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role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Miocene (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmaɪ.əsiːn, -oʊ-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MY-ə-seen, -⁠oh-</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is the first <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">geological epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> Period and extends from about <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=23.03%E2%80%935.333">23.03 to 5.333</a> million years ago (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>; the name comes from the Greek words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μείων">μείων</a> (meíōn, "less") and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:καινός">καινός</a> (kainós, "new")<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-9">[9]</a> and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine invertebrate">marine invertebrates</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> has.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Miocene followed the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and preceded the Pliocene. <table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(255,255,0);">Miocene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">23.03 ± 0.3 – 5.333 ± 0.08 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:5.9897538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:212.20523076923px; width:5.9897538461538px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:213.20523076923px; width:3.9897538461538px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_15_Ma_(Langhian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810"></a><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 15 million years ago during the Miocene Epoch, Langhian Age</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:24.270em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−24 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−22 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−20 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.23em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−18 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−16 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−14 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−12 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.10em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−10 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.71em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−8 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−6 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−4 —</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)">–</div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.97em;transform:translateY(-50%)">−2 —</div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:8.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:0.000em;width:0.935em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">C e n o z o i c</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:1.020em;width:0.935em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">P g</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.789em;height:28.334em;left:1.020em;width:0.935em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.167em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N e o g e n e</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(249,249,127);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:1.789em;left:1.020em;width:0.935em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.894em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Q</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,192,122);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:2.040em;width:6.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,0);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:5.607em;height:24.615em;left:2.040em;width:0.935em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-12.308em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">M i o c e n e</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,153);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.789em;height:3.818em;left:2.040em;width:0.935em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.909em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">P l i o.</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,239,175);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:2.040em;width:6.460em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,51);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:26.620em;height:3.503em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.751em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_(stage)" title="Aquitanian (stage)">Aquitanian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,65);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:20.402em;height:6.218em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.109em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,77);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:17.412em;height:2.891em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.445em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,89);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:14.352em;height:3.060em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.530em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,102);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:8.268em;height:5.984em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.992em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,115);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:5.607em;height:2.661em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.330em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,179);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:3.196em;height:2.411em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.205em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Zanclean" title="Zanclean">Zanclean</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,255,191);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.778em;height:1.319em;left:3.060em;width:5.440em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.659em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Piacenzian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:5.600em;height:0.072em;left:1.955em;width:6.545em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.036em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:30.222em;height:0.070em;left:1.020em;width:7.480em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.778em;height:0.070em;left:1.020em;width:7.480em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:8.415em;width:0.085em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:9.870em;height:32em;pointer-events:none"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.479em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a><a href="#cite_note-Krijgsman1996-1">[1]</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.926em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle">←</td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:85%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial">North American <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> expands<a href="#cite_note-Retallack1997-2">[2]</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:21.500em">Subdivision of the Neogene according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-ICS-3">[3]</a> Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">Series</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Base of magnetic polarity <a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chronozone</a> C6Cn.2n</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Planktonic foraminiferan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragloborotalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragloborotalia (page does not exist)">Paragloborotalia kugleri</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Lemme-Carrosio Section, <a href="/wiki/Carrosio" title="Carrosio">Carrosio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miocene&params=44.6589_N_8.8364_E_">44°39′32″N 8°50′11″E / 44.6589°N 8.8364°E / 44.6589; 8.8364</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">1996<a href="#cite_note-Steininger_1997-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Base of the Thvera magnetic event (C3n.4n), which is only 96 ka (5 precession cycles) younger than the GSSP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">Heraclea Minoa section, <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattolica_Eraclea" title="Cattolica Eraclea">Cattolica Eraclea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Italy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miocene&params=37.3917_N_13.2806_E_">37°23′30″N 13°16′50″E / 37.3917°N 13.2806°E / 37.3917; 13.2806</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2000<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> As Earth went from the Oligocene through the Miocene and into the Pliocene, the climate slowly cooled towards a series of <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReconstructingTerrestrialPalaeoclimates-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheFutureOfThePast-12">[12]</a> The Miocene boundaries are not marked by distinct global events but by regionally defined transitions from the warmer Oligocene to the cooler Pliocene Epoch. During the Early Miocene, Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia, severing the connection between the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans, and allowing the interchange of fauna between Eurasia and Africa, including the dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscideans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">hominoids</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> into Eurasia. During the late Miocene, the connections between the Atlantic and Mediterranean closed, causing the Mediterranean Sea to almost completely evaporate. This event is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>". Then, at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> opened, and the Mediterranean refilled. That event is referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Zanclean_flood" title="Zanclean flood">Zanclean flood</a>". Also during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">early Miocene</a> (specifically the Aquitanian and Burdigalian Stages), the <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> first evolved, began diversifying, and became widespread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. Around the end of this epoch, the <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">ancestors of humans</a> had split away from the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">chimpanzees</a> and had begun following their own evolutionary path during