CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Religion in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f629efe8-40d2-4648-aa1b-069daa7678c6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgTitle":"Religion in the United Kingdom","wgCurRevisionId":1257507112,"wgRevisionId":1257507112,"wgArticleId":1135593,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2022","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from January 2013","Use dmy dates from October 2023","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Religion in the United Kingdom"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgRelevantArticleId":1135593,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom#Eastern_Orthodoxy","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q892159","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles": "ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Religion in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom rootpage-Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religion+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religion+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Religion+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Religion+in+the+United+Kingdom" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory–11th_century:_Paganism_and_Christianisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory–11th_century:_Paganism_and_Christianisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory–11th century: Paganism and Christianisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory–11th_century:_Paganism_and_Christianisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th–16th_centuries:_High_Middle_Ages_and_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th–16th_centuries:_High_Middle_Ages_and_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>12th–16th centuries: High Middle Ages and the Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th–16th_centuries:_High_Middle_Ages_and_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th–19th_centuries:_Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–19th_centuries:_Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>17th–19th centuries: Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–19th_centuries:_Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th–21st_centuries:_Secularisation_and_multiculturalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th–21st_centuries:_Secularisation_and_multiculturalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>20th–21st centuries: Secularisation and multiculturalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th–21st_centuries:_Secularisation_and_multiculturalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religious affiliations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_trends_since_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_trends_since_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical trends since 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_trends_since_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Censuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_affiliation_(%)_in_England,_Scotland_and_Wales_according_to_the_Annual_Population_Survey_2007-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_affiliation_(%)_in_England,_Scotland_and_Wales_according_to_the_Annual_Population_Survey_2007-2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Religious affiliation (%) in England, Scotland and Wales according to the Annual Population Survey 2007-2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_affiliation_(%)_in_England,_Scotland_and_Wales_according_to_the_Annual_Population_Survey_2007-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attendance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attendance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Attendance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attendance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jedi_census_phenomenon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jedi_census_phenomenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Jedi census phenomenon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jedi_census_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Baptists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charismatics_and_Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charismatics_and_Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Charismatics and Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charismatics_and_Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presbyterianism_and_Congregationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterianism_and_Congregationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Presbyterianism and Congregationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbyterianism_and_Congregationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Quakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oriental_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Oriental Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oriental_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Trinitarian_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Trinitarian_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other Trinitarian denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Trinitarian_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Trinitarian_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Trinitarian_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Non-Trinitarian denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Trinitarian_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_non-Trinitarian_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_non-Trinitarian_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Other non-Trinitarian denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_non-Trinitarian_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Modern paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druidry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druidry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Druidry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druidry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heathenry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heathenry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Heathenry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heathenry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK-origin_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK-origin_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>UK-origin movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-origin_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religion and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Religion and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Religion and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_prison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_prison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Religion and prison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_prison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Religion and the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_social_identity:_patron_saints_of_the_home_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_social_identity:_patron_saints_of_the_home_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Religion and social identity: patron saints of the home nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_social_identity:_patron_saints_of_the_home_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaith_dialogue,_tolerance,_religious_discrimination_and_secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_dialogue,_tolerance,_religious_discrimination_and_secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Interfaith dialogue, tolerance, religious discrimination and secularism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_dialogue,_tolerance,_religious_discrimination_and_secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interfaith_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.1</span> <span>Interfaith dialogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tolerance_and_Religious_Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolerance_and_Religious_Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.2</span> <span>Tolerance and Religious Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolerance_and_Religious_Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6.3</span> <span>Secularism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>National and regional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_religious_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_religious_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Main religious leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_religious_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.5</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.7</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.8</span> <span>Paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.9</span> <span>No religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in the United Kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الدين في المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniyada_din" title="Böyük Britaniyada din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Britaniyada din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Религия в Обединеното кралство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Религия в Обединеното кралство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_i_Storbritannien" title="Religion i Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Religion i Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Θρησκεία στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρησκεία στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_el_Reino_Unido" title="Religión en el Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en el Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlijioa_Erresuma_Batuan" title="Erlijioa Erresuma Batuan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlijioa Erresuma Batuan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_au_Royaume-Uni" title="Religion au Royaume-Uni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion au Royaume-Uni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_u_Ujedinjenom_Kraljevstvu" title="Religija u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Religija u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Britania_Raya" title="Agama di Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_nel_Regno_Unito" title="Religioni nel Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni nel Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Религија во Обединетото Кралство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Религија во Обединетото Кралство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="イギリスの宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリスの宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_i_Storbritannia" title="Religion i Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Religion i Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Wielkiej_Brytanii" title="Religia w Wielkiej Brytanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Wielkiej Brytanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_no_Reino_Unido" title="Religião no Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião no Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Mbret%C3%ABri_t%C3%AB_Bashkuar" title="Feja në Mbretëri të Bashkuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Mbretëri të Bashkuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k%27ta_din" title="Birleşik Krallık'ta din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşik Krallık'ta din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Релігія у Великій Британії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігія у Великій Британії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="برطانیہ میں مذہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانیہ میں مذہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="英國宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q892159#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1257507112" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&id=1257507112&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligion_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Eastern_Orthodoxy"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReligion_in_the_United_Kingdom%23Eastern_Orthodoxy"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q892159" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about religion in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as a whole. For religion in each of its constituent countries, see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion in Northern Ireland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 257.28249782392px; border-left-color:DeepPink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepPink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepPink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 231.08636538824px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 196.26105055051px; border-left-color:OrangeRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:OrangeRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:OrangeRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 171.54162365571px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 135.83513899568px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 58.2948895253px; border-left-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Beige"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 410.83968437177px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in England and Wales (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 United Kingdom census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (46.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (37.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Muslim</a> (6.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hindu</a> (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikh</a> (0.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhist</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United Kingdom">Jewish</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepPink; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Not stated (6.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 248.00703903113px; border-left-color:DeepPink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DeepPink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DeepPink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 239.2922834842px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 223.34360795809px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:OrangeRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:OrangeRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:OrangeRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 202.51256191925px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 184.63791930554px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 135.83513899568px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 70.751553709423px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.591676193875px 21.814324139654px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:6.9060025714406px 99.761250636123px 0 0; border-top-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Beige"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Scotland (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census#2022_census_for_Scotland" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2022 census for Scotland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (51.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> (20.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> (13.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Other Christian</a> (5.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Muslim</a> (2.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hindu</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhist</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:OrangeRed; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikh</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Jewish</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Paganism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepPink; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Not stated (6.2%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><b>Religion in the United Kingdom</b> is mainly expressed in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">dominated the land since the 7th century</a>. Results of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2021">2021 Census</a> for England and Wales showed that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion (though makes up less than half of the population), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. </p><p>Among Christians, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-h846_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h846-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the most common denomination, followed by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptism</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state church</a> of the largest member country, England. The Church of England defines itself as neither fully <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">reformed Protestant</a> nor fully Catholic. The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> of the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">supreme governor of the Church</a>. The strictly <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> is likewise the official religion of Scotland. Both Northern Ireland and Wales have no state religion since the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Church_Act_1869" title="Irish Church Act 1869">Irish Church Act 1869</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a>, respectively. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">large number of individuals have no religious affiliation</a>, and many others are only nominally affiliated, and neither believe nor practice. Surveys find that <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and the like are views shared by a majority of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a>, post-WWII immigration turned the religious landscape more diverse, adding non-Christian beliefs and traditions and turning society somewhat multi-faith. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory–11th_century:_Paganism_and_Christianisation"><span id="Prehistory.E2.80.9311th_century:_Paganism_and_Christianisation"></span>Prehistory–11th century: Paganism and Christianisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory–11th century: Paganism and Christianisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg/220px-Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg/330px-Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg/440px-Lullingstone_paintings2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fourth-century <a href="/wiki/Chi_Rho" title="Chi Rho">Chi-Rho</a> fresco from <a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone Roman Villa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, various types of <a href="/wiki/British_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="British paganism">British paganism</a> were practiced which included <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">history of Christianity in Britain</a> begins at the latest in the 3rd century, when groups such as tradesmen, immigrants and soldiers introduced it to Roman Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity seems to have stayed a minority religion throughout the 4th century, with evidence supporting the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Celtic religion">Romano-Celtic religion</a> during this time, and in the early 5th century there are records of British bishops asking for help from Gaul to deal with <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frend_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon forms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> were introduced which became the dominant religion in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. While Bede stated that Christianity was completely absent from these areas, evidence suggests the continuation of small communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Frend_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frend-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a> began in the late 6th century with the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a>, which was later followed by the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kings in England converted over the course of the 7th century, with <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht" title="Æthelberht">Æthelberht</a> being the first to adopt the new religion around 600 whilst <a href="/wiki/Arwald_of_Wihtwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Arwald of Wihtwara">Arwald of Wihtwara</a> died as the last heathen Anglo-Saxon king during an invasion in 686 by <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla of Wessex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Nordic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nordic religion">Nordic forms of Germanic paganism</a> closely related to the Anglo-Saxon traditional religion were introduced to regions of the British Isles in the 9th and 10th centuries by <a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Scandinavian</a> settlers who established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>. It is generally thought that the settlers in England converted within several generations, with <a href="/wiki/Erik_Bloodaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Bloodaxe">Erik Bloodaxe</a>, the last potentially heathen king in England, dying in 954, however it was adopted more slowly in other parts of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, for example, was not nominally Christianised until around 995 when, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkneyinga Saga">Orkneyinga Saga</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a> ordered that if the earl and his subjects did not convert, he would be killed and the islands ravaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Orkneyinga_Saga_-_The_History_of_the_Earls_of_Orkney,_Chapter_12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orkneyinga_Saga_-_The_History_of_the_Earls_of_Orkney,_Chapter_12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some practices conceived of as heathen such as the worship of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic gods">heathen gods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">leaving of offerings at trees</a>, were made illegal in law codes in England beginning in the 640 and continuing into the 11th century, with punishments ranging from fines to execution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other aspects of the pre-Christian culture blended with the incoming customs, however, such as the usage of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic words</a> to refer to Christian concepts such as "<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">god</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>", and the belief in beings such as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>, which continued into the <a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Insular Christianity</a> as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar, but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> of 664. Still in the Anglo-Saxon period, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishops_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishops of Canterbury">archbishops of Canterbury</a> established a tradition of receiving their <a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">pallium</a> from Rome to symbolize the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th–16th_centuries:_High_Middle_Ages_and_the_Reformation"><span id="12th.E2.80.9316th_centuries:_High_Middle_Ages_and_the_Reformation"></span>12th–16th centuries: High Middle Ages and the Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 12th–16th centuries: High Middle Ages and the Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic Church remained the dominant form of Western Christianity in Britain throughout the Middle Ages, but the (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>) <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> became the independent established church in England and Wales in 1534 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-www.cofe.anglican.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cofe.anglican.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It retains a <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">representation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarch</a> is its <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">supreme governor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, established in a separate <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> in the sixteenth century, is recognized as the <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a>. It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> continued at various levels in different parts of Britain, especially among <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">recusants</a> and in the north of England,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most strongly in Ireland. This would expand in Great Britain, partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_English_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration of the English hierarchy">Restoration of the English hierarchy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–19th_centuries:_Modernity"><span id="17th.E2.80.9319th_centuries:_Modernity"></span>17th–19th centuries: Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th–19th centuries: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century, forms of Protestant <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformity</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a>, grew outside of the established church.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The (Anglican) <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> was disestablished in 1920 and, as the (Anglican) <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> was disestablished in 1870 before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a>, there is no established church in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Jews in England</a> were <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">expelled in 1290</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Resettlement of the Jews in England">readmitted in the 1650s</a> and only <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom">emancipated</a> in the 19th century. British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a> settled permanently in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th–21st_centuries:_Secularisation_and_multiculturalism"><span id="20th.E2.80.9321st_centuries:_Secularisation_and_multiculturalism"></span>20th–21st centuries: Secularisation and multiculturalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th–21st centuries: Secularisation and multiculturalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The substantial <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom_since_Irish_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom since Irish independence">immigration to the United Kingdom after World War II</a> has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths, especially of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in the UK">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in the UK">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in the UK">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism in the United Kingdom</a> experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion (especially when including <a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, religious demographics have become part of the discourse on <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, with Britain variously described as a <a href="/wiki/Post-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Christian">post-Christian</a> society,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as "multi-faith",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline, but have not agreed on their relative importance. Martin Wellings lays out the "classical model" of <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a>, while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars. </p><p>The familiar starting-point, a classical model of secularisation, argues that religious faith becomes less plausible and religious practice more difficult in advanced industrial and urbanized societies. The breakdown or disruption of traditional communities and norms of behaviour; the spread of a scientific world-view diminishing the scope of the supernatural and the role of God; increasing material affluence promoting self-reliance and this-worldly optimism; and greater awareness and toleration of different creeds and ideas, encouraging religious pluralism and eviscerating commitment to a particular faith, all form components of the case for secularisation. Applied to the British churches in general by Steve Bruce and to Methodism in particular by Robert Currie, this model traces decline back to the Victorian era and charts in the twentieth century "a steady ebbing of the sea of faith".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_affiliations">Religious affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Census_2011_UK_religion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Census_2011_UK_religion.png/220px-Census_2011_UK_religion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Census_2011_UK_religion.png/330px-Census_2011_UK_religion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Census_2011_UK_religion.png/440px-Census_2011_UK_religion.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of religions followed in the UK, according to the 2011 UK census.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2011 census, Christianity was the largest religion, stated as their affiliation by 60% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-ew2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ni2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ni2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there was no UK-wide data in the 2001 or the 2011 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations, since they are asked only in the Scottish and in the Northern Irish Censuses,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the same principle as applied in the 2001 census, a survey carried out in the end of 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Ipsos_MORI" title="Ipsos MORI">Ipsos MORI</a> and based on a scientifically robust sample, found the population of England and Wales to be 47.0% Anglican, 9.6% Catholic and 8.7% other Christians; 4.8% were Muslim, 3.4% were members of other religions. 5.3% were Agnostics, 6.8% were Atheists and 15.0% were not sure about their religious affiliation or refused to answer to the question.<sup id="cite_ref-2009_ipsos_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009_ipsos-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey, which covers Great Britain but not Northern Ireland, indicated that over 50 per cent would self-classify as not religious at all, 19.9 per cent were part of the Church of England, 9.3% non-denominational Christian, 8.6% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, 2.2% Presbyterian/Church of Scotland, 1.3% Methodist, 0.53% <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, 1.17% other Protestant, 0.23% <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a>/<a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a>, 0.06% <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian</a>, 0.03% <a href="/wiki/Brethren_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Brethren Christian">Brethren Christian</a> and 0.41% other Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-BSA_Table_1983–2010_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSA_Table_1983–2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2016 survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/British_Social_Attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="British Social Attitudes">BSA (British Social Attitudes)</a> on religious affiliation; 53% of respondents indicated '<a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">no religion</a>' and 41% indicated they were <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, while 6% affiliated with non-Christian religions (<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-bsa2016_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsa2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> survey in December 2018 found that 53.6% of UK's population is Christian, while 6.2% belong to other religions and 40.2% are atheists (30.3% Agnostics, 9.9% Anti-theists).<sup id="cite_ref-EB2018_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2018-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The May 2019 Special Eurobarometer found that 50% were Christians (14% Protestants, 13% Catholics, 7% Orthodox and 16% other Christians), 37% atheist (9% anti-theists, 28% 'nonbelievers and agnostics'), 5% Muslims (3% Sunnis, 1% Shias, 1% other Muslims), 1% Sikhs, 1% Hindus, fewer than 1% Jews, fewer than 1% Buddhists, 4% other religions, 1% didn't know, and 1% refused to answer.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobarometer2019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer2019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research center</a> estimated that 73% of people in UK were Christian while 23% were unaffiliated and 4% were other religion or did not know.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wording of the question affects the outcome of polls as is apparent when comparing the results of the Scottish census with that of the English and Welsh census.<sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_England_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_England-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_Scotland-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/ICM_(polling)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICM (polling)">ICM</a> poll for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 2006 asked the question "Which religion do you yourself belong to?" with a response of 64% stating "Christian" and 26% stating "none". In the same survey, 63% claimed they are not religious with just 33% claiming they are.