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href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_ingaev%C3%B3niques" title="Llingües ingaevóniques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües ingaevóniques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordseegermanische_Sprachen" title="Nordseegermanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordseegermanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ινγκβαεονικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινγκβαεονικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="North Sea Germanic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_ingaev%C3%B3nicas" title="Lenguas ingaevónicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas ingaevónicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ژرمنی دریای شمال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمنی دریای شمال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvaeonique" title="Ingvaeonique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ingvaeonique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardwestgermaanske_talen" title="Noardwestgermaanske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardwestgermaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_ingvae%C3%B3nicas" title="Linguas ingvaeónicas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas ingvaeónicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingveonski_jezici" title="Ingveonski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ingveonski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik_Laut_Utara" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Laut Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik Laut Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ursj%C3%A1vartungum%C3%A1l" title="Norðursjávartungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðursjávartungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche_del_Mare_del_Nord" title="Lingue germaniche del Mare del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche del Mare del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingevon%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Ingevonų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ingevonų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanik_Laut_Utara" title="Jermanik Laut Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jermanik Laut Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordzeegermaanse_talen" title="Noordzeegermaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordzeegermaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdsiagermaans" title="Nuurdsiagermaans – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdsiagermaans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingv%C3%A4oonsche_Spraken" title="Ingväoonsche Spraken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ingväoonsche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ингвеонские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ингвеонские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_ingvaonike" title="Gjuhët ingvaonike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët ingvaonike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Інгвеонські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інгвеонські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">North Sea Germanic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ingvaeonic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution:</th><td class="infobox-data">Originally the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast from <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>; today, worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>North Sea Germanic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions:</th><td class="infobox-data"><div></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian">Anglo-Frisian</a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German">Low German</a></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/300px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/450px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png/600px-Germanic_dialects_ca._AD_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2312" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:left;">The distribution of the primary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> in Europe in around AD 1: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7263850">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <b>North Sea Germanic</b>, or Ingvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic (not yet started)">Weser-Rhine Germanic</a>, or Istvaeonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elbe_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elbe Germanic (not yet started)">Elbe Germanic</a> or Irminonic</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7263850"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>North Sea Germanic</b>, also known as <b>Ingvaeonic</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>, is a group of <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> that were first spoken in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. They were also spread to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. The languages were <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>. They have become other languages since then and spread worldwide, especially the modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. </p><p>The grouping was first proposed in <i>Nordgermanen und Alemannen</i> (1942) by German linguist and philologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist) (not yet started)">Friedrich Maurer</a> as an alternative to the strict <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic tree">tree diagrams</a>, which had become popular following the work of 19th-century linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Schleicher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August Schleicher (not yet started)">August Schleicher</a> and assumed the existence of a special <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> group. The other groupings are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weser-Rhine_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic (not yet started)">Istvaeonic</a>, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istvaeones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istvaeones (not yet started)">Istvaeones</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Franconian</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elbe_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elbe Germanic (not yet started)">Irminonic</a>, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irminones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irminones (not yet started)">Irminones</a>, which developed into Upper German.