the final Messinian Stage (7.5–5.3 Ma) of the Miocene. As in the Oligocene before it, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> continued to expand, and forests to dwindle. In the seas of the Miocene, <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a> made their first appearance and soon became one of Earth's most productive ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The plants and animals of the Miocene were recognizably modern. Mammals and birds were well established. <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> spread. The Miocene is of particular interest to geologists and palaeoclimatologists because major phases of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">geology of the Himalaya</a> occurred during that epoch, affecting <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> patterns in Asia, which were interlinked with <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a> in the northern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Subdivisions">1 Subdivisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Paleogeography">2 Paleogeography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Eurasia">2.1 Eurasia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#South_America">2.2 South America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Australia">2.3 Australia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate">3 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Life">4 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Flora">4.1 Flora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Fauna">4.2 Fauna</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Oceanic">4.2.1 Oceanic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Microbiota">4.3 Microbiota</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Oceans">5 Oceans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Middle_Miocene_disruption">6 Middle Miocene disruption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Impact_event">7 Impact event</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subdivisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miocene_Chart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Miocene_Chart.jpg/250px-Miocene_Chart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="465" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 465px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Miocene_Chart.jpg/250px-Miocene_Chart.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="465" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Miocene_Chart.jpg/330px-Miocene_Chart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Miocene_Chart.jpg/500px-Miocene_Chart.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Subdivisions of the Miocene</figcaption></figure> The Miocene <a href="/wiki/Faunal_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Faunal stage">faunal stages</a> from youngest to oldest are typically named according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ICS-Chart-16">[16]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sub-epoch </th> <th>Faunal stage </th> <th>Time range </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Messinian" title="Messinian">Messinian</a></td> <td>7.246–5.333 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tortonian" title="Tortonian">Tortonian</a></td> <td>11.63–7.246 Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serravallian" title="Serravallian">Serravallian</a></td> <td>13.82–11.63 Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a></td> <td>15.97–13.82 Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burdigalian" title="Burdigalian">Burdigalian</a></td> <td>20.44–15.97 Ma </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanian age">Aquitanian</a></td> <td>23.03–20.44 Ma </td></tr></tbody></table> Regionally, other systems are used, based on characteristic land mammals; some of them overlap with the preceding Oligocene and following Pliocene Epochs: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Land Mammal Ages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>European</th> <th>North American</th> <th>South American </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turolian" title="Turolian">Turolian</a> (9.0 to 5.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallesian" title="Vallesian">Vallesian</a> (11.6 to 9.0 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astaracian" title="Astaracian">Astaracian</a> (16.0 to 11.6 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanian" title="Orleanian">Orleanian</a> (20.0 to 16.0 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenian" title="Agenian">Agenian</a> (23.8 to 20.0 Ma)</li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemphillian" title="Hemphillian">Hemphillian</a> (10.3 to 4.9 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendonian" title="Clarendonian">Clarendonian</a> (13.6 to 10.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barstovian" title="Barstovian">Barstovian</a> (16.3 to 13.6 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemingfordian" title="Hemingfordian">Hemingfordian</a> (20.6 to 16.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikareean" title="Arikareean">Arikareean</a> (30.6 to 20.6 Ma)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montehermosan" title="Montehermosan">Montehermosan</a> (6.8 to 4.0 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayquerian" title="Huayquerian">Huayquerian</a> (9.0 to 6.8 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoan" title="Mayoan">Mayoan</a> (11.8 to 9.0 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laventan" title="Laventan">Laventan</a> (13.8 to 11.8 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloncuran" title="Colloncuran">Colloncuran</a> (15.5 to 13.8 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friasian" title="Friasian">Friasian</a> (16.3 to 15.5 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santacrucian" title="Santacrucian">Santacrucian</a> (17.5 to 16.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colhuehuapian" title="Colhuehuapian">Colhuehuapian</a> (21.0 to 17.5 Ma)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Paleogeography">Paleogeography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleogeography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg/170px-Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 239px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg/170px-Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="239" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg/255px-Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg/340px-Sea_of_Japan_Early_Miocene_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Japan during the Early Miocene</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg/330px-Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="382"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg/330px-Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg/500px-Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg/660px-Late_Miocene_Europe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Mediterranean during the Late Miocene</figcaption></figure> Continents continued to <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">drift</a> toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> was absent,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> although South America was approaching the western <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, causing both the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and a southward extension of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Meso-American</a> peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Mountain building took place in western <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017261%E2%80%93264-19">[19]</a> Both continental and marine Miocene deposits are common worldwide with marine outcrops common near modern shorelines. Well studied continental exposures occur in the North American <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. The global trend was towards increasing aridity caused primarily by global cooling reducing the ability of the atmosphere to absorb moisture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017267-20">[20]</a> particularly after 7 to 8 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-JiaEtAl2020-21">[21]</a> Uplift of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> in the late Miocene was partly responsible for the shrinking of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rain forest">tropical rain forests</a> in that region,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> got drier as it entered a zone of low rainfall in the Late Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eurasia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> continued to collide with the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>, creating new <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> and uplifting the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadowing</a> and aridification of the Asian interior.<a href="#cite_note-JiaEtAl2020-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> experienced significant uplift in the Late Miocene, blocking westerlies from coming into the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and drying it as a result.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> At the beginning of the Miocene, the northern margin of the Arabian plate, then part of the African landmass, collided with Eurasia; as a result, the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> collided with <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a>–<a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017261%E2%80%93264-19">[19]</a> The first step of this closure occurred 20 Ma, reducing water mass exchange by 90%, while the second step occurred around 13.8 Ma, coincident with a major expansion of Antarctic glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This severed the connection between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and formed the present land connection between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">uplift of mountains</a> in the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea (known as the <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a>) near the end of the Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorsvikCocks2017259,_267,_287-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a> underwent a significant transgression during the early Middle Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Around 13.8 Ma, during a global sea level drop, the Eastern Paratethys was cut off from the global ocean by the closure of the Bârlad Strait, effectively turning it into a saltwater lake. From 13.8 to 13.36 Ma, an evaporite period similar to the later Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean ensued in the Central Paratethys, cut off from sources of freshwater input by its separation from the Eastern Paratethys. From 13.36 to 12.65 Ma, the Central Paratethys was characterised by open marine conditions, before the reopening of the Bârlad Strait resulted in a shift to brackish-marine conditions in the Central Paratethys, causing the Badenian-Sarmatian Extinction Event. As a result of the Bârlad Strait's reopening, the lake levels of the Eastern Paratethys dropped as it once again became a sea.