<sup id="cite_ref-ICM/Gaudian_2006_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICM/Gaudian_2006-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that the religious UK population identify themselves as having Christian beliefs, but maybe not as active "church-goers".<sup id="cite_ref-NSS_response_to_2001_census_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS_response_to_2001_census-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religions other than Christianity, such as Islam, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a>, Sikhism and Judaism, have established a presence in the United Kingdom, both through <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to the United Kingdom">immigration</a> and by attracting converts. Others that have done so include the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a> -which has 5000 followers in the UK as of a 2001 census.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Social Survey, carried out between 2014 and 2016, found that 70% of people between 16 and 29 were not religious.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_trends_since_1900">Historical trends since 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical trends since 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg/220px-Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg/330px-Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg/440px-Religious_affiliation_in_Great_Britain_over_time.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Religious affiliation in Great Britain over time</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Sources: Based on Historical data/information,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious Data since 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eurobarometer 2015 Data,<sup id="cite_ref-EB2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2001 & 2011 National U.K. Census. Specifications: <b>Catholics</b> include <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> (8%) and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholics</a> (5%), <b>Protestants</b> include the majority of Anglicans (Traditional Anglicanism, Anglican Evangelical versions and part of Anglo-Catholics), Mainline Protestant Churches like Methodists or Presbyterians (7%) and Evangelical Protestants (4%), <b>Other Christians</b> historically were British <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restoriationist</a> Churches inspired by Mainline Protestant denominations (known as <i>Free Churches</i>), today the most numerous Christian minorities are <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) (0.3%), and Jehovah's Witnesses (0.2%), also including Orthodox Christianity. <b>Non-Religious</b> since 2000s data were an adjusted by the specified non-religious and most of the non-response per cent. <b>Other religions</b>: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism in the United Kingdom</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censuses">Censuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Censuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statistics for current religion (not religion of upbringing where also asked) from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> and the corresponding statistics from the 2001 census are set out in the tables below. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>2021–22 Census<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">England </th> <th colspan="2">Wales </th> <th colspan="2">England and Wales<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-2022censusScotland_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022censusScotland-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Great Britain </th> <th colspan="2">Northern Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">United Kingdom </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a> </td> <td align="right">26,167,899 </td> <td align="right">46.3 </td> <td align="right">1,354,773 </td> <td align="right">43.6 </td> <td align="right">27,522,672 </td> <td align="right">46.2 </td> <td align="right">2,110,405 </td> <td align="right">38.8 </td> <td align="right">29,633,077 </td> <td align="right">45.56 </td> <td align="right">1,516,147 </td> <td align="right">79.7 </td> <td align="right">31,149,224 </td> <td align="right">46.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> </td> <td align="right">3,801,186 </td> <td align="right">6.7 </td> <td align="right">66,947 </td> <td align="right">2.2 </td> <td align="right">3,868,133 </td> <td align="right">6.5 </td> <td align="right">119,872 </td> <td align="right">2.2 </td> <td align="right">3,988,005 </td> <td align="right">6.1 </td> <td align="right">10,870 </td> <td align="right">0.57 </td> <td align="right">3,998,875 </td> <td align="right">5.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> </td> <td align="right">1,020,533 </td> <td align="right">1.8 </td> <td align="right">12,242 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">1,032,775 </td> <td align="right">1.7 </td> <td align="right">29,929 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td> <td align="right">1,062,704 </td> <td align="right">1.6 </td> <td align="right">4,190 </td> <td align="right">0.22 </td> <td align="right">1,066,894 </td> <td align="right">1.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a> </td> <td align="right">520,092 </td> <td align="right">0.9 </td> <td align="right">4,048 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">524,140 </td> <td align="right">0.9 </td> <td align="right">10,988 </td> <td align="right">0.2 </td> <td align="right">535,128 </td> <td align="right">0.8 </td> <td align="right">389 </td> <td align="right">0.02 </td> <td align="right">535,517 </td> <td align="right">0.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a> </td> <td align="right">269,283 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">2,044 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">271,327 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">5,847 </td> <td align="right">0.1 </td> <td align="right">277,174 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">439 </td> <td align="right">0.02 </td> <td align="right">277,613 </td> <td align="right">0.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a> </td> <td align="right">262,433 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">10,075 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">272,508 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">15,501 </td> <td align="right">0.3 </td> <td align="right">288,009 </td> <td align="right">0.4 </td> <td align="right">1,542 </td> <td align="right">0.08 </td> <td align="right">289,551 </td> <td align="right">0.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religion </td> <td align="right">332,410 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td> <td align="right">15,926 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">348,334 </td> <td align="right">0.6 </td> <td align="right">31,538 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">379,872 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">8,917 </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="right">388,789 </td> <td align="right">0.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a> </td> <td align="right">20,715,664 </td> <td align="right">36.7 </td> <td align="right">1,446,398 </td> <td align="right">46.5 </td> <td align="right">22,162,062 </td> <td align="right">37.2 </td> <td align="right">2,780,900 </td> <td align="right">51.1 </td> <td align="right">24,942,962 </td> <td align="right">38.35 </td> <td align="right">330,983 </td> <td align="right">17.4 </td> <td align="right">25,273,945 </td> <td align="right">37.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Religion not stated </td> <td align="right">3,400,548 </td> <td align="right">6.0 </td> <td align="right">195,041 </td> <td align="right">6.3 </td> <td align="right">3,595,589 </td> <td align="right">6.0 </td> <td align="right">334,862 </td> <td align="right">6.2 </td> <td align="right">3,930,451 </td> <td align="right">6.0 </td> <td align="right">30,529 </td> <td align="right">1.6 </td> <td align="right">3,960,980 </td> <td align="right">5.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total population </td> <td align="right">56,490,048 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">3,107,494 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">59,597,540 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">5,439,842 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">65,037,382 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">1,903,178 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td> <td align="right">66,940,560 </td> <td align="right">100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="2011_Census"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2011 Census </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">England<sup id="cite_ref-ew2011_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Wales<sup id="cite_ref-ew2011_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">England and Wales<sup id="cite_ref-ew2011_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-s2011_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Great Britain </th> <th colspan="2">Northern Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ni2011_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ni2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">United Kingdom </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a></td> <td align="right">31,479,876</td> <td align="right">59.4</td> <td align="right">1,763,299</td> <td align="right">57.6</td> <td align="right">33,243,175</td> <td align="right">59.3</td> <td align="right">2,850,199</td> <td align="right">53.8</td> <td align="right">36,093,374</td> <td align="right">58.8</td> <td align="right">1,490,588</td> <td align="right">82.3</td> <td align="right">37,583,962</td> <td align="right">59.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a></td> <td align="right">2,660,116</td> <td align="right">5.0</td> <td align="right">45,950</td> <td align="right">1.5</td> <td align="right">2,706,066</td> <td align="right">4.8</td> <td align="right">76,737</td> <td align="right">1.4</td> <td align="right">2,782,803</td> <td align="right">4.5</td> <td align="right">3,832</td> <td align="right">0.21</td> <td align="right">2,786,635</td> <td align="right">4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a></td> <td align="right">806,199</td> <td align="right">1.5</td> <td align="right">10,434</td> <td align="right">0.34</td> <td align="right">816,633</td> <td align="right">1.5</td> <td align="right">16,379</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">833,012</td> <td align="right">1.4</td> <td align="right">2,382</td> <td align="right">0.13</td> <td align="right">835,394</td> <td align="right">1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a></td> <td align="right">420,196</td> <td align="right">0.8</td> <td align="right">2,962</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">423,158</td> <td align="right">0.8</td> <td align="right">9,055</td> <td align="right">0.2</td> <td align="right">432,213</td> <td align="right">0.7</td> <td align="right">216</td> <td align="right">0.01</td> <td align="right">432,429</td> <td align="right">0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a></td> <td align="right">261,282</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">2,064</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">263,346</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">5,887</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">269,233</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">335</td> <td align="right">0.02</td> <td align="right">269,568</td> <td align="right">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></td> <td align="right">238,626</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">9,117</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">247,743</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">12,795</td> <td align="right">0.2</td> <td align="right">260,538</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">1,046</td> <td align="right">0.06</td> <td align="right">261,584</td> <td align="right">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religion</td> <td align="right">227,825</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">12,705</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">240,530</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">15,196</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">255,726</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">7,048</td> <td align="right">0.39</td> <td align="right">262,774</td> <td align="right">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></td> <td align="right">13,114,232</td> <td align="right">24.7</td> <td align="right">982,997</td> <td align="right">32.1</td> <td align="right">14,097,229</td> <td align="right">25.1</td> <td align="right">1,941,116</td> <td align="right">36.7</td> <td align="right">16,038,345</td> <td align="right">26.1</td> <td align="right">183,164</td> <td align="right">10.1</td> <td align="right">16,221,509</td> <td align="right">25.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Religion not stated</td> <td align="right">3,804,104</td> <td align="right">7.2</td> <td align="right">233,928</td> <td align="right">7.6</td> <td align="right">4,038,032</td> <td align="right">7.2</td> <td align="right">368,039</td> <td align="right">7.0</td> <td align="right">4,406,071</td> <td align="right">7.2</td> <td align="right">122,252</td> <td align="right">6.8</td> <td align="right">4,528,323</td> <td align="right">7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total population</td> <td align="right">53,012,456</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">3,063,456</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">56,075,912</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">5,295,403</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">61,371,315</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">1,810,863</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">63,182,178</td> <td align="right">100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2001 Census </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2">England<sup id="cite_ref-ew2001_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2001-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Wales<sup id="cite_ref-ew2001_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2001-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">England and Wales<sup id="cite_ref-ew2001_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ew2001-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Great Britain </th> <th colspan="2">Northern Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">United Kingdom </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a></td> <td align="right">35,251,244</td> <td align="right">71.7</td> <td align="right">2,087,242</td> <td align="right">71.9</td> <td align="right">37,338,486</td> <td align="right">71.8</td> <td align="right">3,294,545</td> <td align="right">65.1</td> <td align="right">40,633,031</td> <td align="right">71.2</td> <td align="right">1,446,386</td> <td align="right">85.8</td> <td align="right">42,079,417</td> <td align="right">71.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a></td> <td align="right">1,524,887</td> <td align="right">3.1</td> <td align="right">21,739</td> <td align="right">0.7</td> <td align="right">1,546,626</td> <td align="right">3.0</td> <td align="right">42,557</td> <td align="right">0.8</td> <td align="right">1,589,183</td> <td align="right">2.8</td> <td align="right">1,943</td> <td align="right">0.12</td> <td align="right">1,591,126</td> <td align="right">2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a></td> <td align="right">546,982</td> <td align="right">1.1</td> <td align="right">5,439</td> <td align="right">0.2</td> <td align="right">552,421</td> <td align="right">1.1</td> <td align="right">5,564</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">557,985</td> <td align="right">1.0</td> <td align="right">825</td> <td align="right">0.05</td> <td align="right">558,810</td> <td align="right">1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a></td> <td align="right">327,343</td> <td align="right">0.7</td> <td align="right">2,015</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">329,358</td> <td align="right">0.6</td> <td align="right">6,572</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">335,930</td> <td align="right">0.6</td> <td align="right">219</td> <td align="right">0.0</td> <td align="right">336,149</td> <td align="right">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a></td> <td align="right">257,671</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">2,256</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">259,927</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">6,448</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">266,375</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">365</td> <td align="right">0.0</td> <td align="right">266,740</td> <td align="right">0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a></td> <td align="right">139,046</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">5,407</td> <td align="right">0.2</td> <td align="right">144,453</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">6,830</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">151,283</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">533</td> <td align="right">0.0</td> <td align="right">151,816</td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religion</td> <td align="right">143,811</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">6,909</td> <td align="right">0.2</td> <td align="right">150,720</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">26,974</td> <td align="right">0.5</td> <td align="right">177,694</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">1,143</td> <td align="right">0.1</td> <td align="right">178,837</td> <td align="right">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a></td> <td align="right">7,171,332</td> <td align="right">14.6</td> <td align="right">537,935</td> <td align="right">18.5</td> <td align="right">7,709,267</td> <td align="right">14.8</td> <td align="right">1,394,460</td> <td align="right">27.6</td> <td align="right">9,103,727</td> <td align="right">15.9</td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">233,853</td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">13.9</td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">13,626,299</td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">23.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Religion not stated</td> <td align="right">3,776,515</td> <td align="right">7.7</td> <td align="right">234,143</td> <td align="right">8.1</td> <td align="right">4,010,658</td> <td align="right">7.7</td> <td align="right">278,061</td> <td align="right">5.5</td> <td align="right">4,288,719</td> <td align="right">7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total population</td> <td align="right">49,138,831</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">2,903,085</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">52,041,916</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">5,062,011</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">57,103,927</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">1,685,267</td> <td align="right">100.0</td> <td align="right">58,789,194</td> <td align="right">100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png/440px-Christianity_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="9444" data-file-height="16742" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of respondents in the 2011 census in the UK who said they were Christian</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded by regular surveys, the four major ones being the UK Census,<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_UK_Census_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_UK_Census-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Force_Survey" title="Labour Force Survey">Labour Force Survey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Labour_Force_Survey_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labour_Force_Survey-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/British_Social_Attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="British Social Attitudes">British Social Attitudes</a> survey<sup id="cite_ref-British_Social_Attitudes_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Social_Attitudes-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Survey" title="European Social Survey">European Social Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Social_Survey_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Social_Survey-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different questions asked by these surveys produced different results: </p> <ul><li>The census for England and Wales asked the question "What is your religion?".<sup id="cite_ref-Geoghegan2011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001 14.81%<sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2011 around a quarter (25.1%) of the population said they had "none" and 70% stated they were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The census for Scotland asked the question "What religion, religious denomination or body do you belong to?".<sup id="cite_ref-Geoghegan2011_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoghegan2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001 27.55%<sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2011 36.7% selected "none" and 53.8% stated they were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-s2011_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Labour Force Survey asked the question "What is your religion even if you are not currently practising?" with a response of 15.7% selecting "no religion" in 2004 and 22.4% selecting "no religion" in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Government_Report_on_Religion_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_Report_on_Religion-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The British Social Attitudes survey asked the question "Do you regard yourself as belonging to any particular religion?" with 53% selecting "no religion" in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-bsa2016_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsa2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The European Social Survey asked the question "Which religion or denomination do you belong to at present?" with 50.54% of respondents selecting "no religion" in 2002 and 52.68% selecting "no religion" in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ESS_Data_Downloads_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESS_Data_Downloads-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other surveys: </p> <ul><li>In 1983, in a large public opinion survey, almost a third of Britons said they believed in Hell and the Devil. In Northern Ireland, 91 per cent of people said they believed in sin. This was reported in <i>The Observer</i> on 28 February 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's University</a>'s Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Catholique_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Catholique de Paris">Institut Catholique de Paris</a>, and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014–2016 collected on a sample of 560, among 16 to 29 years-old British people 21% were Christians (10% Catholic, 7% Anglican, 2% other Protestant and 2% other Christian), 6% were Muslims, 3% were of other religions, and 70% were not religious.<sup id="cite_ref-StMary_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StMary-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample and the other one asking "Which one?" to the sample who replied with "Yes".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; font-size:95%"> <caption>Detailed 2018 BSA survey on religion in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-natcen.ac.uk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natcen.ac.uk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Affiliation </th> <th colspan="2">% of UK population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> </td> <td align="right">52 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">52</span><div style="width:104px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> </td> <td align="right">38 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">38</span><div style="width:76px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">12</span><div style="width:24px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> </td> <td align="right">7 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">7</span><div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">2</span><div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span><div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span><div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Christian - no denomination </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">9</span><div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Christian </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4</span><div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Christian faiths </td> <td align="right">9 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">9</span><div style="width:18px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:darkgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">6</span><div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span><div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Non-Christian faiths </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">3</span><div style="width:6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:lightgreen"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td>100 </td> <td align="left"><span style="display:none;">100</span><div style="width:200px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:grey"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys are fielded to adult individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-bsa2016_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsa2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESS_Data_Downloads_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESS_Data_Downloads-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the United Kingdom Census and the Labour Force Surveys are household surveys; the respondent completes the questionnaire on behalf of each member of the household,<sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_England_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_England-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_Scotland-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001_Census_Wales_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001_Census_Wales-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including children,<sup id="cite_ref-Government_Report_on_Religion_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_Report_on_Religion-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as for themselves. The 2010 Labour Force Survey claimed that 54% of children aged from birth to four years were Christian, rising to 59% for children aged between 5 and 9 and 65% for children aged between 10 and 14.<sup id="cite_ref-Government_Report_on_Religion_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Government_Report_on_Religion-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of children who are part of religious families influences the results of the polls.<sup id="cite_ref-NSS_response_to_2001_census_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSS_response_to_2001_census-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANALYSIS_OF_RELIGION_IN_THE_2001_CENSUS_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANALYSIS_OF_RELIGION_IN_THE_2001_CENSUS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other major polls agree with the British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys, with a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey fielded in February 2012 indicating that 43% of respondents claimed to belong to a religion and 76% claimed they were not very religious or not religious at all.<sup id="cite_ref-YouGov_Feb_2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov_Feb_2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Ipsos_MORI" title="Ipsos MORI">Ipsos MORI</a> survey fielded in August 2003 indicated that 18% of respondents claimed to be "a practising member of an organised religion" and 25% claimed "I am a non-practising member of an organised religion".<sup id="cite_ref-Ipsos_MORI_2003_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipsos_MORI_2003-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 study estimated some 25,000 believers in Christ from a Muslim background, most of whom belong to an evangelical or Pentecostal community.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_affiliation_(%)_in_England,_Scotland_and_Wales_according_to_the_Annual_Population_Survey_2007-2016"><span id="Religious_affiliation_.28.25.29_in_England.2C_Scotland_and_Wales_according_to_the_Annual_Population_Survey_2007-2016"></span>Religious affiliation (%) in England, Scotland and Wales according to the Annual Population Survey 2007-2016</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religious affiliation (%) in England, Scotland and Wales according to the Annual Population Survey 2007-2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Annual_Population_Survey" title="Annual Population Survey">Annual Population Survey</a> is a combined <a href="/wiki/Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">statistical survey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Households" class="mw-redirect" title="Households">households</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> which is conducted quarterly by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> and combines results from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Force_Survey" title="Labour Force Survey">Labour Force Survey</a> and the English, Welsh and Scottish Labour Force Survey,<sup id="cite_ref-guide2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gathers information about the religious affiliation, reported in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change in the religious affiliation between the 2010 APS and the 2011 APS is due to a question change, which significantly influenced the final results.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attendance">Attendance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attendance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Society in the United Kingdom is markedly more secular than it was in the past and the number of churchgoers fell over the second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already in the mid-20th century, church attendance in Britain was relatively low. A Mass-Observation survey conducted in 1948 and 1949 found only 15% of Brittons attended church. The English Church survey found that attendance was 12% in 1979, 10% in 1989, and 7.5% in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ipsos MORI poll in 2003 reported that 18% were "a practising member of an organised religion".<sup id="cite_ref-Ipsos_MORI_2003_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipsos_MORI_2003-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tearfund Survey in 2007 found that only 7% of the population considered themselves as practising Christians. Sometimes 10% attended church weekly and two-thirds had not gone to church in the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-TearfundSurvey_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TearfundSurvey-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc20070403_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20070403-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tearfund Survey also found that two-thirds of UK adults (66%) or 32.2 million people had no connection with the Church at present (nor with another religion). These people were evenly divided between those who have been in the past but have since left (16 million) and those who have never been in their lives (16.2 million). </p><p>A survey in 2002 found Christmas attendance at Anglican churches in England varied between 10.19% of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hereford" title="Diocese of Hereford">diocese of Hereford</a>, down to just 2.16% in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church attendance at <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> in some dioceses was up to three times the average for the rest of the year. Overall church attendance at Christmas has been steadily increasing in recent years; a 2005 poll found that 43 per cent expected to attend a church service over the Christmas period, in comparison with 39% and 33% for corresponding polls taken in 2003 and 2001 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A December 2007 report by Christian Research showed that the services of the Catholic Church had become the best-attended services of Christian denominations in England, with average attendance at Sunday Mass of 861,000, compared to 852,000 attending Anglican services. Attendance at Anglican services had declined by 20% between 2000 and 2006, while attendance at Catholic services, boosted by large-scale immigration from Poland and Lithuania, had declined by only 13%. In Scotland, attendance at Church of Scotland services declined by 19% and attendance at Catholic services fell by 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Social Attitudes Surveys have shown the proportion of those in Great Britain who consider they "belong to" Christianity to have fallen from 66% in 1983 to 43% in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-BSA_Table_1983–2010_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSA_Table_1983–2010-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 about 6% of the population of the United Kingdom regularly attended church, with the average age of attendees being 51; in contrast, in 1980, 11% had regularly attended, with an average age of 37. It is predicted that by 2020 attendance will be around 4%, with an average age of 56.<sup id="cite_ref-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline in church attendance has forced many churches to close down across the United Kingdom, with the Church of England alone closing 1,500 churches between 1969 and 2002. Their fates include dereliction, demolition, and residential, artistic and commercial conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-findaproperty_report_on_fate_of_churches_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-findaproperty_report_on_fate_of_churches-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2014 weekly attendance at Church of England services dropped below 1 million for the first time. At Christmas 2014, 2.4 million attended. For that year baptisms were 130,000, down 12% since 2004; marriages were 50,000, down 19%; and funerals 146,000, down 29%. The Church estimated that about 1% of churchgoers were lost to death each year; the Church's age profile suggested that attendances would continue to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study showed that in 2004 at least 930,000 Muslims attended a mosque at least once a week, just outnumbering the 916,000 regular churchgoers in the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim sources claim the number of practising Muslims is underestimated as nearly all of them pray at home.