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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tonopah_Bombing_Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonopah_Bombing_Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tonopah Bombing Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonopah_Bombing_Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nellis_Air_Force_Gunnery_and_Bombing_Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nellis_Air_Force_Gunnery_and_Bombing_Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nellis Air Force Gunnery and Bombing Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nellis_Air_Force_Gunnery_and_Bombing_Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nellis_Air_Force_Range" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nevada Test and Training Range" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Nevada Test and Training Range – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nevada Test and Training Range" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1_(%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97)" title="נליס (מטווח) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נליס (מטווח)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&params=37_31_36_N_116_11_53_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°31′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°11′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.52667°N 116.19806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.52667; -116.19806</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military training area in Nevada, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the United States Air Force unit, see <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_(military_unit)" title="Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit)">Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Nevada Test and Training Range</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base_Complex" title="Nellis Air Force Base Complex">Nellis Air Force Base Complex</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Nye_County,_Nevada" title="Nye County, Nevada">Nye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Nevada" title="Lincoln County, Nevada">Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Nevada" title="Clark County, Nevada">Clark</a> counties, Nevada<br />Near Las Vegas in US</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close air support training mission at the Nevada Test and Training Range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg/250px-Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg/375px-Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg/500px-Close_Air_Support_training_at_the_Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_110923-F-MQ656-179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An <a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10 Thunderbolt II</a> releases its munitions during a <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> training mission on September 23, 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wfm_area51_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wfm_area51_map_en.png/250px-Wfm_area51_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wfm_area51_map_en.png/375px-Wfm_area51_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wfm_area51_map_en.png/500px-Wfm_area51_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="980" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Nellis Air Force Range" and nearby federal lands</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&params=37_31_36_N_116_11_53_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°31′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°11′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.52667°N 116.19806°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.52667; -116.19806</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Land:</b> 4,531 sq mi (11,740 km<sup>2</sup>) in 2012 <br /><b>Airspace:</b> 5,000 sq mi (13,000 km<sup>2</sup>) restricted<sup id="cite_ref-2012FactSheet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012FactSheet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 7,000 sq mi (18,000 km<sup>2</sup>) shared (MOA)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nellis.af.mil/Units/NTTR/">www<wbr />.nellis<wbr />.af<wbr />.mil<wbr />/Units<wbr />/NTTR<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">established September 29, 1940</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Garrison information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data">2011: <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range_(military_unit)" title="Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit)">NTTR military unit</a><br /> <p>2001: <a href="/wiki/98th_Range_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="98th Range Wing">98th Range Wing</a><br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (February 2013)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>: <a href="/wiki/99th_Range_Group" title="99th Range Group">99th Range Group</a><br /> 1948:<sup id="cite_ref-USACE2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Command" title="Air Training Command">ATC Flying Division</a><br /> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span>: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a><br /> 1942: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force" title="Fourth Air Force">Fourth Air Force</a> detachment<br /> </p> 1941:<sup id="cite_ref-York_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-York-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Combat_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Combat Command">AFCC</a> & <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Air_Corps_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast Air Corps Training Center">WCACTC</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left; background-color: #eee">GNIS code 2511961</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map all coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Nevada Test and Training Range</b> (<b>NTTR</b>) is one of two military training areas at the <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base_Complex" title="Nellis Air Force Base Complex">Nellis Air Force Base Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Warfare_Center" title="United States Air Force Warfare Center">United States Air Force Warfare Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base" title="Nellis Air Force Base">Nellis Air Force Base</a>. The NTTR land area includes a "simulated Integrated Air Defense System", several individual ranges with 1200 targets, and 4 remote communication sites.<sup id="cite_ref-2012FactSheet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012FactSheet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current NTTR area and the range's former areas have been used for aerial gunnery and bombing, for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear tests">nuclear tests</a>, as a proving ground and flight test area, for aircraft control and warning, and for Blue Flag, Green Flag, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Flag exercise">Red Flag exercises</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nevada Test and Training Range land area is mostly <a href="/wiki/Central_Basin_and_Range_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Basin and Range ecoregion">Central Basin and Range ecoregion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> southernmost portion in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Huntley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–1">: 3–1 </span></sup> and smaller ecoregions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonopah Basin">Tonopah Basin</a>, Tonopah Playa, & Bald Mountain biomes) are within the area of numerous <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Basin and range">basin and range</a> landforms of the NTTR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landforms">Landforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Landforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the list of all NTTR landforms, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_landforms_of_the_Nellis_%26_Wildlife_5_Ranges_region#Nellis_Air_Force_Range" title="List of landforms of the Nellis & Wildlife 5 Ranges region">Nellis and Wildlife 5 Ranges region</a>.