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href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Absorption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> 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</div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Enobosarm</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Investigational selective androgen receptor modulator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ostarine" redirects here. For the chemical structure mistakenly linked to the name, see <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Enobosarm</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostarine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ostarine.svg/250px-Ostarine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ostarine.svg/375px-Ostarine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ostarine.svg/500px-Ostarine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="172" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Ostarine; GTx-024; MK-2866; S-22; VERU-024<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>None</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">100% (rats)<a href="#cite_note-pmid24074268-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/UGT1A1" class="mw-redirect" title="UGT1A1">UGT1A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/UGT2B7" title="UGT2B7">UGT2B7</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Enobosarm glucuronide<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14–24 hours<a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19852734-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">Feces</a> (70%), <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> (21–25%) (rats)<a href="#cite_note-pmid24074268-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">((2S)-3-(4-cyanophenoxy)-N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=841205-47-8">841205-47-8</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11326715">11326715</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB12078">DB12078</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.9501667.html">9501667</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/O3571H3R8N">O3571H3R8N</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D10221">D10221</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1738889">ChEMBL1738889</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>RLJ (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=RLJ">PDBe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/RLJ">RCSB PDB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID30233006">DTXSID30233006</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5379258#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C19H14F3N3O3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">389.334 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28NC1%3DCC%3DC%28C%23N%29C%28C%28F%29%28F%29F%29%3DC1%29%5BC%40%5D%28C%29%28O%29COC2%3DCC%3DC%28C%23N%29C%3DC2">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132 to 136 °C (270 to 277 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(NC1=CC=C(C#N)C(C(F)(F)F)=C1)[C@](C)(O)COC2=CC=C(C#N)C=C2</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C19H14F3N3O3/c1-18(27,11-28-15-6-2-12(9-23)3-7-15)17(26)25-14-5-4-13(10-24)16(8-14)19(20,21)22/h2-8,27H,11H2,1H3,(H,25,26)/t18-/m0/s1</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:JNGVJMBLXIUVRD-SFHVURJKSA-N</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=442479761&page2=Enobosarm">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Enobosarm, also formerly known as ostarine and by the developmental code names GTx-024, MK-2866, and S-22, is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">selective androgen receptor modulator</a> (SARM) which is under development for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hormone_sensitive_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormone sensitive cancer">androgen receptor-positive</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in women and for improvement of <a href="/wiki/Body_composition" title="Body composition">body composition</a> (e.g., prevention of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle loss">muscle loss</a>) in people taking <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 receptor agonists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">semaglutide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36972361-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biospace2024-9">[9]</a> It was also under development for a variety of other indications, including treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcopenia" title="Sarcopenia">sarcopenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">stress urinary incontinence</a>, but development for all other uses has been discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> Enobosarm was evaluated for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_wasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle wasting">muscle wasting</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">late-stage</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>, and the drug improved <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> in these trials, but it was not effective in improving <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">muscle strength</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Businesswire2013-13">[13]</a> As a result, enobosarm was not approved and development for this use was terminated.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> Enobosarm is taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> Known possible <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of enobosarm include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">back pain</a>, adverse <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> changes like decreased <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">high-density lipoprotein</a> (HDL) <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> levels, changes in <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> concentrations like decreased <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels, <a href="/wiki/Elevated_liver_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated liver enzymes">elevated liver enzymes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver toxicity">liver toxicity</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19852734-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33672087-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30503797-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a> The potential <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">masculinizing</a> effects of enobosarm, for instance in women, have largely not been evaluated and are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> The potential <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> and risks of high doses of enobosarm are also unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> Enobosarm is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">nonsteroidal</a> SARM, acting as an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> (AR), the <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological target</a> of <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT).<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> However, it shows dissociation of effect between tissues in <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclinical research">preclinical studies</a>, with agonistic and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> effects in muscle and bone, agonistic effects in <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partially agonistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonistic</a> effects in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25722318-19">[19]</a> The AR-mediated effects of enobosarm in many other androgen-sensitive tissues are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a> Enobosarm was first identified in 2004<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a> and has been under clinical development since at least 2005.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> It is the most well-studied SARM of all of the agents that have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-ZajacSeeman2020-21">[21]</a> According to GTx, its developer, a total of 25 clinical studies have been carried out on more than 1,700 people involving doses from 1 to 100 mg as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biospace2016-22">[22]</a> However, enobosarm has not yet completed clinical development or been approved for any use.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> As of November 2023, it is in <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> for the treatment of breast cancer and is in <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> studies for improvement of body composition in people taking GLP-1 receptor agonists.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biospace2024-9">[9]</a> Enobosarm was developed by <a href="/wiki/GTx_Incorporated" title="GTx Incorporated">GTx, Inc.</a>, and is now being developed by Veru, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a> Aside from its development as a potential <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a>, enobosarm is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_drugs_banned_by_the_World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="List of drugs banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency">list of prohibited substances</a> and is sold for <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_substance" title="Performance-enhancing substance">physique- and performance-enhancing</a> purposes by black-market Internet suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> In one survey, 2.7% of young male gym users reported using SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38059982-23">[23]</a> In addition, a London <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">wastewater analysis</a> found that enobosarm was the most abundant "pharmaceutical drug" detected and was more prevalent than <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drugs</a> like <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian2018-24">[24]</a> Enobosarm is often used in these contexts at doses greatly exceeding those evaluated in clinical trials, with unknown effectiveness and <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">safety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> Many products sold online that are purported to be enobosarm either contain none or contain other unrelated substances.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29183075-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> has played an important role in facilitating the widespread non-medical use of SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is not approved for any medical use and is not available as a licensed <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a> as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> General <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> that have been reported with enobosarm in clinical trials include <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">back pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19852734-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33672087-14">[14]</a> Enobosarm has shown <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependence">dose-related</a> adverse effects on <a href="/wiki/Serum_lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum lipids">serum lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropin</a> levels, and <a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier protein</a> levels in clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> It decreases <a href="/wiki/HDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="HDL cholesterol">HDL cholesterol</a> levels, reducing them dose-dependently by 17% at a dose of 1 mg/day and by 27% at a dose of 3 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> Decreases in <a href="/wiki/Total_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Total cholesterol">total cholesterol</a> levels and in <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> levels have also been seen, whereas <a href="/wiki/LDL_cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL cholesterol">LDL cholesterol</a> levels are unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> In healthy elderly men, total <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels decreased significantly at doses of 1 and 3 mg/day (-31% and -57%, respectively), whereas levels of free testosterone, <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT), <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH), and <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) did not change significantly at doses up to 3 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> In healthy postmenopausal women, LH and FSH decreased significantly only at the 3 mg/day dose (-17% and -30%, respectively), whereas levels of total testosterone, free testosterone, DHT, and estradiol did not clearly change relative to placebo.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> SHBG levels were lowered at doses of 1 to 3 mg/day, decreasing dramatically by 61% in men and by 80% in women at the 3 mg/day dose.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> at a highly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supraphysiological" class="extiw" title="wikt:supraphysiological">supraphysiological</a> dose of 600 mg/week resulted in only a 31% decrease in SHBG levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8637535-29">[29]</a> Despite the large changes in SHBG levels, levels of free testosterone did not significantly change in either men or women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> Small but significant increases in <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a>, and small but significant decreases in <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">fasting blood glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> levels, and <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, have been observed with enobosarm at 3 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24407183-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19852734-6">[6]</a> In small short-term (3-month) clinical trials in healthy elderly or postmenopausal women, enobosarm at doses ranging from 0.1 to 3 mg/day had mixed effects on <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">sebum</a> production and did not increase <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a> <a href="/wiki/Hair_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair growth">growth</a> or cause <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> These effects are measures of androgenic action in <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a> In the first study, at doses of 0.1 to 3 mg/day, there were no significant changes relative to placebo in sebum tape scores with enobosarm and there were no consistent increases in <a href="/wiki/Ferriman%E2%80%93Gallwey_score" title="Ferriman–Gallwey score">Ferriman–Gallwey score</a>, with most women having no change in score or a decreased score and only one having an increase in score.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> In the second study, which employed 3 mg/day enobosarm, there was a significant 1.25-fold increase in sebum production from baseline and a significant 1.5-fold increase in sebum production relative to placebo.