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belief">Belief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" id="toc" style="float:right;font-size:95%"> <caption>European Social Survey (UK)<br /><b>"Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?"</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Yes</th> <th>No </th></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>47.32%</td> <td>52.64% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>48.45%</td> <td>51.34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>50.55%</td> <td>49.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>49.46%</td> <td>50.49% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Source: <a href="/wiki/European_social_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="European social survey">European social survey</a> 2002–2010<sup id="cite_ref-ESS_2010_Data_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESS_2010_Data-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a disparity between the figures for those identifying themselves with a particular religion and for those proclaiming a belief in a god: </p> <ul><li>In a 2011 YouGov poll, 34% of UK citizens said they believed in a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">god</a> or gods.<sup id="cite_ref-YouGov/Cambridge_2011_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov/Cambridge_2011-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> opinion poll in 2010 reported that 37% of UK citizens "believed there is a god", 33% believe there is "some sort of spirit or life force" and 25% answered "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, god or life force".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2008 European Social Survey suggested that 46.94% of UK citizens never prayed and 18.96% prayed daily.<sup id="cite_ref-ESS_Data_Downloads_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESS_Data_Downloads-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A survey in 2007 suggested that 42% of adults resident in the United Kingdom prayed, with one in six praying daily.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jedi_census_phenomenon">Jedi census phenomenon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jedi census phenomenon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon" title="Jedi census phenomenon">Jedi census phenomenon</a></div> <p>In the 2001 census, 390,127 individuals (0.7 per cent of total respondents) in England and Wales self-identified as followers of the <a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jedi</a> faith. This <a href="/wiki/Jedi_census_phenomenon" title="Jedi census phenomenon">Jedi census phenomenon</a> followed an internet campaign that claimed, incorrectly, that the Jedi belief system would receive official government recognition as a religion if it received enough support in the census.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An email in support of the campaign, quoted by BBC News, invited people to "do it because you love Star Wars ... or just to annoy people".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office for National Statistics revealed the total figure in a press release entitled "390,000 Jedi there are".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Christian denominations in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Christian denominations in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian denominations in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">British interchurch</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Christian_organisation)" title="Affinity (Christian organisation)">Affinity</a> <small>(formerly British Evangelical Council)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Together_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Churches Together in Britain and Ireland">Churches Together in Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a>, UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Churches_Together_in_England" title="Churches Together in England">Churches Together in England</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together, Scotland (ACTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyt%C3%BBn" title="Cytûn">Churches Together in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Movement_of_Wales" title="Evangelical Movement of Wales">Evangelical Movement of Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Ireland" title="Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland">Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Wales" title="Baptist Union of Wales">Baptist Union of Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">Catholic Church in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a></li></ul></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Great_Britain" title="Lutheran Church in Great Britain">Lutheran Church in Great Britain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Holiness_Church" title="Wesleyan Holiness Church">Wesleyan Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/British_New_Church_Movement" title="British New Church Movement">New Church Movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a></li> <li>Pioneer Church</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><b>Eastern Orthodox</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Greek Orthodox of G.B.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox</a></li></ul> <p><b>Oriental Orthodox</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblies of God in the United Kingdom">Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches" title="Associated Presbyterian Churches">Asso. Presbyterian Churches, Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales">Evangelical Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender; border:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_England" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in England">LDS Church in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Christian denominations in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Christian denominations in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian denominations in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously autonomous states in 1707,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK-wide organisational structures. While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom, others have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain. Similarly, due to the relatively recent creation of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in 1921, most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all-Ireland basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/220px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/330px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Westminster_abbey_west.jpg/440px-Westminster_abbey_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist (Protestantism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Durham_MMB_02_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4668" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Church of England is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established church</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-www.cofe.anglican.org_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.cofe.anglican.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its most senior bishops sit in the national parliament and the Monarch is its supreme governor. It is also the "mother church" of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. The Church of England separated from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in 1534 and became the established church by Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a>, beginning a series of events known as the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically it has been the predominant Christian denomination in England and Wales, in terms of both influence and number of adherents. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> has 219,788 members in Northern Ireland where they make up 11.6% of the population across 418 congregations. </p><p>The Scottish Episcopal Church, which is part of the Anglican Communion (but not a "daughter church" of the Church of England),<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690, when it split from the Church of Scotland. In the 1920s, the Church in Wales became <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">disestablished</a> and independent from the Church of England, but remains in the Anglican Communion.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years 2012 to 2014 the number of members of the Church of England dropped by around 1.7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, 12% of the population of Great Britain identify as Anglicans, a sharp decline from 1983 when 40% of the population identified as Anglicans.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptists">Baptists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Baptists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg/220px-Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg/330px-Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg/440px-Edwardroadbaptistchurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>A Baptist church in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Great Britain">Baptist Union of Great Britain</a>, despite its name, covers just England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a separate <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Ireland" title="Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland">Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland</a> is an all-Ireland organisation with 16,051 members in Northern Ireland (0.8% of the population) across 94 congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Baptist associations also exist in England, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Baptist" title="Grace Baptist">Grace Baptist association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_standard_baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel standard baptists">Gospel Standard Baptists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charismatics_and_Pentecostalism">Charismatics and Pentecostalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Charismatics and Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist (Protestantism)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_Great_Britain" title="Assemblies of God in Great Britain">Assemblies of God in Great Britain</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">World Assemblies of God Fellowship</a> with over 600 churches in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPenecostalism_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPenecostalism-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Assemblies of God Ireland">Assemblies of God Ireland</a> cover the whole of the island of Ireland, including Northern Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1916_denomination)" title="Apostolic Church (1916 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a> commenced in the early part of the 20th century in South Wales and now has over 110 churches across the United Kingdom. Elim Pentecostal Church as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> had over 500 churches across the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPenecostalism_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPenecostalism-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a growing number of independent, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">charismatic churches</a> that encourage Pentecostal practices as part of their worship. These are broadly grouped together as the <a href="/wiki/British_New_Church_Movement" title="British New Church Movement">British New Church Movement</a> and could number up to 400,000 members. The phenomenon of immigrant churches and congregations that began with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/HMT_Empire_Windrush" title="HMT Empire Windrush">HMT <i>Empire Windrush</i></a> from the West Indies in 1948 stands as a unique trend. West Indian congregations that started from this time include the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God</a>, New Testament Assembly and New Testament Church of God. </p><p>Africans began to arrive in the early 1980s and established their own congregations. Foremost among these are <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ashimolowo" title="Matthew Ashimolowo">Matthew Ashimolowo</a> from Nigeria and his <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_International_Christian_Centre" title="Kingsway International Christian Centre">Kingsway International Christian Centre</a> in London that may be the largest church in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haroldswick_Methodist_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haroldswick_Methodist_Church.jpg/220px-Haroldswick_Methodist_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haroldswick_Methodist_Church.jpg/330px-Haroldswick_Methodist_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Haroldswick_Methodist_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>The Methodist church at <a href="/wiki/Haroldswick" title="Haroldswick">Haroldswick</a> is the most northerly church in the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Methodist movement traces its origin to <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening#Evangelical_Revival_in_Britain" title="First Great Awakening">evangelical revival</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-WCC-MCOGB_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCC-MCOGB-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">British Methodist Church</a>, which has congregations throughout the nation, has around 188,000 members,<sup id="cite_ref-Piggot_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piggot-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4,110 churches (as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1960s, the Methodist Church made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at church unity. Formally, these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972. However, conversations and co-operation continued, leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches.<sup id="cite_ref-amc_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amc-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a> covers the whole of the island of Ireland, including Northern Ireland where it is the fourth-largest denomination with 133 congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a> has 16 churches in Northern Ireland. Combined, these two Methodist denominations have 45,881 members (2.4% of Northern Ireland's population) </p><p>Other Methodist denominations in Britain include <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">the Salvation Army</a>, founded in 1865;<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness</a> church; and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presbyterianism_and_Congregationalism">Presbyterianism and Congregationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Presbyterianism and Congregationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_England" title="Presbyterian Church of England">Presbyterian Church of England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist (Protestantism)</a></div> <p>The Church of Scotland was principally shaped by <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation of 1560</a>, when it split from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and established itself as a church in the Reformed tradition. The church is nominally <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> system of church government. The annual meeting of its general assembly is chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a>. The Church of Scotland celebrates two <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a>, as well as five other <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rites</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Matrimony</a>. The church adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>. </p><p>In Northern Ireland the Presbyterian Church of Ireland is the largest single Protestant denomination with 440 congregations across the region. The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-nspc-churches_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspc-churches-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first Presbytery being formed in <a href="/wiki/Antrim,_County_Antrim" title="Antrim, County Antrim">Antrim</a> in 1725.<sup id="cite_ref-nspc-history_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nspc-history-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other smaller denominations include the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Reformed Presbyterian Church</a> (34 congregations) and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster</a> (57 congregations). Combined these presbyterian denominations account for 329,223 persons (17.3% of Northern Ireland's population). In addition there are 20 churches in Northern Ireland affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Ireland" title="Congregational Union of Ireland">Congregational Union of Ireland</a> which collectively have 2,656 members. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a> seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823. </p><p>With its origins in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a>, was initially contained with the Church of England until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Ejection" title="Great Ejection">Great Ejection</a> of 1662. During the 18th century there were few Presbyterian congregations in England until they were revived by Scots who had moved south. In time, this led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_England" title="Presbyterian Church of England">Presbyterian Church of England</a> in 1876. Its successor, the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a> (URC), a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches, consists of about 1383 congregations in England, Scotland and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 600 <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational churches</a> in the United Kingdom. In England there are three main groups, the Congregational Federation, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Fellowship_of_Congregational_Churches" title="Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches">Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches</a>, and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches, or are unaffiliated. In Scotland the churches are mostly members of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists, most are members of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Welsh_Independents" title="Union of Welsh Independents">Union of Welsh Independents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quakers">Quakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Quakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_separatism" title="Ecclesiastical separatism">Ecclesiastical separatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/17th-century_denominations_in_England" title="17th-century denominations in England">17th-century denominations in England</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a> is the umbrella body for the Religious Society of Friends (<a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>) in Great Britain, the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man. It has 14,260 adult members.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Ireland comes under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_Yearly_Meeting" title="Ireland Yearly Meeting">Ireland Yearly Meeting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">Catholic Church in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church in Ireland</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_(reduced_grain),_corrected_perspective.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_%28reduced_grain%29%2C_corrected_perspective.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_%28reduced_grain%29%2C_corrected_perspective.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_%28reduced_grain%29%2C_corrected_perspective.jpg/330px-Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_%28reduced_grain%29%2C_corrected_perspective.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_%28reduced_grain%29%2C_corrected_perspective.jpg/440px-Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral_at_dusk_%28reduced_grain%29%2C_corrected_perspective.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5141" data-file-height="3215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral">Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has separate national organisations for England, Wales, and Scotland, which means there is no single hierarchy for the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom. There is, however, a single <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Great_Britain" title="Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain">apostolic nuncio to Great Britain</a>, presently Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Maury_Buend%C3%ADa" title="Miguel Maury Buendía">Miguel Maury Buendía</a>. Catholicism is the second largest denomination in England and Wales, with around five million members, mainly in England.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholicism is also Scotland's second largest Christian denomination, representing a fifth of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholicism is the largest single denomination of Christianity in Northern Ireland and in the 2021 census, for the first time since the establishment of the state, the Catholic Church attained a plurality (42.3%) of the Northern Irish population.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apostolic nuncio to the whole of Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mariano_Montemayor" title="Luis Mariano Montemayor">Luis Mariano Montemayor</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and do not belong to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> dioceses but are still in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>. </p><p>The number of Catholics peaked in the 1960s, but has been on a gradual decline ever since, except in Northern Ireland where currently (2024) there are more Catholics there than Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 7% of the population identified as Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orthodox Christianity is a relatively minor faith in the United Kingdom when compared to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>; most Orthodox churches cater to immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>. It is a relatively minor faith among <a href="/wiki/Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons">Britons</a> themselves. In 2013 there were roughly 464,000 members of Orthodox churches in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adherents of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> in the United Kingdom are traditionally organized in accordance with patrimonial ecclesiastical jurisdictions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Diocese of Sourozh</a>, which covers Great Britain and Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also has a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Great_Britain_and_Western_Europe" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe">diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>, which has established the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain</a>, that covers England, Wales, Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_Ireland" title="Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Ireland">Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Ireland</a> that covers Ireland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Patriarchate of Antioch</a> has several parishes and missions within the Diocese of the British Isles and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Eastern Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Orthodox Church">Arab Orthodox Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriental_Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adherents of <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christianity">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a> in the United Kingdom are also traditionally organized in accordance with their patrimonial ecclesiastical jurisdictions, each community having its own parishes and priests. The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> has two regional Dioceses in the United Kingdom: the Diocese of Ireland, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Midlands">Diocese of the Midlands</a>. Other Oriental Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>. The homegrown <a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Orthodox_Church" title="Celtic Orthodox Church">Irish Orthodox Church</a>, although both minor, are also represented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Trinitarian_denominations">Other Trinitarian denominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other Trinitarian denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other denominations and groups include the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptists" title="Seventh Day Baptists">Seventh Day Baptists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Trinitarian_denominations">Non-Trinitarian denominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Non-Trinitarian denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_England" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in England">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Scotland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Ireland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ireland">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG/220px-TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG/330px-TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG/440px-TEMPLE_DE_LONDRES_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London_England_Temple" title="London England Temple">London England Temple</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first missionaries from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> to proselytise in the British Isles arrived in 1837. By 1900 as many as 100,000 converts had joined the faith, but most of these early members soon emigrated to the United States to join the main body of the church. From the 1950s emigration to the United States began to be discouraged and local congregations grew more rapidly. Today the church claims just over 186,000 members across the United Kingdom, in over 330 local congregations, known as '<a href="/wiki/Ward_(LDS_Church)" title="Ward (LDS Church)">wards</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Branch_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch (LDS Church)">branches</a>'. The church also maintains two <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temples</a> in England, the first opening in the London area in 1958, and the second completed in 1998 in <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a> and known as the <a href="/wiki/Preston_England_Temple" title="Preston England Temple">Preston England Temple</a>. Preston is also the site of the first preaching by LDS missionaries in 1837, and is home to the oldest continually existing Latter Day Saint congregation anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restored 1994–2000, the <a href="/wiki/Gadfield_Elm_Chapel" title="Gadfield Elm Chapel">Gadfield Elm Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> is the oldest extant chapel of the LDS Church.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_non-Trinitarian_denominations">Other non-Trinitarian denominations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other non-Trinitarian denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> had 137,631 "publishers" (a term referring to members actively involved in preaching) in the United Kingdom in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ,_Scientist" title="Church of Christ, Scientist">Church of Christ, Scientist</a> is also represented in the UK. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organisation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Christians_(Britain)" title="Free Christians (Britain)">Free Christian</a> and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Christian_Association" title="Unitarian Christian Association">Unitarian Christian Association</a> was formed in 1991. </p><p>There are an estimated 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> in the UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Islam in Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam in Wales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg/220px-Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg/330px-Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg/440px-Shah_Jahan_Mosque_TQ0159_214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Woking" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a> is the oldest purpose-built mosque in the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Estimates in 2009 suggested a total of about 2.4 million Muslims over all the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims in the United Kingdom tend to live around the major population centers such as Cardiff and London.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales: of 1,591,126 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census, 1,546,626 were living in England and Wales, where they form 3 per cent of the population; 42,557 were living in Scotland, forming 0.8 per cent of the population;<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,943 were living in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2001 and 2009 the Muslim population increased roughly 10 times faster than the rest of society.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Muslim immigrants to the United Kingdom came from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">former colonies</a>. The biggest groups of Muslims are of <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> origins,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the remainder coming from Muslim-dominated areas such as <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a></i> (sailors) who worked for the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> settled in port towns with local wives.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These numbered only 24,037 in 1891 but 51,616 on the eve of World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naval cooks also came from what is now the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1950s onwards, the growing Muslim population has led to a number of notable Mosques being established, including <a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Mosque" title="Manchester Central Mosque">Manchester Central Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Markaz" class="mw-redirect" title="London Markaz">London Markaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh_Mosque" title="Baitul Futuh Mosque">Baitul Futuh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslim Community and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Central_Mosque" title="Cambridge Central Mosque">Cambridge Central Mosque</a>. According to Kevin Brice, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Trinity_Saint_David" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales, Trinity Saint David">University of Wales, Trinity Saint David</a>, thousands convert to Islam annually and there are approximately 100,000 converts to Islam in Britain, where they run two mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Labour Force Survey estimate, the total number of Muslims in Great Britain in 2008 was 2,422,000, around 4 per cent of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_religion_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_religion-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2004 and 2008, the Muslim population grew by more than 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_religion_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_religion-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life estimated 2,869,000 Muslims in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest age-bracket within the British Muslim population were those under the age of 4, at 301,000 in September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_religion_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_religion-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Council_of_Britain" title="Muslim Council of Britain">Muslim Council of Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Forum_of_Europe" title="Islamic Forum of Europe">Islamic Forum of Europe</a> are the umbrellas organisations for many local, regional and specialist Islamic organisations in the United Kingdom, although it is disputed how representative this organisation is of British Muslims as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg/220px-Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg/330px-Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg/440px-Neasden_Temple_-_Shree_Swaminarayan_Hindu_Mandir_-_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="1631" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Neasden_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Neasden Temple">Neasden Temple</a> is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hinduism in the United Kingdom resulted from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a>. There are 835,394 Hindus in Great Britain according to the 2011 census constituting 1.32% of the population, although some estimates put this number at nearly 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011uk_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011uk-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of all <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">British Hindus</a> live in London metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small Hindu Communities are also found in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Scotland</a> (0.31%)<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Wales</a> (0.34%).