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fram_Strait" title="Fram Strait">Fram Strait</a> opened during the Miocene and acted as the only throughflow for Atlantic Water into the Arctic Ocean until the Quaternary period. Due to regional uplift of the continental shelf, this water could not move through the Barents Seaway in the Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The modern day <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> took shape after 8 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Geochemistry of the Qiongdongnan Basin in the northern South China Sea indicates the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River" title="Pearl River">Pearl River</a> was a major source of sediment flux into the sea during the Early Miocene and was a major fluvial system as in the present.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and Early Miocene, the coast of northern Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-Rossettietal2013-33">[33]</a> Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Pisco_Basin" title="Pisco Basin">south-central Peru</a>, central Chile and large swathes of inland <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> were subject to a <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Machareetal1988-34">[34]</a> The transgressions in the west coast of South America are thought to be caused by a regional phenomenon while the steadily rising <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Orocline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Orocline">central segment</a> of the Andes represents an exception.<a href="#cite_note-Machareetal1988-34">[34]</a> While there are numerous registers of Oligocene–Miocene transgressions around the world it is doubtful that these correlate.<a href="#cite_note-Rossettietal2013-33">[33]</a> It is thought that the Oligocene–Miocene transgression in Patagonia could have temporarily linked the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as inferred from the findings of marine invertebrate fossils of both Atlantic and Pacific affinity in <a href="/wiki/La_Cascada_Formation" title="La Cascada Formation">La Cascada Formation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encinasetal2014-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Connection would have occurred through narrow <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland sea (geology)">epicontinental seaways</a> that formed channels in a <a href="/wiki/River_incision" title="River incision">dissected topography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encinasetal2014-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guillaumeetal2009-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a> started to <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduct</a> beneath South America 14 million years ago in the Miocene, forming the <a href="/wiki/Chile_Triple_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile Triple Junction">Chile Triple Junction</a>. At first the Antarctic Plate subducted only in the southernmost tip of Patagonia, meaning that the Chile Triple Junction lay near the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>. As the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chile_Rise" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile Rise">Chile Rise</a> became consumed by subduction the more northerly regions of the Antarctic Plate begun to subduct beneath Patagonia so that the Chile Triple Junction advanced to the north over time.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">asthenospheric window</a> associated to the triple junction disturbed previous patterns of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convection</a> beneath Patagonia inducing an uplift of ca. 1 km that reversed the Oligocene–Miocene transgression.<a href="#cite_note-Guillaumeetal2009-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> As the southern <a href="/wiki/Andean_orogeny" title="Andean orogeny">Andes rose</a> in the Middle Miocene (14–12 million years ago) the resulting <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> originated the <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian Desert</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Far northern Australia was monsoonal during the Miocene. Although northern Australia is often believed to have been much wetter during the Miocene, this interpretation may be an artefact of preservation bias of riparian and lacustrine plants;<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> this finding has itself been challenged by other papers.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Western Australia, like today, was arid, particularly so during the Middle Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-GroeneveldEtAl2017-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:65_Myr_Climate_Change.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/300px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="397"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/300px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png" data-width="300" data-height="183" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/450px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/65_Myr_Climate_Change.png/600px-65_Myr_Climate_Change.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciations</a> continued. Although a long-term cooling trend was well underway, there is evidence of a warm period during the Miocene when the global climate rivalled that of the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The climate of the Miocene has been suggested as a good analogue for future warmer climates caused by <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic global warming">anthropogenic global warming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReconstructingTerrestrialPalaeoclimates-11">[11]</a> with this being especially true of the global climate during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_Climatic_Optimum" title="Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum">Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum</a> (MMCO),<a href="#cite_note-TheFutureOfThePast-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> because the last time carbon dioxide levels were comparable to projected future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels resulting from anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> was during the MMCO.<a href="#cite_note-DeepTimePerspectiveCO2-46">[46]</a> The Ross Sea margin of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) was highly dynamic during the Early Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Miocene began with the Early Miocene Cool Event (Mi-1) around 23 million years ago, which marked the start of the Early Miocene Cool Interval (EMCI).<a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-48">[48]</a> This cool event occurred immediately after the Oligocene-Miocene Transition (OMT) during a major expansion of Antarctica's ice sheets,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> but was not associated with a significant drop in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Both continental and oceanic thermal gradients in mid-latitudes during the Early Miocene were very similar to those in the present.<a href="#cite_note-GoedertEtAl2017-51">[51]</a> Global cooling caused the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) to begin to take on its modern form during the Early Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> From 22.1 to 19.7 Ma, the Xining Basin experienced relative warmth and humidity amidst a broader aridification trend.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The EMCI ended 18 million years ago, giving way to the Middle Miocene Warm Interval (MMWI), the warmest part of which was the MMCO that began 16 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-48">[48]</a> As the world transitioned into the MMCO, carbon dioxide concentrations varied between 300 and 500 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Global annual mean surface temperature during the MMCO was about 18.4 °C.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> MMCO warmth was driven by the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Group" title="Columbia River Basalt Group">Columbia River Basalts</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and enhanced by decreased <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> from the reduction of deserts and expansion of forests.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate modelling</a> suggests additional, currently unknown, factors also worked to create the warm conditions of the MMCO.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The MMCO saw the expansion of the tropical climatic zone to much larger than its current size.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The July ITCZ, the zone of maximal monsoonal rainfall, moved to the north, increasing precipitation over southern China whilst simultaneously decreasing it over Indochina during the EASM.<a href="#cite_note-LiuEtAl2019-62">[62]</a> Western Australia was at this time characterised by exceptional aridity.<a href="#cite_note-GroeneveldEtAl2017-43">[43]</a> In Antarctica, average summer temperatures on land reached 10 °C.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In the oceans, the <a href="/wiki/Lysocline" title="Lysocline">lysocline</a> shoaled by approximately half of a kilometre during warm phases that corresponded to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> maxima.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The MMCO ended around 14 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-48">[48]</a> when global temperatures fell in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">Middle Miocene Climate Transition</a> (MMCT).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Abrupt increases in <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a> deposition indicate this cooling was driven by enhanced drawdown of carbon dioxide via silicate weathering.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The MMCT caused a <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> (SST) drop of approximately 6 °C in the North Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The drop in benthic foraminiferal δ18O values was most noticeable in the waters around Antarctica, suggesting cooling was most intense there.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Around this time the Mi3b glacial event (a massive expansion of Antarctic glaciers) occurred.