> are in fact Langobardic remnants.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a> (moribund)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> (a language based on Eastern-Central dialects of late <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_New_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early New High German (not yet started)">Early New High German</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_languages&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1987" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, John A. (1987). "Germanic languages". In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Comrie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Comrie (not yet started)">Bernard Comrie</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr"><i>The World's Major Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr/page/68">68</a>–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-520521-9"><bdi>0-19-520521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.pages=68-76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-520521-9&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsmajorlangu00comr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2006424–426-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal2006424–426_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrystal2006">Crystal 2006</a>, pp. 424–426.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_languages&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2006" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg"><i>A History of the English Language</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyenglishla00hogg/page/n435">420</a>–439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-16893-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-16893-2"><bdi>978-0-511-16893-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+English+worldwide&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=420-439&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-511-16893-2&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryenglishla00hogg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germanic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id=".">.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fingallian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fingallian (not yet started)">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kildare_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kildare Poems (not yet started)">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Frisian (not yet started)">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangerooge_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangerooge Frisian (not yet started)">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wursten_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wursten Frisian (not yet started)">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harlingerland_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harlingerland Frisian (not yet started)">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiderstedt_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiderstedt Frisian (not yet started)">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Föhr North Frisian (not yet started)">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amrum_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amrum North Frisian (not yet started)">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heligoland_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heligoland Frisian (not yet started)">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylt_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylt North Frisian (not yet started)">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bökingharde North Frisian (not yet started)">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halligen_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halligen Frisian (not yet started)">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goesharde_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goesharde Frisian (not yet started)">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karrharde_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karrharde Frisian (not yet started)">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strand_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strand Frisian (not yet started)">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiedingharde_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiedingharde Frisian (not yet started)">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Frisian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Frisian languages (not yet started)">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindeloopen_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindeloopen Frisian (not yet started)">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schiermonnikoog_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian (not yet started)">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westereendersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westereendersk (not yet started)">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terschelling_Frisian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terschelling Frisian (not yet started)">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellingwarfs_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellingwarfs dialect (not yet started)">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tweants_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tweants dialect (not yet started)">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gronings_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gronings dialect (not yet started)">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drèents dialects (not yet started)">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallaans_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallaans dialect (not yet started)">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urkers_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urkers dialect (not yet started)">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veluws_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veluws dialect (not yet started)">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Low_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Low Saxon (not yet started)">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Frisian_Low_Saxon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Frisian Low Saxon (not yet started)">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastphalian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastphalian language (not yet started)">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect (not yet started)">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandenburgisch_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandenburgisch dialect (not yet started)">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (not yet started)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Pomeranian (not yet started)">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Prussian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Prussian dialect (not yet started)">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plautdietsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plautdietsch (not yet started)">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Dutch (not yet started)">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Dutch (not yet started)">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard language (not yet started)">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaaps (not yet started)">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Dutch_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Dutch dialects (not yet started)">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollandic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollandic dialect (not yet started)">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Flemish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Flemish (not yet started)">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Flemish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Flemish (not yet started)">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeelandic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeelandic (not yet started)">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Flemish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Flemish (not yet started)">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brabantian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brabantian dialect (not yet started)">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleverlandish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kleverlandish (not yet started)">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surinamese_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surinamese Dutch (not yet started)">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jersey_Dutch_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jersey Dutch language (not yet started)">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Dutch (not yet started)">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsfries_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsfries dialects (not yet started)">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bildts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bildts (not yet started)">Bildts</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amelands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amelands (not yet started)">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (not yet started)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Low_Franconian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Low Franconian (not yet started)">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergish_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergish dialects (not yet started)">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meuse-Rhenish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meuse-Rhenish (not yet started)">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old High German (not yet started)">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New High German (not yet started)">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_New_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early New High German (not yet started)">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Standard_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Standard German (not yet started)">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard language (not yet started)">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibian_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namibian German (not yet started)">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namibian_Black_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namibian Black German (not yet started)">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berlin German (not yet started)">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barossa_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barossa German (not yet started)">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotwelsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotwelsch (not yet started)">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotegorisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotegorisch (not yet started)">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yenish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yenish language (not yet started)">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yiddish_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yiddish dialects (not yet started)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yiddish_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yiddish