</div> <p>The NTTR is at the serpentine section of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Divide" title="Great Basin Divide">Great Basin Divide</a> in southern Nevada and uses numerous landforms for military operations, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Groom_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Groom Lake">Groom Lake</a> near the northeast NTTR border is the airstrip for <a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a>, the 1955 Site II west of the lake's WWII field. <a href="/wiki/Tolicha_Peak" title="Tolicha Peak">Tolicha Peak</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_Bravo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point Bravo (page does not exist)">Point Bravo</a> are the sites of for electronic combat ranges, and the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury Valley">Mercury Valley</a> is the eponym for a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> camp that became <a href="/wiki/Mercury,_Nevada" title="Mercury, Nevada">Mercury</a>, Nevada. The <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range" title="Tonopah Test Range">Tonopah Test Range</a>, within the boundaries of the NTTR (e.g., "Nellis Range 75"<sup id="cite_ref-TTRCASs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTRCASs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) includes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antelope_Lake_(Nevada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antelope Lake (Nevada) (page does not exist)">Antelope Lake</a>, Radar Hill, and the "Cactus, Antelope, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silverbow_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silverbow Springs (page does not exist)">Silverbow Springs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Range">Northern Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Northern Range</i> includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolicha_Peak_Electronic_Combat_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolicha Peak Electronic Combat Range (page does not exist)">Tolicha Peak Electronic Combat Range</a> (TPECR, e.g., Range 76 targets 76–03, -05, -11, & -14)<sup id="cite_ref-BergerField_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BergerField-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonopah_Electronic_Combat_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonopah Electronic Combat Range (page does not exist)">Tonopah Electronic Combat Range</a> (the <a href="/wiki/List_of_landforms_of_the_Nellis_%26_Wildlife_5_Ranges_region#National_Wildhorse_Management_Area" title="List of landforms of the Nellis & Wildlife 5 Ranges region">Wildhorse Management Area</a> encircled by the Northern Range is not part of the NTTR.)<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastman_Airfield_Target">Eastman Airfield Target</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastman Airfield Target"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Eastman Airfield Target</b> (Target 76–14,<sup id="cite_ref-BergerField_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BergerField-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean Airfield, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&params=37_22__N_116_50__W_&title=Eastman+Airfield+Target+76-14"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">116°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.367°N 116.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.367; -116.833</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Eastman Airfield Target 76-14</span>)</span></span></span></a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>) is a Range 76 target 4.3 miles (6.9 km) northwest of the TPECR. The target has a northeastern taxiway loop, characteristic for the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> base at <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCterbog_Airfield" title="Jüterbog Airfield">Jüterbog Airfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and three ramps in front of hangars on the western side of the loop. The other taxiways have a similar layout to Jüterbog, although the runway is about 1,300 feet (400 m) shorter. There are two accompanying <a href="/wiki/Surface_to_air_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface to air missile">SAM</a> sites, one 1.6 miles (2.5 km) northwest of the airfield, and one 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northwest just like the original.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Range">Southern Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southern Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Southern Range</b> includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_Bravo_Electronic_Combat_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point Bravo Electronic Combat Range (page does not exist)">Point Bravo Electronic Combat Range</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An area of about 1,276 sq mi (3,300 km<sup>2</sup>) of the Southern Range that was withdrawn from the <a href="/wiki/Desert_National_Wildlife_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert National Wildlife Range">Desert National Wildlife Range</a> is co-managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nearby_facilities">Nearby facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nearby facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base" title="Nellis Air Force Base">Nellis AFB</a>, areas outside of the current NTTR land area are used for related activities, e.g., about 1,107 sq mi (2,870 km<sup>2</sup>) of the former military range land (relinquished 1942, e.g. ranges 46–56,<sup id="cite_ref-Madsen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madsen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1953</span>) is under the Nellis "Area A" airspace that is a <a href="/wiki/Military_Operations_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Operations Area">Military Operations Area</a> (MOA).<sup id="cite_ref-EO9019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO9019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Formerly_Used_Defense_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Formerly Used Defense Site">Formerly Used Defense Site</a> north and northeast of the NTTR with "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_Cabin_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone Cabin Valley (page does not exist)">Stone Cabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_Creek_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Creek Valley">Hot Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Valley">Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikaboo_Valley" title="Tikaboo Valley">Tikaboo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sand_Spring_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Spring Valley">Sand Spring</a> valleys" is a "former portion of the Tonopah Bombing Range", includes "Permit Required Confined space", and prohibits vehicles in "suspected ordnance impact area[s]" (e.g., "green markings" indicate chemical agents).<sup id="cite_ref-USACE2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most areas adjacent to the NTTR are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a> for limited non-residential use such as grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-USACE2001_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–1">: 3–1 </span></sup> Temporary sites, e.g., for <a href="/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">Patriot</a> Communications Exercises (about "21 days per exercise"), are in the "<a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense Artillery">ADA</a> activity area" east of the NTTR with 13 empty "500 feet by 500 feet" sites for mobile electronic equipment on BLM land in the "<a href="/wiki/Sand_Springs_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Springs Valley">Sand Springs Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_Valley_(Nevada)" title="Coal Valley (Nevada)">Coal Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delamar_Valley" title="Delamar Valley">Delamar Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dry_Lake_Valley" title="Dry Lake Valley">Dry Lake Valley</a>" ("general area" of the Key Pittman <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Management_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Management Area">WMA</a>) and "under MOA airspace".<sup id="cite_ref-Huntley_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Tertiary_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary age</a>" lava flows formed 5 erupted groups in the area, and block faulting such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siebert_fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siebert fault (page does not exist)">Siebert</a> and Mizpah faults formed the ranges and valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Spurr_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> marine sediments form an "almost uniform thickness of 40,000 feet", and surface geology is "typically the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic Era">Cenozoic Era</a> continental deposits and some <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> volcanic rocks".