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) markedly stabilised following the MMCT.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The intensification of glaciation caused a decoherence of sediment deposition from the 405 kyr eccentricity cycle.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg/330px-Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1087"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg/330px-Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="116" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg/500px-Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg/960px-Rattlesnake_Formation_Mural.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Restoration of the volcanic eruption in Harney Basin, of the western US, represented by the <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake_Formation" title="Rattlesnake Formation">Rattlesnake Formation</a></figcaption></figure> The MMWI ended about 11 Ma, when the Late Miocene Cool Interval (LMCI) started.<a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-48">[48]</a> A major but transient warming occurred around 10.8-10.7 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> During the Late Miocene, the Earth's climate began to display a high degree of similarity to that of the present day[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The 173 kyr <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">obliquity modulation cycle</a> governed by Earth's interactions with Saturn became detectable in the Late Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-ZhangEtAl2022-73">[73]</a> By 12 Ma, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> was a savanna akin to that of the western margins of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Central Australia became progressively drier,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> although southwestern Australia experienced significant wettening from around 12 to 8 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-GroeneveldEtAl2017-43">[43]</a> The South Asian Winter Monsoon (SAWM) underwent strengthening ~9.2–8.5 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> From 7.9 to 5.8 Ma, the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) became stronger synchronously with a southward shift of the subarctic front.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> may have begun to have large glaciers as early as 8 to 7 Ma,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> although the climate for the most part remained warm enough to support forests there well into the Pliocene.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Zhejiang, China was noticeably more humid than today.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, there was a gradual and progressive trend of increasing aridification, though it was not unidirectional, and wet humid episodes continued to occur.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Between 7 and 5.3 Ma, temperatures dropped sharply again in the Late Miocene Cooling (LMC),<a href="#cite_note-ChristopherScotese-48">[48]</a> most likely as a result of a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide<a href="#cite_note-BrownEtAl2022-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and a drop in the amplitude of Earth's obliquity,<a href="#cite_note-QinEtAl2022-86">[86]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a> was approaching its present-day size and thickness. Ocean temperatures plummeted to near-modern values during the LMC;<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> extratropical <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> dropped substantially by approximately 7–9 °C.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> 41 kyr obliquity cycles became the dominant orbital climatic control 7.7 Ma and this dominance strengthened 6.4 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Benthic δ18O values show significant glaciation occurred from 6.26 to 5.50 Ma, during which glacial-interglacial cycles were governed by the 41 kyr obliquity cycle.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> A major reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> occurred approximately 6 Ma, causing continental carbon reservoirs to no longer expand during cold spells, as they had done during cold periods in the Oligocene and most of the Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> At the end of the Miocene, global temperatures rose again as the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> of Earth's obliquity increased,<a href="#cite_note-QinEtAl2022-86">[86]</a> which caused increased aridity in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Around 5.5 Ma, the EAWM underwent a period of rapid intensification.<a href="#cite_note-HanFangBergerYin2011-93">[93]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Life during the Miocene Epoch was mostly supported by the two newly formed <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a> and grasslands[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Grasslands allow for more grazers, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo">hippos</a>. Ninety-five percent of modern plants existed by the end of this epoch[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Modern bony fish genera were established.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A modern-style latitudinal biodiversity gradient appeared ~15 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flora" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG/220px-Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG/220px-Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG/330px-Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG/440px-Socotra_dragon_tree.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari" title="Dracaena cinnabari">dragon blood tree</a> is considered a remnant of the Mio-Pliocene Laurasian subtropical forests that are now almost extinct in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">gritty</a>, fibrous, fire-tolerant <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a> and long-legged <a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">gregarious</a> <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hypsodont" title="Hypsodont">high-crowned teeth</a>, led to a major expansion of grass-grazer <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Herds of large, <a href="/wiki/Cursorial" title="Cursorial">swift</a> <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazers</a> were hunted by <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> across broad sweeps of open <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, displacing desert, woodland, and browsers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The higher organic content and water retention of the deeper and richer <a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">grassland soils</a>, with long-term <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">burial of carbon</a> in sediments, produced a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon and water vapor</a> sink. This, combined with higher surface albedo and lower <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> of grassland, contributed to a cooler, drier climate.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation#The_evolution_and_advantages_of_the_C4_pathway" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a> grasses, which are able to assimilate <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and water more efficiently than <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3</a> grasses, expanded to become ecologically significant near the end of the Miocene between 6 and 7 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Osborne2006-98">[98]</a> although they did not expand northward during the Late Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The expansion of grasslands and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">radiations</a> among terrestrial herbivores correlates to fluctuations in CO2.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> One study, however, has attributed the expansion of grasslands not to a CO2 drop but to the increasing seasonality and aridity, coupled with a monsoon climate, which made wildfires highly prevalent compared to before.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The Late Miocene expansion of grasslands had cascading effects on the global carbon cycle, evidenced by the imprint it left in carbon isotope records.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycads</a> between 11.5 and 5 million years ago began to rediversify after previous declines in variety due to climatic changes, and thus modern cycads are not a good model for a "living fossil".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> fossil leaves occur in the Miocene of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, where the genus is not native today, but have been introduced from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg/250px-CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="2886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 199px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg/250px-CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="199" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg/330px-CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg/500px-CamelFootprintBarstowMiocene.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cameloid footprint (Lamaichnum alfi Sarjeant and Reynolds, 1999; convex hyporelief) from the <a href="/wiki/Barstow_Formation" title="Barstow Formation">Barstow Formation</a> (Miocene) of Rainbow Basin, California.