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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musiqasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Musiqasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musiqasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qadimgi Yunoniston</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 151 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antieke Griekeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikes_Griechenland" title="Antikes Griechenland – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antikes Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Grecia" title="Antiga Grecia – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antiga Grecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اليونان القديمة – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليونان القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="اليونان القديمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليونان القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9A" title="প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Grecia" title="Antigua Grecia – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="НекӀсияб Грекия – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="НекӀсияб Грекия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_Yunan%C4%B1stan" title="Qədim Yunanıstan – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Yunanıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قدیم یونان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم یونان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боронғо Греция – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо Греция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuob%C4%97s_Graik%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Senuobės Graikėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senuobės Graikėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanoy_na_Gresya" title="Suanoy na Gresya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Suanoy na Gresya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Старажытная Грэцыя – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытная Грэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Старажытная Грэцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытная Грэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древна Гърция – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древна Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="প্রাচীন গ্রিস – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন গ্রিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="གནའ་རབས་ཀེ་རི་སི། – tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གནའ་རབས་ཀེ་རི་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henc%27hres" title="Henc'hres – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henc'hres" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antička Grčka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эртын Греци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эртын Греци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Antiga Grècia – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_H%C4%AD-l%C3%A9-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Шира Желтойчоь – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шира Желтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="یۆنانی کۆن – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆنانی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9_%C5%98ecko" title="Starověké Řecko – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověké Řecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Авалхи Греци – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи Греци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groeg_yr_Henfyd" title="Groeg yr Henfyd – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groeg yr Henfyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtidens_Gr%C3%A6kenland" title="Oldtidens Grækenland – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldtidens Grækenland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikes_Griechenland" title="Antikes Griechenland – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antikes Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan%C4%B1stano_Antik" title="Yunanıstano Antik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yunanıstano Antik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία Ελλάδα – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient Greece" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva_Grekio" title="Antikva Grekio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikva Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Grecia" title="Antigua Grecia – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Kreeka" title="Vana-Kreeka – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vana-Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Grezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان باستان – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikin_Kreikka" title="Antiikin Kreikka – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiikin Kreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Kreeka" title="Vana-Kreeka – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vana-Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forna_Grikkaland" title="Forna Grikkaland – farercha" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Forna Grikkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farercha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grèce antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ual_Grichenlun" title="Ual Grichenlun – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ual Grichenlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antighe_Grecie" title="Antighe Grecie – friul" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Antighe Grecie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alde_Grikel%C3%A2n" title="Alde Grikelân – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alde Grikelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-Ghr%C3%A9ig" title="An tSean-Ghréig – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Ghréig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="古希臘" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s_antik" title="Grès antik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grès antik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghr%C3%A8ig_%C3%80rsaidh" title="A' Ghrèig Àrsaidh – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghrèig Àrsaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antiga" title="Grecia antiga – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grecia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyr%C3%A9sia_Ymaguare" title="Gyrésia Ymaguare – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gyrésia Ymaguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BA_H%C3%AE-lia%CC%8Dp" title="Kú Hî-lia̍p – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kú Hî-lia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="יוון העתיקה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राचीन यूनान – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन यूनान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_Greece" title="Purana Greece – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Purana Greece" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Stara Grčka – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stara Grčka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s_antik" title="Grès antik – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grès antik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_G%C3%B6r%C3%B6gorsz%C3%A1g" title="Ókori Görögország – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori Görögország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հին Հունաստան – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Հունաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antique" title="Grecia antique – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grecia antique" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taga-ugma_a_Gresia" title="Taga-ugma a Gresia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taga-ugma a Gresia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Шира Янехье – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шира Янехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_Grekia" title="Antiqua Grekia – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antiqua Grekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikkland_hi%C3%B0_forna" title="Grikkland hið forna – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grikkland hið forna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="古代ギリシア – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienshent_Griis" title="Ienshent Griis – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ienshent Griis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griki_Kuna" title="Griki Kuna – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Griki Kuna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ძველი საბერძნეთი – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81yyemgi_Greciya" title="Áyyemgi Greciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Áyyemgi Greciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9b%C9%A9njaaz%C9%A9_Kr%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ежелгі Грекия – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі Грекия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="고대 그리스 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Важ Эллада – komi-permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Важ Эллада" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewnanistana_kevnare" title="Yewnanistana kevnare – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yewnanistana kevnare" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Важ Греция – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ Греция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Res" title="Hen Res – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hen Res" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecia_antiqua" title="Graecia antiqua – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graecia antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дегь Греция – lezgin" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дегь Греция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elas_antica" title="Elas antica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elas antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_Graikijos_istorija" title="Senovės Graikijos istorija – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės Graikijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Grie%C4%B7ija" title="Senā Grieķija – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Grieķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisia_Taloha" title="Grisia Taloha – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grisia Taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Акрет Греций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Акрет Греций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стара Грција – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стара Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് നാഗരികത – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് നാഗരികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Эртний Грек – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний Грек" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81" title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ – manipur" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रीक संस्कृती – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रीक संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_Purba" title="Yunani Purba – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yunani Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Grécia Antiga – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD" title="ရှေးခေတ်ဂရိ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးခေတ်ဂရိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="یونان باستان دوره – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یونان باستان دوره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antica" title="Grecia antica – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Grecia antica" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ool_Grekenland" title="Ool Grekenland – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ool Grekenland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olde_Griekenlaand" title="Olde Griekenlaand – quyi sakson" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Olde Griekenlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="quyi sakson" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राचीन यवन – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राचीन यवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Griekenland" title="Oude Griekenland – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oude Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_i_antikken" title="Hellas i antikken – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hellas i antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikkens_Hellas" title="Antikkens Hellas – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikkens Hellas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grècia antica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Рагон Грекъ – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рагон Грекъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytna_Grecja" title="Starożytna Grecja – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starożytna Grecja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antica" title="Grecia antica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grecia antica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرانا یونان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانا یونان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لرغونی یونان – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونی یونان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Grécia Antiga – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_Qirisya" title="Ñawpa Qirisya – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa Qirisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grezia_antica" title="Grezia