<sup id="cite_ref-USACE2001_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–3">: 3–3 </span></sup> Located at the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Basin tribes">Great Basin tribes</a> area, the eventual range area was crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Spanish Trail (trade route)</a>, was south of the <a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a> route, and was split by the <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37th parallel north</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">1850 New Mexico</a> & <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">1863 Arizona</a> territories' northwest corner. In the 1930s the land had been used as an <a href="/wiki/Animal_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Sanctuary">Animal Sanctuary</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> made it a wildlife reservation. However, in 1942 during World War II the region restricted it from public access for the War Department to use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original bombing range had been used for the <a href="/wiki/Silver_mining_in_Nevada#Tonopah_district" title="Silver mining in Nevada">1900–1921 silver rush</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Mining_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonopah Mining District">Tonopah Mining District</a><sup id="cite_ref-Spurr_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spurr-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & Tonopah <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_Nevada" title="Manhattan, Nevada">Manhattan</a> Stage Route),<sup id="cite_ref-GNIS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNIS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the region was subdivided into smaller numbered management areas (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Area_2_(Nevada_National_Security_Site)" title="Area 2 (Nevada National Security Site)">Area 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_5_(Nevada_National_Security_Site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area 5 (Nevada National Security Site)">Area 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_11_(Nevada_Test_Site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area 11 (Nevada Test Site)">Area 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_12_(Nevada_National_Security_Site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area 12 (Nevada National Security Site)">Area 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_25_(Nevada_National_Security_Site)" title="Area 25 (Nevada National Security Site)">Area 25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Area_27_(Nevada_National_Security_Site)" title="Area 27 (Nevada National Security Site)">Area 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range" title="Tonopah Test Range">Area 52</a>), which are used for names of some of the range installations (e.g., "Area 3 Compound"<sup id="cite_ref-TTRCASs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTRCASs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a>" for "Groom Lake Field"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonopah_Bombing_Range">Tonopah Bombing Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tonopah Bombing Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range" redirects here. For the nearby WWII base named for the city, see <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base#Las_Vegas_Army_Air_Field" title="Nellis Air Force Base">Las Vegas Army Air Field</a>.</div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonopah_General_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tonopah General Range (page does not exist)">Tonopah Bombing Range</a> was designated on federal land "withdrawn ... October 29, 1940, from the public domain"<sup id="cite_ref-Valliant_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valliant-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in June 1941, the "Tonopah Gunnery and Bombing Range" was split at "37 degrees and 30 minutes" latitude into the "<b>Tonopah General Range</b>" and "<b>Las Vegas General Range</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-USACE2001_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 28, 1941, "United States v. 1,855,720 Acres of land ..." (US Fifth District) was initiated to <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">seize private land</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mullery_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullery-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in July 1942 the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Air_Force" title="Fourth Air Force">Fourth Air Force</a> Bombing and Gunnery Range Detachment from "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Muroc_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muroc Lake (page does not exist)">Muroc Lake</a>" arrived as the 1st unit. Several <a href="/wiki/Nevada_World_War_II_Army_Airfields" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada World War II Army Airfields">Nevada World War II Army Airfields</a> were established, e.g., the August 1942 <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonopah Army Air Field">Tonopah Army Air Field</a> in the north area and in the south, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Springs_Auxiliary_Army_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Springs Auxiliary Army Airfield">Indian Springs Auxiliary Army Airfield</a> and its additional fields, e.g., at <a href="/wiki/Area_18_(NTS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area 18 (NTS)">Area 18</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa_Airstrip" title="Pahute Mesa Airstrip">Aux. Field#4</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> (<a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Aux. Field#1</a>). In February 1943, Indian Springs AAF was being used for the <a href="/wiki/82d_Flying_Training_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="82d Flying Training Wing">82d Flying Training Wing</a> for air-to-air gunnery training, and Indian Springs AAF closed in January 1947.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In June 1947 Tonopah AAF was declared excess along with its 3 auxiliary areas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizpah_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizpah Hill (page does not exist)">Mizpah</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_L._Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James L. Butler (page does not exist)">Butler</a> housing terraces and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=132:3:1452348038857405::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:851885%2CColumbia%20Junction%20(historical)">Columbia Junction</a> gasoline unloading station).<sup id="cite_ref-McMullen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMullen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Springs main facility<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (February 2013)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> re-opened in January 1948 and on June 13, 1949, Air Training Command merged the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range and the Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 28, 1949, the "Gunnery Range of the <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Air_Force_Base" title="Tonopah Air Force Base">Tonopah Air Force Base</a>" had about 30 sq mi (78 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Chaffin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaffin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas Air Force Base">Las Vegas Air Force Base</a> was renamed on April 30, 1950, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> (AEC) committee selected the "<a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Bombing_and_Gunnery_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range">Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range</a>" [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] for a nuclear test site on December 12, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land was ideal for training aerial gunners because the land was far from people and contained dry lake beds, which worked perfectly for target practices.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nellis_Air_Force_Gunnery_and_Bombing_Range">Nellis Air Force Gunnery and Bombing Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nellis Air Force Gunnery and Bombing Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 680-square mile section of the Nellis Air Force Gunnery and Bombing Range was designated the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Proving_Grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada Proving Grounds">Nevada Proving Grounds</a> (NPG) on December 18, 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new NPG included "<a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frenchman_Flat" title="Frenchman Flat">Frenchman Flats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahute_Mesa" title="Pahute Mesa">Paiute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainier_Mesa" title="Rainier Mesa">Rainier Mesas</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">presidential order</a> also established Groom Lake Field (<a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloq.</a> "The Pig Farm") at the WWII installation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first NPG nuclear test was for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranger" title="Operation Ranger">Operation Ranger</a> on January 27, 1951, and the Indian Springs main facility (renamed an Air Force Base in 1951) supported NPG testing after <a href="/wiki/Air_Research_and_Development_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Research and Development Command">ARDC</a> General Order No. 39 on July 16, 1952.