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png/250px-Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="983"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png/250px-Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png/330px-Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png/500px-Daeodon_shoshonensis_2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Life restoration of <a href="/wiki/Daeodon" title="Daeodon">Daeodon</a></figcaption></figure> Both marine and continental <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> were fairly modern, although marine mammals were less numerous. Only in isolated South America and Australia did widely divergent fauna exist. In Eurasia, genus richness shifted southward to lower latitudes from the Early to the Middle Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Europe's large mammal diversity significantly declined during the Late Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In the Early Miocene, several Oligocene groups were still diverse, including <a href="/wiki/Nimravidae" title="Nimravidae">nimravids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entelodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelodont">entelodonts</a>, and three-toed equids. As in the previous Oligocene Epoch, <a href="/wiki/Merycoidodontoidea" title="Merycoidodontoidea">oreodonts</a> were still diverse, only to disappear in the earliest Pliocene. During the later Miocene mammals were more modern, with easily recognizable <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_pandas" class="mw-redirect" title="Red pandas">red pandas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">procyonids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">equids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camelids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, along with now-extinct groups like <a href="/wiki/Borophaginae" title="Borophaginae">borophagine canids</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphotheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miohippus" title="Miohippus">three-toed horses</a>, and hornless rhinos like <a href="/wiki/Teleoceras" title="Teleoceras">Teleoceras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphelops" title="Aphelops">Aphelos</a>. The late Miocene also marks the extinction of the last-surviving members of the <a href="/wiki/Hyaenodonta" title="Hyaenodonta">hyaenodonts</a>. Islands began to form between South and North America in the Late Miocene, allowing ground sloths like <a href="/wiki/Thinobadistes" title="Thinobadistes">Thinobadistes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal" title="Oceanic dispersal">island-hop</a> to North America. The expansion of <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">silica-rich</a> <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation#The_evolution_and_advantages_of_the_C4_pathway" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a> grasses led to worldwide extinctions of herbivorous species without <a href="/wiki/Hypsodont" title="Hypsodont">high-crowned teeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelids">Mustelids</a> diversified into their largest forms as terrestrial predators like <a href="/wiki/Ekorus" title="Ekorus">Ekorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eomellivora" title="Eomellivora">Eomellivora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megalictis" title="Megalictis">Megalictis</a> and bunodont otters like <a href="/wiki/Enhydriodon" title="Enhydriodon">Enhydriodon</a> and Sivaonyx appeared. <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphlans</a> were widespread in Europe, being less diverse in Southern Europe than farther north due to the aridity of the former.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Unequivocally-recognizable <a href="/wiki/Dabbling_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabbling duck">dabbling ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">plovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typical_owl" class="mw-redirect" title="Typical owl">typical owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">cockatoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> appear during the Miocene. By the epoch's end, all or almost all modern bird groups are believed to have been present; the few post-Miocene bird fossils which cannot be placed in the evolutionary tree with full confidence are simply too badly preserved, rather than too equivocal in character. Marine birds reached their highest diversity ever in the course of this epoch[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. The youngest representatives of <a href="/wiki/Choristodera" title="Choristodera">Choristodera</a>, an extinct order of aquatic reptiles that first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a>, are known from the Miocene of Europe, belonging to the genus <a href="/wiki/Lazarussuchus" title="Lazarussuchus">Lazarussuchus</a>, which had been the only known surviving genus of the group since the beginning of the Eocene.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[109]</a> The last known representatives of the archaic primitive mammal order <a href="/wiki/Meridiolestida" title="Meridiolestida">Meridiolestida</a>, which dominated South America during the Late Cretaceous, are known from the Miocene of Patagonia, represented by the mole-like <a href="/wiki/Necrolestes" title="Necrolestes">Necrolestes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chimentoetal-111">[111]</a> The youngest known representatives of <a href="/wiki/Metatheria" title="Metatheria">metatherians</a> (the broader grouping to which <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> belong) in Europe, Asia and Africa are known from the Miocene, including the European herpetotheriid <a href="/wiki/Amphiperatherium" title="Amphiperatherium">Amphiperatherium</a>, the peradectids <a href="/wiki/Siamoperadectes" title="Siamoperadectes">Siamoperadectes</a> and Sinoperadectes from Asia,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-113">[113]</a> and the possible herpetotheriid Morotodon from the late Early Miocene of Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Approximately 100 species of <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> lived during this time[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], ranging throughout Africa, Asia and Europe and varying widely in size, diet, and anatomy. Due to scanty fossil evidence it is unclear which ape or apes contributed to the modern <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</a> clade, but molecular evidence indicates this ape lived between 18 and 13 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedal</a> apes of the human lineage) appeared in Africa at the very end of the Miocene, including <a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a>, and an early form of <a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">chimpanzee–human divergence</a> is thought to have occurred at this time.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The evolution of bipedalism in apes at the end of the Miocene instigated an increased rate of faunal turnover in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In contrast, European apes met their end at the end of the Miocene due to increased habitat uniformity.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes.<a href="#cite_note-Holman2000-119">[119]</a> Previously, snakes were a minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">vipers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elapidae" title="Elapidae">elapids</a> in North America and the significant diversification of <a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a> (including the origin of many modern genera such as <a href="/wiki/Nerodia" title="Nerodia">Nerodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampropeltis">Lampropeltis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituophis" title="Pituophis">Pituophis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantherophis" title="Pantherophis">Pantherophis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Holman2000-119">[119]</a> Arthropods were abundant, including in areas such as Tibet where they have traditionally been thought to be undiverse.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoisoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoisoptera">Neoisopterans</a> diversified and expanded into areas they previously were absent from, such as Madagascar and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oceanic">Oceanic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceanic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the oceans, <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a>, proliferated, supporting new species of sea life, including <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. Corals suffered a significant local decline along the northeastern coast of Australia during the Tortonian, most likely due to warming seawater.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">Cetaceans</a> attained their greatest diversity during the Miocene,<a href="#cite_note-G-123">[123]</a> with over 20 recognized genera of <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> in comparison to only six living genera.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> This diversification correlates with emergence of gigantic macro-predators such as megatoothed sharks and raptorial <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LV-125">[125]</a> Prominent examples are <a href="/wiki/Megalodon" title="Megalodon">O. megalodon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livyatan" title="Livyatan">L. melvillei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LV-125">[125]</a> Other notable large sharks were <a href="/wiki/Otodus_chubutensis" title="Otodus chubutensis">O. chubutensis</a>, Isurus hastalis, and <a href="/wiki/Hemipristis_serra" title="Hemipristis serra">Hemipristis serra</a>. Crocodilians also showed signs of diversification during the Miocene. The largest form among them was a gigantic <a href="/wiki/Caiman" title="Caiman">caiman</a> <a href="/wiki/Purussaurus" title="Purussaurus">Purussaurus</a> which inhabited South America.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Another gigantic form was a <a href="/wiki/False_gharial" title="False gharial">false gharial</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhamphosuchus" title="Rhamphosuchus">Rhamphosuchus</a>, which inhabited modern age <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. A strange form, <a href="/wiki/Mourasuchus" title="Mourasuchus">Mourasuchus</a> also thrived alongside Purussaurus. This species developed a specialized filter-feeding mechanism, and it likely preyed upon small fauna despite its gigantic size.<a href="#cite_note-:1-127">[127]</a> The youngest members of <a href="/wiki/Sebecidae" title="Sebecidae">Sebecidae</a>, a clade of large terrestrial predatory <a href="/wiki/Crocodyliformes" title="Crocodyliformes">crocodyliformes</a> distantly related to modern crocodilians, from which they likely diverged over 180 million years ago, are known from the Miocene of South America.<a href="#cite_note-:1-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The last <a href="/wiki/Desmostylians" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmostylians">Desmostylians</a> thrived during this period before becoming the only extinct marine mammal order. The <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>, which appeared near the end of the Oligocene, became more aquatic. A prominent genus was <a href="/wiki/Allodesmus" title="Allodesmus">Allodesmus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A ferocious <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelagiarctos" title="Pelagiarctos">Pelagiarctos</a> may have preyed upon other species of pinnipeds including Allodesmus. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> waters witnessed the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Megapiranha" title="Megapiranha">Megapiranha paranensis</a>, which were considerably larger than modern age <a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranhas</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s Miocene fossil record is particularly rich. Marine deposits showcase a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguins">penguins</a>, illustrating the evolution of both groups into modern representatives. The early Miocene <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans_Fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bathans Fauna">Saint Bathans Fauna</a> is the only Cenozoic terrestrial fossil record of the landmass, showcasing a wide variety of not only <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species, including early representatives of clades such as <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(bird)" title="Kiwi (bird)">kiwi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adzebill" title="Adzebill">adzebills</a>, but also a diverse herpetofauna of <a href="/wiki/Sphenodontia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodontia">sphenodontians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a> as well as a rich terrestrial mammal fauna composed of various species of <a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</a> and the enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bathans_Mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bathans Mammal">Saint Bathans Mammal</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miocene fossils from the Calvert Formation, Calvert County, Maryland, US"><noscript><img alt="Miocene fossils from the Calvert Formation, Calvert County, Maryland, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg/250px-Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="3225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 128px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg/250px-Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg" data-alt="Miocene fossils from the Calvert Formation, Calvert County, Maryland, US" data-width="200" data-height="128" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg/330px-Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg/500px-Calvert_Zone_10_Calvert_Co_MD.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miocene fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Calvert_Formation" title="Calvert Formation">Calvert Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvert_County,_Maryland" title="Calvert County, Maryland">Calvert County, Maryland</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Miocene crab (Tumidocarcinus giganteus) from the collection of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis"><noscript><img alt="A Miocene crab (Tumidocarcinus giganteus) from the collection of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg/200px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="526"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg/200px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg" data-alt="A Miocene crab (Tumidocarcinus giganteus) from the collection of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg/300px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg/400px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Miocene_crab.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Miocene crab (<a href="/wiki/Tumidocarcinus_giganteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumidocarcinus giganteus">Tumidocarcinus giganteus</a>) from the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Museum of Indianapolis">Children's Museum of Indianapolis</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiota">Microbiota</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Microbiota" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Microbial life in the igneous crust of the <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandian_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoscandian Shield">Fennoscandian Shield</a> shifted from being dominated by <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> to being primarily composed of <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganism" title="Sulfate-reducing microorganism">sulphate-reducing prokaryotes</a>. The change resulted from fracture reactivation during the Pyrenean-Alpine orogeny, enabling sulphate-reducing microbes to permeate into the Fennoscandian Shield via descending surficial waters.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Diatom diversity was inversely correlated with carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures during the Miocene. Most modern lineages of diatoms appeared by the Late Miocene.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Oceans">Oceans</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Oceans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VMNH_megalodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg/250px-VMNH_megalodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="489"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg/250px-VMNH_megalodon.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg/330px-VMNH_megalodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/VMNH_megalodon.jpg/400px-VMNH_megalodon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Artistic impression of two <a href="/wiki/Eobalaenoptera" title="Eobalaenoptera">Eobalaenoptera</a> whales pursued by the giant shark <a href="/wiki/Otodus_megalodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Otodus megalodon">Otodus megalodon</a> </figcaption></figure> There is evidence from oxygen isotopes at <a href="/wiki/Deep_Sea_Drilling_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Sea Drilling Program">Deep Sea Drilling Program</a> sites that ice began to build up in Antarctica about 36 Ma during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>. Further marked decreases in temperature during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene" title="Middle Miocene">Middle Miocene</a> at 15 Ma probably reflect increased ice growth in Antarctica. It can therefore be assumed that East Antarctica had some glaciers during the early to mid Miocene (23–15 Ma). Oceans cooled partly due to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a>, and about 15 million years ago the ice cap in the southern hemisphere started to grow to its present form. The Greenland ice cap developed later, in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pliocene">Middle Pliocene</a> time, about 3 million years ago. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Middle_Miocene_disruption">Middle Miocene disruption</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Miocene disruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Miocene_disruption" title="Middle Miocene disruption">Middle Miocene disruption</a></div> The "Middle Miocene disruption" refers to a wave of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinctions</a> of terrestrial and aquatic life forms that occurred following the Miocene Climatic Optimum (18 to 16 Ma), around 14.8 to 14.5 million years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Langhian" title="Langhian">Langhian</a> Stage of the mid-Miocene. A major and permanent cooling step occurred between 14.8 and 14.1 Ma, associated with increased production of cold Antarctic deep waters and a major expansion of the East Antarctic ice sheet.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1983-132">[132]</a> The closure of the Indonesian Throughflow, which caused an accumulation of warm water in the western Pacific that then spread eastward and reduced upwelling in the eastern Pacific, may also have been responsible.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A Middle Miocene δ18O increase, that is, a relative increase in the heavier isotope of oxygen, has been noted in the Pacific, the Southern Ocean and the South Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1983-132">[132]</a> Barium and uranium became enriched in seafloor sediments.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Impact_event">Impact event</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact event" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> A large <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a> occurred either during the Miocene (23–5.3 Ma) or the Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Ma). The event formed the <a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Tajikistan)" title="Karakul (Tajikistan)">Karakul crater</a> (52 km diameter) in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, which is estimated to have an age of less than 23 Ma<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> or less than 5 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-gurov-136">[136]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites" title="List of fossil sites">List of fossil sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Miocene_animals" title="Category:Miocene animals">Category:Miocene animals</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Krijgsman1996-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Krijgsman1996_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Episodes. 20 (1): 23–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1997%2Fv20i1%2F005">10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Global+Stratotype+Section+and+Point+%28GSSP%29+for+the+base+of+the+Neogene&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1997%2Fv20i1%2F005&rft.aulast=Steininger&rft.aufirst=Fritz+F.&rft.au=M.+P.+Aubry&rft.au=W.+A.+Berggren&rft.au=M.+Biolzi&rft.au=A.+M.+Borsetti&rft.au=Julie+E.+Cartlidge&rft.au=F.+Cati&rft.au=R.+Corfield&rft.au=R.+Gelati&rft.au=S.+Iaccarino&rft.au=C.+Napoleone&rft.au=F.+Ottner&rft.au=F.+R%C3%B6gl&rft.au=R.+Roetzel&rft.au=S.+Spezzaferri&rft.au=F.+Tateo&rft.au=G.+Villa&rft.au=D.+Zevenboom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2FGSSP%2Ffile9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_CouveringCastradoriCitaHilgen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Van Couvering, John; Castradori, Davide; Cita, Maria; Hilgen, Frederik; Rio, Domenico (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/zanclean.pdf">"The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series"</a> (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 179–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i3%2F005">10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+base+of+the+Zanclean+Stage+and+of+the+Pliocene+Series&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2000%2Fv23i3%2F005&rft.aulast=Van+Couvering&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Castradori%2C+Davide&rft.au=Cita%2C+Maria&rft.au=Hilgen%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Rio%2C+Domenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2Fgssps%2Ffiles%2Fzanclean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Miocene">"Miocene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miocene&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FMiocene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Miocene">"Miocene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Miocene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMiocene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> See: <ul><li>Letter from <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> dated 31 January 1831 in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodhunter1876" class="citation book cs1">Todhunter, Isaac, ed. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XaMKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA111">William Whewell, D. D., Master of Trinity College, Cambridge: An account of his writings with selections from his literary and scientific correspondence</a>. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan and Co.</a> p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Whewell%2C+D.+D.%2C+Master+of+Trinity+College%2C+Cambridge%3A+An+account+of+his+writings+with+selections+from+his+literary+and+scientific+correspondence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXaMKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyell1833" class="citation book cs1">Lyell, Charles (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103125555;view=1up;seq=104">Principles of Geology, …</a>. Vol. 3. London, England: John Murray. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology%2C+%E2%80%A6&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044103125555%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> From p. 54: "The next antecedent tertiary epoch we shall name Miocene, from μειων, minor, and χαινος, recens, a minority only of fossil shells imbedded in the formations of this period, being of recent species."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-9"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Miocene">"Miocene"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 2016-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Miocene&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DMiocene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyell1833" class="citation book cs1">Lyell, Charles (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103125555;view=1up;seq=104">Principles of Geology, …</a>. Vol. 3. London, England: John Murray. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology%2C+%E2%80%A6&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044103125555%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReconstructingTerrestrialPalaeoclimates-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReconstructingTerrestrialPalaeoclimates_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReconstructingTerrestrialPalaeoclimates_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonMcCoyO'KeefeOtaño2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gibson, M. E.; McCoy, J.; O'Keefe, J. M. K.; Otaño, N. B. Nuñez; Warny, S.; Pound, M. J. 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Retrieved 26 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Climate-driven+compositional+modifications+of+arc+volcanoes+along+the+East+Equatorial+Pacific+Margin+%E2%80%94+The+magmatic+response+to+a+cooling+planet&rft.volume=234&rft.pages=104228&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2022.104228&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESRv..23404228E&rft.aulast=Err%C3%A1zuriz-Henao&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Tuena%2C+Arturo&rft.au=Parolari%2C+Mattia&rft.au=Weber%2C+Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012825222003129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouleyBaratouxBaratouxColas2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bouley S, Baratoux D, Baratoux L, Colas F, Dauvergne J, Losiak A, Vaubaillon J, Bourdeille C, Jullien A, Ibadinov K (2011). "Karakul: a young complex impact crater in the Pamir, Tajikistan". American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2011: P31A–1701. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P31A1701B">2011AGUFM.P31A1701B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Geophysical+Union+Fall+Meeting+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Karakul%3A+a+young+complex+impact+crater+in+the+Pamir%2C+Tajikistan&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=P31A-1701&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AGUFM.P31A1701B&rft.aulast=Bouley&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Baratoux%2C+D&rft.au=Baratoux%2C+L&rft.au=Colas%2C+F&rft.au=Dauvergne%2C+J&rft.au=Losiak%2C+A&rft.au=Vaubaillon%2C+J&rft.au=Bourdeille%2C+C&rft.au=Jullien%2C+A&rft.au=Ibadinov%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gurov-136"><a href="#cite_ref-gurov_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurovGurovaRakitskayaYamnichenko,_AYu1993" class="citation conference cs1">Gurov EP, Gurova HP, Rakitskaya RB, Yamnichenko, AYu (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940011739.pdf">The Karakul depression in Pamirs - the first impact structure in central Asia</a> (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. pp. 591–592. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993LPI....24..591G">1993LPI....24..591G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Karakul+depression+in+Pamirs+-+the+first+impact+structure+in+central+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E591-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993LPI....24..591G&rft.aulast=Gurov&rft.aufirst=EP&rft.au=Gurova%2C+HP&rft.au=Rakitskaya%2C+RB&rft.au=Yamnichenko%2C+AYu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19940011739.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiocene" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Cox, C. Barry & Moore, Peter D. (1993): Biogeography. An ecological and evolutionary approach (5th ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-02967-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-02967-6">0-632-02967-6</a></li> <li>Ogg, Jim (2004): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423084018/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm">Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)</a>". Retrieved 2006-04-30.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miocene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Miocene">Miocene</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Cenozoic#Neogene" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Cenozoic">Cenozoic#Neogene</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/miocene.html">PBS Deep Time: Miocene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/mio.html">UCMP Berkeley Miocene Epoch Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?age=Miocene&aktion=suche">Miocene Microfossils: 200+ images of Miocene Foraminifera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miocene&oldid=1282005836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miocene&oldid=1282005836</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Miocene&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 March 2025, at 19:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseen" title="Mioseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mioseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر الميوسيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الميوسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenu" title="Miocenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Tiong-sin-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Міяцэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міяцэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8" title="Miocè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AFosen" title="Mïosen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mïosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A6n" title="Miocæn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotseen" title="Miotseen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μειόκαινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μειόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miozeno" title="Miozeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8ne" title="Miocène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_M%C3%A9ic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Méicéineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Méicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8" title="마이오세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이오세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Միոցեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="मध्यनूतन युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्यनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AD%C3%B3sen" title="Míósen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Míósen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="מיוקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიოცენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocaenum" title="Miocaenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Miocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C4%93ns" title="Miocēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miozen" title="Miozen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Miozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenas" title="Miocenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosene" title="Miosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Miosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="മയോസീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മയോസീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میوسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceen" title="Mioceen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mioceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8n" title="Miocèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotsen_bo%CA%BBlimi" title="Miotsen boʻlimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miotsen boʻlimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਇਓਸੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਇਓਸੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseeni" title="Mioseeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mioseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseno" title="Mioseno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mioseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மயோசீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மயோசீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మియోసిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మియోసిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไมโอซีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไมโอซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миосен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миосен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyosen" title="Miyosen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miyosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Міоцен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Miocen" title="Thế