<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to United Kingdom's Office of National Statistics, of all ethnic minorities in Britain, the British Hindus had the highest rate of economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus are more likely than the general population to have higher education and Hindu men are more likely than the general population to be entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-rb6_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rb6-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Hindus also have the third highest poverty level<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lowest rates of arrest, trial or imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Prison_Population_Statistics_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prison_Population_Statistics-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus constitute less than 0.5% of the total Prison population in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg/220px-Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg/330px-Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg/440px-Gurdwara.Sri.Guru.Singh.Sabha.Southall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Sri_Guru_Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha">Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southall" title="Southall">Southall</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism in Wales</a></div> <p>There are 524,140 <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> in the United Kingdom constituting 0.88% of the population, according to the 2021 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While England is home to the majority of Sikhs in the United Kingdom, small communities also exist in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. </p><p>The first recorded Sikh settler in the United Kingdom was Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a>, dethroned and exiled in 1849 at the age of 14, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Anglo-Sikh wars</a>. During the reign of King Edward VII the first Sikh society in the UK was founded in 1908, it was called The Khalsa Jatha.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> was established in 1911, in <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush" title="Shepherd's Bush">Shepherd's Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a>, London. The first wave of Sikh migration came in the 1940s, mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries such as foundries and textiles. These new arrivals mostly settled in London, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, the Midlands and West Yorkshire. Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa followed later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">History of the Jews in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">History of the Jews in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">History of the Jews in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">History of the Jews in Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ireland" title="History of the Jews in Ireland">History of the Jews in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg/220px-Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg/330px-Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg/440px-Singers_Hill_Synagogue_82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Singers_Hill_Synagogue" title="Singers Hill Synagogue">Singers Hill Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Jewish community in what is now the UK was attested from at least the 1060s, but was expelled in 1290, although non-practising Jews maintained themselves as a small but identifiable group until the 1560s in London. Practising Jews occasionally travelled to England, and individual Jews settled in various parts of the British Isles. In the early 1600s, a small community of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> was identified in Bristol, and ordered to leave in 1609. There have continuously been practising Jews in England since at least the 1630s, but it was not until 1656 that <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> made it known they would not be subject to expulsion. The largely Iberian and German early community grew only steadily from the mid 17th century until the late 19th century, when a large wave of Eastern European immigrants roughly quadrupled the population. Another wave of largely German refugees increased it by a further 50% between 1933 and 1945. </p><p>In 1841 <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Lyon_Goldsmid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Lyon Goldsmid">Isaac Lyon Goldsmid</a> was made <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>, the first Jew to receive a hereditary title. The first Jewish <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of the City of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a>, Sir David Salomons, was elected in 1855. In 1858, practising Jews were allowed to become serving MPs; on 26 July 1858, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a> was finally allowed to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed, although <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, a baptised, teenage convert to Christianity of Jewish parentage, was already an MP at this time and rose to become Prime Minister in 1874; <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, another convert to Christianity, had been an MP in the 1810s. In 1884 <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a> became the first practising Jewish member of the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>; again Disraeli was already a member. </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a> number around 300,000 with the United Kingdom having the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population#By_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population">fifth largest Jewish community worldwide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this figure did not include Jews who identified 'by ethnicity only' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion. The largest concentrations of Jews are in London and its environs, Greater Manchester, and Leeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG/220px-Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG/330px-Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG/440px-Samye_Ling_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kagyu_Samy%C3%A9_Ling_Monastery_and_Tibetan_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre">Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre</a> in Scotland</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism in Wales</a></div> <p>In the UK census for 2011, there were about 178,000 people who registered their religion as Buddhism. The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and as a result the early connections were with the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> traditions of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>, which undertook the task of translating the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> of Theravāda Buddhist Tradition into English. Buddhism as a path of practise was pioneered by the Theosophists, <a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Olcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Olcott">Colonel Olcott</a>, and in 1880 they became the first Westerners to receive the <a href="/wiki/Three_refuges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three refuges">Three refuges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a>, the formal conversion ceremony by which one traditionally accepted and becomes a Buddhist. </p><p>In 1924 London's <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society" title="Buddhist Society">Buddhist Society</a> was founded, and in 1926 the Theravadin <a href="/wiki/London_Buddhist_Vihara" title="London Buddhist Vihara">London Buddhist Vihara</a>. The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century, and the 1950s saw the development of interest in <a href="/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>. In 1967 <a href="/wiki/Kagyu_Samy%C3%A9_Ling_Monastery_and_Tibetan_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre">Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre</a>, now the largest <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> centre in Western Europe, was founded in Scotland. The first home-grown Buddhist movement was also founded in 1967, the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (now the <a href="/wiki/Triratna_Buddhist_Community" title="Triratna Buddhist Community">Triratna Buddhist Community</a>). <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a> was also established at <a href="/wiki/Chithurst_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Chithurst Buddhist Monastery">Chithurst Buddhist Monastery</a> in West Sussex in 1979, giving rise to branch monasteries, including <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Amaravati Buddhist Monastery">Amaravati Buddhist Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Ratanagiri" title="Aruna Ratanagiri">Aruna Ratanagiri</a>.There are also other groups like <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> in the United Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_paganism">Modern paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Modern paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druids,_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Druids%2C_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg/220px-Druids%2C_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Druids%2C_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg/330px-Druids%2C_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Druids%2C_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg/440px-Druids%2C_in_the_early_morning_glow_of_the_sun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modern_Druidry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Druidry">Modern druids</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">Modern paganism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading, as a campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a> before the 2001 Census encouraged Wiccans, Heathens, Druids and others all to use the same write-in term 'Pagan' in order to maximise the numbers reported. For the first time, respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions, and a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method. These figures were not immediately analysed by the Office for National Statistics, but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-PFScotland_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFScotland-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2001 Census, a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland, and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. However, other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 UK Census</a>, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3,448 in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca">Wicca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 UK Census</a> 11,026 people identified as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> in England and 740 in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Druidry">Druidry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Druidry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_Druidry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Druidry">Modern Druidry</a> grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism. A 2012 Druid analysis estimates that there are roughly 11,000 Druids in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heathenry">Heathenry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Heathenry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Heathenry in the United Kingdom">Heathenry in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a> consists of a variety of modern movements attempting to revive <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a>, such as that practiced in the British Isles by the Anglo-Saxon and Norse peoples prior to Christianisation. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 UK Census</a> 2,108 people identified as Heathens.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Heathenry in the United Kingdom">Asatru UK</a> was founded in 2013 and operates as a country-wide group for all inclusive Heathens.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2021, Asatru UK had 2,903 members of its Facebook group.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group currently does not own land and thus is in the process of carving portable <a href="/wiki/Pole_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole gods">god posts</a> that can be used in a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">vé</a>. The first of these was of the god <a href="/wiki/Woden" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Woden</a> and was consecrated at a gathering in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Jainism in the United Kingdom">Jainism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg/220px-Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg/330px-Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg/440px-Jain_Temple_Oshwal_Centre_Pottersbar_Hertfordshire_UK_ground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Jain Temple Oshwal Centre, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2011, there are around 20,288 Jains in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> houses one of the world's few Jain temples outside of India.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an Institute of Jainology at <a href="/wiki/Greenford" title="Greenford">Greenford</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first Jain settlers, <a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a>, was in England during 1892–1897 to study law. He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930. Later, he translated several Jain texts into English.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United Kingdom">Baháʼí Faith in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_England" title="Baháʼí Faith in England">Baháʼí Faith in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Baháʼí Faith in Wales</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in the United Kingdom has a historical connection with the earliest phases of the Baháʼí Faith starting in 1845 and has had a major effect on the development of communities of the religion in far flung nations around the world. It is estimated that between 1951 and 1993, Baháʼís from the United Kingdom settled in 138 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2011_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 UK Census">2011 UK Census</a>, there were 5,021 Baháʼís in just England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declined by the <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK Census">2021 UK Census</a> to 4,725, a diminution of just under 6%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> in the United Kingdom has a relatively long history. <a href="/wiki/Shapurji_Saklatvala" title="Shapurji Saklatvala">Britain's first ethnically South Asian parliamentarian</a> was Zoroastrian and there have been Zoroastrians in the UK for over a century. Many come from the Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> community of northwest <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, which was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> until 1948. According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK census">2021 UK census</a>, there were 4,105 Zoroastrians in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, of which 4,043 were in England. The majority (51%) of these (2,050) were in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, most notably the boroughs of <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet" title="London Borough of Barnet">Barnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Harrow" title="London Borough of Harrow">Harrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>. The remaining 49% of English Zoroastrians were scattered relatively evenly throughout the country, with the second and third largest concentrations being <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (72) and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> (47).<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UK-origin_movements">UK-origin movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: UK-origin movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Christian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptists" title="Seventh Day Baptists">Seventh Day Baptists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Church_Movement" title="British New Church Movement">British New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">British Unitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a> (Irvingism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">English Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Scottish Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triratna_Buddhist_Community" title="Triratna Buddhist Community">Triratna Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_society">Religion and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Religion and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_politics">Religion and politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Religion and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the main political parties are secular, the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical humanism</a>, and by leaders from a nonconformist backgrounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>. Labour's early development was also markedly influenced by non-religious philosophies such as <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">humanism</a> through Ethical movement, which gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> and incubated prominent Labour people such as its first Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> (who even previously served as President of <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>). Most Labour leaders have been atheists and agnostics (exceptions include Smith, Blair, Brown, and Corbyn). On the other hand, the Church of England was once nicknamed "the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> at prayer", though this has changed since the 1980s as the Church has moved to the left of the Conservative Party on social and economic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some minor parties are explicitly 'religious' in ideology: two 'Christian' parties – the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a>, fielded joint candidates at the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009 European Parliament elections</a> and increased their share of the vote to come eighth, with 249,493 votes (1.6% of total votes cast), and in London, where the CPA had three councillors,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Christian parties picked up 51,336 votes (2.9% of the vote), up slightly from the 45,038 gained in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of England is represented in the UK Parliament by 26 bishops (the Lords Spiritual) and the British monarch is a member of the church (required under Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a>) as well as its supreme governor.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lords Spiritual have seats in the House of Lords and debate government policies affecting the whole of the United Kingdom. The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration) through the <a href="/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England" title="General Synod of the Church of England">General Synod</a> that can then be passed into law by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister, regardless of personal beliefs, plays a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Church_of_England_bishops" title="Appointment of Church of England bishops">appointment of Church of England bishops</a>, although in July 2007 <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> proposed reforms of the Prime Minister's ability to affect Church of England appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_education">Religion and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Religion and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Religious_education#United_Kingdom" title="Religious education">Religious education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_Worship_(schools_in_England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective Worship (schools in England and Wales)">Collective Worship</a> are compulsory in many state schools in England and Wales by virtue of clauses 69 and 70 of the <a href="/wiki/School_Standards_and_Framework_Act_1998" title="School Standards and Framework Act 1998">School Standards and Framework Act 1998</a>. Clause 71 of the act gives parents the right to withdraw their children from Religious Education and Collective Worship<sup id="cite_ref-School_Standards_and_Framework_Act_1998_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_Standards_and_Framework_Act_1998-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and parents should be informed of their right in accordance with guidelines published by the Department for Education; "a school should ensure parents or carers are informed of this right".<sup id="cite_ref-ReligiousEducationGuidance_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReligiousEducationGuidance-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content of the religious education is decided locally by the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Advisory_Council_on_Religious_Education" title="Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education">Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education</a>. </p><p>In England and Wales, a significant number of state funded schools are <a href="/wiki/Faith_school" title="Faith school">faith schools</a> with the vast majority Christian (mainly either of Church of England or Catholic) though there are also Jewish, Muslim and Sikh faith schools. Faith schools follow the same <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_(England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)">national curriculum</a> as state schools, though with the added ethos of the host religion. Until 1944 there was no requirement for state schools to provide religious education or worship, although most did so. The <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1944" title="Education Act 1944">Education Act 1944</a> introduced a requirement for a daily act of collective worship and for religious education but did not define what was allowable under these terms. The act contained provisions to allow parents to withdraw their children from these activities and for teachers to refuse to participate. The <a href="/wiki/Education_Reform_Act_1988" title="Education Reform Act 1988">Education Reform Act 1988</a> introduced a further requirement that the majority of collective worship be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character".<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2003 report from the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Standards_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Standards in Education">Office for Standards in Education</a>, a "third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately, sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship".<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, the majority of schools are non-denominational, but separate Catholic schools, with an element of control by the Catholic Church, are provided within the state system. The Education (Scotland) Act 1980 imposes a statutory duty on all local authorities to provide religious education and religious observance in Scottish schools. These are currently defined by the Scottish Government's <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a> (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_prison">Religion and prison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Religion and prison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while serving their sentences. This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor, authorised religious reading materials,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ability to change faith, as well as other privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-MinistryofJustice_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinistryofJustice-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several faith-based outreach programmes provide faith promoting guidance and counselling.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every three months, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> collects data, including religious affiliation, of all UK prisoners and is published as the Offender Management Caseload Statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Offender_management_caseload_statistics_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offender_management_caseload_statistics-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This data is then compiled into reports and published in the House of Commons library. </p><p>On 31 March 2015 the prison population of England and Wales was recorded as 49% Christian, 14% Muslim, 2% Buddhist, 2% other religions and 31% no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this statistics, Muslims happen to be the most disproportionately represented religious group facing arrest, trial and imprisonment, with 13.1% of prisoners being Muslims while the community represents 4% of those aged 15 years or older within the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Prison_Population_Statistics_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prison_Population_Statistics-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prison Officers' Association has put that down to thousands of prisoners becoming so-called "convenience Muslims" – converting to the religion to deliberately play the system. [ ...] It added they were also being made even more vulnerable to radicalisation."<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_the_media">Religion and the media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Religion and the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_2003" title="Communications Act 2003">Communications Act 2003</a> requires certain broadcasters in the United Kingdom to carry a "suitable quantity and range of programmes" dealing with religion and other beliefs, as part of their <a href="/wiki/Public_service_broadcasting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom">public service broadcasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent examples of religious programming include the BBC television programme <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Praise" title="Songs of Praise">Songs of Praise</a></i>, aired on a Sunday evening with an average weekly audience of 2.5 million,<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Thought_for_the_Day" title="Thought for the Day">Thought for the Day</a></i> slot on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. Channels also offer documentaries on, or from the perspective of a criticism of organised religion. A significant example is <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>' two-part <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_of_all_Evil%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="The Root of all Evil?">The Root of all Evil?</a></i>. Open disbelief of, or even mockery of organised religion, is not regarded as a taboo in the British media, though it has occasionally provoked controversy – for example, the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_That_Dares_to_Speak_Its_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name">The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-pink_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pink-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Springer:_The_Opera" title="Jerry Springer: The Opera">Jerry Springer: The Opera</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which involved characters based on Jesus, were subject to public outcry and blasphemy allegations, while <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i>, a novel by British Indian author <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> which includes a fantasy sequence about <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a>, caused <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy">global protests</a> including several by British Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_social_identity:_patron_saints_of_the_home_nations">Religion and social identity: patron saints of the home nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Religion and social identity: patron saints of the home nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> is the patron saint of England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a> is the patron saint of Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a> is the patron saint of Wales.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> is the patron saint of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interfaith_dialogue,_tolerance,_religious_discrimination_and_secularism"><span id="Interfaith_dialogue.2C_tolerance.2C_religious_discrimination_and_secularism"></span>Interfaith dialogue, tolerance, religious discrimination and secularism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Interfaith dialogue, tolerance, religious discrimination and secularism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interfaith_dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Interfaith dialogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg/240px-Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg/360px-Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg/480px-Synagogue_mosque_gruntzooki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>London neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Fieldgate_Street_Great_Synagogue" title="Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue">Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Interfaith Network for the United Kingdom encompasses the main faith organisations of the United Kingdom, either directly with denominational important representatives or through joint bodies for these denominations, promotes local interfaith cooperation, promotes understanding between faiths and convenes meetings and conferences where social and religious questions of concern to the different faith communities can be examined together, including meetings of the Network's 'Faith Communities Consultative Forum'.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenical</a> friendship and cooperation has gradually developed between Christian denominations and where inter-sect prejudice exists this has via education and employment policy been made a pressing public matter in dealing with its two prominent examples – <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow" title="Sectarianism in Glasgow">sectarianism in Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland – where segregation is declining</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tolerance_and_Religious_Discrimination">Tolerance and Religious Discrimination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Tolerance and Religious Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">Antisemitism in the United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamophobia in the United Kingdom">Islamophobia in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_and_Religious_Hatred_Act_2006" title="Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006">Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006</a> made it an offence in England and Wales to incite hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion. The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished with the coming into effect of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008</a> on 8 July 2008. </p><p>2005–2010 polls have shown that public opinion in the United Kingdom generally tends towards a suspicion or outright disapproval of radical or evangelical religiosity, though moderate groups and individuals are rarely subject to less favourable treatment from society or employers.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> prohibits discrimination against people on the basis of religion, in the supply of goods and services and selection for employment, subject to very limited exceptions (such as the right of schools and religious institutions to appoint paid ministers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secularism">Secularism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Secularism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></div> <p>There is no strict <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> in the United Kingdom. Accordingly, most public officials may display the most common identifiers of a major religion in the course of their duties – for example, <a href="/wiki/Rosary_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary beads">rosary beads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplains</a> are provided in the armed forces (see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Chaplains%27_Department" title="Royal Army Chaplains' Department">Royal Army Chaplains' Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Chaplains_Branch" title="Royal Air Force Chaplains Branch">RAF Chaplains Branch</a>) and in prisons. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">school uniform</a> codes are generally drawn up flexibly enough to accommodate compulsory items of religious dress, some schools have banned wearing the crucifix in a necklace, arguing that to do so is not a requirement of Christianity where they prohibit all other necklaces. Post-adolescence, the wearing of a necklace is permitted in some <a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_England" title="List of further education colleges in England">F.E. colleges</a> who permit religious insignia necklaces on a wider basis, which are without exception permitted at <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some churches have warned that the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> could force them to go against their faith when hiring staff.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, judges ruled that the European Convention on Human Rights required bed-and-breakfast owners to rent rooms to same-sex couples.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Clive Bone sued Bideford Town Council for opening meetings with prayer. The High Court ruled in Bone's favor but, soon afterward, the government passed new laws permitting prayer at town meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, two judges of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal of England and Wales</a> upheld previous statements in the country's <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> that the (<a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Church_of_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Church of England)">non-canon</a>) laws of the United Kingdom 'do not include Christianity'. Therefore, a local authority was acting lawfully in denying a Christian married couple the right to foster care because of stated negative views on homosexuality. In terms of the rights recognised "in the case of fostering arrangements at least, the right of homosexuals to equality [pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a>] should take precedence over the right of Christians to manifest their beliefs and moral values".