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The NPG <a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Desert_Rock.jpg" title="File:Camp Desert Rock.jpg">Camp Desert Rock</a> "military support facility" (now the private <a href="/wiki/Desert_Rock_Airport" title="Desert Rock Airport">Desert Rock Airport</a>) operated September 1951-October 7, 1957 (electricity was from AEC's <a href="/wiki/Mercury,_Nevada" title="Mercury, Nevada">Camp Mercury</a>) and closed June 18, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955 on the southwest corner of Groom Lake, a survey team laid out the 5,000-foot (1,500 m) north–south "Site II" runway for <a href="/wiki/Project_AQUATONE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project AQUATONE">Project AQUATONE</a>. The 1st <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">Lockheed U-2</a> (Article 341) left the <a href="/wiki/Skunk_Works" title="Skunk Works">Skunk Works</a> in a <a href="/wiki/C-124_Globemaster_II" class="mw-redirect" title="C-124 Globemaster II">C-124 Globemaster II</a> cargo plane for the AQUATONE site in July 1955 and first flew on July 29 during a runway test.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range" title="Tonopah Test Range">Tonopah Test Range</a> (TTR) land was withdrawn from public use in 1956<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to replace nuclear test sites at the "<a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea_Test_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Salton Sea Test Base">Salton Sea Test Base</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Flat" title="Yucca Flat">Yucca Flat</a> site, and in 1957 <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia Laboratories">Sandia Laboratories</a> began TTR operations at <a href="/wiki/Cactus_Flat" title="Cactus Flat">Cactus Flat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1956 to 1969–70, the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Air_Force_Station" title="Las Vegas Air Force Station">Las Vegas Air Force Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Air_Force_Station" title="Tonopah Air Force Station">Tonopah Air Force Stations</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Reno_Air_Defense_Sector" title="Reno Air Defense Sector">Reno Air Defense Sector</a> radar tracks and in 1957, the "instrumented AEC range at Tonopah" was used by <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Fallon" title="Naval Air Station Fallon">NAS Fallon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_Mugu" title="Point Mugu">Point Mugu</a> pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-CNO_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNO-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A safety experiment (<a href="/wiki/Project_57" title="Project 57">Project 57</a> No. 1) with ground zero coordinates of N 932646, E 688515 was detonated on April 24, 1957" in "Area 13"<sup id="cite_ref-FFACO_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFACO-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the northeast NTTR boundary. In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Test_Range_Airport" title="Tonopah Test Range Airport">Tonopah Test Range Airport</a> was planned with a single runway of 19,000 ft (5,800 m).<sup id="cite_ref-CNO_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNO-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, Camp Mercury was a base camp for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_5.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project 5.5 (page does not exist)">Project 5.5</a> that studied nuclear detonation effect on the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-89_Scorpion" title="Northrop F-89 Scorpion">Northrop F-89D Scorpion</a> (a similar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_6.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project 6.5 (page does not exist)">Project 6.5</a> was for effect of nuclear detonations on the <a href="/wiki/Nike_Hercules" title="Nike Hercules">Nike Hercules</a> missile system).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1961 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Land_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Land Order (page does not exist)">Public Land Order</a> transferred USAF land to the AEC, and after the 1962 <a href="/wiki/RBS_Express" title="RBS Express">RBS Express</a> #2 near the <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Naval_Ammunition_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot">Hawthorne Naval Ammunition Depot</a> was used for <a href="/wiki/Radar_Bomb_Scoring" title="Radar Bomb Scoring">Radar Bomb Scoring</a> of flights over the range, the <a href="/wiki/Babbitt,_Nevada" title="Babbitt, Nevada">Hawthorne Bomb Plot</a> radar station operated in <a href="/wiki/Babbitt,_Nevada" title="Babbitt, Nevada">Babbitt</a> until <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1993</span>. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Roller_Coaster" title="Operation Roller Coaster">Operation Roller Coaster</a> was a TTR nuclear test series in May and June 1963<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in November and December 1965, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B-52</a> <a href="/wiki/Combat_Skyspot" title="Combat Skyspot">Combat Skyspot</a> testing at the range used the only CONUS <a href="/wiki/Reeves_AN/MSQ-77_Bomb_Directing_Central" title="Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central">AN/MSQ-77</a> developed for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning to integrate the range with the <a href="/wiki/Fallon_Range_Training_Complex" title="Fallon Range Training Complex">Fallon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah_Test_and_Training_Range" title="Utah Test and Training Range">Hill/Wendover/Dugway ranges</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>'s "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_Operations_Range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental Operations Range (page does not exist)">Continental Operations Range</a>" ended in 1975,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first year for a Nellis range <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Flag exercise">Red Flag exercise</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nellis_Air_Force_Range">Nellis Air Force Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nellis Air Force Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Nellis Air Force Range</b> (NAFR) was used to bury wreckage of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_military_aircraft_(1975%E2%80%931979)#1978" title="List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1975–1979)">1978 Groom Lake & 1979 NAFR</a> <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a> crashes, and additional <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> accidents at the range included the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2#Variants" title="Lockheed U-2">1975 NAFR TR-1 crash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17F#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F">1979 Tonopah MiG-17 crash</a> during training versus an <a href="/wiki/Northrop_F-5" title="Northrop F-5">Northrop F-5</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23#History" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">1984 Little Skull Mountain MiG-23 crash</a>, which killed a USAF general,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1986 NAFR crash, which "Air Force sources" identified as an "<a href="/wiki/F-19" title="F-19">F-19</a>" stealth fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 1980, NAFR received <a href="/wiki/1st_Combat_Evaluation_Group#ESD_806L_systems" title="1st Combat Evaluation Group">806L "Range Threat" systems</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> simulation and from 1983 to 1985, the area of <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Antelope_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Antelope Lake (page does not exist)">South Antelope Lake</a> was used for two <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missile</a> targets.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAFR range operations transferred to the <a href="/wiki/99th_Range_Group" title="99th Range Group">99th Range Group</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (the range received various <a href="/wiki/Radar_Bomb_Scoring" title="Radar Bomb Scoring">Radar Bomb Scoring</a> electronic systems from <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Training_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Training Range">Strategic Training Ranges</a>, e.g., Nellis had 5 AN/MSQ-77s by 1994).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 the range's land withdrawal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (February 2013)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> was renewed<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the unused portion of the original Tonopah Bombing Range was redesignated a <a href="/wiki/Formerly_Used_Defense_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Formerly Used Defense Site">Formerly Used Defense Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USACE2001_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–1">: 2–1 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufomind.com/area51/maps/overview/general.jpg">map at UFOmind.