Miocen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Miocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-x26x7","wgBackendResponseTime":419,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.197","walltime":"2.457","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27539,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":729978,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18905,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":607165,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2171.650 1 -total"," 45.72% 992.953 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.88% 779.251 115 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.23% 200.462 1 Template:Infobox_geologic_timespan"," 7.67% 166.616 2 Template:Graphical_timeline"," 6.27% 136.234 1 Template:Human_timeline"," 5.81% 126.167 4 Template:Sfn"," 5.73% 124.512 2 Template:Refn"," 4.84% 105.070 1 Template:Cite_Dictionary.com"," 4.76% 103.304 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.475","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18203837,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAoRohlingZhangRoberts2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong_McKayTyrrellWilsonFoster2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttorreFrancesconiTalebScholte2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegun\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennettUpchurchGoinGoswami2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBialikFrankBetzlerZammit2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouleyBaratouxBaratouxColas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownChalkCrockerWilson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCandeLeslie1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarolinBajpaiMauryaSchwarzhans2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangGlorieQiuMin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCidadeFortierHsiou2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosteurLegendre2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrespoGoinPickford2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_VleeschouwerDruryVahlenkampRochholz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDooleyFraserLuo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrakeRobertsReinhardtWhitehouse2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruryWesterholdFrederichsTian2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuTianMa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncinasPérezNielsenFinger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErrázuriz-HenaoGómez-TuenaParolariWeber2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFentonAzeFarnsworthValdes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlowerKennett1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolgueraEncinasEchaurrenGianni2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraserTheodor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunderAbrahamsenBennikeFeyling-Hanssen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurióCasanovas-Vilarvan_den_Hoek_Ostende2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurióRuiz-SánchezCrespoFreudenthal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsonMcCoyO\u0026#039;KeefeOtaño2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbertPughFleagle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoedertAmiotArnaut-GodetCuny2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldnerHeroldHuber2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGotoTejadaTajikaSuzuki2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenopFosterWilsonLear2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenopSodianHenehanWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroeneveldHenderiksRenemaMcHugh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillameMartinodHussonRoddaz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaumeGautheronSimon-LabricMartinod2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurovGurovaRakitskayaYamnichenko,_AYu1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanFangBergerYin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenrotFrançoisFavreButzin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbertLawrenceTzanovaPeterson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeroldHuberGreenwoodMüller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodellCurtisSierroRaymo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoheneggerRoeglCoricPervesler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbournKuhntClemensPrell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbournKuhntKochhannAndersen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolbournKuhntLyleSchneider2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiaWuZhuLi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiangWise_Jr.Wang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnKrissek2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeleyRundel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_G._MillerRichard_G._Fairbanks1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKochhannHolbournKuhntChannell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsenSaundersCliftBeget1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasabudaHanssenLabergFaleide2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_G._BarnesKiyoharu_Hirota1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazarusBarronRenaudieDiver2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeKimLeeCho2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiDengWapplerUtescher2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuCliftGiosanMiao2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuCliftMurrayBlusztajn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyell1833\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMaChenZhangRahman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacharéDevriesBarronFourtanier1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadernvan_den_Hoek_Ostende2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaoRetallack2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMathewMakhankovaMenierSautter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumotoEvans2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuzakiIkedaTada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMejíaMéndez-VicenteAbrevayaLawrence2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerceronKaiserKostopoulosSchulz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMethnerCampaniFiebigLöffler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolás_R._Chimento,_Federico_L._Agnolin_and_Fernando_E._Novas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivier_LambertGiovanni_BianucciKlaas_PostChristian_de_Muizon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrangel_A._Aguilera,_Douglas_Riff_\u0026amp;_Jean_Bocquentin-Villanueva2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne,_C.P.Beerling,_D.J.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_KlimleyDavid_Ainley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrickReuningAuerZhang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQinZhangKravchinskyValet2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetallack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetallack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetallackConde2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossettiBezerraDominguez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth-NebelsickUtescherMosbruggerDiester-Haass2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRougierWibleBeckApesteguía2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScoteseSongMillsvan_der_Meer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShevenellKennettLea2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonPalcuMeijerKrijgsman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmelliePanterMcIntoshLicht2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStangeSánchez-VillagraSalzburgerMatschiner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiningerM._P._AubryW._A._BerggrenM._Biolzi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinthorsdottirCoxallBoerHuber2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_M._Stanley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuperThomasPaganiHuber2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusanne_S._Renner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTannerHernández-AlmeidaDruryGuitián2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTianZhaoWangLi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodhunter1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorfsteinSteinberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorsvikCocks2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravouillonArcherHand2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_CouveringCastradoriCitaHilgen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangHellemansBučekKanao2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangWangLiDeng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnyAskinHannahMohr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenZhangHolbournZhu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWichuraBousquetOberhänsliStrecker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbergTurnerBrochu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_M._Kürschner,_Zlatko_Kvacek_\u0026amp;_David_L._Dilcher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodruffSavin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYirka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYou2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYouHuberMüllerPoulsen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangLiXuLi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangXiaoGuoWu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangZhangJiang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhishengKutzbachPrellPorter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Made2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"According to whom\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite Dictionary.com\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 113,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Geological history\"] = 1,\n [\"Grc-transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Human timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox geologic timespan\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Mya\"] = 1,\n [\"Neogene Footer\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","34.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","200","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","7.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.9"],["checkScalar 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-13T09:55:20Z","dateModified":"2025-03-23T19:26:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bc\/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_15_Ma_%28Langhian_Age%29.png","headline":"First epoch of the Neogene Period"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>