antica – romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Grezia antica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_Antic%C4%83" title="Grecia Antică – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grecia Antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древняя Греция – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древняя Греция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Старовіке Ґрецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Старовіке Ґрецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="पौराणयवनसंस्कृतिः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पौराणयवनसंस्कृतिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Былыргы Греция – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы Греция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8tzia_Antiga" title="Grètzia Antiga – sardin" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Grètzia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antica" title="Grecia antica – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grecia antica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auncient_Greece" title="Auncient Greece – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auncient Greece" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قديم يونان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قديم يونان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antička Grčka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසිය – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient Greece" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovek%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9cko" title="Staroveké Grécko – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staroveké Grécko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dna_Gr%C4%8Dija" title="Antična Grčija – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antična Grčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greqia_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Greqia e lashtë – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Greqia e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стара Грчка – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стара Грчка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikens_Grekland" title="Antikens Grekland – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antikens Grekland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugiriki_ya_Kale" title="Ugiriki ya Kale – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugiriki ya Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Юнони Бостон – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Юнони Бостон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="กรีซโบราณ – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรีซโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadymy_Gresi%C3%BDa" title="Gadymy Gresiýa – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gadymy Gresiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_Gresya" title="Sinaunang Gresya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinaunang Gresya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Yunanistan" title="Antik Yunanistan – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Yunanistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Борынгы Греция – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы Греция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стародавня Греція – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стародавня Греція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قدیم یونان – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم یونان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresa_antiga" title="Gresa antiga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gresa antiga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuine_Grekanma" title="Amuine Grekanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amuine Grekanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Hy Lạp cổ đại – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hy Lạp cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadton_Gresya" title="Hadton Gresya – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hadton Gresya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古希腊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჯვეში საბერძნეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="אוראלט גריכנלאנד – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלט גריכנלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hihlaz_ciuhgeq" title="Hihlaz ciuhgeq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hihlaz ciuhgeq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希腊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古希臘" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C4%81i_Hi-lia%CC%8Dp" title="Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古希臘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11772#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_Yunoniston" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqola</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Qadimgi_Yunoniston" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantini oʻzgartirish" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">lotin/кирилл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div 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href="/wiki/Qadimgi_Yunoniston"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=history" title="Bu sahifaning oʻzgarishlar tarixi [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Asboblar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Asboblar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Asboblar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Amallar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_Yunoniston"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=history"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umumiy </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:WhatLinksHere/Qadimgi_Yunoniston" title="Ushbu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalar roʻyxati [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Bu yerga ishoratlar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChangesLinked/Qadimgi_Yunoniston" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalardagi yangi oʻzgarishlar [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:SpecialPages" title="Maxsus sahifalar ro‘yxati [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Maxsus sahifalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&oldid=5053110" title="Sahifaning ushbu versiyasiga doimiy ishorat"><span>Doimiy havola</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=info" title="Bu sahifa haqida koʻproq maʼlumot"><span>Sahifa haqida maʼlumot</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CiteThisPage&page=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&id=5053110&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/460px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parfenon" title="Parfenon">Parfenon</a>, Afina Akropoli</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Qadimgi Yunoniston</b> yoki <b>Ellada</b> (<a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_tili" title="Qadimgi yunon tili">qadimgi yunoncha</a>: <i><span lang="grc">Ἑλλάς</span></i>) — <a href="/wiki/Bolqon_yarim_oroli" title="Bolqon yarim oroli">Bolqon yarim orolining</a> janubi, <a href="/wiki/Egey_dengizi" title="Egey dengizi">Egey dengizidagi</a> orollar, Frakiya sohillari, <a href="/wiki/Kichik_Osiyo_yarim_oroli" title="Kichik Osiyo yarim oroli">Kichik Osiyoning</a> gʻarbidagi dengiz sohilida joylashgan qadimiy yunon davlatlari hududining umumiy nomi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarixi">Tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/301px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" decoding="async" width="301" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/452px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/602px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>qadimgi yunon shaharlari</figcaption></figure> <p>Arxeologik maʼlumotlarga koʻra, Yunoniston hududida odamlar paleolit davridan yashab kelmoqda. Xalkidika yarim orolidan <a href="/wiki/Neandertallar" title="Neandertallar">neandertal</a> odamining bosh suyagi chiqqan. <a href="/wiki/Neolit" title="Neolit">Neolit</a> davrida Yunoniston aholisi <a href="/wiki/Dehqonchilik" title="Dehqonchilik">dehqonchilik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorvachilik" title="Chorvachilik">chorvachilik</a> bilan shugʻullanib, oʻtroq hayot kechirgan. Yunonistoning <a href="/wiki/Jez_davri" title="Jez davri">jez davri</a> madaniyati shartli ravishda <a href="/wiki/Kritmiken_madaniyati" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritmiken madaniyati">Kritmiken madaniyati</a> yoki <a href="/wiki/Egey_madaniyati" title="Egey madaniyati">Egey madaniyati</a> deb atalgan. Miloddan avvalgi 3-ming yilliqda Yunoniston etnik tarkibi rangbarang (pelasglar, leleglar va boshqalar) boʻlgan; ularni protoyunon qabilalari — axeylar, ioniyaliklar siqib chiqarib oʻz tarkiblariga singdirib yuborganlar. Miloddan avvalgi taxminan XX—XVII asrlarda <a href="/wiki/Krit" title="Krit">Krit orolida</a> axeylarning ilk davlatlari (Knos, Fest, AgiaTriada, Mikena, Tirinf, Pilos va boshqalar) barpo etilgan. Miloddan avvalgi taxminan 1260-yil Mikena, Tirinf va boshqalar davlatlar Troyani bosib olib, uni vayron etishgan (qarang <a href="/wiki/Troya_urushi" title="Troya urushi">Troya urushi</a>). Doriy qabilalarining kirib kelishi (miloddan avvalgi taxminan 1200 yil) oqibatida davlatlar parchalanib, urugʻchilik munosabatlari jonlangan. Miloddan avvalgi 9-asrga kelib Shimoliy Yunoniston da — eoliylar, Oʻrta Yunoniston va Peloponnesda — doriylar, <a href="/wiki/Attika" title="Attika">Attika</a> va orollarda — ioniyaliklar istiqomat qilgan: 8—6-asrlarda yunonlar Oʻrta dengiz, Marmar va Qora dengiz sohillarini kolonizatsiya qilganlar. Bu davrda Yunonistonda polislar (shahar davlatlar) shakllangan. Dehqonlar va hunarmandlarning urugʻ zodagonlari bilan kurashi natijasiga qarab polisdagi davlat hokimiyati yo <a href="/wiki/Demokratiya" title="Demokratiya">demokratik</a> (Afinada) yoxud oligarxik (Sparta, Krit o.da) tarzda boʻlgan. Iqtisodiy jihatdan taraqqiy etgan polislarda (Korinf, Afina va boshqalar) qulchilik keng tarqalgan; Sparta, Argos va boshqalarda urugʻchilik tuzumi qoldiqlari saqlanib qolgan. Miloddan avvalgi 6-asrda polislar Sparta boshchiligida Peloponnes ittifoqiga va Fiva rahbarligi ostida Beotiya ittifoqiga birlashganlar. V-IV asrlar polislarning eng ravnaq topgan davri sanaladi. U yunonfors urushlarida (500—449) yunonlarning gʻalabasi natijasida Afinaning yuksalishi va Delos ittifoqining (Afina boshchiligida) barpo etilishi bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perikl" title="Perikl">Perikl</a> hukmronligi davri (443—429) Afina kuchqudratining eng kuchaygan, siyosiy tuzumning eng demokratlashgan va madaniyatning ravnaq topgan davri hisoblanadi. Afina Yunonistonning asosiy iqtisodiy va madaniy markaziga aylanadi, u dengizda hukmronlikni oʻz qoʻliga olgan. Afina bilan Sparta oʻrtasida Yunonistonda gegemon boʻlish, savdo yoʻllariga egalik qilish uchun kurash Peloponnes urushi (431—404) ga olib kelgan, u Afinaning magʻlubiyati bilan tugagan. Spartaning yunon davlatlari ichki ishlariga aralashuvi miloddan avvalgi 395—387 yillardagi Korinf urushini keltirib chiqargan. 4-asrda Fiva vaqtinchalik yuksalgan. Levktra jangida (miloddan avvalgi 371-yil) fivaliklar Sparta qoʻshinini tormor keltirishgan. 4-asr oʻrtasida Yunonistonning shim.da Makedoniya yuksalgan. Uning podshohi Filip II Xeroneya jangida (338) yunon shaharlari koalitsiyasi ustidan gʻalaba qozonib Yunonistonni tobe etgan. Aleksandr (Iskandar) saltanati parchalangach, ellinizm davrida (3—2-asrlar) Yunonistonda hukmron boʻlish uchun kurashayotgan harbiylashgan tipdagi davlatlar va ittifoqlar koʻp boʻlgan (Makedoniya, Axey ittifoqi, Etoliya ittifoqi). Miloddan avvalgi 197-yil Kinoskefal jangida Rim qoʻshinlari Makedoniya ustidan gʻalaba qozongach, Rim Yunonistondagi oligarxiyani quvvatlab, mamlakatning ichki ishlariga aralasha boshlaydi. Miloddan avvalgi 148 yil Makedoniya, Illiriya va Epir Rim provinsiyasiga aylantirilganlar. 146 yildan (Axey ittifoqi rimliklar tomonidan tormor etilgandan soʻng) Yunoniston Rimga tobe boʻlgan (miloddan avvalgi 27 yildan uning hududida Rimning Axaya provinsiyasi barpo etilgan), faqat nomiga Afinagina erkin shahar deb hisoblangan. Milodiy 4-asrdan Yunoniston Vizantiyaning asosiy tarkibiy qismini tashkil etgan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falsafasi">Falsafasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Falsafasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Falsafasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antik falsafasi falsafa tarixida muhim oʻrin tutadi. U avvalo, falsafa tushunchasining fanga kirib kelishiga sababchi boʻldi, hozirgi kungacha boʻlgan barcha falsafaga hal qiluvchi taʼsir koʻrsatdi. Yuz yil davom etgan tayyorgarlik davridan soʻng yunon falsafasining mumtoz davri boshlandi. Uning gullab yashnashi miloddan avvalgi 7—6-asrlarga toʻgʻri keldi, taʼsiri esa ming yil mobaynida sezilib turdi. Vizantiya va islom mamlakatlarida yunon falsafasining hukmron taʼsiri keyingi ming yillikda saqlanib qoldi; keyinchalik, Renessans va gumanizm davrlarida, Yevropada yunon falsafasining uygʻonishi yuz berdi, bu esa Renessans davri platonizmi va aristotelizmidan boshlab Yevropa falsafiy tafakkurining butun taraqqiyotigacha boʻlgan davrdagi ijodiy yangilanishlarga olib keldi. </p><p>Yunon falsafasi miloddan avvalgi 6—5-asrlarda butun Yunonistondagi yunon polislari falsafasining davomchisi boʻlgan mumtoz yunon ellinistik falsafasi (miloddan avvalgi 4-asr) va ellinistik Rim falsafasiga, yaʼni miloddan avvalgi 3-asrdan milodiy 6-asrgacha davom etgan Rim imperiyasiga tarqagan ellinistik falsafaga boʻlinadi. Ellinistik falsafa Sokratgacha boʻlgan falsafa (miloddan avvalgi 6—5-asrlar) va mumtoz (klassik) falsafaga (Sokrat, Platon, Aristotelʼ — miloddan avvalgi 4-asr) ajraladi. Sokratgacha falsafa, oʻz navbatida, kosmologik (gilozoistik) falsafaga (miloddan avvalgi 6—5-asrlar) va antropologik falsafaga (miloddan avvalgi 5—4-asrlar) boʻlinadi. </p><p>Yunon falsafasi ilk kosmologik — Sokratgacha falsafa davri, ruhoniylar bilan birga siyosiy yoʻnalishdagi mutafakkirlar va yetti donishmand