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2001, NAFR was renamed the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) and in October 2001, the range group personnel and assets for range operations transferred to the 98th Range Wing.<sup id="cite_ref-2011Factsheet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011Factsheet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Indian Springs AFAF was renamed <a href="/wiki/Creech_Air_Force_Base" title="Creech Air Force Base">Creech Air Force Base</a> and in 2010, the NTS was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_National_Security_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada National Security Site">Nevada National Security Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NTTR had four tracts in the <a href="/wiki/2010_U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 U.S. Census">2010 U.S. Census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the 98th Range Wing was redesignated with the same name as the range (NTTR).<sup id="cite_ref-2012FactSheet_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012FactSheet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Area_51_Facebook_Raid">Area 51 Facebook Raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Area 51 Facebook Raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51,_They_Can%27t_Stop_All_of_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us">Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us</a></div> <p>In June 2019, a joke <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> event was created rallying the public to storm the training range on September 20 that year. Over two million people responded as "going" to the event, with another 1.5 million "interested".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county commission chairman estimated that approximately 40,000 people would turn up on 20 September.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 10, speaking with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, Air Force spokeswoman Laura McAndrews said officials were aware of the event, and issued a warning saying that the area was "an open training range for the U.S. Air Force, and we would discourage anyone from trying to come into the area where we train American armed forces", adding: "The U.S. Air Force always stands ready to protect America and its assets".<sup id="cite_ref-McAndrewsWaPo_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrewsWaPo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public information officer at <a href="/wiki/Nellis_Air_Force_Base" title="Nellis Air Force Base">Nellis Air Force Base</a> told <a href="/wiki/KNPR" title="KNPR">KNPR</a> that "any attempt to illegally access the area is highly discouraged".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2012FactSheet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012FactSheet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012FactSheet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012FactSheet_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217021903/http://www.nellis.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18506">Nevada Test and Training Range</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/99th_Air_Base_Wing" title="99th Air Base Wing">99th Air Base Wing</a> Public Affairs. July 12, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nellis.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18506">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(99th ABW Fact Sheet)</span> on February 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nevada+Test+and+Training+Range&rft.pub=99th+Air+Base+Wing+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nellis.af.mil%2Flibrary%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet.asp%3Fid%3D18506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USACE2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USACE2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USACE2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USACE2001_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USACE2001_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USACE2001_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USACE2001_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF[author(s)_not_identified]2002" class="citation report cs1">[author(s) not identified] (December 2002). Findings: Tonopah Bombing Range (Archives Search Report--ASR) (Report). Project Number - J09NV1114. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U1SACE</a> St. Louis District. <q>This site is located approximately 60 miles east of Tonopah, adjacent to the current Nellis Air Force Range.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Findings%3A+Tonopah+Bombing+Range+%28Archives+Search+Report--ASR%29&rft.series=Project+Number+-+J09NV1114&rft.pub=U1SACE+St.+Louis+District&rft.date=2002-12&rft.au=%5Bauthor%28s%29+not+identified%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-York-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-York_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork_Jr1941" class="citation report cs1">York Jr, Lt. Col. John Y. (June 27, 1941). Subject: Tonopah Gunnery and Bombing Range: Memorandum for the Chief of Air Staff (Report). Air Corps. <q>The Air Force Combat Command be assigned jurisdiction of' the Tonopah Range area north of 37° 30', and this area designated as the Tonopah General Range. 2. The <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Air_Corps_Training_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast Air Corps Training Center">West Coast Training Center</a> be assigned exclusive jurisdiction of the Tonopah Range area south of 37° 30', and this area designated as the "Las Vegas General Range".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Subject%3A+Tonopah+Gunnery+and+Bombing+Range%3A+Memorandum+for+the+Chief+of+Air+Staff&rft.pub=Air+Corps&rft.date=1941-06-27&rft.aulast=York+Jr&rft.aufirst=Lt.+Col.+John+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntley-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huntley_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huntley_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntley2008" class="citation report cs1">Huntley, Chris, Proj. Mgr. (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304014049/http://www.nellis.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080404-038.pdf">... Patriot Communications Exercises in Lincoln County, Nevada</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Aspen Environmental Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nellis.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080404-038.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Final Environmental Assessment)</span> on March 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=...+Patriot+Communications+Exercises+in+Lincoln+County%2C+Nevada&rft.pub=Aspen+Environmental+Group&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Huntley&rft.aufirst=Chris%2C+Proj.+Mgr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nellis.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-080404-038.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> [just N of <a href="/wiki/Rachel,_Nevada" title="Rachel, Nevada">Rachel, Nevada</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTRCASs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TTRCASs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TTRCASs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tonopah Test Range...Corrective Action Sites (Report). Vol. DOE/NV/25946--1036. <q>CAS TA-55-002-TAB2 (Bomblet Target Areas) consists of six separate locations [that] include Mid Target, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BLU-63&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BLU-63 (page does not exist)">BLU-63</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">SAC</a> Target, South Antelope Lake, and <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk</a> Targets 1 and 2 ... CAS RG-52-007-TAML (<a href="/wiki/Davis_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis Gun">Davis Gun</a> Penetrator Test) consists of Davis Gun testing locations on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antelope_Lake_(Nevada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antelope Lake (Nevada) (page does not exist)">Antelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownes_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownes Lake">Brownes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Lake (page does not exist)">Pedro</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Lake (page does not exist)">Main Lakes</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antelope_Tuff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antelope Tuff (page does not exist)">Antelope Tuff</a> 1, Antelope Tuff 2, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidewinder_Tuff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidewinder Tuff (page does not exist)">Sidewinder Tuff</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myers_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myers Ridge (page does not exist)">Myers Ridge</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Helen_(Nevada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Helen (Nevada) (page does not exist)">Mt Helen</a> (Nellis Range 75). The only location with land use restrictions is Antelope Lake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tonopah+Test+Range...Corrective+Action+Sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Katrina2004" class="citation report cs1">Wagner, Katrina, ed. (September 2004). 