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a> No differences in <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous gland</a> volume were apparent upon <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histological</a> examination in this study.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a> At doses ranging from 0.1 to 18 mg/day in clinical trials, enobosarm has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Elevated_liver_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated liver enzymes">elevated liver enzymes</a> in subsets of individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a> Rates of elevated liver enzymes or of elevated <a href="/wiki/Alanine_aminotransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Alanine aminotransferase">alanine aminotransferase</a> (ALT) levels have ranged from 0.6% to 33% in these trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a> Liver enzyme elevations with enobosarm are often transient and resolve spontaneously.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a> However, markedly elevated liver enzymes have occasionally occurred with enobosarm in clinical trials and have necessitated <a href="/wiki/Drug_discontinuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug discontinuation">discontinuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a> There have been several published <a href="/wiki/Case_report" title="Case report">case reports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a> with enobosarm as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid38059982-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34368386-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35655632-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37871633-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37501938-36">[36]</a> Between 2020 and 2022, there has been a rapid increase in reported cases of liver toxicity with SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-32">[32]</a> The hepatotoxicity with SARMs may be related to their resistance to <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, analogously to the case of <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-alkylated_anabolic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-alkylated anabolic steroid">17α-alkylated anabolic steroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a> SARMs are often advertised and sold on the Internet at doses higher than have been described in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-27">[27]</a> Sometimes doses are recommended as several-fold or more greater than the doses used in clinical trials, or seemingly arbitrary doses are advised.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-27">[27]</a> For instance, enobosarm has been provided at doses of greater than or equal to 20 mg per serving and recommended by bodybuilders and fitness enthusiasts at doses of 10 to 30 mg/day, relative to the most widely assessed highest dose in clinical trials of 3 mg/day—an up to 10-fold difference.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-27">[27]</a> SARMs, particularly when used at high or excessive doses for prolonged periods of time, may result in substantial suppression of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, in turn producing widespread unintended deleterious effects on physiological function.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> As examples, SARMs may produce potent anabolic effects with deficiency in important androgenic effects, may result in <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen deficiency">estrogen deficiency</a> with consequences like <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">bone loss</a> among others, and, due to suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> (HPG axis), may cause <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT), <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Full_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Full agonist">full agonists</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a>, produce <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilizing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinization">masculinizing</a> effects like increased sebum production and <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a> <a href="/wiki/Hair_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair growth">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">scalp hair loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_deepening" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice deepening">voice deepening</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Muscle_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle mass">muscle mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_fat_distribution" title="Android fat distribution">android fat redistribution</a>, skeletal changes like <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_broadening" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder broadening">widening of the shoulders</a> and skull/facial changes, and <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genital</a> growth both in males and females.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skinner2018-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> SARMs, which are <a href="/wiki/Tissue_selectivity" title="Tissue selectivity">tissue-selective</a> mixed or <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonists</a> of the androgen receptor, are largely uncharacterized in terms of their masculinizing effects, but are likely to produce many of the same effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35277356-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21511988-40">[40]</a> SARMs specifically may be expected to retain masculinizing effects like increased muscle mass and bone changes, while possibly having reduced virilizing effects in certain other areas like androgenic skin and hair changes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Anecdotal report">Anecdotal reports</a> of masculinization with SARMs in women exist in online forums.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) has cautioned that SARMs could have serious adverse effects ranging from risk of <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver damage">liver damage</a> and has warned against their use in <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a> products.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2017-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm has been assessed in clinical trials at doses ranging from 0.1 to 18 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> However, most research has been done at doses of 0.1 to 3 mg/day, with two <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 3</a> clinical trials using a dosage of 3 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30503797-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> A few small <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_I" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> trials of enobosarm for breast cancer have employed doses of 9 to 18 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27729416-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-KassemShohdy2019-43">[43]</a> Larger, phase 3 trials of enobosarm at a dose of 9 mg/day for breast cancer (e.g., ARTEST, n=210) are now underway.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37946721-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37684290-45">[45]</a> Doses of up to 100 mg have been assessed in single-dose <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacokinetic">pharmacokinetic</a> studies and doses of up to 30 mg/day have been given in short 14-day pharmacokinetic studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a> Enobosarm sold via black-market Internet suppliers and used non-medically is often taken at much higher doses than those used widely in clinical trials (e.g., 10–30 mg/day), with unknown adverse effects and risks.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (biochemistry)">substrate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UDP-glucuronosyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP-glucuronosyltransferase">UDP-glucuronosyltransferase</a> (UGT) enzymes <a href="/wiki/UGT1A1" class="mw-redirect" title="UGT1A1">UGT1A1</a> and <a href="/wiki/UGT2B7" title="UGT2B7">UGT2B7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> It shows very minimal <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> by cytochrome P50 enzymes, with CYP3A4 merely responsible for the greatest degree of metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Since enobosarm is metabolized by CYP3A4, UGT1A1, and UGT2B7, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">inducers</a> of these enzymes can modify the metabolism and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of enobosarm.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> The strong CYP3A4 inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a> was shown to have minimal to no influence on the pharmacokinetics of enobosarm, whereas the strong CYP3A4 inducer <a href="/wiki/Rifampin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifampin">rifampin</a> reduced enobosarm <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">peak</a> levels by 23%, <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> by 23%, and <a href="/wiki/Area-under-the-curve_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Area-under-the-curve levels">area-under-the-curve levels</a> by 43%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885819-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> The pan-UGT inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">probenecid</a> was shown to not affect peak levels of enobosarm but to increase the elimination half-life of enobosarm by 78% and to increase area-under-the-curve levels of enobosarm by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885819-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Enobosarm had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of <a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">celecoxib</a> (a <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a> substrate) or <a href="/wiki/Rosuvastatin" title="Rosuvastatin">rosuvastatin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer_resistance_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast cancer resistance protein">BCRP</a> substrate).<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Based on the preceding findings, it was concluded that enobosarm poses low risk for clinically relevant <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">selective androgen receptor modulator</a> (SARM), or a <a href="/wiki/Tissue_selectivity" title="Tissue selectivity">tissue-selective</a> mixed <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> (AR).<a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> This receptor is the <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological target</a> of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) and of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> (Ki) of enobosarm for the AR is high and was measured as 3.8 nM in one study, or approximately 16.8% of that of DHT.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15987833-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20444881-49">[49]</a> Enobosarm shows <a href="/wiki/Enantioselectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Enantioselectivity">enantioselectivity</a> for the AR and has similar but somewhat lower <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a> than DHT in terms of activating the receptor.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> In addition to general activation of the AR, enobosarm induces the N/C interaction (the interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Amino_terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino terminus">amino terminus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl terminus">carboxyl terminus</a>) of the AR less potently than does DHT, but in any case promotes the N/C interaction concentration-dependently and to the same maximal extent as DHT.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20444881-49">[49]</a> The AR is widely expressed in <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> throughout the body, including in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a> The effects of SARMs including enobosarm in many of these tissues have yet to be characterized.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a> In any case, enobosarm has been demonstrated to have varying <a href="/wiki/Full_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Full agonist">full agonist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> actions in specific tissues, including <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> agonistic and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> effects in <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, potent agonistic effects in AR-expressing human <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell line">cell lines</a> like <a href="/wiki/MCF-7" title="MCF-7">MCF-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/MDA-MB-231" class="mw-redirect" title="MDA-MB-231">MDA-MB-231</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid25722318-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> and partially agonistic or antagonistic effects in the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20444881-49">[49]</a> Enobosarm has additionally been shown to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Sexual_motivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual motivation">sexual motivation</a> in female rats similarly to testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20444881-49">[49]</a> Although enobosarm has not been specifically assessed in this area, another structurally unrelated <a href="/wiki/Quinolinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinolinone">quinolinone</a> SARM, <a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a>, has shown <a href="/wiki/Prosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosexual">prosexual</a> effects in male rats comparable to those of the synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid <a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">fluoxymesterone</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17023534-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">molecular mechanisms</a> underlying the tissue-selective effects of enobosarm and other SARMs compared to testosterone and other androgens and anabolic steroids remain unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28624515-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> However, recruitment of both <a href="/wiki/Coactivator_(genetics)" title="Coactivator (genetics)">coactivators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corepressor" title="Corepressor">corepressors</a> instead of only coactivators and resultant differing <a href="/wiki/Protein_conformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein conformation">receptor conformations</a>, distinct tissue-specific modulation of <a href="/wiki/Signaling_cascade" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling cascade">signaling pathways</a> mediating <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">genomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Membrane_steroid_receptor" title="Membrane steroid receptor">non-genomic</a> effects, and differences in within-tissue <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and modulation of ligand <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a> (i.e., potentiation versus lack thereof), among others, all constitute possible mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28624515-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17339601-52">[52]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Transcription_coregulator" title="Transcription coregulator">coregulator</a> recruitment, the ratios of coactivators to corepressors vary in different tissues throughout the body, and it is thought that SARMs may have agonistic effects in tissues with an excess of coactivators relative to corepressors like muscle and bone and may have partially agonistic or antagonistic effects in tissues with an excess of corepressors over coactivators like the prostate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28624515-51">[51]</a> Another mechanism may be that SARMs like enobosarm induce the N/C interaction less readily than AR full agonists like DHT.