dialects (not yet started)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Scotland (not yet started)">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klezmer-loshn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klezmer-loshn (not yet started)">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lachoudisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lachoudisch (not yet started)">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeast_Limburgish_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect (not yet started)">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect (not yet started)">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunsrückisch dialect (not yet started)">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunsrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunsrik (not yet started)">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenish_Franconian_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenish Franconian languages (not yet started)">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Hessian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Hessian (not yet started)">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amana_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amana German (not yet started)">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusatian_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusatian dialects (not yet started)">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wymysorys_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wymysorys language (not yet started)">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzenau_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alzenau dialect (not yet started)">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_Alemannic_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Low Alemannic German (not yet started)">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alsatian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alsatian dialect (not yet started)">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colonia_Tovar_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colonia Tovar dialect (not yet started)">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Alemannic_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Alemannic German (not yet started)">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Highest_Alemannic_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Highest Alemannic German (not yet started)">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Tyrolean_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Tyrolean dialect (not yet started)">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cimbrian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cimbrian language (not yet started)">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B2cheno_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mòcheno language (not yet started)">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutterite_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutterite German (not yet started)">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottscheerish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottscheerish (not yet started)">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vogtlandian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vogtlandian (not yet started)">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombardic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombardic language (not yet started)">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Gutnish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Gutnish (not yet started)">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergensk (not yet started)">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebabnorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebabnorsk (not yet started)">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sognamål dialect (not yet started)">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%B8ndersk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trøndersk (not yet started)">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallingmål-Valdris (not yet started)">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vestlandsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vestlandsk (not yet started)">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vikv%C3%A6rsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vikværsk (not yet started)">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Norwegian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Norwegian (not yet started)">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Norwegian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Norwegian (not yet started)">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Icelandic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Icelandic (not yet started)">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenlandic_Norse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenlandic Norse (not yet started)">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norn_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norn language (not yet started)">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish dialects (not yet started)">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinkeby_Swedish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinkeby Swedish (not yet started)">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish dialects (not yet started)">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insular_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insular Danish (not yet started)">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jutlandic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jutlandic dialect (not yet started)">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Jutlandic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Jutlandic (not yet started)">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Danish (not yet started)">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bornholm_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bornholm dialect (not yet started)">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanian dialect (not yet started)">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Schleswig_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Schleswig Danish (not yet started)">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gøtudanskt accent (not yet started)">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkerdansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkerdansk (not yet started)">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Danish (not yet started)">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Danish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Danish (not yet started)">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalecarlian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalecarlian language (not yet started)">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elfdalian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elfdalian (not yet started)">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutnish_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gutnish language (not yet started)">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fårömål dialect (not yet started)">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crimean Gothic (not yet started)">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vandalic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vandalic language (not yet started)">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_philology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic philology (not yet started)">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist) (not yet started)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elbe_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elbe Germanic (not yet started)">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic (not yet started)">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Germanic (not yet started)">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gotho-Nordic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gotho-Nordic (not yet started)">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Germanic (not yet started)">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Germanic_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Germanic grammar (not yet started)">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_parent_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic parent language (not yet started)">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Belgian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Belgian language (not yet started)">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verner%27s_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verner's law (not yet started)">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holtzmann%27s_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holtzmann's law (not yet started)">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sievers%27s_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sievers's law (not yet started)">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluge%27s_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluge's law (not yet started)">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_substrate_hypothesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis (not yet started)">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germanic_gemination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Germanic gemination (not yet started)">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_German_consonant_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High German consonant shift (not yet started)">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_a-mutation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic a-mutation (not yet started)">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_spirant_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic spirant law (not yet started)">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (not yet started)">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic verb (not yet started)">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_strong_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic strong verb (not yet started)">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_weak_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic weak verb (not yet started)">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic verb (not yet started)">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grammatischer_Wechsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grammatischer Wechsel (not yet started)">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_ablaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indo-European ablaut (not yet started)">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Variety_(linguistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Variety (linguistics) (not yet started)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_English" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122447"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_English" title="Template:History of English"><abbr title="View 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proto-West-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentish_Old_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentish Old English (not yet started)">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercian_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercian dialect (not yet started)">Mercian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northumbrian_Old_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northumbrian Old English (not yet 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