tomonidan tayyorlangan olimlar davri bilan boshlanadi. Ulardan biri miletlik Fales boʻlib, Aristotel uni birinchi faylasuf deb hisoblagan; u birinchi kosmolog, torroq maʼnoda ioniya naturfalsafasi maktabining vakili, bu maktabga Anaksimandr, Anaksimen, Ferekid, Diogen va boshqalar ham mansub edi. Undan soʻng Eleya maktabi vujudga kelib, borliq falsafasi bilan shugʻullandi (miloddan avvalgi 580—430), bu maktabga Ksenofan, Parmenid, Eleyalik Zenon, Meliss mansub edilar; ayni vaqtda bu maktab bilan birga Pifagor maktabi ham mavjud edi. Bu maktab vakillari uygʻunlik, oʻlchov, son masalalari boʻyicha tadqiqot olib bordilar. Bu maktabga Fillolay (miloddan avvalgi 5-asr oxiri) krotonlik Alkmeon (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 520), musiqa nazariyotchisi, faylasuf va matematik Arxit Tarentskiy (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 400—365) va uning tarafdori haykaltarosh Katta Poliklet (miloddan avvalgi 5-asr oxiri), Heraklit, keyin Empedokl va Anaksagor mansub edi. Hamma narsani qamrab oluvchi qomusiy tafakkur egasi Demokrit, uning mashhur oʻtmishdoshi Levkipp hamda Demokrit maktabi vakillari Sokratgacha kosmologiyaning oxirida turadilar. Shu bilan birga soʻnggi davrda antropologik sofistikada rivojlanish yuz berdi (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 475—375), uning vakillari, asosan, Protagor, Gorgiy, Gippiy, Prodik boʻlgan. Yunon falsafasining eng mashhur 3 vakili — Sokrat, Platon, Aristotel tufayli Afina taxminan 1000-yil yunon falsafasining markazi boʻldi. </p><p>Tarixda birinchi marta Sokrat tomonidan insonni falsafiy anglash masalasi qoʻyildi. Platon falsafani tugallangan dunyoqarash — siyosiy va mantiqiyetnik sistema sifatida yaratdi; Aristotel esa falsafaga haqiqiy mavjudlikni tadqidiy-nazariy oʻrganuvchi fan sifatida qaradi. Bu 3 mashhur yunon mutafakkirining har biri oʻsha vaqtdan buyon oʻzicha alohida va turli shakllarda 2 ming yildan buyon jahon falsafasining rivojlanishiga taʼsir koʻrsatib keladi. Yunon falsafasining ellinistikrim davri bir-biri bilan parallel ravishda mavjud boʻlgan muhim falsafiy maktablarning paydo boʻlishi bilan boshlanadi (miloddan avvalgi 4-asr); faqat neoplatonizm keyinroq — 500 yildan soʻng vujudga keldi. Sokrat taʼsirida butun bir maktablar guruhi tashkil topadi: sokratchilar (asosiy vakili Ksenofont), megar maktabi (unga Evbulid va imkoniyat tushunchasining birinchi nazariyotchisi Diodor Kronos (miloddan avvalgi 307 yilv.e.) mansub boʻlgan), siniklar (Antisfen, Diogen), birmuncha keyinroq jamiyatni diniy qayta oʻzgartiruvchi pruzalik Dion Xrizost; pirovardida kirena maktabi (Aristipp va Evgemer). Bu maktablar unchalik uzoq yashamadi. Platon tarafdorlari Platon akademiyasi nomi ostidagi falsafiy maktabga birlashdilar (qad. Akademiya — miloddan avvalgi 348—270, oʻrta Akademiya — miloddan avvalgi 315—215, yangi Akademiya — miloddan avvalgi 160 — milodiy 529; oʻrta Akademiyaning vakillari — Arkesilay va Karnead; yangi Akademiyaning vakillari — Sitseron va Mark Terensiy Varron (miloddan avvalgi 116 — miloddan avvalgi 28); Akademiyadan keyin („yangi“sidan farq qilgan holda) platonizm vujudga keldi. Unga boshqa faylasuflar bilan birga <a href="/wiki/Plutarx" title="Plutarx">Plutarx</a> (taxminan 45—120) va Frasill (Platon sharhlovchisi) kirgan. </p><p>Aristotel tarafdorlarining katta qismi aniq fanlar bilan shugʻullangan, „peripatetik“ deb nom olgan mashhur olimlar boʻlgan; qadimiy peripatetiklar bilan birga mashhur botanik Teofrast, musiqa nazariyotchisi Aristoksen (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 350), tarixchi va siyosatchi messinalik Dikearx; keyingi peripatetiklar orasida fizik Straton, geograf va astronom samoslik Aristarx (Stratonning shogirdi, taxminan miloddan avvalgi 250) va Klavdiy Ptolemey (taxminan milodiy 150), vrach Galen, Aristotelning sharhlovchisi Rodoslik Andronik (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 70) boʻlgan. </p><p>Epikur asos solgan maktab keng yoyildi, bu maktabga boshqalar bilan birga Lukretsiy ham mansub edi. Skeptik maktabning vakillari (unga Akademiya vakillaridan koʻplari kirgan edi) Pirron va keyinchalik vrach Sekst Empirik edi. Stoya maktabi juda muhim falsafiy-diniy harakatga aylandi, neoplatonizm va xristianlikning paydo boʻlishiga qadar mavjud boʻldi. Kitionlik Zenon asos solgan bu maktabni qadimiy Stoyada Xrizip adabiy jihatdan pishitdi; oʻrta Stoyada boshqalar bilan birga Panetsiy Rodoslik va Posidoniy bor edi; bu maktabga tarixchi Polibiy ham yaqin turgan. Keyingi Stoya davrida, asosan, 3 Rim faylasufi — Seneka, Epiktet va Mark Avreliy asosiy rol oʻynadi. </p><p>Neoplatonizmda, uning asoschisi Plotin fikricha, Rim, Afina, Aleksandriya, Siros, xristian falsafiy maktablari bir-biridan farq qiladi. Plotin bilan birga Porfiriy, Prokl, ayol faylasuf Gipatiya, Yamvlix, imperator Yulian Apostat (332—363), ensiklopedist Marsian Kapella (5-asrning 1-yarmi), Boetsiy mashhur neoplatonchi boʻlishgan. [[El[[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizm (sahifa yaratilmagan)">linizm</a> davrida gʻarb va sharq dini hamda falsafasini oʻzida birlashtirgan gnostika rivojlandi. Bobil gnostikasidan moniylik va uning yorugʻlik hamda zulmat olami haqidagi taʼlimoti paydo boʻldi. Milodning birinchi yuz yilligi falsafasi uchun Filonning Bibliyani majoziy, platonchastoikcha talqini jiddiy taʼsir koʻrsatdi. U Aleksandriya maktabiga asos soldi, uning anʼanalarini aleksandriyalik Kliment va Origen davom ettirdi, bu esa gʻarb falsafasiga koʻproq taʼsir koʻrsatgan xristian falsafasining boshlangʻich holati edi. Yunon falsafasining turli xil koʻrinishlari islom falsafasida mavjud, uning taʼsirini hind falsafasida ham payqash mumkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyoti">Adabiyoti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyoti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyoti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunonistonda yozma badiiy ijodning ilk namunalari taxminan 2700—2800 yillar muqaddam paydo boʻla boshlagan. Bu adabiyot miloddan avvalgi 3-asrda Rim madaniyatining barpo etilishida, tarkib topishida ham muhim ahamiyat kasb etgan. „Iliada“ hamda „Odiseya“ dostonlari yunon yozma adabiyotining bizga qadar yetib kelgan eng qadimiy namunalaridir. Bu kabi yuksak badiiy asarlar uzoq muddatli adabiy harakatning davomi, uning yetuk mahsuli sifatida maydonga kelgan. „Odisseya“ dostonida Demodok kabi ajoyib baxshilar — rapsodlar botirlik haqida dostonlar aytib, davra ahllarini rom qilgan. Platon, Herodot kabi allomalar va shu zamonning baʼzi yozuvchilari Homerdan ilgari Orfey degan shoir yashab oʻtganligini xabar qiladilar. Biroq bu shoirning goʻzal navolari haqida afsonaviy rivoyatlardan boshqa tarix sahifalarida bironta ham misra saqlanib qolmagan. </p><p>Yunon xalqi oʻrtasida keng tarqalgan rivoyatlarda Orfeydan tashqari yana bir qancha shoirlar: Muze, Evmolp, Tamir, Olen va boshqalar tilga olinadi. </p><p>Barcha xalqlarning tarixida boʻlgani kabi yunon adabiyoti ham xalq ogʻzaki ijodi zaminida vujudga kelgan. Tarix sahifalarida yunon folkloridan juda kam namunalar saqlanib kelgan boʻlsada, shularga asosan ibtidoiy qabilachilik davrlarida yunon xalqining anʼanasi boy va rangbarang ogʻzaki adabiyoti — ertaklari, maqollari, matallari, topishmoqlari, qoʻshiqlari