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19357508-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20444881-49">[49]</a> Induction of the N/C interaction has been associated with the effects of <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogenous">exogenous</a> AR agonists, for instance <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilization</a> and prostate growth.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20444881-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-HohlMarcelli2023-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12051960-55">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">animal studies</a>, enobosarm has shown potent muscle-promoting effects that were similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a> and DHT.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26393303-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18801930-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15987833-48">[48]</a> In one of the first published studies, enobosarm maximally restored prostate weight to 51%, seminal vesicle weight to 98%, and levator ani muscle weight to 136% in castrated male rats relative to gonadally intact control male rats, with an <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">ED50</a> dose for muscle of 0.03 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24189892-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28624515-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15987833-48">[48]</a> For comparison, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a> was able to maximally stimulate levator ani muscle to 104% and prostate weight to 121%, with ED50 doses of 0.15 mg/day and 0.13 mg/day, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> Hence, enobosarm was able to stimulate the levator ani muscle to a size greater than that in normal male rats or produced with exogenous testosterone in castrated male rats, but was only capable of partially rescuing prostate gland weight.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28624515-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15987833-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> Additionally, enobosarm fully maintained or restored levator ani weight at doses that did not affect LH or FSH levels in gonadally intact animals (≤0.1 mg/day).<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> As such, it was more potent in stimulating muscle than testosterone at doses that did not affect <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropin</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> In gonadally intact male rats, enobosarm significantly increased levator ani muscle weight to 131% of intact controls but significantly decreased the weights of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, demonstrating an antagonistic or partially agonistic effect in these tissues.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> In another animal study, enobosarm and DHT increased levator ani weights to similar or slightly different extents in intact male rats, but DHT strongly increased prostate weight while enobosarm reduced prostate weight.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35063736-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18801930-58">[58]</a> Aside from effects in muscle tissue, enobosarm has been assessed and found to completely maintain bone quality and composition in castrated male rats and to partially but not fully prevent bone loss in ovariectomized female rats, indicating potent anabolic effects in bone as well.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> human clinical trial in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women, enobosarm dose-dependently increased <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> (muscle mass) across doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/day, with a significant 1.3 kg gain over placebo at 3 mg/day and a non-significant 0.7 kg gain over placebo at 1 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> Similarly, in two <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 3</a> clinical trials in men and postmenopausal women with muscle wasting due to <a href="/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_cancer" title="Non-small-cell lung cancer">non-small-cell lung cancer</a>, enobosarm at 3 mg/day significantly increased lean body mass by 0.41 kg and 0.47 kg.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> However, enobosarm did not successfully increase muscle strength in these phase 3 trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> In any case, it has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_study_design" title="Clinical study design">study designs</a> and physical function outcomes in such trials may have been flawed.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28807233-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33759397-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30138131-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36866171-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> The increases in lean body mass that have been seen with employed doses of enobosarm in clinical trials are very modest compared to those produced with supraphysiological doses of testosterone over similar timeframes (e.g., 0.5–1.5 kg with enobosarm versus 5–8 kg with 300–600 mg/week intramuscular testosterone enanthate in healthy young men).<a href="#cite_note-pmid19357508-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11701431-64">[64]</a> The effects of higher doses of enobosarm (9–18 mg/day) on lean body mass and muscle strength are also being evaluated in women with breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-KassemShohdy2019-43">[43]</a> There is some evidence that women may be more sensitive to lean body mass increases with SARMs, specifically <a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK-2881078</a> but potentially also others like enobosarm, than men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> In addition to its mixed agonist–antagonist activity at the AR, enobosarm is likely to also differ from steroidal androgens in its effects due to differences in within-tissue ligand metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17339601-52">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilizing</a> and androgenic effects of the traditional steroidal androgens like testosterone in <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a> are attributed to high <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase">5α-reductase</a> in these tissues and consequent local conversion and potentiation into more <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> androgens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> In the case of testosterone, this is via conversion into the 10-fold more potent androgen DHT.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> Enobosarm is not subject to this local transformation and potentiation, and so is theorized to have greatly reduced effects in these tissues relative to testosterone and certain other steroidal androgens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a> This is likewise theorized to be the case for non-5α-reductase-potentiated anabolic steroids like nandrolone and oxandrolone, which have high <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Pharmacology" title="Anabolic steroid">myotrophic–androgenic potency ratios</a> in animals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a> The lack of 5α-reduction may result in reduced androgenic side effects like <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">scalp hair loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">facial and body hair growth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostatism">prostate growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27141449-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a> On the other hand, although SARMs, like enobosarm, as well as anabolic steroids, may have reduced virilizing effects in skin and hair follicles, this is not necessarily the case for virilization in general.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18500378-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> In particular, the muscle-promoting effects of these agents can be considered a masculinizing effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36644692-66">[66]</a> The potential masculinizing effects of enobosarm and SARMs in general are largely uncharacterized and unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a> Aside from metabolism differences related to 5α-reduction, enobosarm has also shown much greater impact in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, specifically on certain aspects of <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein synthesis">hepatic protein synthesis</a> like reduction of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) production, than even highly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supraphysiological" class="extiw" title="wikt:supraphysiological">supraphysiological</a> doses of <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral administration">parenteral</a> <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> This phenomenon has also been seen with other SARMs, such as <a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37218811-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22459616-67">[67]</a> as well as with <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> orally active <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-alkylated_anabolic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-alkylated anabolic steroid">17α-alkylated anabolic steroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">stanozolol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3068771-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2723028-69">[69]</a> It can be attributed to the <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass</a> through the liver with <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral administration</a> and to the high oral <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> and strong resistance to hepatic metabolism of these agents.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3320548-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3320549-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a> Enobosarm has no <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogenic</a> activity, either intrinsic to itself or via its <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24945109-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27729416-42">[42]</a> As a result, the drug is not expected to have <a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">feminizing</a> effects or risk of <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> (breast development) nor to stimulate estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> SARMs like enobosarm are not ideal agents for <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">androgen replacement therapy</a> as they are not expected to reproduce the full spectrum of effects of testosterone and other androgens, including not only AR-mediated effects but also notably <a href="/wiki/Aromatization" title="Aromatization">aromatization</a> into <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> and required physiological <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogenic</a> effects in <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a> Enobosarm has been found to be a weak <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone receptor</a> and hence might have some capacity for <a href="/wiki/Antiprogestogen" title="Antiprogestogen">antiprogestogenic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> Aside from its weak interaction with the progesterone receptor, enobosarm is highly <a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">selective</a> for the AR and does not bind to other <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear hormone receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption">Absorption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Absorption">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailable</a> due to a lack of extensive <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> In rats, the oral bioavailability of enobosarm was found to be 100%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24074268-3">[3]</a> Enobosarm is rapidly <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (pharmacokinetics)">absorbed</a> with oral administration and reaches <a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">maximal concentrations</a> median 1.0 hours (range 1.0–2.0 hours) following administration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885819-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> The drug reaches a peak concentration of 56.0 ng/mL (range 53.1–123.0 ng/mL) following a single 3 mg dose and a <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state (pharmacology)">steady-state</a> peak of 68.1 ng/mL following repeated 3 mg doses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885819-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of enobosarm are linear and proportional over a dose range of 1 to 100 mg in single doses in healthy men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> The pharmacokinetics of enobosarm are similar in young versus elderly individuals.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concentration-time_curve" class="extiw" title="wikt:concentration-time curve">concentration–time curve</a> of enobosarm levels following a single oral dose of enobosarm in humans has been published.