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Ingvaeonic">Old Ingvaeonic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Old Ingvaeonic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Old Ingvaeonic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is the proto-language for ingvaeonic and your evolution from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-West_Germanic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-West Germanic (not yet started)">Proto-West Germanic</a>. Nasal before a fricative became a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogonek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogonek (not yet started)">ogonek</a> in the anterior vowel, example:<br />munþ → mųþ<br />unþi → ųþi<br />uns → ųs Is diffrent from others like <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frank</a>; and the dialects of he: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old High German (not yet started)">Old High Franconian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Dutch (not yet started)">Old Low Franconian</a>. The Old Ingvaeonic change ō to œ:<br />Frankō → Francó<br />the pronunciation became diffrent, look at the pronounce of "Ingƿó": /iŋˈgwɔːː/ → /iŋˈgwɔː/ → /ˈiŋgwɒ/ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Characteristics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Characteristics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Palatalisation of velar consonants before front vowels; while the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> languages further develop these palatal consonants into continuants like in <i>church</i>, Old Saxon did undergo palatalisation as evidenced by forms like <i>kiennan</i> "know" and <i>kiesur</i> "emperor" (contrast German <i>kennen, Kaiser</i>) as well as <i>ieldan</i> "pay", similar to English <i>yield</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018133_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018133-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Only four unstressed vowels, those being /i~e/, /æ/, /ɑ/, and /o~u/, all of which are short, though only in Early Old English before the loss of unstressed /æ/<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles201318_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles201318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lack of i-mutation in s/z-stem plurals; compare Anglian OE <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">lombur</i></span> "lambs" with OHG <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">lembir</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles201318_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles201318-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The development of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_weak_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic weak verb (not yet started)">Class III weak verbs</a> into a relic class consisting of four verbs (<i>*sagjan</i> "to say", <i>*hugjan</i> "to think", <i>*habjan</i> "to have", <i>*libjan</i> "to live")</li> <li>The split of the Class II weak verb ending <span title="West Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gmw">-ōn</i></span> into <span title="West Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gmw">-ōjan</i></span>: converted <span title="West Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gmw">makōn</i></span> "to make" into <span title="West Germanic languages collective text">*<i lang="gmw">makōjan</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014161_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014161-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Development of a plural ending <i>*-ōs</i> in a-stem nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014162–163_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014162–163-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Development of numerous new words, such as the replacement of <i>*newun</i> "nine" with <i>*nigun</i> and <i>*minni</i> "less" (adverb) with <i>*laisi</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014165–166_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014165–166-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Changes originating in Ingvaeonic A, like <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> but unlike <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_High_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old High German (not yet started)">Old High German</a>, include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles201321–23_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles201321–23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009). <i>An Introduction to Old Frisian</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3255-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3255-7">978-90-272-3255-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfram_Euler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfram Euler (not yet started)">Euler, Wolfram</a> (2013). <i>Das Westgermanische - von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert - Analyse und Rekonstruktion</i> (West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, London/Berlin 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9812110-7-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9812110-7-8">978-3-9812110-7-8</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist) (not yet started)">Maurer, Friedrich</a> (1942) <i>Nordgermanen und <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allemanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allemanni (not yet started)">Alemannen</a>: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde</i>, Strasbourg: Hüneburg.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Ringe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Ringe (not yet started)">Ringe, Donald R.</a> and Taylor, Ann (2014). <i>The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English, vol. II</i>, 632p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199207848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199207848">978-0199207848</a>. Oxford.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Sonderegger, Stefan (1979). <i>Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten</i>. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-003570-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-003570-7">3-11-003570-7</a>.</li> <li>Voyles, Joseph B. (1992). <i>Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic.</i> San Diego: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-728270-X">0-12-728270-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Sea_Germanic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Frede Nielsen, <i>Nordic-West Germanic relations</i>, in: <i>The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages</i>, volume 1 (series: <i>Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft</i> or short <i>HSK</i> 22.1), 2002, p. 558ff., here p. 558f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulk2018133-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulk2018133_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulk2018">Fulk 2018</a>, p. 133.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFulk2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles201318-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles201318_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles201318_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2013">Stiles 2013</a>, p. 18.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStiles2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014161-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014161_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRingeTaylor2014">Ringe & Taylor 2014</a>, p. 161.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRingeTaylor2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014162–163-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014162–163_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRingeTaylor2014">Ringe & Taylor 2014</a>, pp. 162–163.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRingeTaylor2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014165–166-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingeTaylor2014165–166_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRingeTaylor2014">Ringe & Taylor 2014</a>, pp. 165–166.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRingeTaylor2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStiles201321–23-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStiles201321–23_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStiles2013">Stiles 2013</a>, pp. 21–23.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; 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