<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_and_regional_differences">National and regional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: National and regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Levels of affiliation vary between different part of the UK, particularly between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The percentages declaring themselves Christians in the 2011 Census are 59.4 in England, 57.6 in Wales and 53.8 in Scotland, which decreased by 12.3, 14.3, and 11.3 percentage points respectively from the census of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scotland_2011_census_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotland_2011_census-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-England_2011_census_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England_2011_census-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wales_2011_census_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wales_2011_census-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Ireland remains one of the most religious nations in western Europe<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="May have been true 10 or 15 years ago but a quick search seems to show that the percentage stating themselves to be non-religious in the last Northern Ireland census was higher than for Italy, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland and probably other western European countries I didn't check (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with 82.3% of the population claiming Christian affiliation, with a decline of only 3.5% by the 2011 census, while "other religions" have increased in membership.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religion has been seen as both a product and a cause of political divisions in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_causes_in_NI_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_causes_in_NI-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_religious_leaders">Main religious leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Main religious leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg/220px-LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg/330px-LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg/440px-LambethPalacebyLambethBridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the Archbishop of Canterbury in London.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The reigning Monarch is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor of the Church of England">supreme governor of the Church of England</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">York</a> below them.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland</a> presides over the annual Assembly, but does not lead, the Church of Scotland.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Primus_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Primus of Scotland">Primus of Scotland</a> is the presiding bishop of the Scottish Episcopal Church.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Great Imam</a> is <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayum_(imam)" title="Abdul Qayum (imam)">Sheikh Mawlana Abdul Qayum</a>, who serves the largest Muslim congregation in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Westminster" title="Archbishop of Westminster">Archbishop of Westminster</a> is the <i>ex officio</i> President of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales">Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales</a>.</li> <li>The <i>de facto</i> head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a> is the most senior archbishop, currently <a href="/wiki/Leo_Cushley" title="Leo Cushley">Leo Cushley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews_and_Edinburgh" title="Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh">Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Conference_of_Scotland" title="Bishops' Conference of Scotland">Bishops' Conference of Scotland</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Primate_of_All_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of All Ireland">Primate of All Ireland</a> (of both the Church of Ireland and of the Catholic Church) exercises his ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Northern Ireland as well as the Republic of Ireland.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">Archbishop of Wales</a> is one of the six diocesan bishops of the Church in Wales, chosen from them by an electoral college comprising the bishops and other representatives. (The Archbishop retains his or her original diocese).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> is the title of the leader of Orthodox Judaism in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a> presides over, but does not lead, the Church.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bogoda_Seelawimala_Thera" title="Bogoda Seelawimala Thera">Chief Sangha Nayaka</a> is the head of <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> in the UK, and representative of Buddhism at UK and Commonwealth Remembrance Day Ceremony and at the Commonwealth Day Ceremony at the Cenotaph and Royal Weddings and Funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> is led by the Europe <a href="/wiki/Area_(LDS_Church)" title="Area (LDS Church)">Area Presidency</a>. The current area president is Elder Erich W. Kopischke with Elder <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_J._Causs%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérald J. Caussé">Gérald J. Caussé</a> and Elder José A. Teixeira as first and second counsellors respectively.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Khalifatul_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalifatul Masih">Caliph Masih</a> of the Ahmadiyya Community is <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Masroor_Ahmad" title="Mirza Masroor Ahmad">Mirza Masroor Ahmad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fazl_Mosque,_London" title="Fazl Mosque, London">Fazl Mosque</a> is his headquarters.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_places_of_worship">Notable places of worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notable places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Christian</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints,_Margaret_Street" title="All Saints, Margaret Street">All Saints, London</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brompton_Oratory" title="Brompton Oratory">Brompton Oratory</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> – Church of England and Mother Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Farm_Street" title="Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street">Church of the Immaculate Conception</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Cathedral (London)">Dormition Cathedral, London</a> – Russian Orthodox</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Cathedral" title="Down Cathedral">Holy Trinity Cathedral, Down</a> – Church of Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow Cathedral</a> – Church of Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensted_Church" title="Greensted Church">Greensted Church</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsway_International_Christian_Centre" title="Kingsway International Christian Centre">Kingsway International Christian Centre</a> – Charismatic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_England_Temple" title="London England Temple">London England Temple</a> – Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Tabernacle" title="Metropolitan Tabernacle">Metropolitan Tabernacle</a> – Baptist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Cathedral,_Belfast" title="St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast">St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast</a> – Church of Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_David%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St David's Cathedral">St David's Cathedral</a> – Church in Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dominic%27s_Priory_Church" title="St Dominic's Priory Church">St Dominic's Priory</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Cathedral" title="St Giles' Cathedral">St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh</a> – Church of Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Catholic_Church,_Cheadle" title="St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle">St Giles' Church, Cheadle</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Church,_London" title="St Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church, London">St Mark's, Kensington</a> – Coptic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Catholic)">St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Edinburgh_(Episcopal)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)">St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh</a> – Scottish Episcopal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Warrington" title="St Mary's Church, Warrington">St Mary's Church, Warrington</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Lazar%27s_Church,_Bournville" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lazar's Church, Bournville">St Lazar's Church, Bournville</a> – Serbian Orthodox</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Armagh_(Roman_Catholic)" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Roman Catholic)">St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Armagh_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)">St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh</a> – Church of Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras Old Church</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sarkis,_Kensington" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sarkis, Kensington">St Sarkis, Kensington</a> – Armenian Apostolic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="St Sophia's Cathedral, London">St Sophia's Cathedral, London</a> – Greek Orthodox</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> – Church of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a> – Catholic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Central_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Central Hall">Westminster Central Hall</a> – Methodist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> – Church of England</li></ul></div> <p><b>Jewish</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a> – Jewish</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_West_End_Synagogue" title="New West End Synagogue">New West End Synagogue</a> – Jewish</li></ul></div> <p><b>Islamic</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baitul_Futuh_Mosque" title="Baitul Futuh Mosque">Baitul Futuh Mosque</a> – Islamic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a>- Islamic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a> – Islamic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_London_Central_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="North London Central Mosque">North London Central Mosque</a> – Islamic</li></ul></div> <p><b>Hindu</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Venkateswara_(Balaji)_Temple" title="Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple">Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London</a> (Neasden Temple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lakshmi_Narayan_Hindu_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple">Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Buddhist</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Buddhist_Vihara" title="London Buddhist Vihara">London Buddhist Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Buddhapadipa" title="Wat Buddhapadipa">Wat Buddhapadipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Buddhist_Monastery" title="Amaravati Buddhist Monastery">Amaravati Buddhist Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu_Samye_Ling_Monastery_and_Tibetan_Centre" title="Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre">Kagyu Samye Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Sikh</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Sri_Guru_Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha">Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Religion in Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_London" title="Religion in London">Religion in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Birmingham" title="Religion in Birmingham">Religion in Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow" title="Sectarianism in Glasgow">Sectarianism in Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Religion_and_Belief_in_British_Public_Life" title="Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life">Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">Irreligion in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">People who strictly identified as "Pagan". Other Pagan paths, such as Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">People who strictly identified as "Pagan". Other Pagan paths, such as Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">People who strictly identified as "Wiccan". Other Pagan paths, such as Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this number.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">People who strictly identified as "Wiccan". Other Pagan paths, such as Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this number.<sup id="cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i>. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+England+and+Wales%3A+Census+2021&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Fbulletins%2Freligionenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/news/2024/latest-results-from-scotland%E2%80%99s-census">"Religion and ethnic group results published"</a>. <i>nrscotland.gov.uk</i>. National Records of Scotland. 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nrscotland.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Religion+and+ethnic+group+results+published&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fnews%2F2024%2Flatest-results-from-scotland%25E2%2580%2599s-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h846-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h846_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/PicturePark/2023-10/ST-DZ_Factsheet_Europe_s_religious_landscape_2023.pdf">"Europe's religious landscape: Faith and religious diversity in an era of rapid change"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+religious+landscape%3A+Faith+and+religious+diversity+in+an+era+of+rapid+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bertelsmann-stiftung.de%2Ffileadmin%2Ffiles%2FPicturePark%2F2023-10%2FST-DZ_Factsheet_Europe_s_religious_landscape_2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711105739/https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_religion.pdf">"British Social Attitudes: Religion, Identity, behaviour and belief over two decades"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The National Centre for Social Research</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_religion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Centre+for+Social+Research&rft.atitle=British+Social+Attitudes%3A+Religion%2C+Identity%2C+behaviour+and+belief+over+two+decades&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsa.natcen.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F39293%2F1_bsa36_religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/lullingstone-roman-villa/history-and-research/history/4-from-paganism-to-christianity/">"- English Heritage"</a>. <i>english-heritage.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808032144/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/lullingstone-roman-villa/history-and-research/history/4-from-paganism-to-christianity/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english-heritage.org.uk&rft.atitle=-+English+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fdaysout%2Fproperties%2Flullingstone-roman-villa%2Fhistory-and-research%2Fhistory%2F4-from-paganism-to-christianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/history/spiritualhistory_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Paganism: Britain's spiritual history"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829022735/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/history/spiritualhistory_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Paganism%3A+Britain%27s+spiritual+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fpaganism%2Fhistory%2Fspiritualhistory_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMaio1997" class="citation web cs1">DiMaio, Michael Jr. (23 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/licinius.htm">"Licinius (308–324 A.D.)"</a>. <i>De Imperatoribus Romanis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Licinius+%28308%E2%80%93324+A.D.%29&rft.date=1997-02-23&rft.aulast=DiMaio&rft.aufirst=Michael+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Flicinius.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frend-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frend_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frend_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrend2003" class="citation book cs1">Frend, William H.C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv136bvsn.9">"Roman Britain, a Failed Promise"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv136bvsn"><i>The cross goes north: processes of conversion in northern Europe, AD 300-1300</i></a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK : Rochester, NY: York Medieval Press ; Boydell & Brewer. pp. 79–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv136bvsn">10.2307/j.ctv136bvsn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903153115" title="Special:BookSources/1903153115"><bdi>1903153115</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv136bvsn.9">j.ctv136bvsn.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Britain%2C+a+Failed+Promise&rft.btitle=The+cross+goes+north%3A+processes+of+conversion+in+northern+Europe%2C+AD+300-1300&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%2C+UK+%3A+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pages=79-92&rft.pub=York+Medieval+Press+%3B+Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv136bvsn.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv136bvsn&rft.isbn=1903153115&rft.aulast=Frend&rft.aufirst=William+H.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv136bvsn.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1866" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1866). "July 26: St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/lives-of-the-saints/volume-vii-july/st-germanus-bishop-of-auxerre-confessor/"><i>The Lives of the Saints</i></a>. Vol. VII – via <a href="/wiki/Bartleby.com" title="Bartleby.com">Bartleby.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=July+26%3A+St.+Germanus%2C+Bishop+of+Auxerre%2C+Confessor&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Flit-hub%2Flives-of-the-saints%2Fvolume-vii-july%2Fst-germanus-bishop-of-auxerre-confessor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighamRyan2013" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Nicholas John; Ryan, Martin J. (2013). <i>The Anglo-Saxon world</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300125344" title="Special:BookSources/9780300125344"><bdi>9780300125344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+world&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300125344&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+John&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&dq=christianity+dominant+britain+history&pg=PA144"><i>A Dictionary of British History</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419124347/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144&dq=christianity+dominant+britain+history&hl=En&ei=n2TpTf3aIZDBtAaYirXnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 144. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-955037-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-955037-9">0-19-955037-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, David P. (2000). <i>The earliest English kings</i> (Rev. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 35, 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415242110" title="Special:BookSources/9780415242110"><bdi>9780415242110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+English+kings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35%2C+120-121&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780415242110&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Abrams" title="Lesley Abrams">Abrams, Lesley</a> (2000). "Conversion and Assimilation". <i>Cultures in contact: Scandinavian settlement in England in the ninth and tenth centuries</i>. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2503509789" title="Special:BookSources/2503509789"><bdi>2503509789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversion+and+Assimilation&rft.btitle=Cultures+in+contact%3A+Scandinavian+settlement+in+England+in+the+ninth+and+tenth+centuries&rft.place=Turnhout%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2503509789&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostambeys2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Costambeys, Marios (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-49265">"Erik Bloodaxe [Eiríkr Blóðöx, Eiríkr Haraldsson]"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49265">10.1093/ref:odnb/49265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erik+Bloodaxe+%5BEir%C3%ADkr+Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0%C3%B6x%2C+Eir%C3%ADkr+Haraldsson%5D&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49265&rft.aulast=Costambeys&rft.aufirst=Marios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-49265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orkneyinga_Saga_-_The_History_of_the_Earls_of_Orkney,_Chapter_12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orkneyinga_Saga_-_The_History_of_the_Earls_of_Orkney,_Chapter_12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Orkneyinga Saga - The History of the Earls of Orkney, Chapter 12</i>. Penguin Books. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orkneyinga+Saga+-+The+History+of+the+Earls+of+Orkney%2C+Chapter+12&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeaney2004" class="citation cs2">Meaney, Audrey L. (1 January 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.3720">"?And we forbeoda? eornostlice ælcne hæ?enscipe?: Wulfstan and Late Anglo-Saxon and Norse ?Heathenism?"</a>, <i>Wulfstan, Archbishop of York</i>, Studies in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 10, Brepols Publishers, pp. 461–500, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fm.sem-eb.3.3720">10.1484/m.sem-eb.3.3720</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52224-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52224-1"><bdi>978-2-503-52224-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wulfstan%2C+Archbishop+of+York&rft.atitle=%3FAnd+we+forbeoda%3F+eornostlice+%C3%A6lcne+h%C3%A6%3Fenscipe%3F%3A+Wulfstan+and+Late+Anglo-Saxon+and+Norse+%3FHeathenism%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=461-500&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2Fm.sem-eb.3.3720&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52224-1&rft.aulast=Meaney&rft.aufirst=Audrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepolsonline.net%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1484%2FM.SEM-EB.3.3720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED_god" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/god_n?tab=factsheet#2801821">"god"</a>. <i>OED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED&rft.atitle=god&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgod_n%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet%232801821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED_heaven" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/heaven_n?tab=factsheet#1921444">"heaven"</a>. <i>OED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED&rft.atitle=heaven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fheaven_n%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet%231921444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED_hell" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/hell_n?tab=factsheet#1682757">"hell"</a>. <i>OED</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED&rft.atitle=hell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhell_n%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet%231682757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Alaric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asclepio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/asclepio/article/view/278">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Þur sarriþu þursa trutin": Monster-Fighting and Medicine in Early Medieval Scandinavia"</a>. <i>Asclepio</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 195–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fasclepio.2009.v61.i1.278">10.3989/asclepio.2009.v61.i1.278</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19753693">19753693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asclepio&rft.atitle=%22%C3%9Eur+sarri%C3%BEu+%C3%BEursa+trutin%22%3A+Monster-Fighting+and+Medicine+in+Early+Medieval+Scandinavia&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195-218&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Fasclepio.2009.v61.i1.278&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19753693&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasclepio.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fasclepio%2Farticle%2Fview%2F278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnell2021" class="citation book cs1">McKinnell, John (2021). "Pre-Christian Traces in British Ballads and Other Popular Poetry". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30396986"><i>Folklore and Old Norse mythology</i></a>. Helsinki: The Kalevala Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-9534-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-9534-02-9"><bdi>978-952-9534-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Christian+Traces+in+British+Ballads+and+Other+Popular+Poetry&rft.btitle=Folklore+and+Old+Norse+mythology&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=The+Kalevala+Society&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-952-9534-02-9&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30396986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.cofe.anglican.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.cofe.anglican.org_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.cofe.anglican.org_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/history/">The History of the Church of England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705165745/http://cofe.anglican.org/about/history/">Archived</a> 5 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Church of England. Retrieved 23 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008203611/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp">"Queen and Church of England"</a>. British Monarchy Media Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp">the original</a> on 8 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Church+of+England&rft.pub=British+Monarchy+Media+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalinsight.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage4708.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025533/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx">"Queen and the Church"</a>. The British Monarchy (Official Website). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandChurch/History.aspx">the original</a> on 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+the+Church&rft.pub=The+British+Monarchy+%28Official+Website%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FQueenandChurch%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610070358/http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/how_we_are_organised">"How we are organised"</a>. Church of Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/how_we_are_organised">the original</a> on 10 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+we+are+organised&rft.pub=Church+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofscotland.org.uk%2Fabout_us%2Fhow_we_are_organised&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Jolliffe, ed., English Catholic Heroes, London: Gracewing Publishing, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-604-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-604-7">0-85244-604-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Parsons, <i>Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions</i> (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2511-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2511-7">0-7190-2511-7</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Parsons, <i>Religion in Victorian Britain: Traditions</i> (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2511-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2511-7">0-7190-2511-7</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weller, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&dq=wales+disestablished+church+northern+ireland&pg=PA80"><i>Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419123323/https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80&dq=wales+disestablished+church+northern+ireland&hl=en&ei=eRQGTsrXIcvE8QOwndTBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=wales%20disestablished%20church%20northern%20ireland&f=false">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Continuum. pp. 79–80. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08487-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08487-6">0-567-08487-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22113"><i>The Jews</i>, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1: Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, The Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes to 1870, Private Education from Sixteenth Century (1969), pp. 149–51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214536/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22113">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Date accessed: 16 January 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yilmaz, Ihsan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&dq=britain+multi-faith+society&pg=PA291"><i>Muslim Laws, Politics and Society in Modern Nation States: Dynamic Legal Pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101939/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291&dq=britain+multi-faith+society&hl=En&ei=lmbpTZaOLs3QsgbLnq3nCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=britain%20multi-faith%20society&f=false">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 55–6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4389-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4389-1">0-7546-4389-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in the 2011 UK census, 178,453 people in England and Wales identified as Buddhist, of whom 59,040 identified as ethnically <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">white</a>, 34,354 Chinese, and 13,919 <a href="/wiki/Asian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian British">Asian</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fergusson, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&dq=britain+post-christian+society&pg=PA94"><i>Church, State and Civil Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419124819/https://books.google.com/books?id=Owz4aBSEINgC&pg=PA94&dq=britain+post-christian+society&hl=En&ei=8mrpTaL1McvMtAa7xojoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=10&ved=0CFIQ6wEwCQ#v=onepage&q=britain%20post-christian%20society&f=false">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52959-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52959-X">0-521-52959-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Callum G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&dq=britain+multi-faith+society&pg=PA291"><i>Religion and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101939/https://books.google.com/books?id=ryrD2YODzxUC&pg=PA291&dq=britain+multi-faith+society&hl=En&ei=lmbpTZaOLs3QsgbLnq3nCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=britain%20multi-faith%20society&f=false">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Harlow: Pearson Education. p. 291. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-47289-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-47289-X">0-582-47289-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dto-P2YfWJIC&dq=britain+is+the+most+secular&pg=PA84"><i>Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83984-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83984-X">0-521-83984-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Wellings, "Renewal, Reunion, and Revival: Three British Methodist Approaches to "Serving the Present Age" in the 1950s". <i>Methodist History</i> (2014) 53#1 pp. 21-39 quote pp 22-23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.gcah.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10516/9694/Methodist-History-2014-10-Wellings.pdf?sequence=1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003191357/http://archives.gcah.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10516/9694/Methodist-History-2014-10-Wellings.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 3 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Bruce, <i>Religion and modernization: Sociologists and historians debate the secularisation thesis</i> (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Currie, <i>Methodism Divided: A Study in the Sociology of Ecumenicalism</i> (1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ew2011-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ew2011_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ew2011_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ew2011_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ew2011_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262">"2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. ons.gov.uk. 2 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+KS209EW+Religion%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=ons.gov.uk&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fpublications%2Fre-reference-tables.html%3Fedition%3Dtcm%253A77-286262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s2011-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s2011_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s2011_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s2011_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf">"Scotland's Census 2011: Table KS209SCa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. scotlandcensus.