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is a <a href="/wiki/Small-molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-molecule">small-molecule</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PubChem-Enobosarm-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank-Enobosarm-73">[73]</a> Compounds of this type are typically able to diffuse freely through <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">biological membranes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> and barriers like the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23027466-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34218646-75">[75]</a> This is in fact essential for the action of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> like enobosarm since their <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological targets</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> in this case) are located <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellularly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23027466-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid34218646-75">[75]</a> One <a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a> study predicted that, on the basis of its overall <a href="/wiki/Physicochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicochemical">physicochemical</a> properties (but not considering <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a>), enobosarm would be unlikely to cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> and hence would be a <a href="/wiki/Peripherally_selective_drug" title="Peripherally selective drug">peripherally selective drug</a> with reduced or no <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23881885-76">[76]</a> However, in a rat <a href="/wiki/Tissue_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue distribution">tissue distribution</a> study, enobosarm was found to be concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> tissues to a similar extent as other target tissues like <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24074268-3">[3]</a> This is consistent with enobosarm producing centrally mediated effects in humans like suppression of LH and FSH <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26401842-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> Enobosarm does not bind to <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a> studies found very minimal <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of enobosarm by human <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> The greatest degree of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidative</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> generation occurred with <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Upon incubation with human <a href="/wiki/UDP-glucuronosyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="UDP-glucuronosyltransferase">UDP-glucuronosyltransferase</a> (UGT) enzymes, enobosarm glucuronide was generated, with a majority of this inactive metabolite being produced by <a href="/wiki/UGT1A1" class="mw-redirect" title="UGT1A1">UGT1A1</a> and <a href="/wiki/UGT2B7" title="UGT2B7">UGT2B7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Enobosarm glucuronide is the primary circulating metabolite of enobosarm.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Coadministration of the strong CYP3A4 <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitor</a> <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a> had minimal impact on the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of enobosarm and enobosarm glucuronide, whereas the strong CYP3A4 <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">inducer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rifampin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifampin">rifampin</a> reduced enobosarm peak levels by 23%, <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> by 23%, and <a href="/wiki/Area-under-the-curve_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Area-under-the-curve levels">area-under-the-curve levels</a> by 43%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885819-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> Coadministration of the pan-UGT inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">probenecid</a> with enobosarm resulted in similar peak levels of enobosarm but the elimination half-life of enobosarm was extended by 78% and area-under-the-curve levels increased by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27885819-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> These data are consistent with the preclinical findings that enobosarm is a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (biochemistry)">substrate</a> of CYP3A4 and UGT enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> The metabolism of enobosarm is similar to that of the closely structurally related drug <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24074268-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elimination">Elimination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Elimination">edit</a>]</div> In rats, enobosarm was <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted</a> approximately 70% in <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and 21 to 25% in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24074268-3">[3]</a> Enobosarm has an <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of approximately 14 to 24 hours in human volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24490605-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19852734-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a> In one pharmacokinetic study, the mean <a href="/wiki/Terminal_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal half-life">terminal half-life</a> was 22.0 ± 5.8 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">SD</a>) hours, with a range of 13.7 to 31.3 hours in different individuals<a href="#cite_note-pmid27105861-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is a <a href="/wiki/Small-molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-molecule">small-molecule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> = 389.3 g/mol) and highly <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient#Prediction" title="Partition coefficient">predicted</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient#Partition_coefficient_and_log_P" title="Partition coefficient">log P</a> = 2.7–3.3) <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PubChem-Enobosarm-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-DrugBank-Enobosarm-73">[73]</a> Enobosarm and related SARMs like <a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">acetothiolutamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">andarine</a> (acetamidoxolutamide; GTx-007; S-4), and <a href="/wiki/GTx-027" title="GTx-027">GTx-027</a> were <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derived</a> from <a href="/wiki/Structural_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural modification">structural modification</a> of the arylpropionamide <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16159155-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15994457-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30525603-79">[79]</a> They are nonsteroidal arylpropionamides themselves and are close <a href="/wiki/Structural_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural analogue">structural analogues</a> of bicalutamide.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15994457-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid30525603-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22612692-80">[80]</a> Bicalutamide was used to derive acetothiolutamide, andarine was developed from acetothiolutamide, the SARM S-1 was developed from andarine, and finally enobosarm was developed from S-1.<a href="#cite_note-Holderbaum2020-81">[81]</a> Bicalutamide is used clinically as an antiandrogen, but there is some evidence that bicalutamide itself may have some SARM-like properties in certain tissues, for instance in muscle and bone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25270521-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17049844-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20950306-84">[84]</a> Enobosarm (S-22) and andarine (S-4) and their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemical structures</a> have sometimes been confused.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19432422-85">[85]</a> The chemical structure of enobosarm was not disclosed until November 2011.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19432422-85">[85]</a> Novel nonsteroidal antiandrogens have been developed from enobosarm with enhanced <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a> and activity relative to conventional antiandrogens like bicalutamide and <a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">enzalutamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29895558-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid31288149-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The first SARMs were arylpropionamides derived from the <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_antiandrogen" title="Nonsteroidal antiandrogen">nonsteroidal antiandrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9514878-88">[88]</a> They were discovered by <a href="/wiki/James_T._Dalton" title="James T. Dalton">James T. Dalton</a> and colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a> and other institutions and were first described in a paper published in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-JonesCossSteinerDalton2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9514878-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-WO2005120483-89">[89]</a> At the time, these AR agonists were referred to as "nonsteroidal androgens", a drug class that had not been previously described.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10522980-90">[90]</a> By 1999 however, on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a> (SERM)-like <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">mixed agonist–antagonist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_selectivity" title="Tissue selectivity">tissue-selective</a> activity of these nonsteroidal AR agonists, the term "selective androgen receptor modulator" or "SARM" was introduced and adoption of this name had begun.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10522980-90">[90]</a> The arylpropionamide SARM <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">andarine</a> (GTx-007; S-4) was first described in the literature by 2002.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12161060-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12604714-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perera2003-93">[93]</a> In 2003, arylpropionamide AR agonists, including andarine, were first reported to possess SARM-type <a href="/wiki/Tissue_selectivity" title="Tissue selectivity">tissue selectivity</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23231475-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12604714-92">[92]</a> Enobosarm (GTx-024; S-22), another arylpropionamide SARM, was first identified in 2004<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-WO2005120483-89">[89]</a> and was first described in the literature in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15987833-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-WO2005120483-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/GTx_Incorporated" title="GTx Incorporated">GTx</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">pharmaceutical company</a> founded in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> in 1997, licensed the rights to enobosarm from the University of Tennessee Research Foundation and began developing it as a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WO2005120483-89">[89]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_I" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trial</a> employing enobosarm had been completed by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">[18]</a> By 2007, enobosarm was in a <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> trial, and that year GTx signed an exclusive license agreement for its SARM program with <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a><a href="#cite_note-OutsourcingPharma2007-94">[94]</a> The companies ended the deal in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes2010-95">[95]</a> In August 2011, there was a 12-week <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">double-blind, placebo controlled</a> phase 2 trial that focused on elderly men and postmenopausal women which concluded that enobosarm showed statistically significant improvements in total lean body mass and physical function without apparent adverse effects on hair growth or sebum production.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22031847-28">[28]</a> In August 2013, GTx announced that enobosarm had failed in two <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 3</a> clinical trials to treat wasting in people with <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PharmaLetter2013-96">[96]</a> The company had invested around $35 million in the development of the drug.<a href="#cite_note-MBJ2014-97">[97]</a> The company said at that time that it planned to pursue approval of enobosarm in Europe; the company was also still developing <a href="/wiki/GTx-758" title="GTx-758">GTx-758</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_estrogen" title="Nonsteroidal estrogen">nonsteroidal estrogen</a>, for castration-resistant <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FierceBiotech2014-98">[98]</a> As of 2018, enobosarm was the only SARM to have reached or completed phase 3 clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28624515-51">[51]</a> In 2016, GTx began phase 2 trials, to see if enobosarm might be effective to treat <a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">stress urinary incontinence</a> in women.<a href="#cite_note-DrugDevTech2016-99">[99]</a> In 2018, GTx announced the phase 2 trials on the effectiveness of enobosarm for stress urinary incontinence in women failed to achieve its primary endpoint in the ASTRID Trial.<a href="#cite_note-GEN2018-100">[100]</a> By September 2023, development of enobosarm for stress urinary incontinence had been discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a> In 2022, the FDA granted <a href="/wiki/Fast_track_(FDA)" title="Fast track (FDA)">fast tract designation</a> to enobosarm in <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">AR+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">ER</a>+, <a href="/wiki/HER2" title="HER2">HER2</a>- <a href="/wiki/Metastatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastatic">metastatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CancerNetwork2022-101">[101]</a> In January 2024, Veru Inc. submitted an <a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a> application to the FDA of enobosarm for prevention of muscle loss and augmentation of fat loss in combination with <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">semaglutide</a> for <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biospace2024-9">[9]</a> In addition, they announced plans to conduct a phase 2b study of enobosarm at doses of 3 to 6 mg/day for this purpose in sarcopenic obese or overweight elderly individuals receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists.<a href="#cite_note-Biospace2024-9">[9]</a> Enobosarm was developed by GTx, Inc., and is now being developed by Veru, Inc.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is the <a href="/wiki/Generic_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic term">generic name</a> of the drug and its <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">International Nonproprietary Name</a> (INN).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-102">[102]</a> Ostarine was a tentative brand name of the drug created by GTx, Inc. that did not end up being used for marketing purposes but continues to be used as a synonym for the drug.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19852734-6">[6]</a> Enobosarm is also known by the pharmaceutical developmental code names S-22 (synthesis paper), GTx-024 (GTx, Inc.), MK-2866 (<a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a>), and VERU-024 (Veru, Inc.).