boʻlganligini aniqlash mumkin. Ibtidoiy jamiyatdagi mavjud ogʻzaki adabiyot shu jamiyat kishilarining tabiat haqidagi tushunchalarini ifoda etgan. </p><p>Yunon mifologiyasi uzoq tarixga ega. Shu uzoq muddat davomida ijtimoiy ongning oʻsishi bilan miflar ham oʻzgargan, yangi maʼnomazmun kasb etgan. Yunon kishisi ibtidoiy qabilachilik davrida tevarak atrofdagi tabiiy hodisalarning hammasini jonli his qilib, ularga sigʻinishgan, ulardan madad tilashgan, yovuz kuchlarni moyil qilish uchun qurbonliklar qilingan. Tabiat hodisalari qarshisida ibtidoiy insonning butun hayoti qoʻrquv va tahlikada oʻtgan. Keyinchalik qabilachilik tuzumining yemirilishi va harbiy aristokrat tabaqalarning kuchayishi natijasida quyi tabaqa vakillarining ahvoli yanada ogʻirlashgan, boylarning zulmi kuchaygan. Bu holat insonlarning diniy eʼtiqodlariga ham oʻz taʼsirini oʻtkazgan. qadimiy inson tasavvurida falak hukmronlari — odam qiyofasidagi Olimp maʼbudalari paydo boʻlgan. Zevs — momaqaldiroq hamda bulutlar hukmdori, maʼbudlar maʼbudi; Poseydon — dengiz hukmroni; Aid oxirat xoqoni, Zevsning rafiqasi Gera — osmon maʼbudasi, maʼbudalar malikasi va hokazo </p><p>Maʼbudlarni odam qiyofasida tasavvur etish, oʻz navbatida, mifologiyani haqiqiy hayotga yaqinlashtirgan va uning obrazlariga chinakam hayotiylik bagʻishlagan. „Iliada“ dostonida muallifning butun diqqati asarning bosh qahramoni Axillning gʻazabiga qaratilgan boʻlib, qolgan voqealar faqat 50 kun ichiga sigʻdirilgan. Tinglovchi va kitobxon toʻla taassurotga ega boʻlishi uchun asar davomida muallif yoʻlyoʻlakay chekinishlar yasab, turlituman hodisalar bilan asosiy voqeani toʻldirib borgan. Xuddi shu uygʻunlik, muxtasarlik „Odisseya“ dostonida ham bor. Jafokash Odisseyning oʻz vataniga qaytishi, har safar mobaynida uning boshidan kechgan mushkulotlar, uchragan ajoyibot, gʻaroyibotlar — asarning asosiy mavzusidir. </p><p>Qahramonlarning qiyofasini ular, ning tabiati, xattiharakatini koʻrsatish bobida — realistik tavsifi nihoyatda sezilarli. Dostonlarda hayotning turli pogʻonalarida turuvchi ilohiy kuchlar, odam bolalari: Olimp togʻining maʼbud va maʼbudalari, devlar, parizodlar afsonaviy maxluqlar, podshohlar, pahlavonlar, oddiy jangchilar, malikalar, kanizaklar, qul va choʻrilar, goʻdaklar va hokazo koʻz oʻngida gavdalanadi. Yunon xalqi asrlar davomida botirlik haqidagi oʻz tuygʻu va orzularini ana shunday qahramon nomi bilan bogʻlab kelgan. </p><p>Yunon xalqining botirlik, gʻayrat va jasorat tushunchalarini yozuvchi Axill obrazida talqin etgan boʻlsa, shu xalqning hayot bobida orttirgan donishmandligi, aql va zakovatini Odissey obrazi orqali koʻrsatgan. Boshqa qahramonlardan tashqari (har ikkala) dostonda ikkinchi darajali shaxslar bor: Agamemnon — takabbur, Menelay — botir, Diomed — sergʻayrat, Nestor — nuroniy, Baris — xudbin, olifta, Gektor — oriyatli va hokazo </p><p>Yevropa xalqlari oʻz taraqqiyotlari davomida katta ishtiyoq bilan necha bora yunonlar hamda rimliklar yaratgan sanʼat va adabiyotga murojaat etib, ular asosida qalblarini bezovta qilgan tuygʻu va gʻoyalarni hal etishga uringanlar. Uygʻonish davrining buyuk allomalari qoʻlida antik (qadim) dunyoning ilmu fani, sanʼat va adabiyoti, falsafiy taʼlimotlari eng kuchli qurol boʻlib xizmat qilgan. „Uygʻonish“ soʻzining dastlabki maʼnosi ham qadimgi madaniyatni qayta tiklash, yangidan oyoqqa turgʻizish demakdir. </p><p>17-asr Yevropa klassitsizm adabiy oqimi ham 100—150 yil davomida antik dunyo badiiy ijodiga taqlid shiori ostida rivojlandi, bu davr mobaynida qariyb butun Yevropa sahnasi, asosan, Yunon va Rim tragediyalari mavzulari bilan yashadi. Elin madaniyati Oʻrta Osiyo madaniyatining ravnaq topishiga samarali taʼsir etgan. Salavkiylar va Yunon-Baqtriya podsholigi hukmdorlari davrida Oʻrta Osiyo, Eron va boshqalar oʻlkalar aholisining faol ishtirokida sharqiy ellinizm madaniyati vujudga keldi, u yunon madaniyatini ham boyitdi (yana q. [[El[[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizm (sahifa yaratilmagan)">linizm</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meʼmorchilik_va_tasviriy_sanʼat"><span id="Me.CA.BCmorchilik_va_tasviriy_san.CA.BCat"></span>Meʼmorchilik va tasviriy sanʼat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Meʼmorchilik va tasviriy sanʼat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Meʼmorchilik va tasviriy sanʼat"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunon meʼmorlari va tasviriy sanʼat namoyandalari koʻp asrlar osha turli xalqlar uchun goʻzallik, uygʻunlik, yuksak did namunasini oʻtagan sanʼat yodgorliklarini yaratgan. Asarlar asosan sodda afsonaviy mavzularga asoslangan boʻlsada, borliq va inson muvozanatini his etib, tabiiy muhit, inson tanasining tabiiy goʻzalligi va uygʻunligini anglab aks ettirdi. Bu nisbatlar meʼmorlikda ham aniq ifodasini topgan. Yunon badiiy yodgorliklari Bolqon yarim oroldagina emas, shuningdek, Kichik Osiyo, Janubiy Apennin yarim oroli, Oʻrta dengiz orollari hamda Shim. Qora dengiz sohillarida ham saqlangan. </p><p>Yunoniston sanʼati Miken madaniyati negizida paydo boʻlgan; mikenlar bilan miloddan avvalgi 2—1-ming yillik sanʼatining oʻzaro bogʻliqligi kulollik va meʼmorlik boʻyama naqshlarida koʻzga aniq tashlanadi. Yunon sanʼati taraqqiyoti (miloddan avvalgi 11—1-asrlar) tarixan gomer, arxaika, klasika, ellin kabi bir necha davrlarga ajratiladi. </p><p>Homer davri (miloddan avvalgi 11—8-asrlar) da boʻyama naqshli kulollik taraqqiy etgan, geometrik uslub miloddan avvalgi 7-asrgacha hukm surgan, eng taraqqiy etgan davri (8-asr)da %abr yodgorliklari vazifasini oʻtagan roʻzgʻorga moʻljallangan dipilon koʻza va idishlar bezagi, naqsh va inson shaklining aniq ritmi, chiziqlar ifodaliligi bilan ajralib turadi. Geometrik uslubda terrakota haykallar va idishlarga haykaltaroshlik bezaklari (qopqoq, shakldor dastalar) ham yaratildi. Meʼmorlik haqida maʼlumotlar deyarli yoʻq, baʼzi bino qoldiqlari, ibodatxonalarning terrakota modeli va adabiy yozma manbalarda ayrim maʼlumotlar uchraydi. </p><p>Arxaika (miloddan avvalgi 7—6-asrlar) davrida polislar shakllandi, shaharlar yuzaga keldi, shaharsozlikning asosiy belgilari muqaddas joy (akropol) va jamoat savdo markazlari (agora) boʻlib, ular atrofida turar joy mavzelari joylashtirilgan, shaharlar bunyod etilgan. Yetakchi oʻrinni ibodatxonalar (haykallari boʻlgan „xudolar uyi“) egallagan. </p><p>Ibodatxonalar bilan bir qatorda turli vazifalarni bajaruvchi jamoat binolari (teatr, stadion, palestr va boshqalar) bunyod etilgan. Inshootlar toshdan qurishga oʻtilgach, order turlari shakllandi (qarang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlik_orderlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlik orderlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Meʼmorlik orderlari</a>), ibodatxonalar boʻrtma tasvirlar, haykallar bilan bezatildi; dahshatli maxluqlar bilan olishayotgan xudolar va qahramonlar (Gerakl, Tesey, Persey va boshqalar)ning qatʼiy tasvirlari yaratildi; ularning hajmdorligi ibodatxonalardagi meʼmoriy shakllar bilan uygʻun. Ioniy uslubidagi ibodatxonalarning haykaltaroshlik frizlari dinamikasi va murakkab kompozitsiyasi bilan ajralib turadi. Dastlabki oʻzaro bogʻlanmagan kam shaklli frizlardan oʻzaro uygʻun va koʻp shaklli yaxlit kompozitsiyalarga oʻtish kuzatiladi, ilk frontonlardagi relyeflar (Kerkira o.dagi