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110172330/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/scotland/KS209SCa.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2011%3A+Table+KS209SCa&rft.pub=scotlandcensus.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcensusresults%2Frelease2a%2Fscotland%2FKS209SCa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ni2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ni2011_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ni2011_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls">"Census 2011: Religion - Full Detail: QS218NI - Northern Ireland"</a>. nisra.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173315/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS218NI.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Religion+-+Full+Detail%3A+QS218NI+-+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=nisra.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2FDownload%2FCensus%25202011_Excel%2F2011%2FQS218NI.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/religion/index.html#6">Guidance and Methodology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109003448/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/religion/index.html#6">Archived</a> 9 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Religion, retrieved 31 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2009_ipsos-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2009_ipsos_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicvoices.org.uk/sites/default/files/Cafod%20Research.pdf">"Understanding the 21st Century Catholic Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CAFOD, Ipsos MORI</i>. November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915130148/http://catholicvoices.org.uk/sites/default/files/Cafod%20Research.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CAFOD%2C+Ipsos+MORI&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+21st+Century+Catholic+Community&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicvoices.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCafod%2520Research.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSA_Table_1983–2010-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BSA_Table_1983–2010_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BSA_Table_1983–2010_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britsocat.com/Marginals/RELIGION">"BSA Table 1983–2010"</a>. BSA. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927200741/http://www.britsocat.com/Marginals/RELIGION">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSA+Table+1983%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=BSA&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britsocat.com%2FMarginals%2FRELIGION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsa2016-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsa2016_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsa2016_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsa2016_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052351/http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/1469605/BSA-religion.pdf">"Religious Affiliation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natcen.ac.uk/media/1469605/BSA-religion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/British_Social_Attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="British Social Attitudes">British Social Attitudes</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religious+Affiliation&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natcen.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F1469605%2FBSA-religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2018-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB2018_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112093150/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA7556_V11&V162slice=1&stubs=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA7556_V162&previousmode=table&V162subset=1+-+14&study=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fStudy/ZA7556&charttype=null&V11subset=9&mode=table&v=2&weights=http://193.175.238.79:80/obj/fVariable/ZA7556_V370&analysismode=table&gs=7&V11slice=9&top=yes"><i>Eurobarometer 90.4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism</i></a>. European Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&V162slice=1&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V162&previousmode=table&V162subset=1+-+14&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&V11subset=9&mode=table&v=2&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V370&analysismode=table&gs=7&V11slice=9&top=yes">the original</a> on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+90.4%3A+Attitudes+of+Europeans+towards+Biodiversity%2C+Awareness+and+Perceptions+of+EU+customs%2C+and+Perceptions+of+Antisemitism&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fheaders%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA7556_V11%26V162slice%3D1%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA7556_V162%26previousmode%3Dtable%26V162subset%3D1%2B-%2B14%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA7556%26charttype%3Dnull%26V11subset%3D9%26mode%3Dtable%26v%3D2%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA7556_V370%26analysismode%3Dtable%26gs%3D7%26V11slice%3D9%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer2019-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eurobarometer2019_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251">"Discrimination in the European Union"</a>. <i>Special Eurobarometer</i>. 493. European Commission. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurobarometer&rft.atitle=Discrimination+in+the+European+Union&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommfrontoffice%2Fpublicopinion%2Findex.cfm%2FSurvey%2FgetSurveyDetail%2Finstruments%2FSPECIAL%2FsurveyKy%2F2251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/">"Being Christian in Western Europe"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i>. 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Being+Christian+in+Western+Europe&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2018%2F05%2F29%2Fbeing-christian-in-western-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_England_and_Wales_Religion_Data_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census">"2001 Census England and Wales Religion Data"</a>. ONS. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714132503/https://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census+England+and+Wales+Religion+Data&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.uk%2Fdataset%2Freligion_2001_census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_Religion_Data_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/36496/0029047.pdf">"2001 Census Scotland Religion Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of the Chief Statistician. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413155352/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/36496/0029047.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census+Scotland+Religion+Data&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+Statistician&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FResource%2FDoc%2F36496%2F0029047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001_Census_England-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_England_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_England_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225234801/https://www.census.ac.uk/Documents/CensusForms/2001_England_Household.pdf">"2001 Census England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ONS. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.ac.uk/Documents/CensusForms/2001_England_Household.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census+England&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2FCensusForms%2F2001_England_Household.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001_Census_Scotland-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_Scotland_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211125607/http://census.ac.uk/Documents/CensusForms/2001_Scotland_Household.pdf">"2001 Census Scotland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ONS. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.ac.uk/Documents/CensusForms/2001_Scotland_Household.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census+Scotland&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2FCensusForms%2F2001_Scotland_Household.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICM/Gaudian_2006-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICM/Gaudian_2006_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927140310/http://www.icmresearch.com/pdfs/2006_december_guardian_religion_poll.pdf">"ICM poll conducted December 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icmresearch.com/pdfs/2006_december_guardian_religion_poll.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICM+poll+conducted+December+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icmresearch.com%2Fpdfs%2F2006_december_guardian_religion_poll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(102 KB)</span> Retrieved on 7 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSS_response_to_2001_census-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSS_response_to_2001_census_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSS_response_to_2001_census_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secularism.org.uk/2001censusfiguresonreligionludic.html">"NSS response to 2001 census"</a>. NSS. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801065353/http://www.secularism.org.uk/2001censusfiguresonreligionludic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NSS+response+to+2001+census&rft.pub=NSS&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularism.org.uk%2F2001censusfiguresonreligionludic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.policechaplaincy.uk/faith-at-a-glance-rastafari">"Faith at a Glance - Rastafari"</a>. <i>www.policechaplaincy.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.policechaplaincy.uk&rft.atitle=Faith+at+a+Glance+-+Rastafari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.policechaplaincy.uk%2Ffaith-at-a-glance-rastafari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-43485581">"70% of young Brits are 'not religious'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=70%25+of+young+Brits+are+%27not+religious%27&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewsbeat-43485581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brin.ac.uk/figures/affiliation-and-attendance-from-1983/religious-affiliation-by-birth-decade-1900-9-to-1980-9/">Religious Affiliation by Birth Decade, 1900-9 to 1980-9</a> British Religion in Numbers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf">Religious Statistics in Great Britain: An Historical Introduction (British Religion in Numbers)</a> Universities of Birmingham and Manchester. Clive D. Field (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brin.ac.uk/exploring-religious-data-in-the-british-social-attitudes-2014-survey/">Exploring Religious Data in the British Social Attitudes 2014 Survey</a> British Religion in Numbers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2015-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB2015_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007131335/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&mode=table&V355slice=1&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&top=yes">"Discrimination in the EU in 2015"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a></i>, 437, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, 2015, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yes">the original</a> on 7 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Eurobarometer&rft.atitle=Discrimination+in+the+EU+in+2015&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fheaders%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6595_V355%26V355slice%3D1%26previousmode%3Dtable%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6595_V10%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA6595_V42%26analysismode%3Dtable%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA6595%26tabcontenttype%3Drow%26gs%3D362%26V10slice%3D1%26mode%3Dtable%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/ab7776bd-b2ec-44f9-8acc-4c48a21eb41e#get-data">"Religion - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Religion+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS030%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Fab7776bd-b2ec-44f9-8acc-4c48a21eb41e%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+England+and+Wales+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Fbulletins%2Freligionenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022censusScotland-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2022censusScotland_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion/#contents">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion"</a>. 21 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2022+-+Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2F2022-results%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion%2F%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-religion-tables">"Census 2021 main statistics religion tables"</a>. <i>Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</i>. 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=Census+2021+main+statistics+religion+tables&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-religion-tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-b21.xlsx">"MS-B21: Religion - full detail"</a>. <i>Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency.&rft.atitle=MS-B21%3A+Religion+-+full+detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-ms-b21.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011">"Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies)"</a>. nisra.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225122750/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Religion%3A+KS211NI+%28administrative+geographies%29&rft.pub=nisra.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2FTheme.aspx%3FthemeNumber%3D136%26themeName%3DCensus%25202011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ew2001-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ew2001_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ew2001_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ew2001_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census">"Religion (2001 Census)"</a>. data.gov.uk. 9 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714132503/https://data.gov.uk/dataset/religion_2001_census">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%282001+Census%29&rft.pub=data.gov.uk&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.uk%2Fdataset%2Freligion_2001_census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig">"Summary: Religious Group Demographics"</a>. scotland.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071712/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/People/Equality/Equalities/DataGrid/Religion/RelPopMig">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary%3A+Religious+Group+Demographics&rft.pub=scotland.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FTopics%2FPeople%2FEquality%2FEqualities%2FDataGrid%2FReligion%2FRelPopMig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=135&themeName=Census%202001">"Census 2001: Religion (administrative geographies)"</a>. nisra.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225121003/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=135&themeName=Census%202001">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2001%3A+Religion+%28administrative+geographies%29&rft.pub=nisra.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2FTheme.aspx%3FthemeNumber%3D135%26themeName%3DCensus%25202001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html">"Table KS07c: Religion (full list with 10 or more persons)"</a>. nisra.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225191541/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/2001%20Census%20Results/Key%20Statistics/KeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+KS07c%3A+Religion+%28full+list+with+10+or+more+persons%29&rft.pub=nisra.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2FCensus%2F2001%2520Census%2520Results%2FKey%2520Statistics%2FKeyStatisticstoOutputAreaLevel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_UK_Census-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_UK_Census_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/what-is-a-census/index.html">"UK Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504122355/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/what-is-a-census/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fwhat-is-a-census%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labour_Force_Survey-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labour_Force_Survey_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/lfs">"Labour Force Survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427143242/http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/lfs/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Labour+Force+Survey&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esds.ac.uk%2Fgovernment%2Flfs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Social_Attitudes-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-British_Social_Attitudes_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natcen.ac.uk/series/british-social-attitudes">"British Social Attitudes"</a>. NatCen. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427053700/http://www.natcen.ac.uk/series/british-social-attitudes">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Social+Attitudes&rft.pub=NatCen&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natcen.ac.uk%2Fseries%2Fbritish-social-attitudes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Social_Survey-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-European_Social_Survey_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ess.nsd.uib.no">"European Social Survey"</a>. Norwegian Social Science Data Services. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116012709/http://ess.nsd.uib.no/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Social+Survey&rft.pub=Norwegian+Social+Science+Data+Services&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fess.nsd.uib.no&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoghegan2011-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoghegan2011_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoghegan2011_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Geoghegan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12507319">"Census: How religious is the UK?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205084741/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12507319">Archived</a> 5 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>BBC News Magazine</i>, 21 February 2011, retrieved 31 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_290510.pdf"><i>Religion in England and Wales 2011</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022025421/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_290510.pdf">Archived</a> 22 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office for National Statistics, retrieved 31 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Government_Report_on_Religion-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Government_Report_on_Religion_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_Report_on_Religion_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Government_Report_on_Religion_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN06189">"Government Report on Religion"</a>. UK Government. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303121709/http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN06189">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Report+on+Religion&rft.pub=UK+Government&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2FSN06189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESS_Data_Downloads-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESS_Data_Downloads_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESS_Data_Downloads_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESS_Data_Downloads_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ess.nsd.uib.no/downloadwizard">"ESS Data Downloads"</a>. ESS. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511121815/http://ess.nsd.uib.no/downloadwizard/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESS+Data+Downloads&rft.pub=ESS&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fess.nsd.uib.no%2Fdownloadwizard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1984" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (1984). <i>Wickedness: A Philosophical Essay</i> (Kindle, 2003 ed.). Taylor & Francis e-Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wickedness%3A+A+Philosophical+Essay&rft.edition=Kindle%2C+2003&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+e-Library&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StMary-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StMary_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivant2018" class="citation news cs1">Bullivant, Stephen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322212909/https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf">"Europe's Young Adults and Religion: Findings from the European Social Survey (2014-16) to inform the 2018 Synod of Bishops"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society; Institut Catholique de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stmarys.ac.uk/research/centres/benedict-xvi/docs/2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Young+Adults+and+Religion%3A+Findings+from+the+European+Social+Survey+%282014-16%29+to+inform+the+2018+Synod+of+Bishops&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bullivant&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmarys.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fcentres%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fdocs%2F2018-mar-europe-young-people-report-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview">"European Social Survey, Online Analysis"</a>. <i>nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515065337/http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no&rft.atitle=European+Social+Survey%2C+Online+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no%2Fwebview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natcen.ac.uk-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natcen.ac.uk_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711105739/https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_religion.pdf">"British Social Attitudes: Religion - Identity, behaviour and belief over two decades"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The National Centre for Social Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_religion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Social+Attitudes%3A+Religion+-+Identity%2C+behaviour+and+belief+over+two+decades&rft.pub=The+National+Centre+for+Social+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsa.natcen.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F39293%2F1_bsa36_religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2001_Census_Wales-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2001_Census_Wales_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111214102317/https://www.census.ac.uk/Documents/CensusForms/2001_Wales_Household_English.pdf">"2001 Census Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ONS. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.ac.uk/Documents/CensusForms/2001_Wales_Household_English.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Census+Wales&rft.pub=ONS&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.ac.uk%2FDocuments%2FCensusForms%2F2001_Wales_Household_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANALYSIS_OF_RELIGION_IN_THE_2001_CENSUS-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANALYSIS_OF_RELIGION_IN_THE_2001_CENSUS_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53571">"ANALYSIS OF RELIGION IN THE 2001 CENSUS"</a>. Scottish Government. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526092059/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53571">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANALYSIS+OF+RELIGION+IN+THE+2001+CENSUS&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.gov.uk%2FPublications%2F2005%2F02%2F20757%2F53571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YouGov_Feb_2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YouGov_Feb_2012_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.yougov.com/cumulus_uploads/document/pe06bnkf18/YG-Archives-YouGov-ChristianCountryPrayers-160212.pdf">"YouGov poll conducted February 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041037/http://cdn.yougov.com/cumulus_uploads/document/pe06bnkf18/YG-Archives-YouGov-ChristianCountryPrayers-160212.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouGov+poll+conducted+February+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.yougov.com%2Fcumulus_uploads%2Fdocument%2Fpe06bnkf18%2FYG-Archives-YouGov-ChristianCountryPrayers-160212.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(361 KB)</span> Retrieved on 12 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipsos_MORI_2003-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ipsos_MORI_2003_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ipsos_MORI_2003_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/773/Three-In-Five-Believe-In-God.aspx">"Ipsos MORI 2003"</a>. Ipsos MORI. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209152958/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/773/Three-In-Five-Believe-In-God.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ipsos+MORI+2003&rft.pub=Ipsos+MORI&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos-mori.com%2Fresearchpublications%2Fresearcharchive%2F773%2FThree-In-Five-Believe-In-God.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerJohnstone2015" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane; Johnstone, Patrick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. <i>IJRR</i>. <b>11</b> (10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126054917/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJRR&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft.au=Johnstone%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide2-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guide2_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=10855&More=Y">"APS user guide"</a>. Office for National Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909230619/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/Product.asp?vlnk=10855&More=Y">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+user+guide&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2FStatBase%2FProduct.asp%3Fvlnk%3D10855%26More%3DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/labourproductivity/adhocs/007975tablesproducedusingtheannualpopulationsurveyandthelabourforcesurveyethnicityandreligionbrokendownbycountry">"Tables produced using the Annual Population Survey and the Labour Force Survey: ethnicity and religion broken down by country - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026182836/https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/labourproductivity/adhocs/007975tablesproducedusingtheannualpopulationsurveyandthelabourforcesurveyethnicityandreligionbrokendownbycountry">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Tables+produced+using+the+Annual+Population+Survey+and+the+Labour+Force+Survey%3A+ethnicity+and+religion+broken+down+by+country+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Femploymentandlabourmarket%2Fpeopleinwork%2Flabourproductivity%2Fadhocs%2F007975tablesproducedusingtheannualpopulationsurveyandthelabourforcesurveyethnicityandreligionbrokendownbycountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/SocRel-sub-set.pdf">"Measuring Religious Affiliation in Great Britain: The 2011 Census in Historical and Methodological Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Religion in Numbers</i>. June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406105525/http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/SocRel-sub-set.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Religion+in+Numbers&rft.atitle=Measuring+Religious+Affiliation+in+Great+Britain%3A+The+2011+Census+in+Historical+and+Methodological+Context&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brin.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F06%2FSocRel-sub-set.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhyChurch_Attendance_Stats_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whychurch.org.uk/trends.php">"WhyChurch Attendance Trends"</a>. WhyChurch. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191203/http://www.whychurch.org.uk/trends.php">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WhyChurch+Attendance+Trends&rft.pub=WhyChurch&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whychurch.org.uk%2Ftrends.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrierley1999" class="citation web cs1">Brierley, Peter (11 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dam.ukdataservice.ac.uk/media/263001/discover_qbcommentary_religion_brierley.pdf">"Researching Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UK Data Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Data+Service&rft.atitle=Researching+Religion&rft.date=1999-12-11&rft.aulast=Brierley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdam.ukdataservice.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F263001%2Fdiscover_qbcommentary_religion_brierley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TearfundSurvey-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TearfundSurvey_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614005402/http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/News/Final%20churchgoing%20report.pdf">"Tearfund Survey 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tearfund.org/webdocs/Website/News/Final%20churchgoing%20report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tearfund+Survey+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tearfund.org%2Fwebdocs%2FWebsite%2FNews%2FFinal%2520churchgoing%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc20070403-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc20070403_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6520463.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One in 10' attends church weekly"</a>. BBC News. 3 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706205309/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6520463.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27One+in+10%27+attends+church+weekly&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6520463.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041227233140/http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/christmas.html">"Attendance at Anglican services on Christmas eve/Christmas day"</a>. University of Manchester – Cathie Marsh centre for census and survey research. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsr.ac.uk/christmas.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attendance+at+Anglican+services+on+Christmas+eve%2FChristmas+day&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester+%E2%80%93+Cathie+Marsh+centre+for+census+and+survey+research&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccsr.ac.uk%2Fchristmas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/news/pr9605.html">"O come, all ye faithful: Church is a big draw at Christmas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219230629/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/news/pr9605.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+come%2C+all+ye+faithful%3A+Church+is+a+big+draw+at+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofe.anglican.org%2Fnews%2Fpr9605.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Wynne-Jones2007" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Wynne-Jones (23 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227055301/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F23%2Fnchurch123.xml">"Britain has become a 'Catholic country'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Sunday Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/23/nchurch123.xml">the original</a> on 27 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain+has+become+a+%27Catholic+country%27&rft.date=2007-12-23&rft.au=Jonathan+Wynne-Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F23%2Fnchurch123.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-findaproperty_report_on_fate_of_churches-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-findaproperty_report_on_fate_of_churches_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findaproperty.com/displaystory.aspx?edid=00&salerent=0&storyid=1790">"findaproperty report on fate of churches"</a>. findaproperty.com. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625143147/http://www.findaproperty.com/displaystory.aspx?storyid=1790&edid=00&salerent=0">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=findaproperty+report+on+fate+of+churches&rft.pub=findaproperty.com&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findaproperty.com%2Fdisplaystory.aspx%3Fedid%3D00%26salerent%3D0%26storyid%3D1790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriet_Sherwood2016" class="citation web cs1">Harriet Sherwood (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/church-of-england-attendance-falls-below-million-first-time">"Church of England weekly attendance falls below 1m for first time"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112210913/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/12/church-of-england-attendance-falls-below-million-first-time">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Church+of+England+weekly+attendance+falls+below+1m+for+first+time&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.au=Harriet+Sherwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F12%2Fchurch-of-england-attendance-falls-below-million-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.co.uk/article/new.study.finds.mosque.goers.to.double.church.attendance/3858.htm">New Study finds mosque goers todouble church attendance by 2040</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217052809/http://www.christiantoday.co.uk/article/new.study.finds.mosque.goers.to.double.church.attendance/3858.htm">Archived</a> 17 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Christian Today retrieved 4 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicpopulation.com/Europe/UNITED%20KINGDOM/Muslim%20Britain%20More%20people.htm">Muslim Britain, More people attend mosques than Church of England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163847/http://www.islamicpopulation.com/Europe/UNITED%20KINGDOM/Muslim%20Britain%20More%20people.