<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-medical_use">Non-medical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-medical use">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm and other SARMs are sold by black-market vendors on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29183075-25">[25]</a> These agents have increasingly become used by the general public as "gym supplements" such as <a href="/wiki/Pre-workout" title="Pre-workout">pre-workout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_drug" title="Lifestyle drug">lifestyle drugs</a>, rather than as an aid to performance in athletic or bodybuilding competitions. In one survey, 2.7% of young male gym users in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> reported using SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid38059982-23">[23]</a> In addition, a 2018 analysis of a <a href="/wiki/Fatberg" title="Fatberg">fatberg</a> from a sewer in central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> showed enobosarm to be the most abundant "pharmaceutical drug" detected, and was present at higher concentration than <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. While this isolated result may not be representative of overall levels of use, for enobosarm to be detectable in sewer deposits reflects significant levels of enobosarm use in the area close to where the sample was collected.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian2018-24">[24]</a> Doses of enobosarm sold online and used non-medically are often many times higher than those assessed in clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37571268-27">[27]</a> Aside from enobosarm, the other most commonly used SARMs include <a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">vosilasarm</a> (RAD140; "testolone"), <a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a> (VK5211; "ligandrol"), and <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">andarine</a> (GTx-007; S-4).<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-26">[26]</a> Many products sold online that are purported to be enobosarm either contain none or contain other unrelated substances, and doses are also frequently not as labeled.<a href="#cite_note-pmid33148520-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29183075-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> has played an important role in facilitating the widespread non-medical use of SARMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35574698-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doping_in_sport">Doping in sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Doping in sport">edit</a>]</div> SARMs including enobosarm may be and have been used by athletes to assist in training and increase physical stamina and fitness, potentially producing effects similar to <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a>. For this reason, SARMs were banned by the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> in January 2008, despite no drugs from this class yet being in clinical use, and blood tests for all known SARMs have been developed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> There are a variety of known cases of <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping in sports">doping in sports</a> with enobosarm by <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional</a> <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athletes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_doping_cases">List of doping cases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of doping cases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_doping_in_sport_cases#Enobosarm" class="mw-redirect" title="List of doping in sport cases">List of doping in sport cases § Enobosarm</a></div> In May 2017, Dynamic Technical Formulations voluntarily recalled all lots of Tri-Ton, a dietary supplement that the FDA tested and found to contain Enobosarm and <a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">andarine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">UFC</a> fighter <a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Malley_(fighter)" title="Sean O'Malley (fighter)">Sean O'Malley</a> tested positive for Enobosarm and was suspended by the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_State_Athletic_Commission" title="Nevada State Athletic Commission">Nevada State Athletic Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/USADA" class="mw-redirect" title="USADA">USADA</a> for six months. O'Malley tested positive again on May 25, 2019 and was suspended for nine months by the same agencies. USADA determined that none of O'Malley's positive tests were consistent with intentional use and he was allowed to compete at <a href="/wiki/UFC_248" title="UFC 248">UFC 248</a> as long as he kept his levels below the threshold of 100 ng/ml.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> On January 7, 2019, the College National Football Championship was played between University of Alabama and Clemson University. Prior to the College Football National Championship game, three Clemson players who were suspended — Dexter Lawrence, Braden Galloway and Zach Giellaall — tested positive for a substance known as enobosarm. On June 23, 2019 Clemson did not release enobosarm investigation findings, citing privacy law.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In July 2019, <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> player <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Lewan" title="Taylor Lewan">Taylor Lewan</a> failed a drug test for Enobosarm, which Lewan claimed he ingested accidentally as an unlabeled ingredient in a supplement.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On October 23, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a> (UCI) announced that the Italian rider <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Spreafico" title="Matteo Spreafico">Matteo Spreafico</a> has been notified of two adverse analytical findings (AAFs) for Enobosarm in two samples collected during the Giro d’Italia on 15–16 October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On July 6, 2021, during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Brazil women's national volleyball team">Brazil women's national volleyball team</a> player <a href="/wiki/Tandara_Caixeta" title="Tandara Caixeta">Tandara</a> was temporarily suspended for testing positive for enobosarm. The test was carried out and identified by the Brazilian Doping Control Authority (ABDC).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On August 12, 2021, after the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, Chijindu "CJ" Ujah, A member of the silver medal-winning British 4×100 relay team was temporarily suspended for testing positive for both enobosarm and <a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a>. The sample was collected post event by the International Testing Agency (ITA) and confirmed two days later as positive. The case was referred to the anti-doping division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Finally in February 2022, Great Britain were stripped of their silver medal.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In October 2022, Ujah was suspended for 22 months by the ITA.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In October 2021, two Thoroughbred horses named Arafat and Komunist tested positive for enobosarm after races at <a href="/wiki/Woodbine_Racetrack" title="Woodbine Racetrack">Woodbine Racetrack</a>. In a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Gaming_Commission_of_Ontario" title="Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario">Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario</a> issued May 30, 2022, the horses were declared unplaced in the races in question, and their trainer Robert Gerl was fined $100,000 (as well as forfeiting prize money) and suspended from racing for 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In May 2022, National Football League <a href="/wiki/Wide_receiver" title="Wide receiver">Wide receiver</a> <a href="/wiki/DeAndre_Hopkins" title="DeAndre Hopkins">DeAndre Hopkins</a> was suspended six games without pay by the NFL for violating the league's performance-enhancing drug policy. According to Hopkins, he tested positive for enobosarm.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In April 2023, British boxer <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_(boxer)" title="Amir Khan (boxer)">Amir Khan</a> was banned for two years after an anti-doping test revealed the presence of enobosarm following his fight against <a href="/wiki/Kell_Brook" title="Kell Brook">Kell Brook</a> in February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On May 1, 2024, American boxer <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Garcia" title="Ryan Garcia">Ryan Garcia</a> tested positive for the performance-enhancing substance Ostarine the day before and the day of his upset win over Devin Haney last month, per a Voluntary Anti-Doping Association letter sent to all parties Wednesday and obtained by ESPN. The samples were taken prior to the fight, but the results weren't known until later. Garcia's A-sample also screened positive for 19-norandrosterone, but its presence is unconfirmed at this time. Garcia floored Haney three times during the majority decision victory, but that result could possibly be overturned because his B-sample tested positive on May 22, 2024. Garcia's fate now rests in the hands of the New York State Athletic Commission, which will adjudicate any suspensions and financial penalties. Sanctions also include the possibility of his win over Haney being overturned to a no-contest or having it changed to a disqualification. Despite his "B" samples returning positive results, Garcia has maintained his innocence and has cited substance contamination.<a href="#cite_note-Coppinger2024-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Enobosarm is currently under development for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36972361-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37946721-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37684290-45">[45]</a> It was also previously under development for a variety of other potential uses, including treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sarcopenia" title="Sarcopenia">sarcopenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">stress incontinence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> However, development for all other indications has been discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a> Enobosarm was assessed for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_wasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle wasting">muscle wasting</a> in people with <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> in two <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Businesswire2013-13">[13]</a> The findings of these trials were reported in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Businesswire2013-13">[13]</a> Enobosarm significantly improved <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> in the trials, but it was not effective in improving <a href="/wiki/Muscle_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle strength">muscle strength</a>, as measured by stair climb power.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27535042-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36479151-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Businesswire2013-13">[13]</a> Consequent to these findings, enobosarm did not gain regulatory approval, and development for this use was terminated.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> Enobosarm had originally been under development for the treatment of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy).<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> However, the FDA requested a cardiovascular safety study be conducted to proceed with phase 3 trials for this indication.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> The developer of enobosarm refused to conduct this study due to the considerable costs that would be involved.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> Instead, it opted to trial enobosarm for muscle wasting in cachexia patients, in whom the FDA was more tolerant to cardiovascular side effects and did not require cardiovascular safety evaluation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a> Following negative findings for muscle wasting, enobosarm was evaluated for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Stress_urinary_incontinence" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress urinary incontinence">stress urinary incontinence</a> in postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> It was expected that enobosarm might be effective for this use by strengthening the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic floor muscle">pelvic floor muscles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> Enobosarm reached <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_II" title="Phases of clinical research">phase 2</a> clinical trials for this indication, but development was discontinued due to lack of effectiveness in a phase 2 study.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> Subsequently, enobosarm was repurposed again for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hormone-sensitive_cancer" title="Hormone-sensitive cancer">androgen receptor-positive (AR+) estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)</a> breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid36972361-8">[8]</a> As of November 2023, it is in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of this type of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37946721-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid37684290-45">[45]</a> Increases in lean body mass and muscle strength as a secondary benefit with enobosarm are also being evaluated in these women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-KassemShohdy2019-43">[43]</a> These trials are notably employing several-fold higher doses of enobosarm than were assessed in the muscle wasting phase 3 trials (9 mg/day versus 3 mg/day, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-KassemShohdy2019-43">[43]</a> In January 2024, it was announced that enobosarm was being developed for prevention of muscle wasting and augmentation of fat loss in combination with <a href="/wiki/GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">semaglutide</a> for <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biospace2024-9">[9]</a> A phase 2b clinical trial for this indication with 3 to 6 mg/day enobosarm in sarcopenic obese or overweight elderly individuals is being prepared.<a href="#cite_note-Biospace2024-9">[9]</a> According to GTx, the original developer of enobosarm, a total of 25 clinical studies have been carried out on more than 1,700 people involving doses from 1 to 100 mg as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32476495-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biospace2016-22">[22]</a> However, enobosarm has not yet completed clinical development or been approved for any use.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid32257854-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigational_sex-hormonal_agents#Androgenics" title="List of investigational sex-hormonal agents">List of investigational sex-hormonal agents § Androgenics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight_1-21">v</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800022562">"Enobosarm - GTx"</a>. Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adis+Insight&rft.atitle=Enobosarm+-+GTx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800022562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32257854-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32257854_2-24">y</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenLipshultzHotalingPastuszak2020" class="citation journal cs1">Christiansen AR, Lipshultz LI, Hotaling JM, Pastuszak AW (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108998">"Selective androgen receptor modulators: the future of androgen therapy?"</a>. Translational Andrology and Urology. 