Artemida ibodatxonasi) dumaloq haykallar bilan almashadi. </p><p>Haykaltaroshlikda kichik bronza haykallar („Fivalik Apolon“, miloddan avvalgi 7-asr 1-yarmi)dan yalangʻoch oʻsmir (kuros)lar va uzun koʻylakli qiz (kora)lar shaklini yasashga oʻtildi. Harakatsiz shakllar oʻrniga harakatlarni shartli ifodalash yuzaga keldi („Delosli Nike“, miloddan avvalgi 6-asr oʻrtalari). Haykaltaroshlar inson mimikasini ifoda vositasi sifatida kam qoʻllasalarda, ayni vaqtda boy hajm, kiyimlar burmalarining goh qatʼiy, goh nafis talqini bilan ifodali obraz qurilishiga erishdilar. Arxaika haykallarida ayrim mahalliy farklar kuzatiladi: ioniy uslubidagi kora va kuroslar lirik va hayotbaxsh obrazlari, shakllarning mayinligi bilan qatʼiy qiyofali va keskin shaklli doriy uslubidagi haykallardan ajralib turadi. Bu davrda yunon koʻzalari (amfora va boshqalar) tugal shakllandi, buyumlarga butun yuzasi qoplab gilama usulida mujassamotlar yaratildi, shartli qatʼiy chiziqlar va geometrik uslubdagi naqshlar oʻrnini syujetli sahnalarning tez-tez qoʻllanishi egaladi. Korinf, keyinroq Afina (7—6-asrlar)da qora shaklli uslub qaror topdi (Klitiy, Eksekiy, Amasis va boshqalar), qora shakli uslubdan qizil shakli uslubda koʻzalar yasashga oʻtish yuzaga keldi (Andokid va boshqalar). </p><p>Klassika (miloddan avvalgi 5-asr — 4-asr 3-choragi)da shaharlar rivojlandi, muntazam tarhli shahar tipi shaklandi (Milet, Pirey), shaharlarni toʻgʻri burchakli koʻchalar toʻri bilan qismlarga boʻlish, turar joylarni majmua tarzida qurish kabi asosiy qoidalar yuzaga keldi. Polislarning oʻziga xos ramzi boʻlgan ibodatxonalarning tipik xususiyatlari individuallik bilan qoʻshilib ketgan, bir tipdagi qurilishlarda yagona order tuzilishidagi nisbat va koʻlamlarnigina oʻzgartirib takrorlanishi bilan har bir shahar — davlat bosh inshootlarida oʻziga xos meʼmoriy qiyofalar yaratishga erishildi. Shu jihatdan umumiy tarhli va order elementlari boʻlgan <a href="/wiki/Afina" class="mw-disambig" title="Afina">Afina</a> Afayi (taxminan miloddan avvalgi 500—480, Egin o.da), Gera II („Poseydon ibodatxonasi“, miloddan avvalgi 5-asr 2-choragi, <a href="/wiki/Poseydon" title="Poseydon">Poseydoniyada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zevs" title="Zevs">Zevs</a> (miloddan avvalgi 468—456, Olimpiyada) ibodatxonalari oʻziga xos sifatlari bilan bir-biridan farqlidir. </p><p>Miloddan avvalgi 6—5-asrlar chegarasida tasviriy sanʼatda keskin oʻzgarishlar roʻy berdi, haykaltarosh va rassomlar inson qiyofasi va uning harakatini mukammal ifoda etdilar, fronton, frizlarda koʻp shaklli lavhalarni dadil bajardilar. Klasika boshida yuzaga kelgan „qatʼiy uslub“ hususiyatlari koʻzalarga ishlangan tasvirlarda aniq ifodasini topdi (Epiktet, Yevtimid, Yefroniy). Qizil shakllar uslubida ijod qilgan Brig afsonaviy mavzular bilan bir qatorda maishiy lavhalar (bazm, maktabdagi mashgʻulotlar, stadiondagi atletlar)ni ham yaratdi. „Qatʼiy uslub“ miloddan avvalgi 5-asr 1-yarmidagi haykaltaroshlikda ham koʻzga tashlanadi; Egin o.dagi Afina Afayi ibodatxonasi frontoni, Olimpiyadagi Zevs ibodatxonasi fronton va metoplari kabi sanʼat durdonalari yaratildi. Klassikaning ilk davrida qahramonlar obrazlari bilan bir qatorda koʻtarinki ruhdagi real obrazlar ham yuzaga keldi (Miron va boshqalar). Inson tanasini mukammal ishlanishi yunon sanʼatiga umrboqiy gʻoyalar (goʻzallikning xunuklik ustidan gʻalabasi)ni ifodalash imkonini berdi. Miloddan avvalgi 5-asr oʻrtalarida klassika sanʼati („yuksak klassika“ deb nomlangan) gullab yashnadi. Perikl davrida Afina Elladaning siyosiy va badiiy markaziga aylandi. Vayron boʻlgan Akropolda Fidiy boshchiligida mohir meʼmorlar va haykaltaroshlar ishladi: tasviriy ansambllar hosil qilindi, yangi ibodatxonalar bunyod etildi, haykallar oʻrnatildi, goʻzallik va uygʻunlik tarannum etildi (maʼbudlarning yuksak mavqei, tantanalarda viqor bilan yurishlari, kentavrlar bilan olishuvlari va boshqalar). Ozod ellin fuqarolik ruhi, gʻoyaviy, axloqiy va jismoniy mukammalligi Fidiy asarlarida, Parfenon bezaklarida, Poliklet haykallari, Polignot koʻzalari, freskalar, terrakota haykallari, relyef va tangalarda yorqin ifodalangan. </p><p>Miloddan avvalgi 4-asr boshlarida yunon polislari demokratiyasi inqirozi bilan ayrim shaxslar xohishi polislar xohishini siqib chiqardi. Diniy inshootlar qurish oʻrnini insonning kundalik hayoti bilan uzviy bogʻliq boʻlgan inshootlar (palestr, teatr va boshqalar) qurish egalladi (jumladan, Epi davrdagi teatr, miloddan avvalgi 350—330 va boshqalar). </p><p>Vazifasiga mos aniq kompozitsiyali yunon teatrlari jahon meʼmorligidagi tomosha inshootlarining keyingi taraqiyotiga asos boʻldi. Memorial ansambllarda inson shaxsini abadiylashtirish anʼanalari yuzaga keldi (mas, Galikarnasl&t maqbara, taxminan miloddan avvalgi 353). Tasviriy sanʼatda inson xarakteriga qiziqishning ortishi haykaltaroshlik portretlarini rivojlanishini taʼminladi. Afsonaviy kompozitsiyalarda kurash dramatizmi, insonning ruhiy qudrati va jismoniy shijoatini tasvirlagan Skopas ijodida voqelikdagi qarama-qarshiliklar oʻtkir ifodasini topdi, bu jihatdan Praksitel haykallari, Lisipp asarlari diqqatga sazovor. </p><p>Ellin davri (miloddan avvalgi 4-asr oxiri — 1-asr) yunon madaniyati mintaqalarining kengayishi uning Aleksandr davlati va uning vorislari davlati tarkibiga kirgan xalqlar madaniyati bilan oʻzaro qoʻshilishi bilan belgilanadi (qarang [[El[[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizm (sahifa yaratilmagan)">linizm</a>). Afina badiiy hayot markazi mavqeini yoʻqotdi. Kichik Osiyoning yirik shaharlari yangi qarash (nuqtai nazar)larni yaratuvchiga aylandi, qurilish beqiyos darajada oʻsdi, koʻplab muntazam tarhli yangi shaharlar yuzaga keldi (Istanbul va boshqalar), yirik inshootlar qurildi (Istanbuldagi Faros mayogʻi), mahobatli meʼmoriy ansambllar bunyod etildi (Pergamdagi Akropol) oddiy uydan bosh saroygacha boʻlgan turar joy tipi shakllandi, anʼanaviy ichki hovli tarhli uylar ustunlar bilan oʻralgan peristilga aylantirildi. Elin haykallaridagi qiyofalar qoʻrquv, davrni fojiaviy anglash bilan yoʻgʻrilgan. Ellin davri sanʼatiga mintaqaviy maktablar, yoʻnalishlarning hamda badiiy obrazli masalalarning rangbarangligi xos: haykal portretlar rivojlandi, klassikaning inson — fuqaro uygʻunligi oʻrniga buyuklarni ulugʻlash qaror topdi. Ijtimoiy kelib chiqishi har xil boʻlgan odamlarga, ularning yoshidaga xarakterli xususiyatlarga qiziqish ortdi. Yunoniston Rim tomonidan zabt etilishi bilan ellinlar sanʼati gʻoliblar madaniyatining rivojlanishi bilan qoʻshilib, uni oʻzining koʻp asrlik anʼanalari bilan boyitdi, shuningdek, oʻzining mustaqilligini ham yoʻqotib bordi. </p><p>Teatri — yunon dramasi va teatri Dionis sharafiga oʻtkaziladigan qishloq xoʻjaligi bayramlaridan boshlangan. Uning asosida tabiatning qishki oʻlik mavsumi va bahorgi <a href="/wiki/Uyg%CA%BBonish_davri" title="Uygʻonish davri">uygʻonish davri</a> bilan bogʻliq qadimiy yer egalarining oʻyinlari yotadi. Miloddan avvalgi 4—1-asrlargachaYunon teatri. 1. Getera niqobi. 2. Tropik kahramonniqobi. 3. Andromedaning teatr libosidagi tasviri (vazadagi rasm). 4. Tragik aktyor (fil suyagidan ishlangan haykalcha).dramatik chiqishlarda xor asosiy rol oʻynagan. 