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Islamic Population article retrieved 4 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESS_2010_Data-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESS_2010_Data_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ess.nsd.uib.no/downloadwizard">"ESS 2010 Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511121815/http://ess.nsd.uib.no/downloadwizard/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESS+2010+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fess.nsd.uib.no%2Fdownloadwizard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YouGov/Cambridge_2011-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YouGov/Cambridge_2011_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/2l6avzlerp/Religion.pdf">"YouGov/Cambridge 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929031315/http://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/2l6avzlerp/Religion.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouGov%2FCambridge+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net%2Fcumulus_uploads%2Fdocument%2F2l6avzlerp%2FReligion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(657 KB)</span> Retrieved on 7 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fieldwork: Jan-Feb 2010</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fieldwork%3A+Jan-Feb+2010&rft.atitle=Special+Eurobarometer%2C+biotechnology%2C+page+204&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_341_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7089139.stm">40% of adults pray, says survey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326003046/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7089139.stm">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 11 November 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031210034900/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=297&Pos=&ColRank=2&Rank=1000">"390,000 Jedis There Are But did hoax campaign boost response in teens and 20s?"</a>, <i>Office for National Statistics</i>, 13 February 2003. Retrieved 15 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1271380.stm">"Jedi e-mail revealed as hoax"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621122503/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1271380.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jedi+e-mail+revealed+as+hoax&rft.date=2001-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F1271380.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings/390-000-jedis-there-are/jedi.html">"Census 2001 Summary theme figures and rankings - 390,000 Jedi There Are"</a>. <i>ons.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221104906/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings/390-000-jedis-there-are/jedi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Census+2001+Summary+theme+figures+and+rankings+-+390%2C000+Jedi+There+Are&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-summary-theme-figures-and-rankings%2F390-000-jedis-there-are%2Fjedi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cannon, John, ed. (2nd edn., 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYnfhTq2M7EC&pg=PA144"><i>A Dictionary of British History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 144. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955037-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955037-1">978-0-19-955037-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/">Acts of Union 1707</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130147/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/">Archived</a> 29 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> parliament.uk. Retrieved 31 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm">Uniting the kingdom?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308174527/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 31 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf">Making the Act of Union 1707</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> scottish.parliament.uk. Retrieved 31 December 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettegree" class="citation web cs1">Pettegree, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/english_reformation_01.shtml">"The English Reformation"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901191619/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/english_reformation_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+English+Reformation&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Pettegree&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Ftudors%2Fenglish_reformation_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.anglican.org/index.php/about/introduction/">"A Brief Introduction to the Scottish Episcopal Church"</a>. .scotland.anglican.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100924072444/http://www.scotland.anglican.org/index.php/about/introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Scottish+Episcopal+Church&rft.pub=.scotland.anglican.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotland.anglican.org%2Findex.php%2Fabout%2Fintroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weller, Paul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&dq=wales+disestablished+church+northern+ireland&pg=PA80"><i>Time for a Change: Reconfiguring Religion, State, and Society</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419123323/https://books.google.com/books?id=tHc88PzAPLMC&pg=PA80&dq=wales+disestablished+church+northern+ireland&hl=en&ei=eRQGTsrXIcvE8QOwndTBDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=wales%20disestablished%20church%20northern%20ireland&f=false">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (London: Continuum, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08487-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08487-6">0-567-08487-6</a>, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2015/may/british-social-attitudes-church-of-england-decline-has-accelerated-in-past-decade/">"British Social Attitudes: Church of England decline has accelerated in past decade"</a>. <i>natcen.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711113053/http://www.natcen.ac.uk/news-media/press-releases/2015/may/british-social-attitudes-church-of-england-decline-has-accelerated-in-past-decade">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=natcen.ac.uk&rft.atitle=British+Social+Attitudes%3A+Church+of+England+decline+has+accelerated+in+past+decade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natcen.ac.uk%2Fnews-media%2Fpress-releases%2F2015%2Fmay%2Fbritish-social-attitudes-church-of-england-decline-has-accelerated-in-past-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/church-of-england-one-generation-away-from-extinction-after-dramatic-loss-of-followers-10288179.html">"Church of England 'one generation away from extinction' after dramatic loss of followers"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 1 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025224810/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/church-of-england-one-generation-away-from-extinction-after-dramatic-loss-of-followers-10288179.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Church+of+England+%27one+generation+away+from+extinction%27+after+dramatic+loss+of+followers&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fchurch-of-england-one-generation-away-from-extinction-after-dramatic-loss-of-followers-10288179.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711105739/https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_religion.pdf">"Religion - British Social Attitudes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/media/39293/1_bsa36_religion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+-+British+Social+Attitudes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsa.natcen.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F39293%2F1_bsa36_religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptist.org.uk/baptist_life/baptist_family.html">The Baptist Family</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122014610/http://www.baptist.org.uk/baptist_life/baptist_family.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> baptist.org.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. H. Brackney, <i>Historical Dictionary of the Baptists</i> (Scarecrow Press, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810862824" title="Special:BookSources/0810862824">0810862824</a>, pp. 306 and 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCPenecostalism-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPenecostalism_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCPenecostalism_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/pentecostal_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Pentecostalism"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114125759/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/pentecostal_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Pentecostalism&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fpentecostal_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William W. Kay, <i>Apostolic Networks in Great Britain</i>, Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCC-MCOGB-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCC-MCOGB_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928222302/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/united-kingdom/methodist-church.html">"World Council of Churches – Methodist Church of Great Britain"</a>. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/united-kingdom/methodist-church.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Council+of+Churches+%E2%80%93+Methodist+Church+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fregions%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fmethodist-church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piggot-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piggot_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piggot, A. (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-2017-42-Statistics-for-Mission.pdf">Statistics for Mission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025075342/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-2017-42-Statistics-for-Mission.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Methodist Conference. Accessed 20 October 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/17152/methodism_in_numbers_2020.pdf">Methodism in Numbers – Statistics at a Glance (2020 edition)</a>. Methodist Conference. May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amc-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amc_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/">"An Anglican-Methodist Covenant"</a>. Joint Implementation Commission of the Church of England and the Methodist Church of Great Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629052342/http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Anglican-Methodist+Covenant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglican-methodist.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/salvationarmy_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Salvation Army"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812043438/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/salvationarmy_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Salvation+Army&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fsalvationarmy_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nspc-churches-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nspc-churches_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nspresbyterian.org/pages/history.htm">"Churches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Non-subscribing_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723114250/http://www.nspresbyterian.org/pages/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Churches&rft.pub=Non-subscribing+Presbyterian+Church+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nspresbyterian.org%2Fpages%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nspc-history-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nspc-history_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nspresbyterian.org/PAGES/churches.htm">"History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Non-subscribing_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723114211/http://www.nspresbyterian.org/PAGES/CHURCHES.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Non-subscribing+Presbyterian+Church+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nspresbyterian.org%2FPAGES%2Fchurches.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urc.org.uk/images/Statistics/YB-2019-statistics.jpg">"2019 Statistics"</a>. <i>The United Reformed Church</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401101105/https://urc.org.uk/images/Statistics/YB-2019-statistics.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Reformed+Church&rft.atitle=2019+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furc.org.uk%2Fimages%2FStatistics%2FYB-2019-statistics.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115151223/http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Tab%20Stat%202011%20v_lo%20res.pdf">"Tabular Statement as at 31 xii 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Tab%20Stat%202011%20v_lo%20res.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabular+Statement+as+at+31+xii+2010&rft.pub=Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FTab%2520Stat%25202011%2520v_lo%2520res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/The-Church-in-England-and-Wales">The Church in England and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043450/http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/The-Church-in-England-and-Wales">Archived</a> 17 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Catholic Church of England and Wales. Retrieved 27 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570">Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census: Summary Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604111413/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scottish Executive – Retrieved 6 December 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecia2022" class="citation news cs1">Specia, Megan (22 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/22/world/europe/northern-ireland-census-catholics-protestants.html">"Catholics Outnumber Protestants in Northern Ireland for the First Time"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Catholics+Outnumber+Protestants+in+Northern+Ireland+for+the+First+Time&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft.aulast=Specia&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F09%2F22%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnorthern-ireland-census-catholics-protestants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward" class="citation web cs1">Hayward, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchmodel.org.uk/church-growth-models/limited-enthusiasm/demographics-2/roman-catholic-england-wales-2000-2020/">"Roman Catholic England & Wales 2000–2020"</a>. <i>Churchmodel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Churchmodel.org&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic+England+%26+Wales+2000%E2%80%932020&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchmodel.org.uk%2Fchurch-growth-models%2Flimited-enthusiasm%2Fdemographics-2%2Froman-catholic-england-wales-2000-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Ferguson and Padraic Halpin "Northern Ireland has more Catholics than Protestants for first time," Reuters United Kingdom, Sept. 22, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faithsurvey.co.uk/download/csintro2.pdf">"§ 0.2 Introduction: UK Christian Statistics 2: 2010-2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831045407/https://faithsurvey.co.uk/download/csintro2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+0.2+Introduction%3A+UK+Christian+Statistics+2%3A+2010-2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaithsurvey.co.uk%2Fdownload%2Fcsintro2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623005523/http://www.sourozh.org/web/Welcome">"Welcome"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourozh.org/web/Welcome">the original</a> on 23 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome&rft.pub=Russian+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Sourozh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourozh.org%2Fweb%2FWelcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rocor.org.uk/">"Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland"</a>. The Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110234122/http://www.rocor.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diocese+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=The+Diocese+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocor.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/archdiocese/">"Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of the British Isles and Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529144036/http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/archdiocese/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese+of+the+British+Isles+and+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk%2Farchdiocese%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/exclusivebrethren_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: Exclusive Brethren"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812043728/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/exclusivebrethren_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Exclusive+Brethren&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fexclusivebrethren_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624194618/http://www.newfrontierstogether.org/Groups/102174/Newfrontiers/United_Kingdom/About_Us/History/History.aspx">"Newfrontiers: History"</a>. newfrontierstogether.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newfrontierstogether.org/Groups/102174/Newfrontiers/United_Kingdom/About_Us/History/History.aspx">the original</a> on 24 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newfrontiers%3A+History&rft.pub=newfrontierstogether.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newfrontierstogether.org%2FGroups%2F102174%2FNewfrontiers%2FUnited_Kingdom%2FAbout_Us%2FHistory%2FHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/united-kingdom">"Country Profile: United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales)"</a>. <i>LDS Newsroom</i>. <a href="/wiki/LDS_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="LDS Church">LDS Church</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713132432/https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/country/united-kingdom">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LDS+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Country+Profile%3A+United+Kingdom+%28England%2C+Scotland%2C+Northern+Ireland%2C+and+Wales%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fcountry%2Funited-kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053728/http://www.lds.org.uk/about-the-church/the-church-in-the-united-kingdom/history-of-the-church-in-the-united-kingdom/">"History of the church in the UK"</a>. <i>lds.org.uk</i>. LDS Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lds.org.uk/about-the-church/the-church-in-the-united-kingdom/history-of-the-church-in-the-united-kingdom/">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lds.org.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+the+church+in+the+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lds.org.uk%2Fabout-the-church%2Fthe-church-in-the-united-kingdom%2Fhistory-of-the-church-in-the-united-kingdom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/articles/2005/03/30/mormon_chapel_feature.shtml">"Do you know where the oldest Mormon chapel in the world is?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 30 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106215656/http://www.bbc.co.uk/herefordandworcester/content/articles/2005/03/30/mormon_chapel_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+you+know+where+the+oldest+Mormon+chapel+in+the+world+is%3F&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fherefordandworcester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2005%2F03%2F30%2Fmormon_chapel_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://download-a.akamaihd.net/files/media_books/ca/yb16_E.pdf">"2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085811/https://download-a.akamaihd.net/files/media_books/ca/yb16_E.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownload-a.akamaihd.net%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_books%2Fca%2Fyb16_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_2.shtml">"BBC – History of Islam in the UK – population figures"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202124700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_2.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+of+Islam+in+the+UK+%E2%80%93+population+figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fuk_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/muslims-rise-while-christians-fall-in-britain_100149769.html">"Muslims rise while Christians fall in Britain"</a>. <i>Thaindian News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505020855/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/muslims-rise-while-christians-fall-in-britain_100149769.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thaindian+News&rft.atitle=Muslims+rise+while+Christians+fall+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Fworld-news%2Fmuslims-rise-while-christians-fall-in-britain_100149769.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/01/201112012212165903.html">"Islamophobia 'acceptable' in UK"</a>. <i>aljazeera.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122193514/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2011/01/201112012212165903.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aljazeera.net&rft.atitle=Islamophobia+%27acceptable%27+in+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2011%2F01%2F201112012212165903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00398-02.asp">ANALYSIS OF RELIGION IN THE 2001 CENSUS: Summary Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204224733/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/bulletins/00398-02.asp">Archived</a> 4 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Scottish Executive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122204353/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/Census2001Output/KeyStatistics/keystats.html">"NISRA - Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (c) 2015"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/Census/Census2001Output/KeyStatistics/keystats.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NISRA+-+Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency+%28c%29+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk%2FCensus%2FCensus2001Output%2FKeyStatistics%2Fkeystats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5621482.ece">Muslim population 'rising 10 times faster than rest of society'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121541/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5621482.ece">Archived</a> 25 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 30 January 2009, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kerbaj" title="Richard Kerbaj">Richard Kerbaj</a>, <i>The Sunday Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mywf.org.uk/uploads/projects/borderlines/Archive/2007/muslimsinbritain.pdf">"Muslims in Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. mywf.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007161802/http://www.mywf.org.uk/uploads/projects/borderlines/Archive/2007/muslimsinbritain.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Britain&rft.pub=mywf.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mywf.org.uk%2Fuploads%2Fprojects%2Fborderlines%2FArchive%2F2007%2Fmuslimsinbritain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm?1a_total01_des">"Born Abroad – Countries of birth"</a>. BBC Online. 7 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Born+Abroad+%E2%80%93+Countries+of+birth&rft.date=2005-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F05%2Fborn_abroad%2Fcountries%2Fhtml%2Foverview.stm%3F1a_total01_des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Michael Herbert (2006). <i>Counterflows to Colonialism</i>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7824-154-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7824-154-4"><bdi>81-7824-154-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterflows+to+Colonialism&rft.pages=111-9%2C+129-30%2C+140%2C+154-6%2C+160-8%2C+181&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-7824-154-4&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2004" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Humayun (2004). <i>The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present</i>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-685-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-685-1"><bdi>1-85065-685-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Infidel+Within%3A+The+History+of+Muslims+in+Britain%2C+1800+to+the+Present&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-85065-685-1&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Humayun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm">"Curry house founder is honoured"</a>. BBC News. 29 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801010324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Curry+house+founder+is+honoured&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F4290124.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/britain/2013/05/18/changing-my-religion">"Changing my religion"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Changing+my+religion&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbritain%2F2013%2F05%2F18%2Fchanging-my-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times_religion-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times_religion_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times_religion_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times_religion_159-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerbaj2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kerbaj" title="Richard Kerbaj">Kerbaj, Richard</a> (30 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525121541/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5621482.ece">"Muslim population 'rising 10 times faster than rest of society'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5621482.ece">the original</a> on 25 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Muslim+population+%27rising+10+times+faster+than+rest+of+society%27&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.aulast=Kerbaj&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle5621482.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/8227773/David-Cameron-must-face-the-challenge-of-Islamisation.html">"David Cameron must face the challenge of Islamisation"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 28 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206120938/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/telegraph-view/8227773/David-Cameron-must-face-the-challenge-of-Islamisation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=David+Cameron+must+face+the+challenge+of+Islamisation&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Ftelegraph-view%2F8227773%2FDavid-Cameron-must-face-the-challenge-of-Islamisation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2011uk-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2011uk_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK_Government2009" class="citation web cs1">UK Government (27 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/search/index.html?pageSize=50&sortBy=none&sortDirection=none&newquery=hindu">"Religion in England and Wales 2011"</a>. Office of National Statistics (11 December 2012)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+England+and+Wales+2011&rft.pub=Office+of+National+Statistics+%2811+December+2012%29&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.au=UK+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fsearch%2Findex.html%3FpageSize%3D50%26sortBy%3Dnone%26sortDirection%3Dnone%26newquery%3Dhindu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=956">Minority religions mainly in London</a>. National Statistics. Accessed 3 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf">"2011 Census: Key Results from Releases 2A to 2D"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Key+Results+from+Releases+2A+to+2D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcensusresults%2Frelease2a%2Frel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFONS2010" class="citation web cs1">ONS (2 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160107070948/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html">"Release Edition Reference Tables"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Release+Edition+Reference+Tables&rft.date=2010-07-02&rft.au=ONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fpublications%2Fre-reference-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171776_310454.pdf">Full story: What does the Census tell us about religion in 2011?</a> Office of National Statistics, UK Government (May 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rb6-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rb6_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Berkeley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/ConnectingBritishHindus-2006.pdf">Connecting British Hindus - An enquiry into the identity and public policy engagement of British Hindus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414230058/http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/ConnectingBritishHindus-2006.pdf">Archived</a> 14 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Runnymede Trust, Hindu Forum of Britain (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Heath and Yaojun Li (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csi.nuff.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/religion-and-poverty-working-paper.pdf">Review of the relationship between religion and poverty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505063032/http://csi.nuff.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/religion-and-poverty-working-paper.pdf">Archived</a> 5 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nuffield College, Oxford and University of Manchester</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prison_Population_Statistics-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prison_Population_Statistics_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prison_Population_Statistics_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gavin Berman & Aliyah Dar (July 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/sn04334.pdf">Prison Population Statistics</a> 1991-2012, Social and General Statistics, Ministry of Justice, ONS, UK Government</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04334/SN04334.pdf">"UK Prison Population Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>parliament.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.uk&rft.atitle=UK+Prison+Population+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FSN04334%2FSN04334.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+England+and+Wales+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Fbulletins%2Freligionenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sikh-dharamsala-london">"Sikh Dharamsala, London | Making Britain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416061503/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sikh-dharamsala-london">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Dharamsala%2C+London+%26%23124%3B+Making+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Fresearchprojects%2Fmakingbritain%2Fcontent%2Fsikh-dharamsala-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2010-03-17-london-jewish-museum_N.htm">London's Jewish Museum reopens after major facelift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314035425/http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2010-03-17-london-jewish-museum_N.htm">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>'.' Retrieved 20 August 2010.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PFScotland-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PFScotland_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113182416/http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html">"Pagans and the Scottish Census of 2001"</a>. <i>ScottisPF.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishpf.org/census.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScottisPF.org&rft.atitle=Pagans+and+the+Scottish+Census+of+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishpf.org%2Fcensus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Dr. David (2007). <i>The History of British Magic After Crowley</i>. Oxford: Hidden Publishing. pp. 70–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555237-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555237-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9555237-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+Magic+After+Crowley&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=70-81&rft.pub=Hidden+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9555237-0-0&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Dr.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Percival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/uk/Pagan-prisoners-allowed--twig.4071480.jp">Pagan prisoners allowed twig wands in cells</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828224918/http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/uk/Pagan-prisoners-allowed--twig.4071480.jp">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Scotland on Sunday. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 14 February 2009. Citation: "There are estimated to be one million Pagans in Britain – around 300 of whom are in prison. There are about 30,000 in Scotland".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_ONS_results-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_ONS_results_176-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs210ew.xls">"UK Government Web Archive"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=UK+Government+Web+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-qs210ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.druidry.org/community/blog/2012/12/17/uk-2011-census-publishes-figures-druids">UK 2011 Census publishes figures for Druids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613031321/http://www.druidry.org/community/blog/2012/12/17/uk-2011-census-publishes-figures-druids">Archived</a> 13 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, druidry.org, retrieved 12 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, 11 December 2012, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?newquery=%2A&newoffset=25&pageSize=25&edition=tcm%3A77-286262">2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales</a></i>. Accessed 12 December 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, 11 December 2012, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf">2011 Census, Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland, Religion (detailed) All people</a></i>, Accessed 20 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asatruuk.org/">"Home | Welcome to the website of Asatru UK"</a>. <i>Asatru UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asatru+UK&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Welcome+to+the+website+of+Asatru+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asatruuk.