9 (Suppl 2): S135 – S148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau.2019.11.02">10.21037/tau.2019.11.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108998">7108998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32257854">32257854</a>. <q>Unfortunately, results of recent clinical trials of the SARM GTx-024 (Enobosarm) have tempered expectations for its utility as a therapy for muscle wasting. Early on, GTx-024 appeared to have a very bright future as a treatment for sarcopenia/cachexia. Preliminary clinical trials demonstrated that GTx-024 could increase lean body mass and improve physical function without androgenic side effects (27). However, Enobosarm was dealt a blow after the phase III Prevention and treatment Of muscle Wasting in patients with cancER (POWER) I and II trials, where increases in lean body mass were once again observed, but without improved stair climb power (79,80). Failure to attain both primary endpoints led to a lack of approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which has cast doubt on the previously charted course for SARMs and has tempered enthusiasm regarding the role of SARMs in the treatment of muscle wasting conditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translational+Andrology+and+Urology&rft.atitle=Selective+androgen+receptor+modulators%3A+the+future+of+androgen+therapy%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES135+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES148%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7108998%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32257854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Ftau.2019.11.02&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Lipshultz%2C+LI&rft.au=Hotaling%2C+JM&rft.au=Pastuszak%2C+AW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7108998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24074268-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24074268_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24074268_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24074268_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24074268_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24074268_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24074268_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimWangVeverkaDalton2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kim J, Wang R, Veverka KA, Dalton JT (November 2013). 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"Enobosarm (GTx-024, S-22): a potential treatment for cachexia". Future Oncology. 10 (2): 187–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2Ffon.13.273">10.2217/fon.13.273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24490605">24490605</a>. <q>Pharmacokinetics & metabolism: Enobosarm was shown to have linear pharmacokinetics in single-dose studies in healthy male subjects using doses of 1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 mg. In another study enobosarm was given to healthy subjects at doses of 1, 3, 10 and 30 mg over 14 days. Per data from GTx, Inc., the halflife ranged from 14–21 h with similar mean maximum plasma concentration and exposure in subjects of varying ages (Table 1) [20].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Oncology&rft.atitle=Enobosarm+%28GTx-024%2C+S-22%29%3A+a+potential+treatment+for+cachexia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2Ffon.13.273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24490605&rft.aulast=Srinath&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Dobs%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19852734-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19852734_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19852734_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19852734_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19852734_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19852734_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19852734_6-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZilbermintDobs2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zilbermint MF, Dobs AS (October 2009). 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"Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 29 (8): 881–891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13543784.2020.1777275">10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32476495">32476495</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219174372">219174372</a>. <q>[...] to proceed with enobosarm into a phase III clinical trial in patients with sarcopenia, the FDA requested a cardiovascular safety study, which the manufacturer refused to undertake due to considerable costs and decided to test enobosarm in cancer cachexia patients in whom the FDA was more tolerant to the long-term cardiovascular side effects [67]. [...] Enobosarm promotes a similar anabolic response compared with DHT via muscle AR activation, [...] [35]. In a recent study with ovariectomized mice, the weight of the musculus gastrocnemius has been shown to be higher in all groups treated with ostarine as well as bone mineral density and bone biomechanical properties [15]. Moreover, the stimulation of reproductive organs with enobosarm seems to be less pronounced compared to testosterone administration [36] due to its partial agonist and antagonist effect on other androgen-dependent tissues such as prostate and seminal vesicles [37]. [...] In the POWER trials (POWER 1, NCT01355484 and POWER 2, NCT01355497; Table 1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, and multi-center phase III studies [40], patients with non-small-cell lung cancer were given 3 mg of enobosarm or placebo for five months. Despite a lower rate of decline in body weight in the group treated with enobosarm in POWER 1, patients increased LBM at day 84 and day 147 in POWER 1 (+0.41 kg) and POWER 2 (+0.47 kg) compared with patients receiving placebo. However, no physical function improvement has been reported in both studies [41].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Investigational+Drugs&rft.atitle=Selective+androgen+receptor+modulators+%28SARMs%29+as+pharmacological+treatment+for+muscle+wasting+in+ongoing+clinical+trials&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E881-%3C%2Fspan%3E891&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219174372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32476495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13543784.2020.1777275&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=GW&rft.au=Dworatzek%2C+E&rft.au=Ebner%2C+N&rft.au=Von+Haehling%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27535042-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27535042_11-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWuKovac2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wu C, Kovac JR (October 2016). "Novel Uses for the Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Nandrolone and Oxandrolone in the Management of Male Health". Current Urology Reports. 17 (10): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11934-016-0629-8">10.1007/s11934-016-0629-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27535042">27535042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43199715">43199715</a>. <q>Enobosarm has also been evaluated in two phase III clinical trials entitled Prevention and treatment Of muscle Wasting in patiEnts with Cancer 1 and 2 (POWER1 (NCT01355484) and POWER2 (NCT01355497)). [...] The co-primary endpoints of this trial were lean body mass (LBM) response and physical function response for enobosarm vs. placebo after 3 months of treatment. Beneficial effects on both LBM and physical function were found in POWER1, and benefit to LBM but equivocal effects on physical function were found in POWER2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Urology+Reports&rft.atitle=Novel+Uses+for+the+Anabolic+Androgenic+Steroids+Nandrolone+and+Oxandrolone+in+the+Management+of+Male+Health&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43199715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27535042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11934-016-0629-8&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kovac%2C+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid36479151-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36479151_12-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohideenHussainDahiyaWehbe2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mohideen H, Hussain H, Dahiya DS, Wehbe H (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9647117">"Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: An Emerging Liver Toxin"</a>. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 11 (1): 188–196. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9647117">9647117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36479151">36479151</a>. <q>17α-alkylated AASs have been modified to be more resistant to liver degradation so that they have decreased first-pass metabolism, allowing for better oral bioavailability and more stable serum levels. However, reduced liver clearance increases the potential for hepatotoxicity.19 Much like this class of AASs, SARMs have been designed for adequate oral bioavailability with decreased liver degradation which would likely create a similar potential for hepatotoxicity.8,15 [...] Ostarine was the first SARM to undergo a phase III clinical trial. The POWER1 and POWER2 trials were two identical randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies to evaluate the efficacy of Ostarine for the treatment of muscle wasting in non-small cell lung cancer. Participants were given 3 mg of Ostarine versus placebo. 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Steroids. 164: 108753. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.steroids.2020.108753">10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33148520">33148520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225049089">225049089</a>. <q>Additionally, reported SARM-induced fat free mass increases are a mere fraction of that reported in modest doses of testosterone derivatives in similar timeframes (~1.5kg versus ~7kg in SARMs and testosterone, respectively) [21].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=Considerations%2C+possible+contraindications%2C+and+potential+mechanisms+for+deleterious+effect+in+recreational+and+athletic+use+of+selective+androgen+receptor+modulators+%28SARMs%29+in+lieu+of+anabolic+androgenic+steroids%3A+A+narrative+review&rft.volume=164&rft.pages=108753&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225049089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33148520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.steroids.2020.108753&rft.aulast=Machek&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=Cardaci%2C+TD&rft.au=Wilburn%2C+DT&rft.au=Willoughby%2C+DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MohlerNair2005-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MohlerNair2005_18-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohlerNairHwangRakov2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mohler ML, Nair VA, Hwang DJ, Rakov IM, Patil R, Miller DD (2005-10-28). 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ACG Case Reports Journal. 10 (7): e01105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14309%2Fcrj.0000000000001105">10.14309/crj.0000000000001105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10371315">10371315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37501938">37501938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACG+Case+Reports+Journal&rft.atitle=Bile+Cast+Nephropathy+Because+of+Acute+Liver+Injury+Associated+With+Selective+Androgen+Receptor+Modulators&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e01105&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10371315%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37501938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14309%2Fcrj.0000000000001105&rft.aulast=Arayangkool&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Gozun%2C+M&rft.au=Tanariyakul%2C+M&rft.au=Techasatian%2C+W&rft.au=Leesutipornchai%2C+T&rft.au=Nishimura%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10371315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18500378-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18500378_37-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKicman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kicman AT (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439524">"Pharmacology of anabolic steroids"</a>. British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.165">10.1038/bjp.2008.165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439524">2439524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18500378">18500378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+anabolic+steroids&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E521&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2439524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18500378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.165&rft.aulast=Kicman&rft.aufirst=AT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2439524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skinner2018-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Skinner2018_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiangChangHsu2018" class="citation book cs1">Liang JY, Chang HC, Hsu GL (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4RlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376">"Penis Endocrinology"</a>. In Skinner MK (ed.). Encyclopedia of Reproduction. Elsevier Science. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815145-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815145-7"><bdi>978-0-12-815145-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penis+Endocrinology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reproduction&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-12-815145-7&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=JY&rft.au=Chang%2C+HC&rft.au=Hsu%2C+GL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4RlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35277356-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35277356_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandelsman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Handelsman DJ (July 2022). "History of androgens and androgen action". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 36 (4): 101629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beem.2022.101629">10.1016/j.beem.2022.101629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35277356">35277356</a>. <q>The next invention was that of the first non-steroidal androgen by Dalton et al. [111] in 1998, six decades after the first non-steroidal estrogen [112]. This creates a new class of non-steroidal synthetic androgen, often termed Specific Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARM), a misleading marketing term rather than an accurate pharmacological description [113,114], usurping a speculative but unsound analogy with Specific Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERM). [...] none of the non-steroidal androgens under development [116,117] are marketed by 2021. Yet hope springs eternal for this new attempt to separate anabolic from androgenic properties of androgens to facilitate marketing for muscle wasting and other selective effects of testosterone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research.