2003 Annual Site Environmental Report, Tonopah Test Range (Report). Sandia National Laboratories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2003+Annual+Site+Environmental+Report%2C+Tonopah+Test+Range&rft.pub=Sandia+National+Laboratories&rft.date=2004-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BergerField-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BergerField_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BergerField_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Berger Field Site 27 (IMACS Site Form) (Report). 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Berger+Field+Site+27+%28IMACS+Site+Form%29&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span> (form is depicted in the 2006 <i>Developing Cultural Resources Data Management Tools</i> presentation)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalSecurity-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/nellis-range.htm">"Nellis Range Complex: Nellis Air Force Range (NAFR)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Security">Global Security</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nellis+Range+Complex%3A+Nellis+Air+Force+Range+%28NAFR%29&rft.pub=Global+Security&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Ffacility%2Fnellis-range.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span> (pdf p. 154).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil-airfields.de/de/altes-lager.htm">"Altes Lager: Air Base"</a>. Military Airfields Directory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Altes+Lager%3A+Air+Base&rft.pub=Military+Airfields+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil-airfields.de%2Fde%2Faltes-lager.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madsen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madsen_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen1999" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Madsen, Col. Peter T. (September 21, 1999). Findings of Fact (Report). Vol. Findings and Determination of Eligibility...DERP-FUDS SITE NO. J09NV1114. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defense_Environmental_Restoration_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defense Environmental Restoration Program (page does not exist)">Defense Environmental Restoration Program</a>. <q>Executive Order No. 9019 was executed on January 12, 1942, to redefine the boundaries of the Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range. As a result of this Executive Order, lands included in Townships 1 and 2 North, Ranges 46 through 54 East and Townships 1 through 7 South, Ranges 54 through 56 East were returned to the public domain.... Executive Order No, 10355 executed in 1957 returned an additional 155,645 acres of land to the Bureau of Land Management</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Findings+of+Fact&rft.pub=Defense+Environmental+Restoration+Program&rft.date=1999-09-21&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Col.+Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EO9019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EO9019_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Executive Order 9019</i>, 1942</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+9019&rft.date=1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (GlobalSecurity.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spurr-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spurr_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spurr_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurr1905" class="citation book cs1">Spurr, Josiah Edward (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geologyoftonopah00spurrich"><i>Geology of the Tonopah Mining District, Nevada</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Internet Archive abstract)</span>. GPO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+the+Tonopah+Mining+District%2C+Nevada&rft.pub=GPO&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Spurr&rft.aufirst=Josiah+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeologyoftonopah00spurrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span> U.S. Geological Survey "Professional Paper No. 42" maps included are Plate III (mining claim map, pp. 28–9) & Plate XVI (geologic map with streets and buildings on pp. 116–7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Annie (2011). <i>Area 51</i>. New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13294-7"><bdi>978-0-316-13294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+51&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-316-13294-7&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNIS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GNIS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2511961">"Nevada Test and Training Range (2511961)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2013</span>. <q>373136N 1161153W</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nevada+Test+and+Training+Range+%282511961%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F2511961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2090215">"Tonopah Air Force Station (2090215)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonopah+Air+Force+Station+%282090215%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F2090215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/864133">"Tonopah Airport (864133)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonopah+Airport+%28864133%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F864133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2096585">"Tonopah Army Air Field (2096585)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonopah+Army+Air+Field+%282096585%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F2096585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/844361">"Tonopah Beacon (844361)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonopah+Beacon+%28844361%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F844361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/tbd">"Tonopah Manhattan Stage Route (tbd)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonopah+Manhattan+Stage+Route+%28tbd%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2Ftbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/tbd">"Tonopah Stage Route (tbd)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tonopah+Stage+Route+%28tbd%29&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2Ftbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valliant-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valliant_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValliant1940" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Valliant, Col R. D. (November 4, 1940). "Tonopah Bombing Range, Nevada". Letter to. <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco" title="Presidio of San Francisco">Presidio of San Francisco</a>: Office of the Quartermaster General, <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Corps_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Corps Area">Ninth Corps Area</a>. <q>Tonopah Bombing Range, Nevada. This reservation comprises approximately 3,560,000.00 acres and was withdrawn by Executive Order No, 8578 dated October 29, 1940, from the public domain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonopah+Bombing+Range%2C+Nevada&rft.place=Presidio+of+San+Francisco&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Quartermaster+General%2C+Ninth+Corps+Area&rft.date=1940-11-04&rft.aulast=Valliant&rft.aufirst=Col+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullery-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullery_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullery2013" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mullery, Bill (February 2013). Tonopah Bombing Range (Project Summary Sheet) (Report). Vol. DERP-FUDS OE Project No. J09NV111401. <q>The former target area is now public property administered by the Bureau of Land Management.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tonopah+Bombing+Range+%28Project+Summary+Sheet%29&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Mullery&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMullen-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McMullen_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen1947" class="citation pressrelease cs1">McMullen, Maj Gen Clements (June 13, 1947). "Excess Declaration, Tonopah Army Air Field". Letter to. <q>Pursuant to the authority contained in PAF Regulation 85-3,... this command has no longer a military need for Tonopah Amy Air Field and its auxiliary facilities,... Tonopah Army Air Field contains 21,912.09 acres of land, government-owed, transferred.to the War Department, from the Department of Interior, There are two (2) asphalt concrete runways 8910' long, 150' wide ... auxiliary facilities are declared excess: (1) Mizpah Housing Terrace (2) Butler Housing Terrace (3) Columbia Junction (gasoline unloading station) ... for retention: (1) Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Excess+Declaration%2C+Tonopah+Army+Air+Field&rft.date=1947-06-13&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=Maj+Gen+Clements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper,_Robert_Wells1949" class="citation news cs1">Harper, Robert Wells (June 13, 1949). "General Order No. 25". Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Air_Training_Command" title="Air Training Command">Air Training Command</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=General+Order+No.+25&rft.date=1949-06-13&rft.au=Harper%2C+Robert+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span> (preceded by "Office, Director of Military Personnel" indorsement on June 1, 1949: "This headquarters approves the redesignation of the combined Ranges, Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range and Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range as the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaffin-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaffin_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLt_Col_A._D._Chaffin_Jr1949" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Lt Col A. D. Chaffin Jr (June 28, 1949). "Gunnery Range, Tonopah Air Force Base". Letter to. USACE San Francisco District. <q>The Gunnery Range of the <a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Air_Force_Base" title="Tonopah Air Force Base">Tonopah Air Force Base</a> is approximately fifteen miles East of the City of Tonopah, Nevada, and is bounded on the South by U.S. Highway No. 8. The Gunnery Range consists of approximately thirty square miles and is all open flat desert</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunnery+Range%2C+Tonopah+Air+Force+Base&rft.pub=USACE+San+Francisco+District&rft.date=1949-06-28&rft.au=Lt+Col+A.+D.+Chaffin+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (February 2013)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130218132345/http://www.nv.energy.gov/library/factsheets/DOENV_705.pdf">DOE Fact Sheet</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.energy.gov/library/factsheets/DOENV_705.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=DOE+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.energy.gov%2Flibrary%2Ffactsheets%2FDOENV_705.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Annie (2011). <i>Area 51</i>. New York: Little Brown and Company. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13294-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-13294-7"><bdi>978-0-316-13294-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+51&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Little+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-316-13294-7&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303003053/http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/factsheets/DOENV_1024.pdf">"Miss Atom Bomb"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nevada National Security Site History</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration" title="National Nuclear Security Administration">NNSA</a> Nevada Site Office. January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/factsheets/DOENV_1024.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(NISA Fact Sheet)</span> on March 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nevada+National+Security+Site+History&rft.atitle=Miss+Atom+Bomb&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nv.doe.gov%2Flibrary%2Ffactsheets%2FDOENV_1024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Lt Col Danny M. "Camp Desert Rock, Nevada". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (February 2013)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Camp+Desert+Rock%2C+Nevada&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Lt+Col+Danny+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1986" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, William E. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepblackspacees00burr"><i>Deep Black: The Startling Truth Behind America's Top-Secret Spy Satellites</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-10879-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-10879-1"><bdi>0-425-10879-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Black%3A+The+Startling+Truth+Behind+America%27s+Top-Secret+Spy+Satellites&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-425-10879-1&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepblackspacees00burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNO-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNO_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNO_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1">"Subj: West Coast Weapons Training Requirements". Letter to. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. January 30, 1958. <q>A part (known as Tonopah) of the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range, was made available to the Navy in February of 1957.... the NAMTC at Pt. Mugu uses the instrumented AEC range at Tonopah.... acreage made available to the Navy was 1,791,891.69. Of this, 369,280 acres is under permit to the AEC and 213,443 acres is outside of Restricted Area 271.... constructing a minimum staging base at Tonopah [with] Single runway (19,000') ... Fallon...Target B-16...B-19...B-20...B-21 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subj%3A+West+Coast+Weapons+Training+Requirements&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Naval+Operations&rft.date=1958-01-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFACO-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FFACO_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606051915/http://ndep.nv.gov/boff/ffco1.htm">FFACO Facility Descriptions & Maps: Federal Facility Agreement & Consent Order</a> (Report). Nevada DEP Bureau of Federal Facilities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndep.nv.gov/boff/ffco1.htm">the original</a> on June 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=FFACO+Facility+Descriptions+%26+Maps%3A+Federal+Facility+Agreement+%26+Consent+Order&rft.pub=Nevada+DEP+Bureau+of+Federal+Facilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndep.nv.gov%2Fboff%2Fffco1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222172014/http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/historical/1957%20-%20DNA%206008F%20-%20Shots%20BOLTZMANN%20to%20WILSON%20-%20Operation%20PL.pdf">title tbd</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtra.mil/documents/ntpr/historical/1957%20-%20DNA%206008F%20-%20Shots%20BOLTZMANN%20to%20WILSON%20-%20Operation%20PL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=title+tbd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtra.mil%2Fdocuments%2Fntpr%2Fhistorical%2F1957%2520-%2520DNA%25206008F%2520-%2520Shots%2520BOLTZMANN%2520to%2520WILSON%2520-%2520Operation%2520PL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span>. (An <a href="/wiki/Ground-directed_bombing#Korean_War" title="Ground-directed bombing">AN/MSQ-1A</a> was used for tracking aircraft during NUDET testing.)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/radiation/dir/mstreet/commeet/meet6/brief6/tab_f/br6f1l.txt">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCategory:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrasesCategory:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2012[who?]" class="citation report cs1"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/111974612/1CEVG-Combat-Skyspot-History">"Chapter II: Personnel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DocStoc.com image)</span>. 1st Combat Evaluation Group (SAC): April-June 1966 (Report). Vol. I<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2013</span>. <q>the only <a href="/wiki/Ground_directed_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground directed bombing">ground directed bombing</a> equipment in the Continental United States <a href="/wiki/Reeves_AN/MSQ-77_Bomb_Directing_Central" title="Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central">with a 200 nautical mile capability</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=1st+Combat+Evaluation+Group+%28SAC%29%3A+April-June+1966&rft.au=Category%3AAll+articles+with+specifically+marked+weasel-worded+phrasesCategory%3AArticles+with+specifically+marked+weasel-worded+phrases+from+July+2012%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+title%3D%22The+material+near+this+tag+possibly+uses+too-vague+attribution+or+weasel+words.