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/AsatruUK/about">"Asatru UK"</a>. <i>Facebook</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Asatru+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2FAsatruUK%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/477476508988952/">"Facebook Groups"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=Facebook+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2F477476508988952%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asatruuk.org/event-details/grimnirsmoot-september-2021-moot">"Grimnirsmoot (September 2021 Moot)"</a>. <i>Asatru UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asatru+UK&rft.atitle=Grimnirsmoot+%28September+2021+Moot%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asatruuk.org%2Fevent-details%2Fgrimnirsmoot-september-2021-moot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/dec/11/census-data-religion-jedi-knights&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwi00azjqYXmAhUziOYKHcr1DmcQFjAGegQIChAB&usg=AOvVaw0_XXSC0uNXj3RpTP_bdpMR">Census data</a> theguardian.com <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaincentre.com/">The Jain Centre, Leicester</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921091924/http://www.jaincentre.com/">Archived</a> 21 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Titze, Klaus Bruhn, <i>Jainism: a pictorial guide to the religion of non-violence</i>, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php">"on www.jainsamaj.org (Jainism, Ahimsa News, Religion, Non-Violence, Culture, Vegetarianism, Meditation, India.)"</a>. Jainsamaj.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918084049/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=on+www.jainsamaj.org+%28Jainism%2C+Ahimsa+News%2C+Religion%2C+Non-Violence%2C+Culture%2C+Vegetarianism%2C+Meditation%2C+India.%29&rft.pub=Jainsamaj.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainsamaj.org%2Frpg_site%2Fliterature2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226055054/http://www.btinternet.com/~iain.s.palin/heritage/ukhist.htm">"U.K. Baháʼí Heritage Site – The Baháʼí Faith in the United Kingdom – A Brief History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btinternet.com/~iain.s.palin/heritage/ukhist.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.K.+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Heritage+Site+%E2%80%93+The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith+in+the+United+Kingdom+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~iain.s.palin%2Fheritage%2Fukhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs210ew.xls">"Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"</a>. <i>2011 UK Census</i>. Office for National Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+UK+Census&rft.atitle=Key+Statistics+for+Local+Authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-qs210ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+England+and+Wales+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Freligion%2Fbulletins%2Freligionenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric J Evans</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpaparty.org.uk/?page=people">CPA Party People</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902080115/http://www.cpaparty.org.uk/?page=people">Archived</a> 2 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cpaparty.org.uk. Retrieved 12 July 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8088704.stm">Christians aim to build on vote</a> BBC News, 8 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307003413/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp">"The Monarchy Today > Queen and State > Queen and Church > Queen and Church of England"</a>. Cached at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page4708.asp">the original</a> on 7 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monarchy+Today+%3E+Queen+and+State+%3E+Queen+and+Church+%3E+Queen+and+Church+of+England&rft.pub=Cached+at+the+Internet+Archive.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalinsight.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage4708.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041112052103/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/gensynod/">"General Synod"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/gensynod/">the original</a> on 12 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Synod&rft.pub=Church+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofe.anglican.org%2Fabout%2Fgensynod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=41557">Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928030524/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=41557">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Church_Times" title="Church Times">Church Times</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-School_Standards_and_Framework_Act_1998-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-School_Standards_and_Framework_Act_1998_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/31/part/II/chapter/VI">"School Standards and Framework Act 1998"</a>. legislation.gov.uk. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722200809/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/31/part/II/chapter/VI">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Standards+and+Framework+Act+1998&rft.pub=legislation.gov.uk&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1998%2F31%2Fpart%2FII%2Fchapter%2FVI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReligiousEducationGuidance-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReligiousEducationGuidance_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/religious%20education%20guidance%20in%20schools.pdf">"Dept. Education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504235912/https://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/religious%20education%20guidance%20in%20schools.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dept.+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.education.gov.uk%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Freligious%2520education%2520guidance%2520in%2520schools.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(885 KB)</span> Retrieved on 15 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/ukpga_19880040_en_2#pt1-ch1-pb3-l1g6">Education Reform Act 1988 – Chapter I -The Curriculum – pt 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205014200/http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/ukpga_19880040_en_2#pt1-ch1-pb3-l1g6">Archived</a> 5 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 15 October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303034857/http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/deps/ofsted/170/ofsted_annual_rep_20jan04.pdf">"Standards and Quality 2002/03 The Annual Report of Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Schools"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK Government – Office for Standards in Education. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk/document/deps/ofsted/170/ofsted_annual_rep_20jan04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(.pdf)</span> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>Governing bodies are effective in fulfilling their responsibilities in two-thirds of schools. This is reflected in their contribution to shaping the direction of the school and their understanding of its strengths and weaknesses. A third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately, sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standards+and+Quality+2002%2F03+The+Annual+Report+of+Her+Majesty%27s+Chief+Inspector+of+Schools&rft.pub=UK+Government+%E2%80%93+Office+for+Standards+in+Education&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive2.official-documents.co.uk%2Fdocument%2Fdeps%2Fofsted%2F170%2Fofsted_annual_rep_20jan04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Education/Schools/curriculum/ACE/Religion">"Religious Education and Observance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409235030/http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Education/Schools/curriculum/ACE/Religion">Archived</a> 9 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Scottish Government</i>. Retrieved 19 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">british-prisons.co.uk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-prisons.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en">Religious books permitted during cellular confinement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302100007/http://www.british-prisons.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47&Itemid=60&lang=en">Archived</a> 2 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinistryofJustice-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MinistryofJustice_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Justice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/psi-2011/psi-51-2011-faith-pastoralcare.doc">Faith and Pastoral Care for Prisoners</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916212218/http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/offenders/psipso/psi-2011/psi-51-2011-faith-pastoralcare.doc">Archived</a> 16 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovelifeuk.org/programs-services/prison-outreach">"Prison Outreach – Love Life UK"</a>. <i>lovelifeuk.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017033934/http://www.lovelifeuk.org/programs-services/prison-outreach/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lovelifeuk.org&rft.atitle=Prison+Outreach+%E2%80%93+Love+Life+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lovelifeuk.org%2Fprograms-services%2Fprison-outreach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirector_Rev._Emmanuel_Sola_King" class="citation web cs1">Director Rev. Emmanuel Sola King. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prisonministry.net/pon">"Prison Outreach Network"</a>. <i>prisonministry.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616145752/http://prisonministry.net/pon">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prisonministry.net&rft.atitle=Prison+Outreach+Network&rft.au=Director+Rev.+Emmanuel+Sola+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprisonministry.net%2Fpon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101062129/http://www.kcm.org/about/index.php?p=giving_connects_ministry">"About Us"</a>. <i>Kenneth Copeland Ministries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcm.org/about/index.php?p=giving_connects_ministry">the original</a> on 1 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kenneth+Copeland+Ministries&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcm.org%2Fabout%2Findex.php%3Fp%3Dgiving_connects_ministry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offender_management_caseload_statistics-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Offender_management_caseload_statistics_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-october-to-december-2014-and-annual">"Offender management caseload statistics"</a>. Ministry of Justice. 30 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130165123/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-october-to-december-2014-and-annual">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Offender+management+caseload+statistics&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fstatistics%2Foffender-management-statistics-quarterly-october-to-december-2014-and-annual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/424896/prison-population-q1-2015.xlsx">"UK National Statistics - Offender management statistics quarterly: October to December 2014 and annual: Prison population: 31 March 2015, XLSX spreadsheet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310130534/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/424896/prison-population-q1-2015.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+National+Statistics+-+Offender+management+statistics+quarterly%3A+October+to+December+2014+and+annual%3A+Prison+population%3A+31+March+2015%2C+XLSX+spreadsheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F424896%2Fprison-population-q1-2015.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonGibbonsFord2014" class="citation news cs1">Simpson, John; Gibbons, Katie; Ford, Richard (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/convenience-muslims-raise-risk-of-jail-unrest-z2l87bpw692">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Convenience Muslims' raise risk of jail unrest"</a>. <i>The Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%27Convenience+Muslims%27+raise+risk+of+jail+unrest&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Katie&rft.au=Ford%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fconvenience-muslims-raise-risk-of-jail-unrest-z2l87bpw692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=817413">"Communications Act 2003"</a>. <i>Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament</i>. Vol. 2003, no. 21. 17 July 2003. pp. 264(6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207150710/http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=817413">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acts+of+the+United+Kingdom+Parliament&rft.atitle=Communications+Act+2003&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=264%286%29&rft.date=2003-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statutelaw.gov.uk%2Fcontent.aspx%3FactiveTextDocId%3D817413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/songsofpraise/features/did_you_know/">BBC Songs of Praise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060211145817/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/songsofpraise/features/did_you_know/">Archived</a> 11 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed 1 January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskar2009" class="citation news cs1">Bhaskar, Sanjeev (29 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/6679546/What-did-Life-of-Brian-ever-do-for-us.html">"What did 'Life of Brian' ever do for us?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519070650/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/6679546/What-did-Life-of-Brian-ever-do-for-us.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=What+did+%27Life+of+Brian%27+ever+do+for+us%3F&rft.date=2009-11-29&rft.aulast=Bhaskar&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2F6679546%2FWhat-did-Life-of-Brian-ever-do-for-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pink-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pink_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2008/01/10/the-gay-poem-that-broke-blasphemy-laws/">"The gay poem that broke blasphemy laws"</a>. <i>pinknews.co.uk</i>. Pink News. 10 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603121627/http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2008/01/10/the-gay-poem-that-broke-blasphemy-laws/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pinknews.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+gay+poem+that+broke+blasphemy+laws&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2008%2F01%2F10%2Fthe-gay-poem-that-broke-blasphemy-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2006/02/06/jerry_springer_opening_feature.shtml">Protests as Jerry Springer opens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107151023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2006/02/06/jerry_springer_opening_feature.shtml">Archived</a> 7 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malik, Kenan. <i>From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and Its Aftermath</i>. Melville House (2010): p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-history.knoji.com/george-andrew-david-and-patrick-the-four-patron-saints-of-the-british-isles/">"George, Andrew, David and Patrick – the Four Patron Saints of the British Isles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120123/https://european-history.knoji.com/george-andrew-david-and-patrick-the-four-patron-saints-of-the-british-isles/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George%2C+Andrew%2C+David+and+Patrick+%E2%80%93+the+Four+Patron+Saints+of+the+British+Isles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-history.knoji.com%2Fgeorge-andrew-david-and-patrick-the-four-patron-saints-of-the-british-isles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224053251/http://www.interfaith.org.uk/members.htm">Interfaith Network for the UK</a> List of Members. Retrieved 28 July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/8761">"Mixed picture emerges on British attitudes to religion in public life"</a>. Ekklesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404121401/http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/8761">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mixed+picture+emerges+on+British+attitudes+to+religion+in+public+life&rft.pub=Ekklesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekklesia.co.uk%2Fnode%2F8761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806413475163">Teen Banned From Wearing Crucifix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625145747/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806413475163">Archived</a> 25 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sky News, 6 December 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8476862.stm">"Churches fear Equality Bill will conflict with faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Churches+fear+Equality+Bill+will+conflict+with+faith&rft.date=2010-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F8476862.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Best columns: Europe. ("Kicking God out of public services," Cristina Odone, The Telegraph)". <i>The Week</i>. 16 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Best+columns%3A+Europe.+%28%22Kicking+God+out+of+public+services%2C%22+Cristina+Odone%2C+The+Telegraph%29&rft.date=2011-12-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christian.org.uk/news/council-prayers-1000-prize-for-councillor-who-sued/">"Council prayers: £1,000 prize for councillor who sued"</a>. <i>The Christian Institute</i>. 28 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702103913/http://www.christian.org.uk/news/council-prayers-1000-prize-for-councillor-who-sued/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Institute&rft.atitle=Council+prayers%3A+%C2%A31%2C000+prize+for+councillor+who+sued&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christian.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fcouncil-prayers-1000-prize-for-councillor-who-sued%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Tim (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303140710/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/8353496/Foster-parent-ban-no-place-in-the-law-for-Christianity-High-Court-rules.html">"Foster parent ban: 'no place' in the law for Christianity, High Court rules"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/8353496/Foster-parent-ban-no-place-in-the-law-for-Christianity-High-Court-rules.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Foster+parent+ban%3A+%27no+place%27+in+the+law+for+Christianity%2C+High+Court+rules&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Freligion%2F8353496%2FFoster-parent-ban-no-place-in-the-law-for-Christianity-High-Court-rules.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'_228-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2011_NI_Census_for_'other_religions'_228-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisra.gov.uk/">"NISRA"</a>. <i>NISRA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102620/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=NISRA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotland_2011_census-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scotland_2011_census_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/">"Scotland's Census"</a>. <i>Scotland's census</i>. Scottish government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224235413/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+census&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-England_2011_census-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-England_2011_census_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html">"Office of National Statistics"</a>. ons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110024239/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+National+Statistics&rft.pub=ons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fuk-census%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_2011_census-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_2011_census_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/census-population/?lang=en">"Office of National Statistics"</a>. <i>The Welsh Government</i>. Welsh government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115232319/http://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/census-population/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Welsh+Government&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fstatistics-and-research%2Fcensus-population%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious_causes_in_NI-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_causes_in_NI_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Claire (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_ChAgAAQBAJ"><i>Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland: Boundaries of Belonging and Belief</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 69–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754641546" title="Special:BookSources/0754641546"><bdi>0754641546</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Identity+and+Politics+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+Boundaries+of+Belonging+and+Belief&rft.pages=69-117&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0754641546&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_ChAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/about/cofeorg/">Organisation of the Church of England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011120744/http://cofe.anglican.org/about/cofeorg/">Archived</a> 11 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Church of England website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314180621/http://bbpower-inspiration.com/religious-figure-2014/">"Religious Figure 2014"</a>. British Bangladeshi Power Inspiration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbpower-inspiration.com/religious-figure-2014/">the original</a> on 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Figure+2014&rft.pub=British+Bangladeshi+Power+Inspiration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbpower-inspiration.com%2Freligious-figure-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2011/03/110323_seelawimala">"BBCSinhala.com | Sandeshaya | Buddhist representation in Royal Wedding"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=BBCSinhala.com+%7C+Sandeshaya+%7C+Buddhist+representation+in+Royal+Wedding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsinhala%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2011%2F03%2F110323_seelawimala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bebbington, David W. <i>Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s</i> (Routledge, 2003)</li> <li>Brown, Callum G. <i>The Battle for Christian Britain: Sex, Humanists and Secularisation, 1945-1980</i> (2019).</li> <li>Buchanan, Colin. <i>Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</i> (2nd ed. 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Anglicanism-Dictionaries-Philosophies/dp/1442250151">excerpt</a></li> <li>Bullivant, Stephen. "The" No Religion" Population of Britain: Recent Data from the British Social Attitudes Survey (2015) and the European Social Survey (2014)." (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.stmarys.ac.uk/id/eprint/1525/1/FINAL%20NO%20RELIGION%20REPORT%20-%20embargo%2014%20May.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Bullivant, Stephen. <i>Mass exodus: Catholic disaffiliation in Britain and America since Vatican II</i> (Oxford UP, 2019).</li> <li>Chadwick, Owen, <i>The Victorian Church: Vol 1 1829-1859</i> (1966); <i>Victorian Church: Part two 1860-1901</i> (1979); a major scholarly survey</li> <li>Clements, Ben, and Peter Gries. "“Religious Nones” in the United Kingdom: How Atheists and Agnostics Think about Religion and Politics." <i>Politics and Religion</i> 10.1 (2017): 161-185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10199120/files/18380960.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Davie, Grace. <i>Religion in Britain since 1945: Believing without belonging</i> (Blackwell, 1994)</li> <li>Davie, Grace. <i>Religion in Britain: A Persistent Paradox</i> (2014).</li> <li>Davies, Rupert E. et al. <i>A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain</i> (3 vol. Wipf & Stock, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qQoDwAAQBAJ">online</a></li> <li>Gilbert, Alan D. <i>Religion and society in industrial England: church, chapel, and social change, 1740–1914</i> (1976).</li> <li>Gilley, Sheridan, and W. J. Sheils. <i>A History of Religion in Britain: Practice and Belief from Pre-Roman Times to the Present</i> (1994) 608pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Religion-Britain-Practice-Pre-Roman/dp/0631193782/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hastings, Adrian. <i>A History of English Christianity: 1920-1985</i> (1986) 720pp; a major scholarly survey</li> <li>McLeod, Hugh. <i>Religion and society in England, 1850–1914</i> (Macmillan, 1996).</li> <li>Obelkevich, J. <i>Religion and Rural Society</i> (Oxford University Press, 1976)</li> <li>Percy, Martyn. "Sketching a shifting landscape: Reflections on emerging patterns of religion and spirituality among Millennials." <i>Journal for the Study of Spirituality</i> 9.2 (2019): 163–172, focus on UK.</li> <li>Shaw, Duncan, edt al. "What is Religious History?" <i>History Today</i> (1985) 35#8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/duncan-shaw/what-religious-history">online</a>, commentary by 8 scholars</li> <li>Wolffe, John. <i>Sacred and Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland since 1914</i> (Bloomsbury Academic, 2019)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace_Mann1854" class="citation book cs1">Horace Mann (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/censusofgreatbri00grea"><i>Census of Great Britain, 1851: Religious Worship in England and Wales</i></a>. Ge. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+Great+Britain%2C+1851%3A+Religious+Worship+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Ge.+Routledge&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Horace+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcensusofgreatbri00grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurel.u-strasbg.fr/">Eurel: sociological and legal data on religions in Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/wtwtgod/default.stm">BBC <i>What the World Thinks of God</i> television programme</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kettell, Steven (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2908/1/WRAP_Kettell_0484023-pais-230210-public_discourse_of_religion.pdf">"On the Public Discourse of Religion: An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Politics and Religion</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 420–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1755048309990204">10.1017/s1755048309990204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143430913">143430913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Religion&rft.atitle=On+the+Public+Discourse+of+Religion%3A+An+Analysis+of+Christianity+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=420-443&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1755048309990204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143430913%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kettell&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F2908%2F1%2FWRAP_Kettell_0484023-pais-230210-public_discourse_of_religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_2">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/">Church of England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presbyterianireland.org/">Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ireland.anglican.org/">Church of Ireland</a> (Anglican)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchinwales.org.uk/">Church in Wales</a> (Anglican)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbcew.org.uk/">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227185518/http://www.scmo.org/_titles/bishops_conference.htm">Catholic Bishops' Conference of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicireland.net/">Catholic Church in Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041103070647/http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php">Archived</a> 3 November 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aog.org.uk/">Assemblies of God of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epcew.org.uk/">Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freechurch.org/">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000408023320/http://www.freechurchcontinuing.co.uk/">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a></li> <li>Ecumenical Patriarchate <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostos.com/church/">Greek Orthodox Church in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exarchate.org.uk/">Parishes in the British Isles under the Ecumenical Patriarchate's Paris Exarchate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourozh.org/">Russian Orthodox Church in Great Britain and Ireland – Diocese of Sourozh, Patriarchate of Moscow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiochian-orthodox.co.uk/">Antiochian Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radur.homechoice.co.uk/roc.html">Romanian Orthodox Church, London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208041634/http://www.radur.homechoice.co.uk/roc.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism_2">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chiefrabbi.org/">Office of the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of Great Britain and the Commonwealth</a> (Orthodox)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masorti.org.uk/">Masorti Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org.uk">Movement for Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberaljudaism.org/">Liberal Judaism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_2">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcb.org.uk/">Muslim Council of Great Britain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism_2">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hinducounciluk.org.uk/">Hindu Council UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiacentre.co.uk/">Hindu Cultural Association of Wales UK</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism_2">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhcouncil.co.uk/">The Sikh Council UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsouk.co.uk/">The Network of Sikh Organisations UK</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism_2">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebuddhistsociety.org/">The Buddhist Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paganism">Paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paganfed.org/">The Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policepaganassociation.org/">Police Pagan Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asatruuk.org/">Asatru UK</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_religion">No religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: No religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethinker.co.uk/">The Freethinker – The voice of Atheism since 1881</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Transnistria" title="Religion in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Religion in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jersey" title="Religion in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1257507112#Eastern_Orthodoxy">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1257507112#Eastern_Orthodoxy</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2022">Articles with dead external links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2013" title="Category:Use British English from January 2013">Use British English from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2023">Use dmy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 07:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-wvdqj","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.566","walltime":"2.848","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29339,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":630648,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":57128,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":102,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":725026,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2352.664 1 -total"," 48.72% 1146.163 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.70% 651.628 126 Template:Cite_web"," 7.77% 182.877 5 Template:Navbox"," 7.52% 176.996 1 Template:Religion_in_Europe"," 7.45% 175.357 1 Template:Europe_topic"," 5.69% 133.875 1 Template:United_Kingdom_topics"," 5.55% 130.532 1 Template:Country_topics"," 4.83% 113.543 49 Template:Iso2country"," 4.63% 109.034 1 Template:Christian_denominations_in_the_United_Kingdom"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.309","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8459770,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","18.6"],["?","220","15.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::uc","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::lc","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.3"],["[others]","380","27.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-hv5bs","timestamp":"20241127030451","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Religion in the United Kingdom","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom#Eastern_Orthodoxy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q892159","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q892159","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-05T18:28:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T07:48:24Z","headline":"religion in the country"}</script> </body> </html>