+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=History+of+androgens+and+androgen+action&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=101629&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.beem.2022.101629&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35277356&rft.aulast=Handelsman&rft.aufirst=DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21511988-40"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21511988_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandelsman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Handelsman DJ (May 2011). "Commentary: androgens and "anabolic steroids": the one-headed janus". Endocrinology. 152 (5): 1752–1754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2010-1501">10.1210/en.2010-1501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21511988">21511988</a>. <q>Although development of the first nonsteroidal androgens (17, 18) as candidate selective AR modulators (19) raises hope of resurrecting this defunct term (20), prereceptor activation mechanisms cannot apply to nonsteroidal androgens, and the singular AR lacks a dual drive mechanism of the other paired sex steroid receptors. Consequently, it is not surprising that available knowledge (21) provides only slender hope that this failed, and probably false, dichotomy will now succeed through a renewed search guided by the same in vivo bioassay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+androgens+and+%22anabolic+steroids%22%3A+the+one-headed+janus&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1752-%3C%2Fspan%3E1754&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2010-1501&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21511988&rft.aulast=Handelsman&rft.aufirst=DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA2017-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FDA2017_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/fda-brief/fda-brief-fda-warns-against-using-sarms-body-building-products">"FDA In Brief: FDA warns against using SARMs in body-building products"</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FDA+In+Brief%3A+FDA+warns+against+using+SARMs+in+body-building+products&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Ffda-brief%2Ffda-brief-fda-warns-against-using-sarms-body-building-products&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27729416-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27729416_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27729416_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLimTarulliPortmanHickey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lim E, Tarulli G, Portman N, Hickey TE, Tilley WD, Palmieri C (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FERC-16-0427">"Pushing estrogen receptor around in breast cancer"</a>. Endocrine-Related Cancer. 23 (12): T227 – T241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FERC-16-0427">10.1530/ERC-16-0427</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27729416">27729416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine-Related+Cancer&rft.atitle=Pushing+estrogen+receptor+around+in+breast+cancer&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ET227+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ET241%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2FERC-16-0427&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27729416&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Tarulli%2C+G&rft.au=Portman%2C+N&rft.au=Hickey%2C+TE&rft.au=Tilley%2C+WD&rft.au=Palmieri%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1530%252FERC-16-0427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KassemShohdy2019-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KassemShohdy2019_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KassemShohdy2019_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KassemShohdy2019_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KassemShohdy2019_43-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKassemShohdyMakadySalem2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kassem L, Shohdy KS, Makady NF, Salem DS, Ebrahim N, Eldaly M (2019-11-16). "Efficacy and Safety of Targeting Androgen Receptor in Advanced Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review". Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. 15 (3): 197–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1573394714666180821145032">10.2174/1573394714666180821145032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58234934">58234934</a>. <q>It is worth noting that SARMs were initially developed to get benefit of their anabolic effect on muscle and bone without much harm to other tissues. One randomized controlled trial [28], recruited male and females with cancer and weight loss showed that enobosarm 1 mg or 3 mg was associated with significant increase in lean body mass compared to placebo. This led to another ongoing trial, with more selection, aiming to evaluate enobosarm (with higher doses 9 or 18 mg) effect on physical function and lean body mass of ER+/AR+ breast cancer patients (NCT02463032). 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Molecular Interventions. 7 (1): 10–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmi.7.1.3">10.1124/mi.7.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2040232">2040232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17339601">17339601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Interventions&rft.atitle=Ockham%27s+razor+and+selective+androgen+receptor+modulators+%28SARMs%29%3A+are+we+overlooking+the+role+of+5alpha-reductase%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040232%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17339601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fmi.7.1.3&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Dalton%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2040232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19357508-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19357508_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19357508_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhasinJasuja2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bhasin S, Jasuja R (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907129">"Selective androgen receptor modulators as function promoting therapies"</a>. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 12 (3): 232–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCO.0b013e32832a3d79">10.1097/MCO.0b013e32832a3d79</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907129">2907129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19357508">19357508</a>. <q>At the doses that have been tested, the first generation SARMs induce modest gains in lean body mass in healthy volunteers, which are nowhere near the much greater gains in skeletal muscle mass reported with supraphysiological doses of testosterone. The modest gains of 1.0 to 1.5 kg in fat-free mass with first generation SARMs over 4–6 weeks should be contrasted with the 5–7 kg gains in fat-free mass with 300 and 600 mg doses of testosterone enanthate. However, it is possible that next generation of SARM molecules will have greater potency and selectivity than the first generation SARMs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Clinical+Nutrition+and+Metabolic+Care&rft.atitle=Selective+androgen+receptor+modulators+as+function+promoting+therapies&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2907129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19357508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCO.0b013e32832a3d79&rft.aulast=Bhasin&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Jasuja%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2907129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HohlMarcelli2023-54"><a href="#cite_ref-HohlMarcelli2023_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHohlMarcelli2023" class="citation book cs1">Hohl A, Marcelli M (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQTOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"Androgen Receptor in Health and Disease"</a>. In Hohl A (ed.). Testosterone. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-31501-5_2">10.1007/978-3-031-31501-5_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-31500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-31500-8"><bdi>978-3-031-31500-8</bdi></a>. <q>Physiologically N/C interaction is indispensable because it delays ligand dissociation from the receptor, protects the ligand binding pocket, and prevents receptor degradation [118]. That N/C interaction is essential in AR physiology is demonstrated by the identification of AR LBD mutations resulting in androgen insensitivity syndromes (AIS) that disrupt N/C interaction without affecting the equilibrium binding affinity for the ligand [119, 120].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Androgen+Receptor+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.btitle=Testosterone&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-31501-5_2&rft.isbn=978-3-031-31500-8&rft.aulast=Hohl&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Marcelli%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQTOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12051960-55"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12051960_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeWilson2002" class="citation journal cs1">He B, Wilson EM (April 2002). "The NH(2)-terminal and carboxyl-terminal interaction in the human androgen receptor". Mol Genet Metab. 75 (4): 293–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1096-7192%2802%2900009-4">10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00009-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12051960">12051960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Genet+Metab&rft.atitle=The+NH%282%29-terminal+and+carboxyl-terminal+interaction+in+the+human+androgen+receptor&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1096-7192%2802%2900009-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12051960&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Wilson%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24189892-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24189892_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24189892_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaltonTaylorMohlerSteiner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton JT, Taylor RP, Mohler ML, Steiner MS (December 2013). "Selective androgen receptor modulators for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting associated with cancer". Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care. 7 (4): 345–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSPC.0000000000000015">10.1097/SPC.0000000000000015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24189892">24189892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35120033">35120033</a>. <q>Enobosarm was discovered in 2004 as a hyper-myoanabolic SARM that dissociated the anabolic from androgenic effects of AR in terms of potency (ED50) and efficacy (Emax) [29]. Levator ani muscle weight was increased to 131 and 136% of intact controls in intact and castrated (maintenance mode) rats, respectively, without significant increases in ventral prostate and seminal vesicles weights. Importantly, increases in levator ani muscle weight were associated with increases in muscle strength (soleus) in rats. Enobosarm also exerted in-vivo osteoanabolic effects alone and synergistically with alendronate in terms of bone density, strength, and structure [30], which was explained by in-vitro mechanistic studies that demonstrated antiresorptive (osteoclast inhibition) and anabolic (osteoblast differentiation) effects [31].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Supportive+and+Palliative+Care&rft.atitle=Selective+androgen+receptor+modulators+for+the+prevention+and+treatment+of+muscle+wasting+associated+with+cancer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35120033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24189892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FSPC.0000000000000015&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Taylor%2C+RP&rft.au=Mohler%2C+ML&rft.au=Steiner%2C+MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26393303-57"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26393303_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuboisSimitsidellisLaurentJardi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dubois V, Simitsidellis I, Laurent MR, Jardi F, Saunders PT, Vanderschueren D, et al. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2015-1479">"Enobosarm (GTx-024) Modulates Adult Skeletal Muscle Mass Independently of the Androgen Receptor in the Satellite Cell Lineage"</a>. Endocrinology. 156 (12): 4522–4533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2015-1479">10.1210/en.2015-1479</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F072a494a-dfdc-4785-8f77-1a4e7e40e07a">20.500.11820/072a494a-dfdc-4785-8f77-1a4e7e40e07a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26393303">26393303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Enobosarm+%28GTx-024%29+Modulates+Adult+Skeletal+Muscle+Mass+Independently+of+the+Androgen+Receptor+in+the+Satellite+Cell+Lineage&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4522-%3C%2Fspan%3E4533&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F072a494a-dfdc-4785-8f77-1a4e7e40e07a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26393303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2015-1479&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Simitsidellis%2C+I&rft.au=Laurent%2C+MR&rft.au=Jardi%2C+F&rft.au=Saunders%2C+PT&rft.au=Vanderschueren%2C+D&rft.au=Claessens%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fen.2015-1479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18801930-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18801930_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18801930_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNarayananCossYepuruKearbey2008" class="citation journal cs1">Narayanan R, Coss CC, Yepuru M, Kearbey JD, Miller DD, Dalton JT (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fme.2008-0160">"Steroidal androgens and nonsteroidal, tissue-selective androgen receptor modulator, S-22, regulate androgen receptor function through distinct genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways"</a>. 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Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 68 (1): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerona%2Fgls078">10.1093/gerona/gls078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4111291">4111291</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22459616">22459616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journals+of+Gerontology.+Series+A%2C+Biological+Sciences+and+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+safety%2C+pharmacokinetics%2C+and+effects+of+LGD-4033%2C+a+novel+nonsteroidal+oral%2C+selective+androgen+receptor+modulator%2C+in+healthy+young+men&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4111291%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22459616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerona%2Fgls078&rft.aulast=Basaria&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Collins%2C+L&rft.au=Dillon%2C+EL&rft.au=Orwoll%2C+K&rft.au=Storer%2C+TW&rft.au=Miciek%2C+R&rft.au=Ulloor%2C+J&rft.au=Zhang%2C+A&rft.au=Eder%2C+R&rft.au=Zientek%2C+H&rft.au=Gordon%2C+G&rft.au=Kazmi%2C+S&rft.au=Sheffield-Moore%2C+M&rft.au=Bhasin%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4111291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3068771-68"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3068771_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlénRahkila1988" class="citation journal cs1">Alén M, Rahkila P (December 1988). "Anabolic-androgenic steroid effects on endocrinology and lipid metabolism in athletes". Sports Medicine. 