%26%2332%3B%28July+2012%29%22%3Ewho%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F111974612%2F1CEVG-Combat-Skyspot-History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1stcombatevaluationgroup.com/1CEVG_skyspot_history.PDF">partial transcription at 1stCombatEvaluationGroup.com)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606171407/http://www.1stcombatevaluationgroup.com/1CEVG_skyspot_history.PDF">Archived</a> June 6, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCategory:All_articles_with_incomplete_citationsCategory:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_February_2013[full_citation_needed]1993" class="citation book cs1"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZFCQQabrXEC&q=%22Continental+Operations+Range%22&pg=PA40"><i>Combat Zoning</i></a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874171877" title="Special:BookSources/9780874171877"><bdi>9780874171877</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combat+Zoning&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780874171877&rft.au=Category%3AAll+articles+with+incomplete+citationsCategory%3AArticles+with+incomplete+citations+from+February+2013%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26%2391%3B%3Ci%3E%3Cspan+title%3D%22A+complete+citation+is+needed.%26%2332%3B%28February+2013%29%22%3Efull+citation+needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZFCQQabrXEC%26q%3D%2522Continental%2BOperations%2BRange%2522%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YzJcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yVUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5447,1924221&dq=nellis+air+force+range&hl=en">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YzJcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yVUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5447,1924221&dq=nellis+air+force+range&hl=en</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wa0tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LYEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1742,4964182&dq=nellis+air+force+range&hl=en">https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wa0tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LYEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1742,4964182&dq=nellis+air+force+range&hl=en</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GDtFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5828,221561&dq=nellis+air+force+range&hl=en">"General might have died in Soviet jet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Herald" title="Telegraph Herald">Telegraph Herald</a></i>. Dubuque, Iowa. The New York Times News Service. May 3, 1984. p. 2 – via Google News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+Herald&rft.atitle=General+might+have+died+in+Soviet+jet&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1984-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DGDtFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5828%2C221561%26dq%3Dnellis%2Bair%2Bforce%2Brange%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=64hWAAAAIBAJ&pg=1331,3259666&dq=nellis+air+force+range&hl=en">"U.S. air force keeping quiet about aircraft"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Leader-Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader-Post">Leader-Post</a></i>. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Associated Press. July 14, 1986. p. C8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leader-Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+air+force+keeping+quiet+about+aircraft&rft.pages=C8&rft.date=1986-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D64hWAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1331%2C3259666%26dq%3Dnellis%2Bair%2Bforce%2Brange%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Streamlined Approach for Environmental Restoration (SAFER) Plan for Corrective Action Unit 408 ... (DOE/NV--1171-Rev. 1) (Report). <a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Security_Administration" title="National Nuclear Security Administration">National Nuclear Security Administration</a>. March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Streamlined+Approach+for+Environmental+Restoration+%28SAFER%29+Plan+for+Corrective+Action+Unit+408+...+%28DOE%2FNV--1171-Rev.+1%29&rft.pub=National+Nuclear+Security+Administration&rft.date=2010-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_M._HardyZachary_A._Lum1994" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen M. Hardy; Zachary A. Lum (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufomind.com/area51/orgs/nellis/nellisew.txt">"Simulation Shadowland"</a>. <i>Journal of Electronic Defense</i>: 35–36 – via Aliens on Earth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Electronic+Defense&rft.atitle=Simulation+Shadowland&rft.pages=35-36&rft.date=1994-11&rft.au=Stephen+M.+Hardy&rft.au=Zachary+A.+Lum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufomind.com%2Farea51%2Forgs%2Fnellis%2Fnellisew.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nr_GgAACAAJ"><i>Renewal of the Nellis Air Force Range Land Withdrawal: Legislative Environmental Impact Statement</i></a>. USAF. March 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renewal+of+the+Nellis+Air+Force+Range+Land+Withdrawal%3A+Legislative+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pub=USAF&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nr_GgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011Factsheet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011Factsheet_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220102021/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9856">Nevada Test and Training Range</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a>. March 10, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9856">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(AFHRA Fact Sheet)</span> on February 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nevada+Test+and+Training+Range&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet.asp%3Fid%3D9856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/08/23/Nevada-nuclear-bomb-site-given-new-name/UPI-39551282594195/">"Nevada nuclear bomb site given new name"</a>. United Press International. August 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nevada+nuclear+bomb+site+given+new+name&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FUS%2F2010%2F08%2F23%2FNevada-nuclear-bomb-site-given-new-name%2FUPI-39551282594195%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202111944/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/centract_military.txt">"Download the 2010 Census Tract to Military Area"</a>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/centract_military.txt">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(spreadsheet text)</span> on February 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+the+2010+Census+Tract+to+Military+Area&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fdocs%2Fcentract_military.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span>     also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/tigerweb_acs11_military_us.html">as a graphic table with NTTR lat/lon:</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> +37.3067987 -116.1698524</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-ideas/weird-and-wacky/storm-area-51-alien-tourists-prompt-nevada-emergency-crowd-planning/news-story/52ea93a62a27fb75a1858bf4a8ed8e98">"Area 51, Tourist Planning"</a>. <i>News.com</i>. August 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.com&rft.atitle=Area+51%2C+Tourist+Planning&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-ideas%2Fweird-and-wacky%2Fstorm-area-51-alien-tourists-prompt-nevada-emergency-crowd-planning%2Fnews-story%2F52ea93a62a27fb75a1858bf4a8ed8e98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.660citynews.com/2019/08/20/area-51-county-officials-draft-emergency-plan-for-big-crowds/">"Area 51, Nevada Emergency"</a>. <i>660 News</i>. August 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=660+News&rft.atitle=Area+51%2C+Nevada+Emergency&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.660citynews.com%2F2019%2F08%2F20%2Farea-51-county-officials-draft-emergency-plan-for-big-crowds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAndrewsWaPo-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAndrewsWaPo_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice-Saddler" class="citation news cs1">Brice-Saddler, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2019/07/13/half-million-people-signed-up-storm-area-what-happens-if-they-actually-show-up/">"Half a million people signed up to storm Area 51. What happens if they actually show?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Half+a+million+people+signed+up+to+storm+Area+51.+What+happens+if+they+actually+show%3F&rft.aulast=Brice-Saddler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2019%2F07%2F13%2Fhalf-million-people-signed-up-storm-area-what-happens-if-they-actually-show-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knpr.org/knpr/2019-07/bring-it-biz-owners-welcome-million-person-march-area-51">"Bring It! Biz Owners Welcome Million-Person March To Area 51"</a>. <i>Nevada Public Radio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nevada+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Bring+It%21+Biz+Owners+Welcome+Million-Person+March+To+Area+51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknpr.org%2Fknpr%2F2019-07%2Fbring-it-biz-owners-welcome-million-person-march-area-51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANevada+Test+and+Training+Range" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Test_and_Training_Range&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nellis.af.mil/Units/NTTR/">Official 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