6-asrning 2-yarmida alohida ijrochi — aktyor (dramaturgning oʻzi) paydo boʻldi. Esxil sahnaga 2 aktyorni olib kirdi. Sofokl esa sahna dekoratsiyasida tasviriy bezaklardan keng foydalandi, fojialarda 3 aktyor paydo boʻldi. Aktyorlar, asosan, niqob kiyib oʻynaganlar. Teatr yunonlar hayotida alohida oʻrin egalladi. Ayniqsa, quldorlik davri gullagan paytda teatr ahamiyati yanada ortdi. Teatr, asosan, 3 qism: orxestr, tomoshabinlar uchun joy va chodirdan iborat boʻldi. Bulardan eng qadimiysi orxestryumaloq maydon boʻlib, unda aktyor va xor ijrochilari tomosha koʻrsatganlar. Dastlab barcha tomoshabin orxestr atrofida oʻtirganlar, keyinchalik omma uchun alohida joylar ajratilgan. Teatr binolaridan qadimiysi Afinadagi Dionis teatri binosi hisoblanadi. Keyingi eng katta Afina teatri miloddan avvalgi 4-asrning 2-yarmida qurildi. Teatrda tragediya va komediyadan tashqari mifologik syujetga ega satirik spektakllar ham qoʻyilgan. Dastlab ayollar rolini erkaklar niqob kiyib ijro etgan, Esxil, Sofokl, Yevripid, Aristofan kabi buyuk dramaturglarning ijodida Yunoniston quldorlik demokratiyasining ravnaqi va ziddiyatlari aks etdi. Mifologik syujetli pantomimik raqslar keng tarqaldi. Ularda ayol aktyorlar ham qatnashdi. [[El[[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizm (sahifa yaratilmagan)">linizm</a> davrida (miloddan avvalgi 3—1-asrlar) teatr Sharqda yunon madaniyatini targʻib qilishda asosiy vositalardan biriga aylandi. Teatrlar nafaqat yirik savdo markazlarida, balki kichik shaharlarda ham qurila boshladi. Dionis sharafiga oʻtkaziladigan bayramlarda tragediya va komediyalar namoyish etildi. Qishloq komediyasi yoʻqola bordi. Yangi komediyalar (Menandr, Filemon va boshqalar) oʻzaro hayotiy munosabatlarni, inson ichki kechinmalarini aks ettirdi. Miloddan avvalgi 5-asrda Yunonistonda mimlarmaishiy va hajviy harakterdagi kichik sahnalar yuzaga keldi. [[El[[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizm (sahifa yaratilmagan)">linizm</a> davrida ilk bor professional aktyorlar ijod qildi. Aktyorlar uyushmasi paydo boʻldi. Bu davrda aktyorlar katta hurmatga, yuridik huquqga ega boʻlganlar. Tomosha koʻrsatish uchun aktyorlar hatto urush paytlarida ham xohlagan yerlariga borish, oʻzlari va narsalariga daxlsizlik huquqi berilgan. Aktyorlarning oʻzlari esa har qanday harbiy xizmatdan ozod etilganlar (miloddan avvalgi 3-asr boshlarida bu haqda maxsus qonun qabul qilingan). Yunoniston teatri jahon teatrining rivojlanishida muhim rol oʻynadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musiqasi">Musiqasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Musiqasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Musiqasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunoniston musiqasini badiy (mas, „Iliada“ „Odiseya“) va ilmiy (<a href="/wiki/Platon" class="mw-redirect" title="Platon">Platon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotel">Aristotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pifagor" title="Pifagor">Pifagor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoksen" title="Aristoksen">Aristoksen</a>) meros hamda tasviriy sanʼat yodgorliklari orqali tasavvur qilish mumkin. Yunonistonda musiqa sanʼati ijtimoiy hayotda muhim oʻrin olib, uni oʻrganish yoshlar tarbiyasi tizimiga kiritilgan, qoʻshiqchilik va sozandalik boʻyicha turli musobaqalar oʻtkazilgan. Turli xalq qoʻshiqlari — georgik (dehqonchilik bilan bogʻliq), epitalama (nikoh toʻylarida aytiladigan), trenos (yigʻi), embateriy (harbiy) kabi janrlar, Apolon (pean), Dionis (difiramb, fallik^) va boshqalar xudolarga bagʻishlangan aytimlar keng oʻrin olgan. Shoirxonanda (aed, rapsod — Homer va boshqalar)lar oʻzi yaratgan epik qoʻshiqlar va dostonlarni cholgʻu (torlitirnama forminks va boshqalar)larni chalib ijro etgan. Musiqaning odamlarga sehrli taʼsiri, mashhur xonanda va sozandalar (Olimp, Marsiy, Orfey va boshqalar) faoliyatiga doir bir necha rivoyat va afsonalar bizgacha yetib kelgan. </p><p>Olimp avlos chalish yoʻllarini hamda garmoniya (enarmonika) qonunlarini, lesboslik Terpandr kifarani kashf qilganlar. Olimpning shogirdi kritlik Talet xor qoʻshiqchiligini kiritgan. Musiqa, ayniqsa, xor qoʻshiqchiligi katta ijtimoiy ahamiyatga ega boʻlib, vatanparvarlik ramzi darajasiga koʻtarilgan. Harbiy (marshsimon) kuylari bilan birga lirika yoʻnalishidagi janrlar (mas, Sapfoning ishqiy qoʻshiqlari, Pindarning gimn va odshtari, elegiya) rivoj topgan. </p><p>Yunoniston tragediya va komediyasida musiqa muhim dramaturgik vazifalarni bajargan. Uning ijodkorlari (Esxil, Frinix, Sofokl, Yevripid va boshqalar) kuylarni ham yaratib, dramatik asarlarga xor va raqslar, yakka xonandalik shakllarini kiritgan. „Antigona“ (Sofokl) tragediyasidagi xor Afinaning milliy madhiyasiga aylangan. <a href="/wiki/Ellinizm" title="Ellinizm">Ellinizm</a> davrida katta cholgʻu ansambllar, organ kabi musiqa cholgʻu asboblari paydo boʻlgan. </p><p>Yunoniston musiqa madaniyatiga Kichik Osiyo hamda Yaqin Sharq xalqlari musiqa anʼanalari taʼsir etgan. Oʻz navbatida, Yunoniston musiqasi hamda musiqa nazariyasi Sharq musiqa ilmi (Yunus alKotib, Ibn Surayj, Ishoq alMavsiliy, Forobiy, alKindiy, AbulFaraj, Isfahoniy va boshqalar)da rivoj topgan. 9-asrda Bagʻdodda Aristotel, Aristoksen, Nikomax, Ptolemey va boshqalarning koʻpgina musiqa risolalari arab tiliga tarjima qilingan. Forobiy Aristotel tizimini, al-Kindiy yangi platoniklar gʻoyalarini rivojlantirgan. Yunoniston musiqa nazariyasida qaror topgan tushunchalar (musiqa, melodiya, ritm, gamma, monodiya, garmoniya, diatonika va boshqalar) hozirgi musiqashunoslikda ham joriy etilmoqda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyotlar">Adabiyotlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sergeyev V. S., Istoriya drevney Gretsii, 3 izd. M., 1963.</li> <li>Istoriya filosofii, t. 1, N., 1957.</li> <li>Tronskiy I. M. Istoriya antichnoy literaturi, L., 1957.</li> <li>Vseobshaya istoriya iskusstv, t.1, M., 1956.</li> <li>Geriman T., Antichnoye muznkalnoye mgshleniye, L., 1986.</li> <li>Sulaymonova F., Sharq va Gʻarb, T., 1998.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" align="center" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Stub_W.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stub ikona"><img alt="Stub ikona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/50px-Stub_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/75px-Stub_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Stub_W.svg/100px-Stub_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td><center><i>Ushbu maqola <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Chala_maqolalar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikipediya:Chala maqolalar">chaladir</a>. 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foydalanilgan.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&oldid=5053110">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_Yunoniston&oldid=5053110</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Categories" title="Maxsus:Categories">Turkum</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Davlatlar" title="Turkum:Davlatlar">Davlatlar</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Yashirin turkum: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Barcha_chala_maqolalar" title="Turkum:Barcha chala maqolalar">Barcha chala maqolalar</a></li><li><a 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