6 (6): 327–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00007256-198806060-00001">10.2165/00007256-198806060-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3068771">3068771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37898289">37898289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anabolic-androgenic+steroid+effects+on+endocrinology+and+lipid+metabolism+in+athletes&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37898289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3068771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00007256-198806060-00001&rft.aulast=Al%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Rahkila%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2723028-69"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2723028_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinneckerKöhler1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sinnecker G, Köhler S (June 1989). "Sex hormone-binding globulin response to the anabolic steroid stanozolol: evidence for its suitability as a biological androgen sensitivity test". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 68 (6): 1195–1200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-68-6-1195">10.1210/jcem-68-6-1195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2723028">2723028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Sex+hormone-binding+globulin+response+to+the+anabolic+steroid+stanozolol%3A+evidence+for+its+suitability+as+a+biological+androgen+sensitivity+test&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1195-%3C%2Fspan%3E1200&rft.date=1989-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-68-6-1195&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2723028&rft.aulast=Sinnecker&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=K%C3%B6hler%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3320548-70"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3320548_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisenfeldAten1987" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenfeld AJ, Aten RF (1987). "Estrogen receptors and androgen receptors in the mammalian liver". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 27 (4–6): 1109–1118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-4731%2887%2990197-x">10.1016/0022-4731(87)90197-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3320548">3320548</a>. <q>Parenteral routes of sex steroid administration. Liver effects could also be diminished by using routes of administration other than oral. First pass effects would be avoided. [...] Although this discussion has focused predominantly on contraceptives, similar principles seem applicable for diminishing the liver side-effects of androgenic preparations. Thus, androgens should be selected which are likely to be metabolized on entering the hepatocyte and a parenteral route of administration may be preferable. Androgens which are not 17 alkylated might produce fewer liver side-effects than 17 alkylated derivatives judging from their relative effects on plasma protein levels [Z].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Steroid+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Estrogen+receptors+and+androgen+receptors+in+the+mammalian+liver&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1109-%3C%2Fspan%3E1118&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4731%2887%2990197-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3320548&rft.aulast=Eisenfeld&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Aten%2C+RF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3320549-71"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3320549_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLax1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lax ER (1987). "Mechanisms of physiological and pharmacological sex hormone action on the mammalian liver". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 27 (4–6): 1119–1128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-4731%2887%2990198-1">10.1016/0022-4731(87)90198-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3320549">3320549</a>. <q>Androgen and oestrogen receptors have been demonstrated in mammalian liver, but since it is generally accepted that they are probably non-functional at endogenous steroid concentrations, it is not apparent how they mediate physiological influences on this organ. Nor is it certain to what extent pharmacological actions of sex hormones reflect overstimulation of physiological routes or whether alternative mechanisms become available once threshold values have been reached. [...] Many of the dangers inherent in synthetic androgen or anabolic steroid therapy may be due less to the androgenic characteristics than to the structural modifications performed to prevent [hepatic] inactivation (e.g. insertion of an acetylene group at 17α).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Steroid+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+physiological+and+pharmacological+sex+hormone+action+on+the+mammalian+liver&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1119-%3C%2Fspan%3E1128&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4731%2887%2990198-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3320549&rft.aulast=Lax&rft.aufirst=ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PubChem-Enobosarm-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PubChem-Enobosarm_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PubChem-Enobosarm_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Enobosarm">"Enobosarm"</a>. PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=Enobosarm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2FEnobosarm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrugBank-Enobosarm-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DrugBank-Enobosarm_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DrugBank-Enobosarm_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB12078">"Enobosarm"</a>. DrugBank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrugBank&rft.atitle=Enobosarm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.drugbank.com%2Fdrugs%2FDB12078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23027466-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23027466_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid23027466_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleveFritzemeierHaendlerHeinrich2013" class="citation book cs1">Cleve A, Fritzemeier KH, Haendler B, Heinrich N, Möller C, Schwede W, et al. (2013). "Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Sex Steroid Hormone Receptor Modulators". Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 214. pp. 543–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-30726-3_24">10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-30725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-30725-6"><bdi>978-3-642-30725-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23027466">23027466</a>. <q>Both male (androgens) and female (oestrogens, progestins) sex hormones are steroid hormones. [...] these compounds have several properties in common: they are small, very lipophilic molecules with the potential to freely diffuse through cell membranes. Their receptors also share important features: in all animals, the receptors for steroid hormones are part of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-triggered transcription factors (Mangelsdorf et al. 1995). Unlike membrane receptors that trigger intracellular signalling pathways, these receptors work by influencing gene expression in the cell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+and+Clinical+Use+of+Sex+Steroid+Hormone+Receptor+Modulators&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Gender+Differences+in+Pharmacology&rft.series=Handbook+of+Experimental+Pharmacology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E587&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23027466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-30726-3_24&rft.isbn=978-3-642-30725-6&rft.aulast=Cleve&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Fritzemeier%2C+KH&rft.au=Haendler%2C+B&rft.au=Heinrich%2C+N&rft.au=M%C3%B6ller%2C+C&rft.au=Schwede%2C+W&rft.au=Wintermantel%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34218646-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid34218646_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid34218646_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoonKwon2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yoon JH, Kwon KS (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8258343">"Receptor-Mediated Muscle Homeostasis as a Target for Sarcopenia Therapeutics"</a>. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 36 (3): 478–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3803%2FEnM.2021.1081">10.3803/EnM.2021.1081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8258343">8258343</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34218646">34218646</a>. <q>Intracellular receptors account for 10% to 15% of drugs on the market, including drugs that act on cytoplasmic receptors such as androgen receptors (ARs), estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and glucocorticoid receptors, and other drugs that act on nuclear receptors such as vitamin D receptor (VDR), thyroid hormone receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors [27-30]. Ligands of intracellular receptors include lipophilic vitamins, steroid hormones, and small chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, which require membrane permeability for intracellular delivery [30,31]. There are several barriers to the intracellular delivery of therapeutic drugs, such as lysosome degradation and active efflux out of the cell. Lowmolecular-weight lipophilic compounds can diffuse directly into cells, whereas high-molecular-weight compounds usually need membrane transporters or endocytosis [32,33]. Proper entry into the cell and subsequent contact with the exact target lead to better therapeutic effects and reduce undesirable adverse effects [34].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Receptor-Mediated+Muscle+Homeostasis+as+a+Target+for+Sarcopenia+Therapeutics&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E478-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8258343%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34218646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3803%2FEnM.2021.1081&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Kwon%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8258343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23881885-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23881885_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohd_FauziKoutsoukasCunninghamGallegos2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mohd Fauzi F, Koutsoukas A, Cunningham A, Gallegos A, Sedefov R, Bender A (July 2013). 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NFL.com. 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NFL.com&rft.atitle=Cardinals+WR+DeAndre+Hopkins+still+hopes+to+reduce+six-game+suspension&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fnews%2Fcardinals-wr-deandre-hopkins-still-hopes-to-reduce-six-game-suspension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/boxing/65173545">"Amir Khan banned for two years after anti-doping test reveals presence of prohibited substance"</a>. BBC.co.uk. 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=Amir+Khan+banned+for+two+years+after+anti-doping+test+reveals+presence+of+prohibited+substance&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fboxing%2F65173545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coppinger2024-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Coppinger2024_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoppinger2024" class="citation web cs1">Coppinger M (2 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/40066162/boxer-ryan-garcia-tested-positive-banned-substance-ostarine">"Boxer Garcia tests positive for banned substance"</a>. ESPN.com. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Boxer+Garcia+tests+positive+for+banned+substance&rft.date=2024-05-02&rft.aulast=Coppinger&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fboxing%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F40066162%2Fboxer-ryan-garcia-tested-positive-banned-substance-ostarine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordPradoJohnstonGralla2016" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford J, Prado CM, Johnston MA, Gralla RJ, Taylor RP, Hancock ML, et al. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853438">"Study Design and Rationale for the Phase 3 Clinical Development Program of Enobosarm, a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, for the Prevention and Treatment of Muscle Wasting in Cancer Patients (POWER Trials)"</a>. Current Oncology Reports. 18 (6): 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11912-016-0522-0">10.1007/s11912-016-0522-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853438">4853438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27138015">27138015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Oncology+Reports&rft.atitle=Study+Design+and+Rationale+for+the+Phase+3+Clinical+Development+Program+of+Enobosarm%2C+a+Selective+Androgen+Receptor+Modulator%2C+for+the+Prevention+and+Treatment+of+Muscle+Wasting+in+Cancer+Patients+%28POWER+Trials%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4853438%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27138015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11912-016-0522-0&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Prado%2C+CM&rft.au=Johnston%2C+MA&rft.au=Gralla%2C+RJ&rft.au=Taylor%2C+RP&rft.au=Hancock%2C+ML&rft.au=Dalton%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4853438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnobosarm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800022562">Enobosarm (GTx-024; MK-2866; Ostarine; S-22; VERU-024) - Veru Healthcare - AdisInsight</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&oldid=1272373044">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enobosarm&oldid=1272373044</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_not_assigned_an_ATC_code" title="Category:Drugs not assigned an ATC code">Drugs not assigned an ATC code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Acetanilides" title="Category:Acetanilides">Acetanilides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antiprogestogens" title="Category:Antiprogestogens">Antiprogestogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_cancer_drugs" title="Category:Experimental cancer drugs">Experimental cancer drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_drugs" title="Category:Experimental drugs">Experimental drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hormonal_antineoplastic_drugs" title="Category:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs">Hormonal antineoplastic drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nitriles" title="Category:Nitriles">Nitriles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phenol_ethers" title="Category:Phenol ethers">Phenol ethers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Selective_androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Category:Selective androgen receptor modulators">Selective androgen receptor modulators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tertiary_alcohols" title="Category:Tertiary alcohols">Tertiary alcohols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trifluoromethyl_compounds" title="Category:Trifluoromethyl compounds">Trifluoromethyl compounds</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a 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